^^R  Reference 


PROPERTY  OF 

Z.  p.  METCALF 


LIBRARY     OF 


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New  York  State  Education  Department 


New  York  State  Museum 

John   M.  Clakkk   Director 
Ephraim  Porter   FF.Lr  State  Entomologist 


Memoir  8 


INSECTS  AFFECTING  PARK  AND  WOODLAND  TREES 


EPHRAIM   PORTJiR  FELT   D.Sc. 


voLu^rE   2 


Enemies    of    evergreen   or    coniferous 

trees  -----  3^^ 

Work  of  bark  borers  in  pine      -  333 

Certain  structures  of  scolytids      -  336 

Borers  -         .         .         -        338,  341 

Twig  borers        -         -         -         -  339,  397 

Ambrosia  beetles    -         -         -         -  394 

Leaf  feeders       -         -         -         -    ^40,  413 

Insects  of  minor  importance  affecting 

forest  trees  -----  426 

Insects  affecting  deciduous  trees  -  426 
Borers  in  living  or  relatively  sound 

wood  or  bark     -         -         -         .  426 
Borers    in    dried,     usually    manu- 
factured wood           -          -        430,  483 
Borers  in  decaying  wood  or  species 
found  under  decaying  bark     430,  484 


Insects  of  minor  importance  affecting 
forest  trees  {contiiun'd) 
Fungous  beetle         -         -         -         -     494 
Natural  enemies  of  bark  borers    -  499 

Leaf     eaters     affecting     deciduous 
forest  trees   -----     50$ 

Frequenters,      usually      injurious,      of 
deciduous   forest   trees         -         -  588 

Frequenters,     usually     beneficial,     of 
deciduous  forest  trees       -         -         -     603 

Plant  galls  and  gall  makers      -  -  615 

Less     destructive     insects      affecting 
evergreen  or  coniferous  trees  -         -     648 

Supplemental    bibliographic    and    de- 
scriptive catalogue        -         -         .  701 

Explanation  of  plates  .  .  -     y^y 

Index       ......  801 


ALBANY 

NEW    YORK    STATE    EDUCATION    DEPARTMENT 
1906 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 

EDUCATION    DEPARTMENT 

Regents  of  the  University 

With  years  when  terms  expire 

191 3  Whitelaw  Reid  M.A.  LL.D.  Chancellor         ...     New  York 
1917  St  Clair  McKelway   M.A.  L.H.D.  LL.D.    D.C.L.    Vice  Chaticellor 

Brooklyn 

1908  Daniel  Beach  Ph.D.    LL.D. Watkins 

1914  Pliny  T.   Sexton   LL.B.    LL.D.         -         -         -         .  Palmyra 
191 2   T.   Guilford  Smith   M.A.  C.E.  LL.D.   -         -         -         -     Buffalo 
1907  William    Nottingham   M.A.    Ph.D.    LL.D.        -         -  Syracuse 

1910  Charles  A.   Gardiner  Ph.D.  L.H.D.  LL.D.  D.C.L.     -     New  York 

1915  Albert  Vander  Veer  M.D.  M.A.  Ph.D.  LL.D.         -  Albany 

191 1  Edward  Lauterbach   M.A.  LL.D.  -         -         -  '      -     New  York 

1909  Eugene  A.   Philbin   LL.B.  LL.D.      -         -         -         -  New  York 

1916  LuciAN   L.   Shedden   LL.B.     ------     Plattsburg 

Commissioner  of  Education 

Andrew  S.   Draper  LL.B.  LL.D. 

Assistant  Commissioners 

Howard  J.   Rogers  M.A.  LL.D.  First  Assistattf 
Edward  J.   Goodwin   Lit. D.  L.H.D.  Second  Assistant 
Augustus  S.    Downing  M.A.  Pd.D.  LL.D.    Third  Assistant 

Secretary  to  the  Commissioner 

Harlan   H.  Horner   B.A. 

Dj-ector  of  State  Library 

Edwin    H.   Anderson  M.A. 

Director  of  Science  and  State  Museum 

John  M.   Clarke  Ph.D.    LL.D 

Chiefs  of  Divisions 

Accounts,  William  RL\son 
Attendance,  James  D.  -Sullivan 

Educational  Extension  

Examinations,  Charles  V.  Wheelock  B..S.  LL.D. 

Inspections,  F"rank  H.  Wood  M.A. 

Law,  Thomas  E.  Finegan  M.A. 

-School  Libraries,  Charles  E.  Fiich  L.H.D. 

-Statistics,  Hiram  C.  Case 

X^isual  Instruction,  DeLancey   M.  Ellis 


ENEMIES    OE    EX'ERGREEN    OR    CONIFEROUS    TREES 

WOUK    OF    BARK    BOKKKS    IN    PINE 

It  is  difficult  for  the  average  reader  to  gain  a  just  conception  of  the 
injurious  character  of  these  insects  by  a  perusal  of  a  number  of  detached 
notices  of  the  work  of  associated  species.  It  is  therefore  proposed  to  give 
at  the  outset  a  brief  resume  of  the  conditions  we  have  found  in  the  Hudson 
valley.  The  white  pines  in  this  section  have  suffered  seriously  during  the 
last  three  or  four  }-ears  and  a  considerable  proportion  of  the  damage  is 
due  to  the  work  of  bark  borers  and  their  associates.  The  extremely 
injurious  character  of  their  operations  is  well  illustrated  on  plates  52, 
53  and  the  rapid  progress  these  pests  may  make  is  shown  in  figures  i 
and  2  of  plate  53.  Eigure  i  was  taken  Sep.  28,  1901  and  figure  2  of  the 
same  trees  was  taken  April  igo2.  It  will  be  seen  that  these  pines  have 
been  practical!}'  killed  within  a  year  and  if  a  close  examination  is  made  we 
will  find  conditions  substantially  as  follows: 

At  the  very  base  of  the  trees  there  are  a  number  of  irregular,  rather 
large  masses  of  pitch  and  on  removing  these  it  will  be  found  that  they 
cover  the  entrance  to  a  gallery  about  y^  inch  in  diameter.  The  condition 
within  is  well  represented  on  plate  58,  figure  4,  which  shows  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  walls  by  the  infiltration  of  pitch  and  is  thus  incontrovertible 
evidence  of  living  tissues  having  been  attacked.  This  borer,  known  as 
Dendroctonus  terebrans  Oliv.,  is  a  very  common  species  in  New 
York  State  where  it  may  be  met  with  in  small  numbers  in  almost  any  pine 
grove.  It  can  hardly  be  regarded  as  a  dangerous  form  though  it  works  in 
living  tissues.  Earther  up  the  same  trees  a  much  more  serious  injury  is 
evidenced  by  the  numerous  pitch  tubes  on  the  bark  [pi.  54,  fig.  2].  Plate 
54,  figure  4,  represents  one  in  profile.  The  removal  of  a  piece  of  bark 
will  show  the  condition  of  affairs  under  the  pitch  tube.  Plate  54,  figure 
3,  illustrates  the  large  central  chamber  underneath  with  five  longitudinal 
galleries  leading  therefrom.  .Small  notches  may  be  observed  on  the  sides 
of  these    galleries,  particularly  near  the    extremities,  and  these  lead    into 

333 


334  f^'EW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

diverging  somewhat  sinuous  larval  galleries  which  run  approximately  trans- 
versely of  the  wood  fibers.  This  is  the  work  of  a  large  borer  known 
as  T  o  ni  i  c  u  s  c  a  1  1  i  g  r  a  p  h  u  s  Germ.,  an  insect  that  occurs  in  the 
thicker  bark  of  trunks  and  larger  limbs  of  both  hard  and  soft  pines. 
It  normally  does  not  cause  very  much  injury  bu,;  under  exceptional  con- 
ditions it  may  become  so  abundant  as  to  kill  a  tree  very  rapidly,  so  much  so 
that  the  writer  has  known  young  pines,  in  apparently  excellent  condition, 
killed  in  lo  weeks'  time.  These  borers  sometimes  become  so  abundant 
as  to  eat  away  practically  all  of  the  inner  bark,  a  condition  represented  at 
plate  56,  figure  3. 

Farther  up  on  the  tree  in  the  thinner  bark  of  the  trunk  and  the  medium 
thick  bark  of  the  larger  limbs,  a  smaller  species  may  be  found  at  work  in 
some  pines  and  its  method  of  operation  is  well  shown  in  plate  60,  figure  3, 
which  represents  the  longitudinal  burrows  and  the  larval  galleries  of  this 
smaller  species,  Tomicus  cacographus  Lee.  This  is  a  very  badly 
infested  piece  of  bark  and  plate  60,  figure  2,  illustrates  the  work  of  this 
insect  on  limbs  of  hard  pine  which  it  had  entered  in  the  fall  of  1900.  It 
will  be  observed  that  these  galleries  are  very  irregular  and  anastomose  with 
out  apparent  reason.  These  are  evidently  galleries  which  the  beetles  have 
made  for  feeding  purposes  and   in   which  they  pass  the  winter. 

Higher  up  on  a  white  pine  in  the  still  thinner  bark  of  the  smooth 
trunk,  a  smaller  form,  the  pine  bark  beetle,  Tomicus  p  i  n  i  Say,  may  be 
observed  at  work.  This  species  operates  not  only  in  the  trunk  but  also  in 
the  medium  thick  bark  of  the  smaller  limbs  and  not  infrequently  attacks  liv- 
ing tissues.  Plate  59,  figure  i,  which  is  from  a  photograph  taken  with  a 
light  background,  represents  the  numerous  exit  holes  which  this  species 
may  make  in  a  badly  infested  section  of  a  trunk  and  also  a  number  of  small 
jMtch  tubes  and  plate  59,  figure  2,  shows  the  inside  of  the  same  piece  of 
bark  photographed  in  a  similar  manner.  The  method  of  operation  of  this 
species  is  well  illustrated,  the  central  chambers,  the  primary  galleries  and 
the  dilatuig  mines  of  the  young  together  with  larger  flat  tortuous  mines 
ot    another   species    known    as   the   pine    sawyer,   M  o  n  o  h  a  m  m  us    c  o  n- 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK     \ND    WOODLAND    TREES 


i35 


fusor  Kirby.  The  parent  of  this  latter  insect  is  represented  at  plate  63, 
figure  I,  and  its  operations  are  familiar  to  many  lumbermen  because  its 
coarse  white  sawdustlike  chips  may  be  frequently  observed  dropping  from 
logs  |)iled  in  mill  yards  and  its  large  galleries  are  not  uncommon  defects  in 
timber.  The  sawyer  is  rarely  found  attacking  living  trees.  It  prefers  to 
breed  in  those  which  are  dying  or  nearly  dead  and  therefore  is  a  follower  of 
the  above  noted  barkborers.  Other  species  have  a  similar  habit,  notably 
the  ribbed  rhagium,  R  h  a  g  i  u  m  1  i  n  e  a  t  u  m  Oliv.,  a  species  which  is  fre- 
quently destructive  to  the  bark  of  trees  previously  killed  by  other  insects. 
Its  broad  flattened  grub  delights  to  revel  in  moist  decaying  tissues  and 
its  very  characteristic  cells  |  pi.  64,  fig.  7,  8,  10 1  are  walled  by  long  white 
splinters  torn  from  the  wood  forming  a  portion  of  its  oval  pupal  cell. 
Another  species,  Pytho  americanus  Kirby,  is  also  associated  with 
the  preceding  in  this  work  of  reducing  decaying  tissues  to  a  still  finer 
condition.  It  may  be  easily  recognized  by  its  oval  cells  which  instead 
of  being  bordered  by  linear  cliips  torn  from  the  surface  of  the  wood  are 
lined  with  nearly  decayed  debris  from  the  bark  [^scc  pi.  64,  fig.  6,  9]. 

These  two  species  in  conjunction  with  the  bark  borers  soon  reduce  the 
inner  tissues  of  an  attacked  tree  to  a  mass  of  decayed  vegetable  matter  and 
render  the  stripping  of  the  bark  an  easy  matter.  Plate  56,  figure  2,  illus- 
trates the  secrecy  of  these  operations  very  nice!)-.  Apparently  the  trunk  of 
the  tree  has  suffered  little  or  no  injury,  but  on  removing  the  bark  its  inner 
layers  are  found  to  be  a  mass  of  corruption,  as  shown  at  plate  56,  figure  3. 
The  bark  loosens  and  soon  drops  in  large  patches,  exposing  the  wood  to 
other  enemies  such  as  ambrosia  beetles. 

The  condition  of  such  a  tree  which  scarcel/  two  years  before  it  was 
photographed  was  in  full  vigor,  is  well  shown  at  plate  54,  figure  i.  The 
small  black  holes  in  the  bare  wood  are  entrances  to  galleries  of  wood  borers 
known  as  ambrosia  beetles  and  these  lead  into  lateral  galleries  from  which 
in  turn  there  are  series  of  perpendicular  chambers.  This  latter  insect, 
X\loterus    bivittatus    Kirby,    is    common    in     soft    woods    and     is 


336  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

injurious   on   account    of    its    making    small  black    walled    galleries    which 
materially  lower  the  market  value  of  infested  lumber. 

CERTAIN   STRUCTURES    OF   SCOLYTIDS 

Scolytid  beetles  are  so  small  and  present  such  slight  differences  in  gen- 
eral form,  that  a  study  of  minor  structural  details  is  absolutely  necessary  for 
the  adequate  separation  of  species,  unless  we  rely  largely  on  food  habits, 
something  which  is  not  always  practical.  Color  has  very  little  value  and  as 
a  consequence  we  have  felt  obliged  to  give  some  attention  to  structural 
details,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  a  distinguished  authority  on  this  group  is 
engaged  in  a  comprehensive  study  of  these  beetles. 

The  classificatory  value  of  the  antennae  has  long  been  recognized. 
They  vary  widely  in  character,  as  has  been  pointed  out  by  earlier  writers, 
though  to  our  knowledge  no  one  has  figured  these  organs  in  many  of  our 
native  species.  The  exceeding  variability  in  structure  is  well  illustrated 
by  reference  to  plate  67,  figure  i,  showing  the  single  jointed  funicle  of 
Monar  thrum  mali  Fitch,  unique  in  this  extremely  interesting  group. 
The  strongly  flattened  and  enormously  dilated  club  or  terminal  segment  of 
Chramesus  hicoriae  Lee.  is  extremely  characteristic.  The  two 
antennae  of  Scolytus,  S.  rugulosus  Ratz.  and  S.  quadrispinosus 
Say  [pi.  67,  fig.  10  and  15]  are  peculiar  on  account  of  the  dark  colored, 
triangular,  chitinous  structure  in  the  club.  The  lamellate  antennae  of 
Phloeotribus  liminaris  Harr.  and  P.  frontalis  Oliv.  [pi.  66, 
fig.  I  and  3  respectively]  are  very  different  from  those  of  other  scolytids. 
The  disposition  of  the  sensory  areas  on  the  expanded  club  of  the  various 
species  of  Tomicus,  is  of  considerable  specific  value  [pi.  66,  fig.  4—9  inclu- 
sive], while  the  general  structure  of  the  antennae  of  Dendroctonus  [pi.  66, 
fig.  10]  appears  to  be  very  characteristic  of  this  genus. 

The  tibiae  of  various  species  also  present  characters  which  .are  of  con- 
siderable value  in  the  separation  of  different  forms,  though  we  should  expect 
to  find  more  or  less  variation  in  the  number  and  development  of  the  minor 
chitinous  tubercles  or  processes.  The  closely  allied  species  of  Dryocoetes, 
D.  eichhoffii  Hopk.  and  D.  autograph  us  Ratz.  vary  sufficiently, 
so  that  they  can  be  recognized  by  this  character  alone.  Chramesus 
hicoriae  Lee.  has  a  very  peculiar  middle  tibia,  and  the  two  species  of 
Scolytus  are  remarkable  for  the  development  of  a  large  terminal  process 
opposite  the  attachment  of  the  first  tarsal  segment  [fig.  47].  Various  species 
of  Tomicus  may  be  recognized  by  tibial  characteristics,  and  Xyloclepter: 
possesses  a  very  peculiar  femur  and  tarsus.      Phloeosinus    dentatus 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


00/ 


Say  may  be  instantly  recognized  by  tlie  distal  margin  of  the  hind  tibia  bein"- 
thick!)-  set  with  stout,  chitinous  processes. 

The  structure  of  the  so  called  gizzard  or  proventriculus  is  exceedingly 
interesting  in  this  group,  most  of  the  species  differing  markedly  in  this 
respect  from  their  allies.  The  employment  of  this  organ  in  systematic  work 
is  not  new.  It  has  been  used  by  myrmecologists  and  Dr  J.  B.  Smith,  in  a 
report  issued  a  few  years  ago,  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  various  species 
of  katydids  present  recognizable  differences  in  this  organ.  The  structure 
of  the  Scolytid  proventriculus  is  exceedingly  interesting.  It  consists  of  a 
series  of  eight  double,  rectangular  plates,  the  posterior  extremities  of  which 
are  provided  with  a  series  of  long,  chitinous,  hairlike  processes,  undoubtedly 
serving  as  strainers  to  prevent  the  entry  into  the  true  or  chyle  stomach,  of 
untriturated  material.  An  end  view  of  this  organ  is  given  on  plate  68, 
figure  I,  and  plate  69,  figures  2,  5,  each  of  which  shows  the  octagonal  struc- 
ture and  the  first  named,  the  strainerlike  hairs  probably  in  the  normal  posi- 
tion. There  are  several  well  marked  types  of  proventriculi.  That  of 
Tomicus,  shown  on  plate  68,  illustrates  a  highly  developed  form  in  which 
the  anterior  portion  consists  of  a  series  of  plain,  chitinous  basal  plates  inter- 
locked more  or  less  perfectly  by  a  series  of  marginal  teeth,  while  the  poste- 
rior part  is  narrower,  strongly  ribbed  with  chitinous  bars  and  in  addition, 
provided  with  a  series  of  long,  slender,  chitinous  processes,  wdiich  undoubt- 
edly serve  as  strainers  as  stated  above.  This  type  is  also  found  in  Pityo- 
genes  and  Dryocoetes.  Dendroctonus  [pi.  68,  fig.  7]  has  a  simpler  form  of 
proventriculus,  consisting  of  a  series  of  eight  double  plates,  in  the  walls  of 
which  are  numerous  chitinous  points  placed  in  more  or  less  irregular  rows. 
The  posterior  portion  is  provided  with  a  series  of  stout,  chitinous  rods  which 
terminate  at  the  free  margin  in  tufted  processes  and  long,  slender,  chitinous 
rods,  which  latter  evidently  serve  as  strainers.  A  modification  is  seen  in 
the  •  proventriculus  of  P  h  1  o  e  o  s  i  n  u  s  d  e  n  t  a  t  u  s  Say  [pi.  69,  fig.  4]. 
Another  type,  intermediate  perhaps  between  that  of  Tomicus  and  Dendroc- 
tonus or  Phloeosinus,  is  found  in  X)leborus,  Xyloterus  and  some  other 
genera.  It  consists  of  the  usual  double  plates,  each  provided  along  its 
lengtn  with  a  series  of  stout,  chitinous  bars  terminating  in  a  stout,  dense 
structure  composed  apparently  of  fused  ends  and  at  the  posterior  extremity 
there  are  a  number  of  long,  slender,  chitinous  processes  which  unite  to  form 
a  strainer.  The  differences  in  this  organ  between  closely  allied  forms,  are 
very  nicely  shown  on  plate  68,  figures  2,  3,  6  and  8,  and  plate  69,  figure  10, 
which  illustrate  portions  of  the  proventriculus  of  certain  species  of  Tomicus. 
It  will  be  seen  that  no  two  are  alike,  though  all  present  a  general  resem- 
blance one  to  another.  The  illustrations  of  the  proventriculus  of  Dryo- 
coetes au  t  ogr  ap  h  u  s  Ratz.,  and  D.  eichhoffii  Hopk.  [pi.  69,  fig. 
9  and  1 1]  also  bring  out  this  point  nicely,  there  being  a  marked  difference  in 
the  toothing  of  the  anterior  portion  of  the  plates. 


338  .  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

EXEMIES  OF  EVERGREEN  OR  COXIFKROUS  TREES 

Borers  in  trunk  and  wood 

Large,  brownish  pitch  masses  on  pine  trunks 

Pitrli  mass  borer,  P  a  r  h  a  r  m  o  n  i  a  p  i  n  i ,  p.  341 

True  bark  borers 

Masses  of  pitch  at  the  base  of  hirge  pines,  usually  indicate  the  presence  of  a  stout, 
brownish  beetle  about  3-^6  to  }^  inch  in  length  which,  with  its  grub,  bores  the  inner 
bark Turpentine  bark   beetle,    D  e  n  d  r  o  c  t  o  n  u  s    terebrans,  p.  342 

A  rather  stout,  brownish  or  black,  cylindric  beetle,  about  }l  inch  in  length,  makes  more  or 
less  longitudinal  burrows  in  the  thicker  bark  of  the  trunk  and  larger  linil)s  of  various 
pines    Coarse  writing  bark  beetle,   T  o  m  i  c  u  s    c  a  1 1  i  g  r  a  p  h  u  s,   p.  345 

A  light  brown  or  nearly  black  beetlp  about  '  „  inch  in  length,  bores  the  thicker  pine  bark 
near  the  middle  portion  of  the  trunk  and  that  of  the  larger  limbs 

Pine  bark  beetle,  T  o  m  i  c  u  s  p  i  n  i ,  p.  35  1 

A  brown  or  nearly  black,  cylindric  beetle  about  '/e  inch  in  length,  works  in  the  inner 
layers  of  thicker  pine  bark,  particularly  about  the  middle  part  of  the  trunk  and  on 
the  underside  of  the  limbs  of  larger  trees T  o  m  i  c  u  s  c  a  e  1  a  t  u  s  ,  p.  354 

A  small,  brown  or  blackish,  cylindric  beetle  about  ji  inch  long,  bores  the  thicker  bark  of 
smaller  ])ines  and  that  of  the  limbs  of  larger  trees 

Southern  Tomicus,  T  o  m  i  c  u  s  c  a  c  o  g  r  a  p  h  u  s,  p.  356 

A  minute,  dark  bark  beetle  about  V16  inch  long,  makes  short,  sinuous  mines  in  the  bark  of 
spruce  and  pine Minute  spruce  bark  beetle,  C  r  y  p  t  u  r  g  u  s   a  t  o  m  u  s,  p.  359 

A  rather  stout,  brownish  or  black  beetle,  about  y^e  inch  long,  makes  longitudinal  gal- 
leries in  the  inner  bark  and  outer  sapwood  of  living  spruce. 

Spruce  destroying  beetle,  Dendroctonus  piceaperda,  p.  379 

A  light  brown  or  black,  rather  stout  beetle  about  3-3,  inch  in  length,  makes  somewhat  irreg- 
ular, traiTsverse  galleries  in  inner  spruce  bark,  from  which  diverge  smaller  dilating 
larval   galleries Spruce  bark  beetle,  P  o  1  y  g  r  a  p  h  u  s    r  u  f  i  p  e  n  n  i  s,  p.  386 

Balsam  trees  with  red  tips  may  be  infested  by  a  small,  brownish  or  black  beetle  about 
■J^2  inch  in  length  which,  with  its  larvae,  runs  numerous  galleries  in  the  inner  bark 
and  sapwood Balsam  bark  borer,  T  o  m  i  c  u  s    b  a  1  s  a  m  e  u  s,  p.  375 

A  light  brown  or  black  beetle  about  '/le  inch  long,  makes  peculiar,  clubbed,  longitudinal 
galleries  under  the  bark  of  red  cedar 

Red  cedar  bark  beetle,   P  h  1  o  e  o  s  i  n  u  s  d  e  n  t  a  t  u  s,  p.  391 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  339 

Large  bark  and  wood  borers,  sawyers  and  their  associates 

Large,  white,  tlesiiy,  legless    grubs   from   about    '2  to    I'j    im  lies   long,  may  be   frequently 
found  working  in   the   inner  bark  and   sapvvood   of  dead   and  dying  pines,  spruces, 
balsams  and  also  in  cut  logs  from  these  trees,  produce  the  following  ; 
A  magnificent  grayish  beetle  finely  mottled  with  light  brown  and  ranging  in  length 

from  ^  to  I  '^  inches Sawyer,   M  o  n  o  h  a  m  m  u  s  c  o  n  f  u  s  o  r,   \>.  360 

A  uniformly  black    beetle    mottled  with  white    and  with   a  white    scutellum,  about   ^ 

inch  in  length . .  White  spotted  sawyer,  M  o  n  o  h  a  m  m  u  s  s  c  u  t  e  1 1  a  t  u  s,  p.  364 

A  brownish,  mottled,  cylindric  beetle  about  }4   inch  in  length  and  with  very  long, 

slender  antennae Tickler,  M  o  n  o  h  a  m  m  u  s    t  i  t  i  11  a  t  o  r,  p.  365 

A  large  beetle  about  .j/a  inch  long,  with  light  grayish  wing  covers  mottled  with  brown 

and  dark  spots Marbled  sawyer,   M  o  n  o  h  a  m  m  u  s  m  a  r  m  o.r  a  t  u  s,  p.  366 

Smaller  white  grubs  working  in  decaying  bark,  never  entering  the  wood. 

A  white,  broad  headed,  flattened  grub  occurs   in  considerable  numbers  on  the  bark  of 
dead  pines,  transforming  to  a  gray,  black  marked  beetle  with  conspicuous  ridges 

on  its  wing  covers Ribbed  pine  borer,  Rhagium  lineatum,  p.  366 

A  smaller,  less  flattened  grub  producing  a  small  beetle  with  a  black  head  and  thin, 

dark  bluish  wing  covers   P  y  t  h  o  a  m  e  r  i  c  a  n  u  s,  p.  368 

Flattened,  white  or  yellowish  spotted  beetles  about  >8  inch  in  length,  occur  on  spruce  and 
hemlock  in  July,  and  are  the  parents  of  a  destructive  fiat  headed  borer 

Spotted  buprestid,   M  e  1  a  n  o  p  h  i  1  a   f  u  1  v  o  g  u  1 1  a  t  a,  p.  390 

Smaller  wood  borers 

A  rather  stout,  brownish  black  beetle  about  }a  inch  long,  attacks  exposed  wood  of  various 

coniferous  treees Spruce  timber  beetle,  X  y  1  o  t  e  r  u  s    b  i  v  i  1 1  a  t  u  s,  p.  369 

A  brownish  black,  rather  slender  beetle  about  '3  inch  long,  enters  the  sapwood  of  dying 
and  dead  white  pine,  making   cylindric  galleries,  with  black  stained  walls. 

Eastern  pine  wood  stainer,  G  n  a  t  h  o  t  r  i  c  h  u  s    m  a  t  e  r  i  a  r  i  u  s,  p.  37  i 
Small  bark  and  wood  borers  working  in  the  inner  bark   and  outer  sapwood  and  forming 
rather  irregular  galleries  in  dead  limbs 

Pi  ty  o  ph  t  h  o  rus  and  Pi  t  y  o  g  e  n  e  s  (several  species  of  each).  {>.  372-375 

Twig  borers 

An  oblong,  oval  weevil  about  }{  inch  long,  frequently  deposits  eggs  in  the  leading  shoots 
of  pine  or  other  evergreen  trees.  The  grubs  work  in  the  shoots  and  kill  them,  causing 
an  irregular,  deformed  tree  of  little  commercial  value 

White  pine  weevil,  Pissodes  strobi,  p.  397 


340 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Two  larger  forms  occasionally  taken  with  the  above,  are  much  rarer 

P  i  s  s  o  d  e  s  d  u  b  i  u  s   and   P.  a  f  f  i  n  i  s,  j).  401,  402 
Two  small,  jet   black  weevils   not   over  ^   ,6    inch   in   length,  are   occasionally   abundant   in 
association  with  the  white  pine  weevil 

Magdalis  perforata  and  M.  a  1  u  t  a  c  e  a,  ]>.  402 
Short  lirown  needles  on  llie  tops  of  hard  pine,  specially  if  there  be  a  small  pitch  mass  near 
the  base  of  the  tree,  is  an  indication  of  the  work  of  this  insect 

Pine  tip  moth,    P  i  n  i  p  e  s  t  i  s   z  i  m  m  e  r  m  a  n  i,  p.  403 
Small    yellowish   larvae   infest   the   new  growth   of  several   pines,  spinning   a   delicate  web 
around  the  bud  and  mining  both  the  twig  and  bases  of  the  leaves 

Nantucket  pine  moth,  E  v  e  t  r  i  a  f  r  u  s  t  r  a  n  a,  p.  405 
^.n  associated  similar  species  is  much  rarer 

Pitch  pine  Retinia,  E  v  e  t  r  i  a  r  i  g  i  d  a  n  a,  p.  407 

Masses  of  pitch   usually  on   the   upper   side  of   the   smaller  limbs   and  twigs  of  hard  |)ine, 

cover  the  entrance  of  a  Inirrow  made  by  a  small,  yellowish  white  caterpillar  about. J-^ 

inch  in  length Pitch  twig  moth,  E  v  e  t  r  i  a   c  o  m  s  t  o  c  k  i  a  n  a,  ]>.  407 

Footless  orange  grubs  occur  in  colored  or  whitish   pitch   masses  on  the  underside  of   jiitch 
pine  branches Pitch  midge,    C  e  c  i  d  o  ni  y  i  a    r  e  s  i  n  i  c  o  1  a,  p.  410 

Insects  affecting  the  leaves 

Dirty,  yellowish,  red  headed,  black  spotted  false  caterpillars  feed  in  clusters  on  the  outer 
branches  of  pines  from  which  they  strip  the  leaves 

LeContes  sawfly,   L  o  p  h  y  r  u  s  1  e  c  o  n  t  e  i ,  ]>.  413 
Yellowish,  black  headed,  black  spotted,  false  caterpillars  nearly  an  inch  in  length,  defoliate 
while  and  hard  pines  from  midsummer  till  late  fall 

Abbott's  pine  sawfly,  L  o  p  h  y  r  u  s  a  b  b  o  t  i  i,  p.  414 
Clusters  of  black  headed,  dark  green,  dark  striped  false  caterpillars  about  '2  inch  long 

defoliate  fir,  spruce  and  pitch  pine Fir  sawfly,  I- o  p  h  y  r  u  s  a  b  i  e  t  i  s,  j).  415 

Spruces  dying  in  masses  or  clumps  of  greater  or  less  extent  are  very  likely  allected  by 

this  species Spruce  bud  worm,  T  o  r  t  r  i  x  f  u  m  i  f  e  r  a  n  a,  p.  416 

A  greenisli  yellow  sawfly  caterpillar  frequently  defoliates  larches  in  midsummer 

Larch  sawflv,  L  y  g  a  e  o  n  e  m  a  t  u  s    e  r  i  c  h  s  o  n  i  i ,  p.  418 
Shortened,    deformed    needles  of    pitch    pine    having    a  basal    enlargement .  occupied    by 
a    thick,    orange    colored    larva 

Pine  needle  gall  fly,    C  e  c  i  d  o  m  y  i  a   p  i  n  i  -  r  i  g  1  d  a  e,  p.  423 


IXSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  34 1 

Pitch-mass  borer 

Parharnionia  pint  Kellicott 
Large  brownish  pitch  masses  on  pine  trunks  may  be  caused  by  this  borer. 
This  species  is  one  of  the  more  common  pine  borers  and  evidences  of 
its  \vork  are  by  no  means  rare  in  the  vicinity  of  Alban}-.  Its  recorded  dis- 
triljution  is  given  as  Canada,  Xew  York,  Xew  Jersey  and  New  Hampshire. 
The  life  history  of  this  species  has  been  worked  out  very  fully  by  the 
late  Dr  Kellicott,  its  describer,  and  the  following  is  taken  largely  from 
his  account. 

Description.  Male.  Head,  palpi,  antennae,  thorax,  and  legs  wholly 
metallic  blue  or  green  black.  Collar  edged  with  orange  in  front.  Abdo- 
men blue  black  above,  with  the  posterior  half  of  the  fourth  segment  orange  ; 
underside  wholly  orange.  Anal  tuft  orange,  blue  black  above  in  the  mid- 
dle. Fore  wings  opaque,  metallic  blue  or  green  black  with  discal  mark 
somxewhat  deeper  in  color.  Hind  wings  thinly  covered  with  blue  black 
scales  ;  outer  border  very  narrow,  blue  black. 

Female.     Same  as  the  male. 

Expanse  :  male  and  female,  28-30  mm  ( Beutenmuller). 

Life  history.  The  larvae  occur  more  frequently  than  elsewhere  just 
below  a  branch,  sometimes  about  the  border  of  a  wound  made  by  the  a.\e, 
or  where  a  limb  has  been  wrenched  off  by  the  wind,  rarely  in  the  axils  of 
the  branches.  It  appears  to  attack  larger  trees  than  Zimmerman's  pine 
pest  and  more  frequently  occurs  at  a  considerable  hight,  having  been  taken 
30  to  40  feet  from  the  ground.  While  the  larvae  as  a  rule  probably  take 
advantage  of  the  broken  cortex,  Dr  Kellicott  found  instances  of  where  they 
had  worked  through  the  bark  into  the  soft  layers.  Pupae  are  to  be  found 
the  last  of  May  and  the  moths  appear  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  June 
and  possibly  others  come  forth  in  July  and  August,  for  Dr  Kellicott  found 
seemingly  fully  grown  larvae  in  July,  though  some  apparently  mature  cater- 
pillars taken  July  15th  remained  in  their  pitch  cells  unchanged  till'the 
following  November. 

According  to  the  observations  of  Dr  Kellicott  three  years  are  required, 
in  some  instances,  to  complete  the  life  cycle.      The  larvae  run  more   or   less 


342  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

transverse  rather  tortuous  galleries  in  the  inner  bark  and  sapwood,  thus 
causing  a  copious  exudation  of  pitch  which  is  the  most  tangible  evidence  of 
their  presence  in  a  tree.  Pupation  occurs  within  the  mass  of  pitch  and  just 
prior  to  the  emergence  of  the  moth,  the  pupa  wriggles  itself  partly  out  of 
this  sticky  medium  and  is  thus  in  a  position  to  release  the  adult  so  that  it 
may  not  become  smeared  with  the  pitch  [pi.  45,  fig.  4.].  Dr  Kellicott  bred 
a  dipterous  parasite  from  this  species  and  as  the  larva  frequently  moves 
through  the  pitch  and  is  almost  always  within  its  pitchy  burrows,  it  is  some- 
what difficult  to  understand  how  a  parasitic  fly  could  get  at  such  a  host. 
The  excrement  of  the  larvae  is  mixed  somewhat  with  pitch  and  the  cater- 
pillar apparently   moves   through   this   substance   as  easily  as  some   others 

through   water. 

Turpentine  bark  beetle 

Dendroctonus  terebrans  Oliv. 

Masses  of  pitch  at  the  Ijase  of  large  pines  usually  indicate  the  presence  of  a  stout 
brownish  beetle  about  ^',.(,  to  '/f  inch  in  length  which,  with  its  grubs,  bores  the  inner  bark. 

This  species  is  very  common  in  New  York  State  judging  from  collec- 
tions in  various  localities,  and  the  masses  of  pitch  occurring  at  the  base  of 
larger  trees  is  a  most  characteristic  sign  of  its  presence.  A  number  of 
grubs  and  larvae  of  this  species  were  found  working  in  the  living  tissues  at 
the  base  of  hard  pines  at  Manor  L.  I.,  in  1900.  The  insect  was  observed 
in  the  vicinity  of  Albany  the  same  year  and  in  1901  at  Round  Lake  and 
other  localities.  Pitch  may  be  found  flowing  slowly  from  the  wounds  the 
latter  part  of  the  summer  and  pitch  tubes  on  adjacent  parts  of  the  tree 
give  additional  evidence  to  the  liking  of  this  beetle  for  living  tissues. 
T  o  m  i  c  u  s  c  a  c  o  g  r  a  p  h  u  s  Lee.  was  observed  working  in  large  numbers 
in  hard  pines  infested  by  this  borer  on  Long  Island  and  in  the  Hudson 
river  valle)'.  T  o  m  i  c  u  s  c  a  1 1  i  g  r  a  p  h  u  s  Germ,  and  some  smaller  species 
wer^  found  working  in  the  trunk  and  limbs  of  trees  infested  by  this  insect. 
In  no  instance  has  the  writer  been  able  to  trace  very  serious  injury  to  the 
work  of  this  borer.  The  greater  part  of  the  damage  appears  to  have  been 
done  by  species   of  Tomicus. 

Early  history.     This  species  was  observed   by   Dr   Harris  and  he  states 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AXD    WOODLAND    TREES 


343 


that  its  larvae  are  common  under  the  thick  bark  of  pine  logs  and  stumps. 
Dr  Fitch  notices  this  insect  briefly  and  evidently  considered  it  one  of  the 
common  species  in  New  York  State.  Dr  Packard  records  the  occurrence 
of  larvae  and  immature  beetles  in  abundance  at  Brunswick  Me.,  in  the  mid- 
dle of  March.  Dr  A.  D.  Hopkins  states  that  this  insect  was  very  common 
in  West  Virginia  from  1890-94,  when  it  attacked  all  the  pines  and  Norway 
spruce,  working  near  the  base  of  living  and  dying  trees  and  in  stumps.  He 
also  observes  that  it  is  widely  distributed. 

Description.      The  adult  is   a  rather  stout  brownish  beetle  from  about 
3/16  to  ]^   inch  long.      It  is  probable  that  in  a  large  series  there  would  be 


Fig.  64      D  e  n  d 
brans    (auth, 


Fig.  66     Anal   plate  of  la 
D  e  n  d  r  o  c  t  o  n  I 
brans  (author's 


considerable  range  in  color,  as  is  the  case  in  many  other  bark  beetles.  The 
jaws  are  black,  the  eyes  are  finely  granulated  and  the  head  and  thorax 
thickly  and  somewhat  coarsely  punctured.  The  wing  or  elytra  are  striated 
and  somewhat  coarsely  punctured.  The  general  form  of  the  beetle  and 
certain  structural  details  are  shown  in  figure  64. 

The  pupa  is  white,  quite  stout  and  about  '/(  inch  long.  The  lateral 
edges  of  the  abdominal  segments  are  each  provided  with  a  rather  stout 
fleshy  spine  tipped  with  a  dark  chitinous  point.  A  pair  of  similar  spines 
are  found  on   the  last  segment  and  smaller,  scattering  ones  on   the  dorsal 


344 


XEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


surface  of  the  abdomen.  Three  segments  project  beyond  the  tips  of  the 
wing  pads. 

The  grub  is  a  stout,  brown  headed,  white  larva  about  3,  s  inch  h)ng. 
The  tips  of  the  mouth  parts  and  adjacent  sutures  are  dark  brown  or  black. 
The  most  prominent  characteristic  of  this  grub  is  the  group  of  seven  dark, 
chitinous  spines  on  the  horny  anal  plate.  They  are  arranged  as  follows  : 
an  anterior  transverse  row  of  three,  two  wider  apart  behind  and  between 
these  latter  two,  two  others,  one  in  front  of  the  other  [fig.  66]. 

Life  history.  The  life  history  of  this  insect  has  received  considerable 
attention  at  the  hands  of  Dr  Hopkins  who  states  that  hibernating  adults 
commence  to  fly  in  the  latitude  of  Morgantown  W.  Va.,  as  early  as  Ap.  20 
and  that  all  have  emerged  by  May  10.  Beetles  from  hibernating  pupae 
and  larvae  emerge  later.  He  records  an  instance  when  this  beetle  appeared 
in  immense  swarms  soon  after  emerging  from  winter  quarters  and  states 
that  many  were  attracted  by  recently  painted  buildings  and  furniture  shops, 
freshly  sawed  pine,  lumber,  etc.,  by  the  odor  of  turpentine. 

Dr  Hopkins  states  that  this  insect  prefers  to  enter  the  bark  of  dying 
trees  or  the  stumps  of  recently  felled  ones  and  that  it  will  attack  healthy 
trees  only  when  it  has  no  more  favorable  conditions.  He  finds  that  it 
shows  a  decided  preference  for  the  living  bark  at  the  base  of  trees  and 
stumps  and  even  the  exposed  roots,  in  which  it  excavates  broad  galleries. 

It  rarely  breeds  in  the  bark  of  logs.  I)r  Hopkins  states  that  the 
primary  gallery  is  usually  extended  longitudinally  both  above  and  below 
the  main  entrance,  seldom  in  a  lateral  direction,  though  the  secondary  or 
drainage  galleries  may  do  so.  Along  the  sides  of  the  main  or  secondary 
galleries  20  to  40  eggs  are  placed  in  a  mass  and  when  the  larvae  emerge 
they  proceed  in  a  body  to  feed  on  the  bark  before  them,  working  side  by 
side.  Plate  58,  figure  4,  illustrates  a  primary  gallery  of  this  species  and 
shows  how  the  walls  have  been  preserved  by  the  infiltrating  pitch.  1  he 
young  grubs  were  working  from  one  side  of  this  gallery  and  had  eaten  out 
an  irregular  area  of  considerable  size. 

Dr  Hopkins  states  that  the  first  egg  depositing  period  extends  through 


IXSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AXD    WOODLAND    TREES  3  ic 

the  month  of  May  and  that  larvae  are  found  in  abundance  from  the  first  of 
June  to  the  beginning;  of  winter.  Pupae  commence  to  appear  earl)-  in  July 
and  may  be  found  from  then  till  winter.  The  adults  of  the  first  brood 
develop  about  the  middle  of  July  and  emerge  in  August  or  possibly  late  in 
July  since  he  has  found  young  larvae  by  Aug.  lo.  Late  in  the  fall  all 
stages  occur  in  the  bark  of  infested  trees  and  often  in  the  bark  of  the  roots 
as  much  as  6  inches  below  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

These  observations  agree  very  closely  with  our  own  in  this  section  as 
large  numbers  of  eggs  were  found  by  us  at  Round  Lake,  Sep.  20,  1901. 
The  observations  of  Dr  Hopkins  indicate  that  there  are  at  least  two  broods 
in  West  \'irginia  and  the  same  appears  to  be  true  for  the  latitude  of 
Albany. 

Dr  Hopkins  states  that  he  has  observed  a  clerid,  Thanasimus 
dubius  Fabr..  attack  and  kill  this  large  bark  beetle,  and  he  records  find- 
ing large  numbers  of  the  beetles  in  the  stomachs  of  brook  trout  caught  in 
Randolph  county,  W.  \'a.  the  latter  part  of  May. 

Bibliography 
1862     Harris,  T.  W.      Insects  Injurious  to  Vegetation,     p.  86. 
1858     Fitch,  Asa.      Ins.  X.  Y.     4th  Rep't  1857,  p.  42-43. 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't  p.  721. 
1899     Hopkins,  A.  D.      W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  .Sta.  Bui.  56,  p.   284,   294,   296,   i^^,  342,   344, 

347.  349.  392,  415-20- 
1903     Felt,  E.  P.      For.  Fish  &  Came  Com.     7th  Rep't.  p.  480-Si. 

Coarse  writing  bark   beetle 
Tomiciis  iLxlligraphns  Germ. 

A  rather  stout  brownish  or  blackish  cylindric  beetle,  about  %  inch  in  length,  makes 
more  or  less  longitudinal  burrows  in  the  thicker  bark  of  the  trunk  and  larger  limbs  of 
various  pines. 

This  is  one  of  the  largest  and  commonest  species  of  the  genus  found 
on  or  in  the  thick  bark  of  our  native  pines.  Its  operations  have  been 
observed  by  the  writer  in  many  localities  in  and  about  Albany  during  the 
seasons  of  1 899-1 902  and  in  some  instances  at  least  it  appeared  to  be  an 
active  partner  in  causing  very  serious  injuries  to  these  trees. 


346 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Early  history.  This  species  was  noticed  by  Dr  F'itcli  in  his  fourth 
report  under  the  common  name  of  fine  writing  bark  beetle,  but  as  this  is 
hardly  characteristic  of  the  work  of  this  borer,  the  writer  has  preferred  to 
use  the  more  pertinent  common  name  employed  by  Dr  Packard.  Dr 
Fitch  states  that  this  beetle  occurs  mostly  in  the  pitch  pine  in  New  York 
State  and  that  he  has  also  met  with  it  in  the  limbs  of  aged  white  pines. 
Dr  Packard  records  the  work  of  this  insect  under  the  bark  of  the  southern 
pitch  pine  at  Houston  •  Tex.,  where  it  appeared  to  be  abundant  and  Dr 
Hopkins  in  more  recent  years  has  taken  the  insect  in  various  localities  in 
the  Western  States.  He  finds  that  it  is  a  common  and  widely  distributed 
species  over  the  greater  part  of  the  pine  producing  areas  of  the  United 
States  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  and  including  the  Rocky  mountain  region. 
He  adds  that  it  attacks  all  of  the  eastern  and  southern  pines  and 
doubtless  several  of  the  western  species  in  addition  to  the  rock  pine  in 
which  he  found  it  in  large  numbers  in  the  Black  Hill  region. 

Description.  The  beetle  is  about  14  inch  in  length  and  varies  in  color 
from  a  light  brown  to  nearly  black.  It  is  rather  stout,  cylindric  and  the 
conspicuous  excavation  or  declivity  at  the  posterior 
end  of  the  wing  covers  is  bordered  on  each  side  by  a 
row  of  six  teeth  or  chitinized  processes  [fig.  67].  The 
teeth  are  arranged  on  each  wing  cover  as  follows  :  a 
minute  tooth  a  little  to  one  side  of  the  median  line, 
a  dorsal  subequal  pair,  a  minute  tooth  between  them 
and  the  two  teeth  of  nearly  uniform  hight  near  the 
ventral  margin  of  the  declivity.  The  prothorax  is 
thickly  and  rather  finely  granulated  while  the  wing 
covers  are  marked  with  rows  of  closely  set  rather 
large  punctures.  The  general  form  of  the  beetle 
and  the  sculpturing  of  the  dorsal  surface  are  .shown 
in  the  accompanying  figure.  The  antennae  are 
represented  on  plate  66,  figure  8. 

The    white    pupae    are    found    in    oval    cells  in 


IXSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AXD    WOODLAND    TREES  347 

the    bark.      They  are   not   quite  so   larg-e   as   the   beetle,   having   a   smaller 

transverse  diameter  and  tapering  very  much  to 

the   posterior  extremity.      Two   or  three  of  the 

abdominal  segments  usually  project  beyond  the 

tip   of   the  wing  covers.      As   the  pupa  advances 

in   age,    the    white  becomes  yellowish    and    the 

mandibles  may  be  a  dark  brown. 

The   full    oTown    larva   is   a   brown    headed 

•^  Fig.  68     Declivity    of    Tomicus    caUi- 

grub  about  3  ^(,  inch  long  when  normally  extended.  graph  us  (amhor's  illustration) 

It  body  is  rather  stout,  usually  slightly  curled  and  there  is  frequently  a 
considerable  thickening  in  the  thoracic  segments.  Portions  of  the  mandi- 
bles and  the  borders  of  adjacent  sutures  are  dark  brown. 

The  galleries  of  this  borer  are  very  characteristic  and  frequently  afford 
one  of  the  readiest  means  of  recognizing  the  insect.  The  exterior  signs  of 
its  presence  may  be  limited  to  numerous  circular  holes  about  y^  inch  in 
diameter  or  very  few  of  these  may  be  found.  This  latter  occurs  in  cases 
where  the  beetles  have  entered  the  bark  in  large  numbers  but  have  not 
emerged.  The  entrance  is  usually  effected  under  a  projecting  scale  of  bark 
and  is  therefore  not  conspicuous,  while  many  of  the  exit  holes  [pi.  56, 
hg.  i]  occur  on  the  prominent  ridges  and  are  therefore  very  easily 
detected.  This  species  under  certain  conditions  attacks  living  tissues  and 
in  that  event  the  presence  of  the  borers  is  indicated  by  brownish  or  whitish 
pitch  tubes  which  may  be  nearly  }i  inch  in  diameter  and  almost  that  in 
hight.  One  of  these  structures  is  represented  [pi.  54,  fig.  4]  and  a  close 
examination  would  show  that  it  was  built  up  with  particles  of  pitch  from 
the  burrows.  Plate  54,  figure  2,  shows  a  pine  trunk  with  a  number  of 
pitch  tubes  indicating  that  the  tree  was  alive  when  attacked.  These  pitch 
tubes  are  located,  as  a' rule,  over  the  entrance  or  nuptial  chamber,  from 
which  the  females  make  their  galleries,  usually  following  along  the  grain 
of  the  bark. 

Plate  54,  figure  3,  shows  one  of  these  nuptial  chambers  on  the  inner 
side  of  the  bark  and  represents  the  seven  female  galleries,  three  extending 


248  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

down  and  four  upwards.  In  the  farther  portions  of  the  galleries  are  series 
of  expanding  larval  burrows.  It  will  be  seen  that  these  are  placed  at 
somewhat  regular  intervals  and  are  due  to  the  fact  that  the  female  gnaws 
small  chambers  at  these  points  and  places  an  egg  in  each.  Sometimes 
eggs  are  deposited  very  largely  on  one  side  of  the  gallery  and  at  others 
on  both  sides.  The  larval  galleries  dilate  gradually,  with  the  growth  of 
the  young,  have  a  somewhat  serpentine  course  and  end  in  an  oval  pupal 
cell.     They  form  perfect  mazes  of  interlacing  burrows  when  at  all  abun- 


/.-Dendroctc 
Manor  ;  c-T  o 


dant  because  the  galleries  of  the  young  of  different  females  may  interfere 
more  or  less.  It  frequently  happens  that  the  beetles  are  so  abundant  as  to 
eat  away  a  considerable  proportion  of  the  bark  and  plate  55,  figure  3,  shows 
this  condition  very  nicely  and  figure  i  on  the  same  plate  represents  the 
same  thing  in  a  more  advanced  stage.  The  condition  of  the  trunk  of  the 
tree  after  it  has  harbored  large  numbers  of  these  borers  is  shown  on  plate 
54,  figure  I.  It  will  be  seen  that  all  of  the  bark  has  dropped  from  the 
trunk   and   that  many  very  shallow  grooves  have  been  made  in  the  surface 


INSECTS    AFFFXTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  349 

of  the  wood,  indicating  that  this  species  burrows  very  largely  in  the  inner 
bark.  The  work  of  this  insect  is  sometimes  inconspicuous.  Plate  56, 
figure  2,  shows  the  base  of  a  tree,  the  inner  bark  of  which  has  been 
thoroughly  riddled  by  this  borer,  as  shown  on  plate  56,  figure  3,  while  it 
will  be  seen  that  nothing  but  decaying  borings  lies  between  the  outer  bark 
and  the  surface  of  the  wood.  The  few  exit  holes  on  such  a  tree  are  shown 
on  plate  56,  figure  i.  The  galleries  of  this  insect  are  sometimes  preserved 
for  indefinite  periods  and  constitute  unimpeachable  records  of  injury  to 
living  trees.  Plate  55,  figure  4,  shows  an  elongated  piece  of  bark  with  a 
series  of  longitudinal  w^ell  preserved  burrows  which  have  been  kept  from 
injury  by  insects  usually  following  Tomicus  because  their  walls  were  infil- 
trated with  pitch,  conclusive  evidence  that  the  tissues  were  living  at  the 
time  this  bark  borer  attacked  the  tree.  The  same  thing  is  shown  more 
plainly  in  plate  56,  figure  2.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  burrows  on  either 
side  of  these  preserved  channels  have  been  almost  entirely  obliterated  by 
insects  which  follow  the  original  invaders.  Plate  60,  figure  4  shows  how 
the  Tomicus  burrows  may  be  obliterated  by  R  h  a  g  i  u  m  1  i  n  e  a  t  u  m  Oliv., 
a  species  living  in  decaying  bark.  The  work  of  this  scolytid  in  con- 
junction with  other  forms  to  be  noticed  later  is  well  shown  on  plate  53, 
figure  I,  which  represent  two  pines  photographed  Sep.  28,  igoi.  It  will 
be  observed  that  the  tip  of  one  has  very  little  foliage  and  as  a  matter 
of  fact  it  was  entirely  dead  at  that  time.  The  lower  limbs,  however,  were 
thrifty  and  green  and  though  insects  w^ere  working  in  the  trunk  the  tree 
still  appeared  to  be  vigorous.  The  other  tree  in  the  photograph  bears 
rather  abundant  foliage  and  showed  very  little  evidence  of  weakness,  though 
it  was  somewhat  injured  at  that  time  by  the  borers.  The  same  trees  are 
represented  at  figure  2,  as  they  stood  Ap.  28,  1902.  It  will  be  observed 
that  the  tree  with  a  dead  tip  the  preceding  September  has  been  entirely 
killed  and  that  very  few  needles  are  to  be  seen  on  the  other  one,  which 
showed  comparatively  little  injury  the  preceding  fall.  Both  are  dead  and 
are  evidences  of  the  rapidity  with  which  this  insect  and  its  associates  may 
work.      Plate   52   shows   a    somewhat  familiar   condition   in   the    vicinity   of 


350 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Albany  where  a  considerable  proportion  of  narrow  strips  of  jjine  have  been 
killed  by  this  and  related  bark  borers  in  recent  years. 

Life  history.  The  development  of  this  insect  requires  about  lo  weeks. 
Auij.  5,  1 901  a  slender  pine  was  observed  in  which  this  species  was  entering 
in  large  numbers.  The  needles  were  somewhat  thin  at  that  time,  pitch 
tubes  were  rather  abundant  and  many  small  masses  of  pitch  were  to  be 
found  on  the  foliage  of  surrounding  shrubs.  The  beetles  were  running 
their  primary  galleries  at  this  time,  the  bark  of  the  tree  was  alive 
along  practically  its  entire  length,  and  many  eggs  were  being  laid  by  the 
beetles.  About  eight  weeks  later,  or  Sep.  26,  two  thirds  of  the  needles 
were  brown  and  the  remainder  were  changing  rapidly.  Oct.  16  practically 
all  the  needles  were  brown  and  dead,  the  bark  had  been  killed  and  its  inner 
layers  consisted  of  little  else  than  borings.  Practically  all  of  the  living 
Tomicids  had  forsaken  this  tree  though  some  were  found  in  those  near  by. 
During  this  short  time  the  entire  life  cycle  was  completed  as  the  inner  bark 
had  been  entirely  destroyed  by  the  work  of  beetles  and  grubs.  Dr  Hopkins 
states  that  H  i  s  t  e  r  c  y  1  i  n  d  r  i  c  u  s  Payk  is  a  common  predaceous  enemy 
of  this  species. 

Habits.  It  is  not  intended  by  the  above  account  to  give  the  impression 
that  this  insect  normally  attacks  living  trees,  but  the  evidence  submitted 
above  proves  conclusively  that,  under  certain  conditions,  it  may  and  does 
cause  serious  injury.  It  is  undoubtedly  true,  as  stated  by  other  writers, 
that  this  species,-  like  some  of  its  allies,  attacks  by  preference  diseased  or 
dying  trees' and  that  only  when  it  becomes  exceptionally  abundant  is  there 
danger  of  its  injuring  healthy  pines.  The  writer  has  observed  this  insect 
in  the  vicinity  of  Albany  where  it  has  caused  more  injury  to  white  pines 
than  to  the  equally  abundant,  though  smaller,  hard  or  pitch  pine.  The 
latter  occurs  almost  entirely  on  Long  Island  and  therefore  this  species  can 
attack   no  other  pine  in  that  section. 

Preventive  measures.  There  is  very  little  that  can  be  done  for  trees 
which  have  been  attacked  by  this  and  related  borers  other  than  cutting  and 
burning  the  infested  parts  before  the  beetles  have  emerged.      If  this  cutting 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  35 1 

is  done  at  the  time  the  insects  are  all  in  the  larval  or  grub  state,  it  will  be 
sufficient  if  the  bark  is  stripped  from  the  trees  and  allowed  to  dry.  This 
will  kill  practically  all  the  insects,  but  in  case  there  are  considerable 
numbers  of  beetles  present,  it  would  be  wiser  to  destroy  them  at  once  by 
burning. 

Bibliography 
1858     Fitch,  Asa.     Ins.  N.  Y.     4th  Rei)'t  1857,  p.  35-36 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  p.  711-12 
1899     Hopkins,  A.  D.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.    Bui,  56,  p.  284,  294,  342,422,  445 
1902     Felt,  E.  P.      U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  31,  n.  s.,  j).  64-65 

1902  Hopkins,  A.  D.     U.  S.  Dep't  Agrie.  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  32,  n.  s.  p.  11-12 

1903  Felt,  E.  P.      For.  Fish  &  Game  Com.     7th  Rep't,  p.  4S2-85 

Pine  bark  beetle 
Toinicns  piiii  Say 

A  light  brown  or  nearly  black  beetle  about  5  32  inch  in  length  bores  the  thinner 
pine  bark  near  the  middle  portion  of  the  trunk  and  that  of  the  larger  limbs. 

This  species  is  about  the  same  size  as  Tomicus  cacographus 
Lee.  and  similarly  it  is  frequently  associated  with  larger  forms,  specially 
with  Tomicus  calligraphus  Germ.  It  appears  to  confine  its 
attack  largely  to  the  white  pine  though  it  has  been  recorded  from  spruce 
and  larch. 

This  borer  was  breeding  in  large  numbers  Aug.  18,  1901  at  Saranac 
Inn  in  a  small  dying  white  pine  about  18  inches  in  diameter.  The  tree  was 
abundantly  infested  about  midway  of  its  hight  and  a  few  beetles  were  found 
almost  at  the  top  and  nearly  to  the  base.  This  species  occurred  Sep.  15  in 
considerable  numbers  under  the  bark  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  trunk  and 
on  the  underside  of  the  larger  limbs  of  a  large  dying  white  pine  at  Lansing- 
burg.  This  tree  was  also  attacked  by  Tomicus  calligraphus  Germ, 
which  was  exceedingly  abundant  in  the  thick  bark  near  the  base  of  the 
trunk.  Practically  the  same  conditions  as  described  above  were  found  at 
Bath-on-Hudson,  across  the  river  from  Albany,  except  that  the  attack  was 
more  advanced.     This  form  was  also  concerned  in  the  death  of  a  number  of 


352 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


white  pines  at  Round  Lake  N.  Y.  in  the  summer  of  1901.  The  destructive 
work  of  this  little  borer  was  further  evidenced  by  a  complaint  from  Jeremiah 
Day,  Catskill  N.  Y.,  December  1901,  to  the  effect  that  50  young  white 
pines  about  25  or  30  years  old  had  been  killed  durinj^r  the  preceding  sumnier 
and  the  examples  of  the  injured  bark  proved  that  this  species  was  the  dep- 
redator. It  is  very  evident  that  this  little  borer  can  seriously  injure  if  it 
does  not  kill  a  tree  outright.  It  was  met  with  on  pine  and  tamarack  at 
Big  Moose  N.  Y.,  )ul}'  8,  1903,  evidently  attracted  to  the  recently  burned 
trees. 

Description.  The  beetle  is  slightly  larger  than  Tomicus  c  a  c  o- 
graphu  s  Lee,  being  about  5/32  inch  long  and  usually  a  little  stouter.  It 
varies  in  color,  like  the  preceding,  from  a  light  to  a 
very  dark  brown.  One  of  the  most  prominent  char- 
'  .icteristics  of  this  species  is  the  presence  of  but  four 
teeth  on  each  side  of  the  conspicuous- posterior  exca- 
vation or  declivity  of  the  elytra.  They  are  arranged 
as  follows  :  the  dorsal  one  near  the  median  line  is 
minute  and  sometimes  wanting  in  the  female  ;  the 
second  and  third  are  larger,  specially  the  latter,  and  touching  at  the  base; 
the  fourth  is  much  smaller  and  independent.  The  prothorax  is  rather 
coarsely  granulated  and  the  elytra  or  wing  covers  are  ornamented  with 
longitudinal  rows  of  rather  small  punctures.  The  antennal  structure  is 
shown  on  plate  66,  figure  7  and  that  of  the  tibia  in  figure  jia. 

Life  history  and  habits.  The  typical  form  of  the  burrows  of  this  insect 
is  well  shown  in  plate  57,  figure  3,  which  represents  the  central  or  entrance 
chamber  and  an  adult  gallery.  '  The  latter  is  about  '  i6  inch  in  diameter,  and 
leading  therefrom  are  somewhat  tortuous  expanding  larval  mines,  rarely 
more  than  }^  inch  in  length.  The  specimen  of  bark  photographed  shows 
also  the  work  of  what  is  probably  a  young  Monohammus  larva.  It  will  be 
seen  by  an  examination  of  this  figure  that,  in  this  case  at  least,  two  females 
continued  their  work  from  the  central  chamber,  one  going  up  and  the 
other  down  approximately  parallel  with  the  bark  fibers.      A  more  advanced 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


353 


stage  of  this  insect's  work  is  shown  at  plate  57,  figure  2,  which  represents 
a  portion  of  a  female  gallery  together  with  a  great  many  very  irregular 
larval  mines,  several  pupal  cells  and  a  few  exit  holes.  This  insect  and  its 
relatives  may  cause  considerable  injury  to  the  inner  bark  without  any  very 
perceptible  exterior  signs.  Plate  57,  figure  i,  represents  a  portion  of  pine 
bark,  the  inner  surface  of  which  has  been  badly  mined  by  this  borer.  The 
early  work  of  this  species  is  shown  on  plate  58,  figure  i,  2. 

The  work  of  this  species  in  the  thinner  bark  of  the  middle  portion  of 
a  young  pine  is  well  shown  on  plate  59,  figure  i,  2.  The  view  of  the  inner 
aspect  of  the  bark  [fig.  2]  shows  the  galleries  of  the  Tomicus  very  plainly 
indeed  and  also  the  broader  shallow  workings  of  young  Monohammus 
larvae.  A  great  number  of  exit  holes  are  represented  in  figure  i  by  the 
light  spots.  Both  of  these  illustrations  were  taken  with  a  light  background, 
consequently  the  exit  holes  appear  as  white  spots. 

Dr  Fitch  has  noticed  this  insect  and  he 
states  that  the  adult  burrows  have  some  resem- 
blance to  the  fingers  of  a  hand  spread  apart  or 
to  the  track  of  a  bird,  in  that  they  diverge  from 
a  common  center  and  run  up  and  down  the  tree. 
He  states  that  this  insect  may  be  found  under 
the  bark  of  old  white  pines. 

Prof.  A.  D.  Hopkins  records  this  species  as 
exceedingly  common  in  the  bark  of  white  pine 
in  West  Virginia  and  observes  that  it  attacks  all  other  kinds  of  pine  in 
that  State.  He  has  also  found  it  in  both  the  larch  and  black  spruce,  but 
not  so  commonly  as  in  the  pine.  In  May  and  [une  1897  he  found  it  quite 
common  excavating  egg  galleries  in  the  living  bark  of  black  spruce  and 
his  observations  led  him  to  conclude  that  under  favorable  conditions  it 
might  prove  a  very  destructive  enemy  of  this  tree. 

Preventive  measures.  Methods  of  service  in  controlling  the  preceding 
species  will  also  prove  valuable  in  checking  this  borer. 


rig.  71  Middle  tibiae:  a=T  o  n 
pini;  i~T.  caelatiis;  c-T. 
graph  us   (original; 


354 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Bibliography 
1S58     Fitch,  Asa.     Ins.  N.  Y.     4th  Rep't  1857,  p.  36-37 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  p.  713-15,  858,  903 
1899     Hopkins,  A.  D.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp,  Sta.      Bui.  56,  p.  253-54,  342,  422,  445 
1903     Felt,  E.  P.     For.  Fish  &  Game  Com.     7th  Rep't,  p.  487-88 

Tomicus  caelatus  Eich. 

A  brownish  or  nearly  black  cylindric  lieetle  about  '/6  incli  in  length  may  be  found 
working  in  tlie  inner  layers  of  thinner  pine  bark,  particularly  that  of  the  middle  portion 
of  the  trunk  and  on  the  underside  of  tlie  limbs  of  larger  trees. 

This  borer,  like  Tomicus  cacographus  Lee.  and  T.  pini  Say 
is  frequently  associated  with  tlie  larger  and  very  common  T.  c  a  1  1  i  - 
graph  us  Germ,  and  like  the  other  small  forms  prefers  the  thinner  bark 
of  smaller  trees  or  that  of  the  upper  portions  of  the  trunk  of  larger  ones. 
This  bark  beetle  has  been  characterized  by  Dr  Fitch  as  one  of  the  most 
pernicious  of  all  the  insects  infesting  our  white  pine  forests  and  the  yellow 
pine  in  the  Southern  States.  He  adds  that  while  most  of  the  larger  borers 
may  attack  old  and  decaying  or  dead  trees,  this  small  insect  is  liable  to 
invade  those  that  are  in  full  health  and  vigor  and  young  trees  as  well  as 
older  ones. 

This  species  is  stated  by  Dr  Hopkins  to  be  very  common  in  West 
Virginia  in  partly  living  bark,  on  living,  dying  and  dead,  standing  and  felled 
trees.  He  adds  that  it  infests  all  of  the  pines  and  the  native  and  intro- 
duced spruces  and  that  it  is  widely  distributed.  He  has  found  Hister 
c  y  1  i  n  d  r  i  c  u  s    Payk  in  the  galleries  of  this  species. 

This  beetle  was  found  at  work  in  baLsam  in  company  with  Tomicus 
balsam  eus  Lee,  in  hard  pine  with  T.  calli  graph  us  Germ,  and 
T.  c  a  c  o  g  r  a  p  h  u  s  Lee,  in  white  pine  with  T.  c  a  1  1  i  g  r  a  p  h  u  s  Germ,  and 
T.  pini  .Say  and  in  spruce  witli  1'  o  1  y  g  r  a  p  h  u  s  r  u  f  i  p  e  n  n  i  s  Kirby. 
It  was  also  taken  on  spruce  and  tamarack  at  Big  Moose  N.  Y.,  Aug.  3, 
1903,  probably  attracted  to  the  recently  burned  trees. 

Description.  This  is  another  medium  sized  Tomicus,  being  about 
y^  inch  in  length,  c)'lindric,  and  varying  in  color  from  a  light  to  a  very  dark 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  355 

brown.      It    is  a  little   shorter   and  more  slender    than    Tomicus    c  a  c  o- 

graphus   Lee,  the  posterior,  dorsal  portion   of  the  wing  covers    is  more 

hairy  and  the  declivity  is   not  so  well   marked.  ^  I 

There  are  three  principal  tubercles  orchitinous 

teeth.      A   minute    dorsal  one  near  the  median 

line  and   two  larger,  widely  separated  teeth  on     --J^Tw^^^^^'^^ 

the   flattened    area  of  the   declivity.      Between    ^    '    ''    "*       *"""  "  '  " 

the  larger  tubercles  and  farther  from  the  median 

line     there    are    two    minute    chitinous    points 

marking  the  real  margin  of  the  declivity.      The 

prothorax  is  rather  finely  granulated  and  the 

wing  covers  are  marked  with  longitudinal  rows     ^'''  ^\^T\l'uih,.r\  ■nustrui!,,,)'''"''''" 

of  rather  fine  punctures.      The  antennae  are  represented  on  plate  66,  figure 

5  and  the  middle  tibia  at  figure  71/;. 

The  galleries  of  this  species,  judging  from  the  few  specimens  collected 
are  more  irregular  than  are  those  of  some  other  members  of  the  genus. 
The  central  or  entrance  chamber  is  well  marked  and  from  this  three  or  more 
females  may  make  their  way  in  rather  tortuous  courses,  sometimes  parallel 
with  and  sometimes  nearly  across  the  bark  fibers. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  on  both  sides  of  the  burrows  and  the  grubs  or 
larvae  excavate  very  irregular  galleries  for  a  distance  of  about  an  inch  and 
end  their  labors  in  a  rather  deep  oval  cell  in  the  sapwood  in  which  the  grub 
transforms  to  the  beetle. 

Dr  Fitch  noticed  this  insect  in  his  fourth  report  under  the  name  of 
Tomicus  xylograph  us  Say  and  he  comments  as  follows  on  the 
boring  habits  of  this  species.  He  states  that  a  long  slender  cylindric 
gallery  is  formed  which  is  excavated  about  equally  in  the  outer  surface  of 
the  wood  and  in  the  inner  layers  of  the  bark.  In  some  cases  two,  three  or 
even  six  galleries  start  from  one  point,  running  in  opposite  directions,  but 
always  lengthwise  with  the  tree  or  limb.  Little  notches  are  excavated  at 
intervals  in  the  adult  galleries  while  the  work  is  in  progress,  one  to  four 
eggs   being  placed   in  each   notch.      The   gnawings  of  the  beetles  are  left 


356  "  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Strewn  in  the  bark  behind  them,  and  as  they  travel  backward  and  forward  in 
the  burrow  trom  time  to  time,  the  little  stiff  hairs  with  which  their  bodies 
are  provided  serve  as  a  brush  to  sweep  this  dust  into  the  egg  notches. 
Thus  the  mouths  of  these  chambers  are  filled  and  the  eggs  therein  covered 
and  concealed.  The  female  forms  a  burrow  from  4  to  8  inches  or  more  in 
length. 

Life  history.  Dr  Fitch  states  that  the  eggs  probably  hatch  in  10  to  20 
days  according  .to  the  temperature.  The  young  grub  is  found  lying  with 
its  back  towards  the  sawdust  with  which  the  cavity  in  which  the  egg  is  laid 
was  filled,  it  thus  being  close  to  the  soft  innermost  layer  of  bark  at  the 
extremity  of  the  notch.  This  cavity  is  continued  by  the  larvae  to  a  distance 
of  from  I  to  3  inches  at  approximately  right  angles  to  the  central  gallery, 
which  latter  increases  in  size  with  the  development  of  the  grub.  Those  not 
overtaken  by  disaster  excavate  an  oval  cell  in  which  the  final  transformation 
to  the  adult  takes  place.  The  small  beetles  escape  from  their  retreats  by 
boring  directly  to  the  surface  of  the  bark. 

Bibliography 
1857     Fitch,  Asa.     Ins.  N.  Y.     4th  Rep't  1857,  p.  30-35 

1899     Hopkins,  A.  D.     W.  Va.  .\gric.  Exp.  Sta.    Bull.  56,  p.  258,  342,  423  and  446 
1903     Felt,  E.  P.     For.  Fish  &  Game  Com.     7th  Rep't,  p.  488-90 

Southern   tomicus 

Tomicus  cacograpJius   Lee. 

A  small  brown  or  blackish  cylindric  beetle  about  '3  inch  long  may  frecpiently  be 
found  boring  the  thinner  bark  of  smaller  pines  and  that  of  the  limbs  of  larger  trees.  It 
is  usually  associated  in  this  work  with  one  or  more  species  belonging  to  this  genus. 

This  bark  borer  is  a  medium  sized  form  which  was  specially  abundant 
in  October  1900  at  Manor  L.  I.,  where  it  attacked  the  hard  pines  which  are 
so  abundant  in  that  region.  This  beetle  prefers  the  thinner  bark  of  smaller 
trees  and  also  attacks  the  middle  portion  of  the  trunk  and  the  limbs  of 
larger  pines.  It  is  frequently  associated  in  its  destructive  work  with 
Tomicus    c  a  1 1  i  g  r  a  p  h  u  s  Germ. 

This  species  was  taken  in  August  and  .September  in  considerable   num- 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  3  c  7 

bers  at  Sllngerlands  and  Karner.  It  was  found  working-  in  a  recently  cut 
hard  pine  at  Karner  and  in  white  pine  Hmbs  which  had  just  been  cut  at 
Slingerlands.  This  beetle  was  common  at  Manor  L.  I.,  in  1900.  It  was 
taken  from  under  the  bark  of  the  middle  portion  of  the  trunk  of  a  pitch 
pine,  which  was  attacked  at  the  base  by  Dendroctonus  terebrans 
Oliv.  It  appeared  to  be  the  primary  offender  in  one  case  where  it  was 
boring  in  large  numbers  in  a  limb  on  which  the  needles  were  still  green, 
though  they  dropped  readily.  It  was  found  working  in  the  living  tissues  at 
the  base  of  another  dying  hard  pine.  This  lattter  tree  had  thrown  out 
sprouts  in  a  last  effort  to  sustain  life  and  even  these  were  dying.  Another 
small  tree  was  found  badly  infested  with  this  bark  borer.  The  leaves  were 
just  beginning  to  turn  yellow  and  the  attack  was  confined  almost  entirely  to 
the  upper  portion  of  the  trunk. 

Description.  This  is  one  of  the  medium  sized  species  of  Tomicus. 
The  beetle  is  a  trifle  over  yg  inch  long,  cylindric,  rather  slender  in  form  and 
like  other  species  of  this  genus,  varies  in  color  from  a 
light  to  a  dark  brown.  The  posterior  excavation  or 
declivity  of  the  wing  covers  is  bordered  by  a  series  of 
five  teeth.  The  one  near  the  dorsal  median  line  is 
very  minute,  the  second  and  third  are  much  larger  and 

connected   at   the  base   and  the    fourth   and    fifth  are  Fie- 73  cecivity  of  Tomics 
smaller  and  distinct   from   each  other.      The  prothorax     iHusirafionV 
is  rather  coarsely  granulated  and   the  wing  covers  are  marked  with  longitu- 
dinal rows  of  rather  deep  punctures.      The  antennal  structure  is  illustrated 
on  plate  66,  figure  8  and  the  tibia  in  figure  yir. 

The  soft  white  pupae  may  be  found  in  their  oval  cells  in  the  bark. 
The  pupa  is  usually  creamy  white,  about  as  long  as  the  beetle  and  with  a 
tapering  abdomen  wath  one  or  two  segments  usually  extending  be)-ond  the 
tips  of  the  wing  covers. 

The  full  grown  larvae  or  grubs  are  a  creamy  white,  about  3  ,5  inch  long 
and  with  the  body  slightly  curved.  The  head  is  light  brown  with  the  tips 
of  the  mouth  parts  and  adjacent  sutures  much  darker. 


358  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Life  history.  Adults  of  this  species  were  entering  limits  in  large 
numbers  at  Manor  L.  1.  Oct.  3,  1900,  the  galleries  evidently  being  both 
for  hibernation  and  food.  They  were  a  little  over  '  16  inch  in  diameter, 
exceedingly  tortuous  and  apparently  without  plan.  In  one  portion  the 
beetles  had  just  begun  their  operations  and  the  curious  manner  in  which 
they  work  in  living  bark  is  shown  on  plate  60,  figure  i.  A  more  advanced 
stage  is  illustrated  at  plate  60,  figure  2,  and  this  shows  how  completely  a 
limb  may  be  girdled  within  a  short  time.  The  specimen  from  which  this 
illustration  was  made  was  taken  from  a  limb  about  10  feet  long  which  bore 
many  green  needles.  The  foliage  dropped  readily  and  as  the  tree  had 
apparently  been  vigorous  till  within  a  short  time,  the  primary  injury  was 
attributed  to  this  insect.  A  central  or  entrance  chamber  will  be  seen  in 
both  of  these  illustrations,  though  most  of  the  galleries  are  very  irregular. 
The  tendency  of  the  adults  to  work  largely  with  the  grain  of  the  bark  is 
shown  in  plate  60,  figure  3,  which  illustrates  a  very  badly  eaten  piece  of 
hard  pine  bark.  There  was  very  little  or  no  evidence  of  the  operations  of 
the  larva  in  this  instance.  Dr  Packard  states  that  the  burrows  of  this 
species  are  much  like  those  of  T.  calligraphu  s  Germ,  except  that  the 
main  gallery  is  narrower,  being  about  '  i„  inch  in  diameter  and  the  exit 
holes  to  correspond  with  the  smaller  size  of  the  beetle. 

So  far  as  our  observations  go  the  galleries  made  by  the  beetles  during 
the  breeding  period  are  more  regular  and  are  apt  to  run  with  the  grain  of 
the  bark,  the  eggs  being  deposited  on  either  side  and  the  young  making 
more  or  less  oblique,  serpentine  galleries  in  the  adjacent  tissues.  Later, 
the  infested  bark  may  become  a  mass  of  interlacing  burrows  partly  filled 
with  brown  particles  of  decaying  bark.  A  few  of  the  adult  galleries  may 
remain  comparatively  untouched,  but,  as  a  rule,  they  are  not  so  straight  and 
sharply  defined  as  are  those  of  Tomicus  calligraphus  Germ.  Dr 
Hopkins  has  observed  that  the  beetles  are  attracted  by  turpentine. 

Distribution.  The  distribution  of  this  species  has  been  given  by  Dr 
LeConte  as  the  Southern  and  Western  .States  and  Dr  Packard  credits  it 
with  injuring  the  pines  of   North   Carolina  and  southward  even  more  than 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  350 

T.  pini  Say  in  the  north.  Dr  J.  B.  Smith  records  the  insect  as  being 
present  throughout  New  Jersey  where  it  mines  the  green  bark  of  dead  or 
dying  pines  and  spruces.  Dr  Hopkins  states  that  it  is  very  common  in 
West  \'irginia  under  partly  Uving.  dying  and  dead  bark  of  living,  dying 
and  dead  standing  and  fallen  pines  and  spruces.  He  states  that  it  infests  all 
of  the  pines  and  the  native  and  introduced  spruces  and  that  it  is  widely 
distributed. 

Natural  enemies.  Dr  A.  D.  Hopkins  has  reared  several  parasites  from 
this  species.  Spathius  canadensis  (?)  Ashm.  was  bred  by  him  from 
cocoons  found  in  the  mines  of  this  insect  in  white  pine  and  S.  p  a  1 1  i  d  u  s 
Ashm.  was  reared  by  him  from  cocoons  occurring  in  the  larval  galleries 
under  the  bark  of  scrub  pine.  Hister  parallelus  Say  and  H. 
cylindricus  Payk  were  taken  by  Dr  Hopkins  in  the  galleries  of 
this  species. 

Bibliography 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  p.  17 
1S99     Hopkins,  A.  D.     W.    Va.   Agric.    Exp.    Sta.     Bui.    56,  p.   284-344,  347,  422,  427, 

42S  and  445 
1903     Felt,  E.  P.     For.  Fish  &:  Game  Com.      7th  Rep'r.  p.  4S5-S6 

Minute   spruce   bark   beetle 
Cryptiirgus  atoiiiiis    Lee. 

A  minute,  dark  bark  beetle  about  '/lo  inch  in  length,  makes  short  sinuous  mines 
in  the  bark  of  spruce  and  pine. 

This  is  one  of  our  smallest  bark  borers  and  in  many  instances  is  proba- 
bly overlooked  on  this  account.  According  to  Dr  Hopkins  it  enters  the 
galleries  of  other  bark  beetles,  from  which  it  e.xcavates  numerous  very 
small,  irregular  channels  through  the  inner  bark  of  dying  and  dead  black 
and  red  spruce  and  white  pine.  The  mine  consists  of  a  short,  sinuous,  pri- 
mary- galler}"  about  ^i  inch  long  from  which  arise  on  either  side  about  10 
shorter  secondan,"  galleries.  The  beetles  are  sometimes  e.xtremely  numer- 
ous, manv  mines  occurring  within  a  square  inch  of  surface.  Dr  Packard 
records  meeting  Iar\ae,  pupae  and  beetles  in  great  abundance  at  Brunswick 


360  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Me.,  in   August    1880,   where   they  occur  in    dead   trees   as   well   as  spruce 

stumps,  also  in  white  pine  stumps. 

The  followino;  description  of  the  beetle  is  given  by  Dr  LeConte  : 
Slender,  dark,  piceous,  shining,  prothorax  distinctly  longer  than  wide, 
sparsely  and  coarsely  punctured  ;  elytra  very  finely  not  densely  pubescent, 
striae  composed  of  shallow  punctures,  interspaces  as  well  as  the  striae  with- 
out distinct  punctulations.  Length,  i  mm  +.  Head  with  a  broad  short 
beak,  slightly  conve.x,  finely  not  densely  punctulate.  Prothorax  distinctly 
longer  than  wide,  slightly  rounded  on  the  sides,  gradually  narrowed  from 
the  middle  to  the  tip  ;  disk  transversely  convex,  not  polished,  but  very 
imperceptibly  granulate,  sparsely  and  strongly  punctured.  Elytra  cylin- 
drical, not  wider  than  the  prothorax,  convexly  declivous  behind  ;  sparsely 
clothed  with  very  short  and  fine  yellowish  pubescence  ,  striae  composed  of 
rather  large,  shallow  punctures,  interspaces  not  narrower  than  the  striae, 
almost  imperceptibly  punctulate.  Beneath  nearly  smooth,  sides  of  meta- 
sternum  with  a  row  of  punctures,  sides  of  ventral  segments  feebly  punctured. 
Legs  piceous,  front  tibiae  with  five  distinct  acute  teeth  on  the  outer  edge, 
which  is  also  sparsely  fringed  with  long  yellowish  hairs,  with  a  fine  apical 
spine  at  inner  angle  ;  tarsi  yellow,  narrow,  third  joint  not  dilated. 
Antennae  with  the  scape  long,  the  first  joint  of  the  funicle  large,  rounded; 
second  indistinct,  closely  connected  with  the  club,  which  is  large  oval,  not 
pointed,  solid,  polished  and  corneous,  except  along  the  apical  margin,  where 
there  is  a  spongy  sensitive  band. 

This  species  probably  has  a  wide  distribution  in  the  northeastern 
United  States,  as  it  is  recorded  from  Canada  and  Maine  south  to  West 
Virginia  and  westward  to  Ohio. 

Sawyer 
JMonohainiiiiis   tonfiisor   Kirby 

Large  white,  fleshy,  legless  grub  from  i ',2  to  2  inciies  long  may  frequently  work  in 
the  inner  l)ark  and  sapwood  of  dead  and  dying  pines,  spruces  and  balsams,  and  also  in  logs 
cut  from  these  trees. 

This  species  is  one  of  the  more  common  borers  found  under  the  bark 
of  logs  and  dead  and  dying  trees  belonging  to  the  species  mentioned  above. 
The  presence  of  the  borers  in  piles  of  logs  may  easily  be  detected  by  the 
masses  of  white  sawdustlike  borings  which  collect  on  the  ground  beneath 
or  which  may  be  found  under   the  bark. 

Injuries.     Grubs  belonging  presumably  to  this  species  have  been   met 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  •jgj 

with  by  the  writer  in  balsam,  spruce,  hard  and  white  pines,  and  in  not  a  few 
instances    they  were    abundant    enough    to    cause    considerable  injury  and 
materially  reduce  the  market  value  of  the  logs.      This  species,  when  numer- 
ous, also  appears  able  to  exist   in  living  trees.      The  writer  found  a  number 
of  these  grubs  Oct.  i6,  1901   at   Bath-on-Hudson,  working  in  living,  appar- 
ently  healthy   bark   and   with    the  point   of  injury   indicated    by  wormlike 
masses  of  pitch,  showing  conclusively  that    the    grubs    were  operating   in 
living  tissues.      The  tree  under  observation  was  apparently  not  infested^  by 
any  other  insect  and  it  appears  probable  that  the  beetles  must  have  bred  in 
large  numbers  in  nearby  decaying,  dead  or  dying  trees  and  then,  because  of 
the    lack    of    more    .suitable    conditions,    attacked    this    living    white    pine. 
Another  case  was  observed   during  the   same  summer  where  the  grubs  of 
this  species  were  working  in  what  appeared  to  be  healthy  pines  and  their 
operations  were  to  be  observed  here  and  there  over  a  considerable  propor- 
tion  of  large   trunks.      It  is  remarkable  how  quickly  this  species  infests  a 
dying   tree,  and   in   not   a  few  other  cases   have  we   been   led  to  question 
whether  the  Monohammus  larvae  may  not  have  followed  the  work  of  other 
species  very  closely,  even  if  its  attack  was  not  coincident  with  theirs. 

Early  history.  This  species  was  noticed  in  some  detail  by  Dr  Fitch 
under  the  name  of  M  o  n  o  h  a  m  m  us  n  o  t  a  t  u  s  Drury.  He  characterizes 
it,  M.  marmoratus  Rand,  and  U.  scutellatus  .Say  as  the  most 
common  and  pernicious  borers  of  pine  timber  in  New  York.  He  states 
that  felled  pine  timber  allowed  to  remain  in  the  forest  through  the  summer 
months  is  likely  to  suffer  much  injury  from  these  borers,  and  adds  that  they 
invariably  make  their  exit  from  the  wood  on  its  upper  side,  and,  as  the  holes 
from  which  they  issue  admit  water,  the  timber  decays  rapidly. 

This  insect  was  noticed  in  1877  by  Rev.  C.  J.  S.  Bethune  who  states 
that  it  is  very  generally  destructive  throughout  Canada  and  the  Northern 
states,  often  being  excessively  abundant  in  pine  regions.  He  cites  Mr  E. 
Billings  to  the  effect  that  he  once  saw  a  pine  tree  near  Lake  Clear,  Renfrew 
county,  on  which  he  calculated  there  were  at  least  300  individuals  of  this 
species,  while  many  others  were  flying  about  in  all  directions.      Dr  James 


^62  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Fletcher  in  1887  includes  this  species  and  M.  scutellatus  Say  as  the 
two  insects  which  probably  commit  the  most  serious  ravages  in  Canada  on 
felled  pine  timber  or  on  standing  pine  trees  after  they  have  been  injured 
by  fire. 

Description.  The  egg  has  been  described  by  Dr  Packard  as  follows  : 
"  Ovo-cylindrical,  well  rounded,  but  tapering  somewhat  at  each  end,  of  a 
dirty  white  color"   and  as  about  V6  inch  long. 

The  grub  is  a  white,  fleshy,  cylindric  larva,  which  when  full  grown  may 
attain  a  length  of  from  i^/^  to  2  inches.  The  mandibles  are  a  very  dark 
brown  and  the  head  varies  in  color  from  amber  to  rather  dark  brown,  the 
deeper  color  occurring  at  the  sutures.  The  thoracic  shield  is  somewhat 
chitinized  and  bears  a  transverse,  irregular,  dark  brown  marking.  This 
larva  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  that  of  Rhagium,  which  frequently 
occurs  under  similar  conditions,  by  the  entire  absence  of  legs  and  by  the 
head  not  being  nearly  so  wide  and  flattened. 

The  adult  insect  is  a  magnificent  grayish  beetle,  finely  mottled  with 
light  brown  and  rather  conspicuously  dotted,  specially  on  the  wing  covers, 
with  dark  brown  or  nearly  black.  The  body  length  of  the  beetle  varies 
from  about  i/^,  to  i}4  inches.  The  insect  is  remarkable  for  its  enormous 
antennae,  which   may  measure   from  2  to  3  or  more  inches  in  length  [pi. 63, 

fig-  I]- 

Life   history.      The  beetles  are  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany  from  the 

latter  part  of  June  through  July  and  into  August  and  Dr  Fletcher  mentions 

taking  an  adult  in  September.     This  latter  date  is  late  for  New  York  State. 

The  beetles  by  preference  frequent  dying  or  dead  trees  and   occasionally 

are  found  in  considerable  numbers. 

The  eggs  of  this  species  are  deposited  in  conspicuous  transverse  gashes 

in  the  bark   which  are  made  by  the  female  with   her  jaws.      Dr  Packard   is 

of  the  opinion  that  the  beetle  prys  up  a  portion  of  the  gash  and  inserts  the 

egg  in  the  opening  thus  formed.      The  eggs  are  said  to  hatch  in  from  two 

to  three  days  after  deposition  and  the  young  grubs  at  once  begin  boring  in 

the  inner  bark.      The  earlier  work  of  the  larva  or  grub  is  confined  almost 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  363 

entirely  to  the  inner  bark,  but  as  it  increases  in  size  the  sapwood  may  be 
scored,  and  eventually  the  borer  may  go  to  some  depth  in  the  wood, 
particularly  on  the  approach  of  winter. 

This  grub  when  near  maturity  is  very  strong  and  excavates  large, 
irregular  galleries  in  almost  any  direction  in  the  wood,  and  has  been  fre- 
quently met  with  by  the  writer  at  the  depth  of  6  or  8  inches  from  the 
surface.  He  has  seen  small  balsam  trees,  6  inches  in  diameter,  penetrated 
to  the  center  by  the  grub,  which  subsequently  completed  its  transformations 
and  the  beetle  emerged  on  the  opposite  side.  This  borer  works  so  vigor- 
ously that  it  may  be  heard  at  night  gnawing  in  the  wood. 

The  period  required  for  the  completion  of  the  life  cycle  is  unknown, 
though  most  writers  are  of  the  opinion  that  under  ordinary  circumstances 
three  years  are  necessary.  Dr  James  Fletcher  calls  attention  to  the  finding 
of  larva  of  all  sizes  in  a  pine  which  had  been  killed  by  fire  the  previous 
spring  and  from  this  he  is  inclined  to  believe  that  under  certain  conditions 
^the  life  cycle  may  be  completed  in  a  year.  It  is  known  that  this  time  may 
be  enormously  extended,  since  beetles  have  been  bred  out  from  wood  which 
had  been  cut  lo  to  15  or  more  years  before. 

Distribution.  This  insect,  which  appears  to  have  a  general  distribution 
in  pine,  spruce  and  balsam  regions,  ranges  from  West  Virginia  into  Canada 
and,  according  to  published  accounts,  it  appears  to  be  much  more  abundant 
to  the  north. 

Protective  measures.  Very  little,  or  nothing  can  be  done  to  protect 
standing  trees  from  attack  by  this  insect,  other  than  the  prompt  cuttino-  of 
dying  and  dead  timber.  Dr  James  Fletcher  has  pointed  out  that  logs  may 
be  protected  to  a  considerable  extent  by  covering  them  with  fir  boughs  so 
as  to  shade  them  from  the  sun.  Probably  any  other  shade  would  be  nearly 
as  effective.  The  removal  of  the  bark  would  also  aid  materially  in  prevent- 
ing the  borers  from  entering  the  logs. 

Bibliography 
1857  Fitch,  Asa.  Ins.  N.  Y.  4th  Rep't,  p.  21-24 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  p.  686-95 


364  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

White  spotted  sawyer 

]\Io!io/ia>/ninis   sc/i/c//ir/us  Say 

This  longicorn  is  much  less  abundant  about  Albany  than  its  larger  relative 
M.  confusor  Kirby.  It  measures  about  }-i  inch  in  length  and  may  be  recognized 
by   its  nearly   uniform   black  color  mottled   with   white. 

The  writer  took  a  specimen  on  dying  white  pine  at  Bath-on-Hudson 
July  26,  1901,  and  one  on  hard  pine  at  Karner  Jime  13  of  the  same  year. 
It  appears  to  be  numerous  in  the  Adirondack  reoion,  and  somewhat  so  at 
Pike.  According  to  Dr  Packard  it  is  common,  sometimes  abundant,  in 
Maine  and  northern  New  England  and  specially  in  the  lumber  regions  of 
Lake  Superior,  from  whence  he  had  received  it  in  large  numbers.  It  also 
occurs,  according  to  him,  in  pine  forests  of  British  America,  and  in  Wash- 
ington and  Oregon  along  the  Pacific  coast.  Dr  A.  D.  Hopkins  records  it 
as  a  common  and  destructive  wood  borer  in  dying  and  dead  white  pine  in 
West  Virginia.  This  species  appears  to  be  comparatively  rare  in  New 
Jersey,  since  Dr  Smith  lists  a  single  specimen  from  Newark  and  gives  but 
one  other  locality  where  it  is  known  to  occur. 

Rev.  C.  J.  S.  Bethune,  writing  of  this  insect  in  1877,  states  that  the 
species  is  sometimes  very  abundant  in  Canada,  and  that  he  has  occasionally 
found  the  insects  swarniing  in  great  numbers  on  fallen  pines.  Rev.  Thomas 
W.  Fyles  records  an  instance  where  this  species  was  extremely  injurious  to 
spruce  in  1895.  He  states  that  in  the  spring  one  of  his  neighbors  planted 
an  extensive  hedge  around  his  grounds  and  by  the  end  of  the  summer  nearly 
every  scion  had  been  girdled  or  partially  so  by  this  beetle.  He  adds  that 
in  a  hea\'y  wind  he  has  seen  a  large  spruce  tree  snap  off  two  feet  from  the 
ground,  and  on  examination  found  that  the  stem  was  honey  combed  with 
the  larval  galleries  of  this  insect.  Dr  James  Fletcher  states  that  shading 
cut  logs  with  balsam  boughs  appears  to  be  a  very  effective  method  of  pre- 
venting injury  by  this  species  and   M.   confusor   Kirby. 


.  INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  365 

Tickler 

IMonoIiannints  titillator  Fabr. 

A  brownish  mottled  cylindric  beetle,  about  )4  inch  long,  and  with  very  long  slender 
antennae,  may  be  found  in  small  numbers  on  pine  trees  in  midsummer.  The  larvae 
bore  in  the  wood. 

This  beautiful  little  beetle  was  met  with  in  very  small  numbers  in  1901 
on  both  white  pine  and  hard  pine.  This  species  is  evidentl)-  widely  dis- 
tributed, since  its  range  has  been  given  by  Dr  Horn  as  from  Canada  to  the 
state  of  Washington  and  southward.  It  occurs  on  pines  in  June  and  July 
throughout  the  state  of  New  Jersey  as  recorded  by  Dr  Smith.  This 
insect  was  noticed  briefly  by  Dr  Harris,  but  he  was  not  aware  of  its  habits. 
Mr  F.  C.  Bowditch  has  ascertained  some  interesting  facts  regarding  it. 

Life  history  and  description.  Mr  Bowditch  records  taking  adults  under 
the  bark  of  yellow  pines  in  June,  at  which  time  a  number  were  nearly  ready 
to  emerge,  and  a  week  later  he  discovered  no  less  than  So  beetles  in  one 
tree  in  all  stages  of  development,  the  largest  being  near  the  base.  The 
larvae  bore  through  the  trunk,  when  it  is  less  than  6  inches  in  diameter, 
instead  of  working  here  and  there  on  the  surface  of  the  wood.  He  states 
that  the  larva  feeds  on  the  sapwood  or  inner  bark  till  fall,  wdien  it  turns  and 
bores  outward,  leaving  its  passage  filled  with  chips,  and  forms  a  hibernating 
cell  about  Yi  to  '  10  inch  beneath  the  bark,  in  which  it  completes  its  trans- 
formation during  the  winter  or  even  as  late  as  the  last  of  June.  The  grub 
has  been  described  by  Mr  Bowditch  as  follows: 

The  larva  is  a  footless,  yellowish,  white  grub,  more  or  less  hairy, 
cylindrical  in  shape,  about  i  ■*  10  inches  long,  and  3/20  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
The  body  including  the  head  is  made  up  of  14  segments,  the  last  eight 
of  which  have  a  kind  of  ridge  on  each  side,  covered  with  hairs  longer 
than  those  which  are  found  on  the  rest  of  the  body  and  which  doubtless 
assist  it  in  locomotion,  the  second  segment  next  the  head  is  flattened  on 
the  upper  side. 

Bibliography 

1873     Bowditch,  F.  C.     Am.  Nat.  7  :  498-500 


366  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Marbled  sawyer 

j\/oiio/ia)uiinis   Jimrmorah/s    Rand. 

This  insect  is  much  rarer  in  New  York  State  than  the  larger  M.  c  o  n  f  u  s  o  r  Kirby 
and  the  nearly  equal  sized  M.  s  c  u  t  e  1 1  a  t  u  s  Say.  The  beetle  is  about  Js  inch  long  and 
may   be   recognized    by    its  light  grayish  wing  covers  mottled  with  brown  and  dark  brown 

SDOtS. 

The  insect  was  taken  in  small  numbers  the  latter  part  of  Jime  and  in 
early  July,  190T  at  Albany  and  a  few  specimens  have  been  received  by  the 
writer  from  I^ike. 

It  presumably  has  about  the  same  habits  as  M.  scutellatus  .Say. 
It  was  broug-ht  to  the  attention  of  Dr  F"itch  in  1857,  who  records  the  breed- 
ing  of   the  beetle  in  July.      Dr  Packard  states  that   it   is   not  a  particularly 

common   insect. 

Bibliography 

1857      Fitch,  Asa.      Ins.  N.  Y.     4tli  Rep't,  p.  24 

Ribbed  pine  borer 

Rhagiuni   liticatiini   Oliv. 

A  white,  broad  headed  flattened  grub  fre(iuently  occurs  in  considerable  numbers 
under  the  bark  of  dead  pines,  and  transforms  to  a  gray,  black  marked  beetle  with  con- 
spicuous ridges  on  its  wing  covers. 

This  species  has  been  met  with  by  the  writer  in  considerable  abundance 
under  the  bark  of  dead  white  or  hard  pines  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany.  It 
can  not  be  considered  Injurious  to  living  trees  so  far  as  our  experience  goes, 
since  it  is  one  of  the  forms  which  revels  in  partly  rotten  tissues,  and  the 
operations  of  the  grub  and  associated  insects  soon  loosen  the  bark  so  that 
it  falls  off  in  large  sheets.  This  beetle  was  so  abundant  Sep.  2,  1901,  under 
the  bark  of  a  good  sized  white  pine,  at  Lansingburg,  that  about  25  adults, 
numerous  pupae  and  larvae  were  obtained  in  a  few  minutes.  Oct.  10  practi- 
cally the  same  conditions  obtained,  though  there  may  have  been  fewer 
larvae.      It  was  taken  Aug.  17,  1901,  under  spruce  bark  at  Saranac  Inn. 

This  species  was  noticed  by  Dr  Rathvon  in  1861,  who  found  it  very 
common   in   Pennsylvania  and  credited   it  with   killing  trees.      It  has  been 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  36? 

recorded  by  Dr  Packard  as  occurring  under  the  bark  of  pitch  pine  and 
balsam  trees.  He  found  this  species  abundant  under  the  bark  of  a  white 
pine  log  at  Salem  Mass.,  in  October,  and  states  that  he  has  frequently 
detected  it  in  the  same  situations  in  Maine.  He  obtained  both  the  larvae- 
and  adults  Ap.  24.  Dr  Hopkins  has  recorded  this  species  as  mining  under 
the  bark  of  dying  trees  and  states  that  it  is  common  in  Virginia.  He 
records  the  presence  of  adults  Ap.  8,  May  5,  9,  Oct.  17,  Dec.  19,  and  pupa 
in  October,  and  larvae  July  14.  He  adds  that  it  is  a  very  common  borer  in 
decaying  pine  wherever  the  trees  grow  in  West  Virginia. 

Description.  This  beetle  is  a  grayish  insect,  mottled  with  black,  about 
^8  inch  long.  Its  general  forms  and  markings  are  well  shown  on  plate  64, 
figure  I.  The  prothoracic  spines  and  the  two  prominent  ridges  on  each 
wing  cover  are  the  most  characteristic  features  of  this  beetle. 

The  pupa  is  white,  rather  stout,  and  varies  in  length  from  about  j4  to 
nearly  ^  inch.  The  dorsum  of  the  head,  meso-  and  metathorax  and  each 
abdominal  segment  bear  minute  hairs  or  setae  somewhat  grouped  on  each 
side  of  the  dorsal  line.  The  brown  abdominal  spiracles  are  conspicuous 
[pi.  64,  fig.  4]. 

The  pupal  cell  is  constructed  just  under  the  bark.  It  is  oval,  about  ^ 
by  ^  inches  in  diameter  and  is  partly  lined  with  somewhat  decayed  wood 
particles.  The  most  characteristic  feature  is  the  mass  of  fibers  torn  from 
the  wood  at  the  bottom  of  the  cell  and  incorporated  in  its  walls  [pi.  64, 
fig.  7].  The  excavation  in  the  wood  is  probably  necessary  to  give  requisite 
depth  for  the  thicker  pupa  and  beetle.  This  is  in  marked  contrast  to  the 
pupal  cells  of  Pytho  americanus  Kirby,  a  species  frequently  associ- 
ated with  Rhagium  and  which  is  noticed  on  page  368. 

The  white  flattened  grub  or  larva  ranges  in  length  from  3/j^  to  i^ 
inches  and  is  remarkable  for  its  broad  head  which  is  amber  colored  and  is 
fully  as  wide  as  the  thoracic  segments.  The  powerful  jaws  are  tipped  with 
black.  The  corneous  prothoracic  shield  is  yellowish,  and  the  six  true  legs 
are  poorly  developed  [pi.  64,  fig.  11]. 

Life  history.      Some  larvae,  pupae  and  many  beetles  were  found  under 


■j68  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

the  bark  of  one  tree  Sep.  21,  1901.  The  remaining  pupae  were  nearly 
ready  to  assume  the  adult  form  and  the  beetles  were  to  be  found  mostly 
within  the  pupal  cells.  j\lr.ny  of  them  had  begun  to  burrow  in  an  oblique 
direction  up  and  out  through  the  bark.  Some  had  just  started  the  work 
but  in  many  cases  the  beetles  had  nearly  penetrated  the  thick  bark,  though 
none  had  escaped,  so  far  as  was  observed. 

The  grubs  of  this  species  evidently  become  full  grown  during  the  latter 
part  of  the  summer,  construct  their  pupal  cells,  and  transform  to  beetles 
before  the  approach  of  cold  weather.  The  adults  winter  very  largely  in 
the  pupal  cells  or  in  the  characteristic  upward  curving  exit  burrows  which 
they  begin  soon  after  assuming  the  adult  condition. 

Bibliography 
1 86 1     Rathvon,  S.  S.      U.  S.  Patent  Office  Rep't,  p.  620 
1S90     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rept,  p.  704-6,830,  S62 
1893     Hopkins,  A.  D.      W.  Va.  .\gric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  32,  p.  195 

1899     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  56,  p.  439 

1903     Felt,  E.  P.     For.  Fish  t>c  Game  Com.     7th  Re|)'t,  p.  49--93 

Pytho  americanus  Kirby 

A  small  beetle  with  a  black  head  and  thin  dark  bluish  green  wing  covers  may  be 
met  with  under  decaying  pine  bark  the  latter  part  of  the  summer. 

This  species,  like  its  associate,  Rhagium  1  i  n  e  a  t  u  m  Oliv.,  occurs 
rather  commonly  in  moist  decaying  pine  bark.  The  lar\-ae,  pupae  and 
beetles  of  these  two  species  may  be  found  in  large  numbers  under  the  bark 
of  the  same  tree. 

This  insect  appears  to  prefer  the  bark  in  an  advanced  state  of  decay 
and,  like  its  associate,  can  be  regarded  as  injurious  only  so  far  as  it  hastens 
the  decay  of  dead  trees,  since  it  aids  in  loosening  the  bark  and  in  exposing 
the  wood  to  the  elements.  It  has  been  recorded  by  Mr  Harrington  as 
occurring  in  Ontario,  Can.,  in  shallow  cells  under  the  bark  of  old  logs  and 
stumps.  Dr  Hopkins  states  that  in  West  X'irginia  it  commonly  infests 
dying  and  dead  bark  in  pine  logs  and  stumps.  He  obtained  adults  in 
February. 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AND    WOODLAXD    TREES  369 

Description.  The  beetle  is  much  tlattened  and  is  about  yi  inch  long, 
with  the  head  and  thorax  black,  and  the  striated  wing  covers  a  dark  bluish 
green.  The  powerful  jaws  are  rufous,  tipped  with  black,  and  the  antennae, 
legs  and  abdomen  are  similiarly  colored.  The  insect  is  represented  on 
plate  64,  figure  2. 

The  pupa  is  whitish,  more  slender  than  that  of  Rhagiuni,  and  ma)- 
easily  be  recognized  by  its  occurring  in  cells  with  walls  composed  entirely 
of  nearly  rotten  particles  of  bark  [pi.  64,  fig.  3]. 

The  pupal  cell  is  nearly  circular,  about  0,4  inch  in  diameter,  and  is 
constructed  between  the  bark  and  the  wood.  There  is  no  excavation  in 
the  w^ood  and  the  walls  are  composed  only  of  partly  rotten  borings  [pi.  64, 
fig.  9].  The  difference  between  the  cells  of  Rhagium  and  Pytho  is  well 
brought  out  in  the  illustration. 

Life  history.  The  larva  evidently  becomes  full  grown  the  latter  part  of 
the  season  and  transforms  to  the  pupa  and  then  to  the  beetle  before  the 
approach  of  cold  weather.  The  species  hibernates  probably  very  largely  in 
the  pupal  cells  or  under  the  bark. 

Bibliography 
1893      Hopkins,  A.  D.      W.  Ya.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.      Bui.  32,  p.  204 

1899     \\'.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.      Bui.  56,  p.  441 

1903     Felt,  E.  P.     For.  Fish  &  Game  Com.     7th  Rep't,  p.  494 

Spruce  timber  beetle 

Xylfltcriis    bivittatus   Kirby 

A  rather  stout,  brownish  black  beetle,  about  )'&  inch  long,  attacks  the  exposed  wood 
of  various  coniferous  trees. 

The  deserted  galleries  of  this  species  were  found  by  the  writer  in  a 
spruce  log  at  Floodwood  in  1901.  This  beetle  was  breeding  Aug.  23  at 
Axton  in  a  stump  of  a  balsamtree  which  haci  been  cut  the  preceding  April. 
It  has  been  recorded  by  Dr  Hopkins  as  infesting  black  spruce  and  hemlock 
in  West  Virginia,  and  Dr  Packard  states  that  the  insect  occurred,  though 
not  commonlv,  under   the   bark  of  a  fir   in   the  White   mountains   near  the 


370 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Glen  House.  Mr  H.  G.  Hubbard  states  that  this  species  is  common  in 
coniferous  trees  from  Alaska  to  Maine  and  extending  southward  in  the 
mountainous  regions.  He  adds  that  it  is  equally  common  in  northern 
Europe. 

This  is  a  rather  stout,  brownish,  black  beetle,  measuring 
but  little  over  ys  inch  in  length.  The  form  of  the 
antennae,  the  sculpturing  of  the  prothorax  and  the 
markings    on     the    wing    covers    are    well     shown     at 

^J     I    fig"!'*^  74- 

The  galleries  of  this  species,  like  those  of  the  fol- 
lowing, penetrate  the  wood  vertically  for  some  distance 
'^  and  then  branch.  The  brood  chambers  are  arranged 
at  nearly  equal  distances  and  extend  above  and  below 
in  a  direction  parallel  with  the  wood  fibers.  They  are 
usually  farther  apart  than  in  the  case  of  X.  p  o  1  i  t  u  s 
Say.  The  walls  are  stained  black  as  in  allied  species. 
Natural  enemies.  I)r  Hopkins  has  found  I  p  s 
fas  ci  at  us  Oliv.  associated  with  this  form  in  spruce 
logs,  and  larva,  probably  of  the  same  species,  in  its  burrows.  A  predaceous 
form,  T  h  a  n  e  r  o  c  1  e  r  i  s  sanguineus  Sa)',  was  found  by  Dr  Hopkins 
on  a  hemlock  stump  with  this  borer.  He  also  records  an  interesting 
instance  where  large  numbers  of  this  species  were  taken  in  the  stomachs 
of  brook  trout  in  Randol[)h  \V.  Va.  the  latter  part  of  May.  The  insects 
had  evidently  been  flying  in  considerable  numbers,  dropped  on  the  water 
and  fallen  a  prey  to  the  fish. 

Bibliography 
1S97     Hubbard,  H.  G.     U.  S.  ])ei)'t  Agrir.  Div.  Em.     l!ul.  7,  n.  s.  p.  2S 
1899     Hopkins,  A.  D.      \\ .  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.      Bui.  56,  ]i.  349,   [44 


Fis.  74  X  y  I  o  t  e  r  u  s  h  i  v  !  I 
ta  t  us.  {Alter  HuLb.ird,  I 
S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Enl 
Bui.  7,  n.  s.  1897) 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


i7i 


Eastern  pine  wood  stainer 

Gnathotriclnis    luatcriariiis    Fitch 

A  brownish  black,  rather  slender  beetle  about  >8  inch  long,  enters  the  sapwood  of 
dying  and  dead  white  pine,  making  cylindric  galleries,  the  walls  of  which  are  stained  black. 

This  common  wood-boring  Ambrosia  beetle  lives  on  a  fungus  cultivated 
in  its  galleries.  This  species  is  common  in  d\ing  and  dead  white  pines  in 
different  sections  of  the  State,  entering  the  wood  very  shortly  after  the  tree 
has  been  injured  as  a  rule.  It  w^as  met  with  on  spruce  at  Big  Moose 
N.  v.,  July  2,  1903,  it  being  attracted  to  trees  injured  by  recent  fires  in  that 


rius.  (After  Hub- 
bard, U.  S.  Dep't 
Agric.Div.  Ent.    Eul. 


section.  It  has  also  been  noticed  by  Dr  Fitch.  This  insect  makes  slender, 
cylindric  burrows  across  tli.e  wood  fibers  and  usually  parallel  with  the  lines 
of  growth.  Short,  straight,  lateral  galleries  or  brood  cells  branch  off  from 
the  main  ones  at  right  angles  above  and  below.  This  species  is  attracted 
by  the  odor  of  turpentine,  and  Dr  Hopkins  records  it  as  one  of  a  number 
collected  on  a  recently  painted  greenhouse.  He  states  that  this  species, 
associated  with  others,  is  frequently  found  in  the  sapwood  of  spruce  at 
Williams  River  W.  \'a.,  and  adds  that  it  is  very  common  in  that  state  in 
the  sapwood  of  dead  and  dying  pine  and  spruce  trees,  logs  and  stumps.      He 


372 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


adds  that  it  is  widely  distributed.  A  small  beetle,  Hister  parallelus 
Say  occurs  in  the  burrows  of  this  insect  and  may  possibly  prey  on  it.  The 
presence  of  this  borer,  as  well  as  that  of  some  others,  may  frequently  be 
detected  by  the  small  piles  of  white  sawdust  on  the  bark  or  at  the  base  of 
infested  trees. 

Description.  This  beetle  is  a  rather  slender,  cylindric,  brownish  black 
insect,  about  ys  inch  long,  and  with  yellowish  legs.  The  globular  antennal 
club,  the  puncturing  of  the  thorax,  and  the  linear  dotting  of  the  wing  covers 
are  well  shown  in  figure  75.  The  structure  of  the  antennae  is  represented 
on  plate  67,  figure  4,  and  that  of  the  middle  tibia  at  figure  78.'?. 

The  burrows  of  this  beetle  extend  into  the  wood  vertically  for  a 
short  distance,  in  a  specimen  at  hand  less  than  1^2  an  inch.  This  main 
gallery  has  several  branches  diverging  in  a  direction  approximately  par- 
allel with  the  lines  of  growth,  each  of  which  leads  into  a  series  of  vertical 
brood  chambers.  The  illustration  is  typical  of  the  complex  system  of 
galleries. 

Bibliography 
1858     Fitch,  Asa.     Ins.  N.  Y.     4th  Rf]/t  1857,  p.  40-42 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Knt.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  j).  718-20 
1897     Hubbard,  H.  G.     U.  S.  Dep't  Agric  Div.  Knt.     JUil.  7,  n.  s.  p.  30 
1899      Hopkins,  A.  D.      W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  56,  p.  344,  346,  347,  434,  442 
1903     Felt,  E.  P.      For.  Fish  &  Game  Com.     7th  Rep't,  p.  495-96 

Pityophthorus  sp. 
An  insect  belonging  to  this  genus 'was  met  with  by  the  writer  Aug. 
22,  1900,  at  Axton,  where  it  was  working  in  small  numbers  under  the 
bark  of  a  young  dying  white  pine.  The  central  chamber  of  this  species  is 
somewhat  circular  and  in  the  specimen  figured  has  four  primary  galleries 
with  a  short  fifth.  The  primary  or  egg  galleries  run  longitudinally  or 
obliquely  to  the  wood  fibers  and  cut  into  the  wood  a  considerable  propor- 
tion of  their  depth.  The  larval  galleries  are  somewhat  tortuous,  expand 
very  gradually,  and  also  cut  the  sapwood  for  about  }4  their  depth,  and 
toward  the  extremities  a  greater  proportion  lies  in  the  wood  [fig.  77]. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


373 


Pityophthorus  sp. 

A  small   species  belonging  to   this  genus  was  met  with  by  the  writer 
Sep.  8,  1900  at  Karner,  working  under  the  bark  of  a  dead  hard  pine  limb. 


Fig.  77     Work  of  Pityophtliorii 

Recently  transformed  adults  and  a  few  pupae  were  observed  in  the  galleries. 
The  twig  was  also  bored  by  a  longicorn  larva.  The  adult  galleries  of  this 
insect  are  remarkable  for  their  delicacy.  They  are  well  represented  in 
plate  63,  figure  6.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  general  design  has  been  much 
marred  by  the  work  of  the  longicorn  above  mentioned,  and  the  tortuous 
larval  galleries  may  be  seen  branching  from  the  primary  ones  at  irregular 
and  somewhat  considerable  distances.  The  larva  as  it  attains  maturity 
appears  to  make  a  very  irregular  excavation  which 
sometimes  doubles  back  on  itself  or  is  simply  a  very 
broad  excavation. 

Pityophthorus  sp. 
This    species  was  taken    Sep.   8,    1900  at   Karner 
from  dead  limbs  of  i)itch    pine.      Its   breedintr   season   f'8-  7^    Middle 

•-  Gnathotricub       niateri- 

was  evidently  nearly  at  end  as  a  very  few  pupae  and     irius;   i-pit  yogenes 

sp.  a. ;  c—P  i  t  y  o  g  e  n  e  s  sp.  b. 

some  recently  transformed  adults  were  found.  (origin.,i) 

Description.      This   is  a  reddish  brown  or  almost  black,  rather  slender, 
cylindric  beetle  measuring  but  little  over  yi6  inch  in  length. 


374 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


The  adult  burrows,  in  the  smaller  limbs  just  beneath  the  bark,  are 
usually  nearly  parallel  with  the  grain  of  the  wood  and  may  extend  a 
distance  of  3  or  more  inches.  The  irregular,  serpentine  burrows  of  the 
young  are  ^  inch  or  more  apart,  over  ]/,  inch  long  and  usually  alternating 
on  each  side  of  the  parental  gallery. 

Pityogenes  sp.  a 
Another  species  of  this  genus,  stated  by  Dr 
Hopkins  to  be  a  new  form,  was  met  with  by  the  writer 
at  Saranac  Inn  in  August  igoo.  It  was  working  in 
a  nearly  dead  young  pine  and  its  galleries  are  quite 
different  from  the  following.  The  central  chamber  is 
not  quite  so  large,  the  egg  notches  appear  to  be  placed 
closer  together,  and  the  larval  galleries  do  not  groove 
the  wood  so  deeply  as  a  rule.  The  pupal  cells  are 
sunken  much  more  deeply  into  the  sapwood.  Figure 
7q  illustrates  the  work  of  this  species.  Apparently 
the  same  insect  was  met  with  in  another  white  pine 
where  it  was  associated  with  T  o  m  i  c  u  s  c  a  e  1  a  t  u  s 
Lee,  and  also  in  balsam,  where  it  occurred  in  company 
with  the  last  named  species  and  Tomicus  b  a  1- 
s  a  m  e  u  s  Lee.  This  latter  tree  was  dying  and  had 
been  abundantly  infested   by   the   bark   borers. 

Pityogenes  sp.  b 

A  small  beetle,  a  little  over  ■  32  inch  in  length,  works  in  the  bark  of  dead  white  pine 
limbs.  The  prothorax  is  dark  brown,  rather  coarsely  tuberculate,  while  the  wing  covers 
are  a  lighter  brown,  nearly  smooth,  and  with  two  or  three  minute  tubercles  on  the 
declivity  of  each. 

This  species  was  met  with  by  the  writer  Aug.  5,  1900,  at  Slingerlands 
N.  Y.,  where  it  was  working  on  pine  limbs  which  had .  evidently  been 
recently  cut.  Larvae  and  pupae  were  present  and  the  insect  had  begun 
operations  only  a  little  while  before.  Tomicus  caco  graph  us  Lee. 
was  associated  with   this  borer  and  also  a  species  of   Hypophloeus.      This 


iig.  79   Work  of  Pity  ogen  es 
sp.  a  in  white  pine    (original) 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  3-5 

bark  borer  occurred  in  the  limbs  of  a  (l)ing-  white  pine  at  Saranac  Inn, 
Aug.  19.  All  stages  were  present  and  though  the  tree  was  not  excessively 
infested,  it  may  possibly  have  had  a  hand  in  its  death,  as  its  burrows 
were  found  along  the  entire  length  of  the  tree.  It  was  associated  with 
T  o  m  i  c  u  s  b  a  1  s  a  m  e  u  s  Lee,  another  species  of  Pityogenes,  Hypoph- 
loeus  and  a  Chalcid.      The  two  latter  were  not  determined. 

This  insect  was  also  met  with  Sep.  i8,  1900,  at  Bath-on-Hudson,  where 
it  was  boring  the  dead  limbs  of  white  pine  in  Vv-hich  were  found  larvae, 
pupae  and  adults.  This  tree  had  also  been  attacked  b)-  Tomicus 
calligraphus  Germ.  The  borings  of  this  species  form  a  rather  larue 
irregular  central  chamber  with  3  to  4  or  5  primary  or  egg  galleries  diverg- 
ing, sometimes  obliquely  and  sometimes  at  right  angles  to  the  wood  fibers. 
In  one  case  noticed,  several  larval  galleries  originated  from  the  central 
chamber,  showing  that  the  eggs  in  at  least  one  instance,  were  deposited  in 
little  notches  in  its  wall.  The  primary  or  egg  galleries  are  from  about  i 
to  132  inches  in  length,  and  from  them  arise  the  slender,  somewhat  tortuous 
larval  galleries,  which  latter  may  attain  a  length  of  about  iV.  inches  [pi.  63, 
fig.  5].  Pupation  occurs  at  the  tip  of  the  mine  in  a  slightly  enlarged  cell 
which  is  sometimes  excavated  in  the  sapwood.  The  beetles  emero-e  there- 
from through  vertical  exit  holes. 

Balsam  bark  borer 
Toiuicits  balsaiiiciis  Lee. 
Balsam  trees  with  red  tops  may  frequently  be  observed  in  the  Adirondack  region  and 
a  close  examination  may  show  that  a  small  brownish  or  nearly  black  beetle  about  3/32  inch 
in  length  is  working  in  large  numbers  in  the  inner  bark. 

The  balsam  is  one  of  the  handsomest  trees  in  the  Adirondack  region 
and  forms  a  very  characteristic  feature  of  the  landscape.  It  is  not  a  specially 
valuable  tree  out  as  a  subject  of  insect  attack,  it  is  of  interest.  Many 
healthy  balsamtrees  have  probably  been  killed  by  this  borer  though  it  also 
works  in  diseased  or  sickly  trees  and  hastens  their  death  by  its  operations. 
Affected  balsams  may  easily  be  detected  at  a  distance  by  their  reddened 
tops  though  this  sign  does  not  invariably  indicate  the  presence   of  borers. 


276  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

This  species  appears  to  he  quite  prevalent  in  the  Adirondacks,  judging  both 
from  observations  and  reports  and  as  it  frequently  concentrates  its  attack 
on  one  or  two  trees,  the  inner  bark  is  soon  repeatedly  traversed  with 
interlacing  burrows  of  beetles  and  grubs. 

This  species  appears  to  exist  wherever  its  favorite  tree,  the  balsam, 
grows,  though  it  does  not  hesitate  to  attack  spruce  and  white  pine.  It  has 
been  found  in  the  Adirondacks  in  both  of  these  latter  trees  several  times, 
once  in  arbor  vitae,  and  it  has  been  reared  from  hemlock.  There  is 
little  doubt  of  this  insect's  ability  to  kill  healthy  trees.  A  balsam  lo 
inches  in  diameter  just  beginning  to  die,  as  was  shown  by  its  reddening 
top,  was  cut  down  Aug.  14,  1900.  This  borer  was  found  in  all  stages  and 
in  large  numbers  from  the  base  of  the  tree  almost  to  its  tip,  some  50  feet 
high.  The  bark  along  much  of  this  distance  appeared  to  be  healthy  and 
the  lower  limbs  had  not  begun  to  show  any  signs  of  weakness.  No  other 
insect  had  affected  the  vitality  of  this  tree,  so  far  as  could  be  determined. 
Such  balsams  were  to  be  met  with  here  and  there  in  the  woods  and  it  was 
stated  that  many  of  these  trees  had  been  afifected  in  this  way  a  few  years 
earlier.  Numerous  dead  balsams  here  and  there,  attested  the  truth  of  this 
assertion. 

This  insect  was  associated  with  T  o  m  i  c  u  s  p  i  n  i  Say  and  species  of 
P  i  t  y  o  g  e  n  e  s,  in  white  pine.  It  was  obtained  with  Cryphalus  s  t  r  i- 
a  t  u  1  a  t  u  s  Mann,  and  also  with  P  o  1  y  g  r  a  p  h  u  s  r  u  f  i  p  e  n  n  i  s  Kirby 
from  spruce.  T  o  m  i  c  u  s  c  a  e  1  a  t  u  s  Eich.  was  found 
with  it  in  balsam.  It  was  taken  by  the  writer  at  Flood- 
wood,  at  many  places  about  .Saranac  Inn,  at  Axton  and 
vicinit)'  and  at  Ampersand  pond. 

Description.     This  is  our  smallest  species  of  Tomi- 
cus,   the  adult  beetle  being  only  about  y^^  inch    long. 
Fig.  80   Dciiw.y  of  Tomi-    |j  i^   rather  slender  in  form  and  varies  in  color  from 

cus    balsanieus      (author's 

illustration)  Hght  browu  to  almost  black.      The  rather  coarse,  light 

brown  hairs  are  quite  conspicuous  near  the  posterior  end  of  the  elytra 
and   the  possession    of   these  enables   one    to   separate   it    from    the    allied 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


in 


species.  The  excavation  of  the  declivity  is  comparatively  slight  and  is 
marked  on  each  side  by  the  three  small  independent,  nearly  equidistant 
tubercles,  the  lower  two  being  larger  and  farther  apart.  There  is  also  a 
very  minute  tubercle  a  little  above  and  outside  of  the  lowest  tubercle  but 
orciinarily  it  is  not  seen.  The  dorsal  tubercle  of  the  three  is  small  and 
near  the  median  line.  The  prothorax  is  coarsely  granulated  and  the  wing 
covers  are  marked  with  longitudinal  rows  of  rather  small  punctures.  The 
general  form  and  structure  of  the  antennae  and  tibia  are  shown  on  plate  66, 
figure  4  and  at  figure  90a. 

The  white  pupa  of  this  species  is  about  the  same  size   as   the  beetle. 


P'  ■''?'•'  M 


■iiiii  -tii^ 


Fig.    81     Central  chamber  ;ui         ^,   ,. 

of     Tomicus     balsam<=u=,      Caulhur 
illustration) 


li^^'  'i,        t  (  '_^ 


t.  J  t      1     u    der   riddled    lark     u    tl  or 

illustration) 


It  tapers  somewhat  at  the  posterior  extremit)-,  which  latter  bears  a  pair  of 
slender  pointed  processes. 

The  partly  curled  grub  or  larva  is  almost  ys  inch  long  and  has  a 
brownish  yellow  head  with  dark  mouth  parts. 

Habits.  The  operations  of  this  species  are  best  seen  in  a  tree  which 
the  beetles  ha\e  just  entered.  There  will  usually  be  found  three  to  five 
branch  burrows  here  and  there  under  the  bark.  A  very  small  one  is  shown 
on  plate  62,  and  in   figure  81       It  will   be  seen    that  there  are   five  radiating 


378 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


adult  galleries  and  that  each  one  contains  a  number  of  minute  notches,  the 
egg  chambers.  Each  branch  represents  the  work  of  a  female  and  all  have 
origin  in  a  central  chamber  near  the  entrance  of  which  the  male  stands 
guard. 

A  more  advanced  stage  of  this  insect's  work  is  shown  at  plate  62,  figure 
3,  which  represents  the  work  of  three  females  diverging  from  a  common 
chamber.  It  will  be  seen  that  a  number  of  the  eggs  have  hatched  and  that 
the  larvae  have  worked  to  a  considerable  distance   in  a  direction  nearly  par- 


Irilling  by  adult 
b  a  1  s  a  III  e  u  s 


Fig.  84  Galleries  of  T  o  m  i  c  u  s  bal- 
sa 111  ens  showing  pitch  chamber,  pupal 
cell  in  sapwood  and  work  of  j'oung 
M  o  n  o  h  a  m  m  u  s        larva        (author's 


illii 


allel  with  the  wood  fibers  The  egg  notches  are  also  visible.  The  same 
gallery  as  it  appears  on  the  bark  is  represented  at  plate  62,  figure  1.  It 
will  be  seen  that  in  this  instance  at  least,  the  larvae  bored  in  the  sapwood 
rather  more  than  in  the  bark.  A  still  more  advanced  stage  is  shown  at 
plate  62,  figure  5,  which  represents  a  portion  of  a  trunk  which  had  been 
injured  by  a  large  number  of  the  beetles.  The  adult  galleries,  egg  notches 
and  the  work  of  larvae  or  grubs  can  all  be  seen. 

Plate  62,  figure  4,  represents  a  portion   of  a  very  badly   infested   trunk 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


379 


after  the  attack  has  practically  ended.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  inner 
bark  is  a  mass  of  partially  decayed  tissues  tunnelled  by  numerous  larval  and 
adult  galleries.  Figures  82,  84  represent  the  condition  after  the  decayed 
tissues  have  been  removed.  The  adult  galleries  may  be  easily  recognized 
where  they  score  the  surface  of  the  wood  and  here  and  there  are  peculiar 
chambers  a  little  to  one  side  of  an  adult  gallery.  These  are  not  central  or 
entrance  chambers  but  are  evidently  little  cavities  hollowed  out  by  the 
beetles  for  the  reception  of  balsam  and  show  conclusively  that  the  tree  must 
have  been  alive  at  the  time  of  the  initial  attack.  The  hard,  dried  balsam 
can  easily  be  found  in  such  cavities. 

Figure  83  illustrates  very  nicely  how  thoroughly  this  insect  may  girdle 
twigs.  It  represents  a  small  twig  less  than  y^  inch  in  diameter  and  shows 
the  adult  galleries  of  two  females  passing  from  a  central  chamber  around 
the  twig  in  opposite  directions  and  overlapping  each  other  on  the  farther 
side  by  about  ^  inch. 

The  larvae  or  grubs  pursue  a  rather  tortuous  course  at  approxmiately 
right  angles  to  the  parental  galleries  and  end  their  operations  in  a  slightly 
enlarged  elliptic  cell  where  the  final  transformations  to  the  beetle  occur 

Natural  enemies.      The    writer    collected     two    parasites,    Spathius 

t  o  m  i  c  i   Ashm.,  and  Cosmophorus    hopklnsii  Ashm.  m  the  burrows 

ot  this  bark  borer. 

Bibliography 

1903     Felt,  E.  P.     For.  Fish  &  Game  Com      7th  Rei)'t,  \\.  519-22 

Spruce  destroying  beetle 

Dcndroctonus  piccapcrda    Hopk. 

A  rather  stout,  brownish  or  black  beetle  about  3  16  inch  long,  makes  longitudinal 
galleries  in  the  inner  bark  and  outer  sapwood  of  living  spruce.  These,  in  connection  with 
the  mere  or  less  transverse  expanding  larval  galleries,  frequently  result  in  the  destruction 
of  trees. 

This  species,  though  only  recently  characterized,  is  an  exceedingly 
destructive  form,  and  its  ravages  have  been  known  for  some  years,  though 
the  operations  were  usually  attributed  to  another  species. 


38o 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Early  history.  Dr  Hopkins  states  that  there  is  a  record  of  this  insect 
killing  spruce  in  the  neighborhood  of  Sherburne  Vt.,  in  1831  to  1833,  and 
in  1840,  according  to  Henry  Hough,  there  was  serious  injury  to  spruce  in 
Newport,  Sullivan  co.,  N.  H.,  probably  by  the  same  species.  Prof.  C.  H. 
Peck,  state  botanist,  wdien  investigating  the  work  of  this  insect  in  the 
Adirondacks  in  1874,  learned  that  the  greatest  destruction  of  spruce  in 
Lewis  county  occurred  10  or  15  years  before.  The  same  trouble,  according 
to  him,  was  experienced  in  Rensselaer  county  about  1854.  "  A  lumber  firm 
found  that  their  spruce  timber  was  rapidly  dying,  and  to  make  their  loss  as 
lifht  as  possible,  they  made  haste  to  open  roads  in  the  forest  that  they 
miffht  draw  out  and  work  up  as  many  dead  spruces  as  practicable  before 
decay  should  render  them  entirely  worthless,  but  with  all  their  promptness 
they  suffered  no  inconsiderable  loss,  for  these  dead  trees  soon  became  too 
much  decayed  to  make  marketable  lumber." 

Professor  Peck's  investigations  are  of  exceptional  interest,  particularly 
as  we  have  been  fortunate  enough  to  examine  specimens  collected  by  him 
at  that  time,  and  therefore  can  be  certain  regarding  the  identity  of  this 
insect.      A  portion  of  his  observations  for  the  year  1874,  follow  : 

In  August  a  collecting  trip  was  undertaken  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake 
Pleasant,  Hamilton  county.  While  there  it  became  apparent  to  me  that  I 
was  in  a  region  where  the  spruces  were  dying.  Standing  near  the  outlet  of 
the  lake  and  looking  upon  the  distant  mountain  slopes  toward  the  north- 
east, east  and  south,  patches  of  brown  appeared  here  and  there  mingled 
with  the  usual  dark  green  hue  of  the  forest.  The  inhabitants  told  me  that 
these  brown  patches  were  groups  of  dead  spruces  ;  that  the  spruce  trees 
were  then  rapidly  dying,  and  had  teen  for  two  or  three  years  previous,  and 
that  in  consequence  the  value  of  the  woodland  was  greatly  diminishing. 
One  of  the  most  conspicuous  of  these  brown  patches  was  on  the  slope  of 
Speculator  mountain,  a  little  more  than  half  way  from  the  base  to  the 
summit.  Preparations  were  therefore  made  to  visit  this  locality.  Once  on 
the  ground  it  needed  but  little  observation  to  satisfy  me  that  the  destructive 
process  was  then  in  operation.  The  ground  under  some  of  the  spruces  was 
thickly  strewn  with  their  fallen  leaves,  yet  green,  and  every  agitating  wind 
was  bringing  down  more  of  them.  The  bark  of  these  trees,  and  of  others 
already  dead,  was  perforated  in  many  places  with  small  round  holes  scarcely 
ys.  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Upon  stripping  a  piece  of  bark  from  the  trunk 
of  one  of  the  affected  trees,  the  apparent  cause  of  the  mischief  was  at  once 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  38 1 

revealed.  The  surface  of  the  wood  and  the  inner  layers  of  the  bark  were 
abundantly  furrowed  by  the  winding  and  branching  galleries  of  a  small 
bark-mining  beetle. 

Small  trees  are  rarely  attacked.  In  the  localities  visited,  from  one  half 
to  two  thirds  of  the  spruces  with  a  basal  diameter  ranging  from  one  to  two 
feet,  were  either  dead  or  dying.  Trees  of  this  size  are  the  most  suitable 
for  lumber  and  consequently  the  most  valuable.  The  smallest  affected  tree 
noticed,  had  an  estimated  basal  diameter  of  about  lo  inches.  In  this  case 
the  attack  appeared  to  be  a  failure,  for  so  much  resin  had  oozed  from  the 
wound  that  the  work  was  obstructed.  The  galleries  were  scattered  and 
single  and  their  authors  were  found  dead,  each  in  its  furrow.  .  .  When 
two  trees  of  unequal  size  stand  m  close  proximity  the  larger  one  seems  to 
be  most  liable  to  be  attacked.  In  one  instance  two  trees  stood  scarcely 
more  than  three  feet  apart.  The  larger  one  had  been  attacked  ;  the  smaller 
one  remained  unharmed.  In  another  similar  instance  the  larger  of  the  two 
trees  was  dead,  having  been  attacked  first ;  the  other  was  dying. 

Professor  Pecks  observations  in  1876,  are  also  given  in  part  as 
follows  : 

The  green  slopes  of  Mt  Emmons,  commonly  called  Blue  Mountain, 
and  of  several  mountains  to  the  north  of  it  had'  their  beauty,  and  their 
value  too,  greatly  impaired  by  the  abundant  intermixture  of  the  brown  tops 
of  dead  spruces.  The  destruction  was  also  visible  along  the  road  between 
Newcom.b  and  Long  Lake,  and  on  the  mountain  slopes  farther  to  the  north 
of  this  road.  Again,  on  the  trail  from  Adirondack  to  Calamity  pond,  there 
was  sad  evidence  that  the  little  destroyer  had  invaded  also  the  forests  of 
Essex  county.  From  what  I  have  seen  at  Lake  Pleasant,  in  the  southern 
part,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Long  Lake,  in  the  northern  part,  and  from 
information  concerning  the  Cedar  river  region,  in  the  central  part  of 
Hamilton  county,  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  much  of  the  spruce  timber 
of  this  country  has  already  been  invaded  by  the  beetle.  How  much  farther 
this  destructive  work  has  extended,  or  will  extend,  it  is  impossible  to  say. 
But  one  thing  is  certain,  it  is  still  in  progress. 

There  are  other  records  of  extensive  injuries  to  spruce,  presumably  by 

this  species,   about  this  time.      Dr   Packard  reports  serious  damage  about 

Beede's  hotel,  Keene  Flats  in  the  Adirondacks,  where  the  spruces  had  been 

dying  for  about    15   years.      Serious  injury  was  caused   in   Maine   between 

1874  to  1 88 1,  extensive  damage  occurred  about  this  time  on  the  Allegash 

and  other  tributaries   of   the  St   John  river,  and  dying  spruce  was  met  with 

in   northern   New   Hampshire  by   Fiske   in    1897.      The  damage  caused  by 


382 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


this  species  has  been  estimated  by  various  correspondents  at   lo,   50  and 

even  as  much  as  90^. 

Description.     The  parent  beetle  is  a  small,  rather  thick,  light  or  dark 

brown  insect  about  3/16  inch  in  length.  It  presents  no  distinctive  character 
which  will  enable  its  separation  from  allies,  and  it  is 
more  easily  identified  by  its  work,  as  no  other 
insect  of  its  size  causes  so  much  injury  to  spruce. 
The  middle  tibia  is  illustrated  at  figure  8^d. 

Its  attack  is  limited,  as  observed  by  Professor 
Peck,  mostly  to  the  larger  trees,  it  rarely  being 
found  in  those  less  than  10  inches  in  diameter. 
The  most  characteristic  feature  of  injury  is  the 
browned  tops,  and  an  examination  of  the  trunk  usu- 
ally results  in  finding  tubes  of  pitch,  which  are 
pushed  out  from  the  wounds  made  by  the  beetles 
when  excavating  an  entrance.  The  adult  galleries 
*=  are    about    Vs    inch    in   diameter  and  run   longitudi- 

Dendroctoiiuspicea- 

perd a  (original)  nally    for  3.  distauce   of  several   inches,    eggs  being 

laid  on  either  side  and  the  larvae  working  more  or  less  obliquely  and  very 
irregularly  from  this  central  gallery  [pi.  6i,  fig.  i].  Their  burrows  are 
easily  recognized  by  their  irregular,  more  or  less  tortuous  course  and 
expanding  character.  Adult  galleries  preserved  by  infiltrated  pitch  are 
shown  at  plate '6 1,  figure  2.  These  illustrations  are  specially  valuable  as 
they  represent  material  taken  by  Professor  Peck  some  30  years  ago. 

The  following  more  detailed  account  of  this  insect's  work  by  Professor 
Peck,  will  also  prove  of  service. 

For  the  purpose  of  gaining  more  knowledge  of  the  insect,  I  cut  down 
at  South  Pond,  a  tree  that  had  recently  been  attacked  by  it.  It  was  about 
20  inches  in  diameter  at  the  base  ;  the  foliage  was  still  fresh  and  green,  and 
there  was  nothing,  except  the  perforations  in  the  bark,  to  indicate  that  it 
was  at  all  affected.  The  bark  peeled  from  the  trunk  without  much  diffi- 
culty, the  sapwood  was  perfectly  sound,  and  the  heartwood  also,  except  a 
small  portion  in  which  there  was  a  slight  appearance  of  incipient  decay. 
Lono-itudinal  furrows,  varying  from  one  to  six  inches  in  length,  were  found 


Fig.  85     Middle  tibiae 
graph  us    rufipc 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  383 

under  the  bark,  and  each  furrow  was  occupied  by  one  or  two  beetles.     Tlie 
furrows    are    excavated  from  below  upwards.      In   the  short  ones   but   one 
beetle  was  found,  and  but  one  perforation  communicating  with  the  external 
air.      In  the  longer  ones  two  beetles  (probably  the  two  sexes),  were  usually 
found,  and   from  two   to  four  perforations  afforded   means   of  ingress   and 
egress.      The  lowest  perforation,  which  is  the  one  by  which  the  beetle   first 
enters  and  commences  its  furrow,  is  often  found  closed  or  "  blocked  up  "  by 
the  dust  and  debris  thrown  down  by  the  excavator   in  the  progress   of   the 
work.      The  second  perforation  is  generally  one  or  two   inches  above   the 
first.      I  failed  to  discover  whether  it  is  made  by  the  second  beetle  for   the 
purpose  of  ingress  or  by  the  first  beetle.      The  third  and  fourth  perforations 
are  in  a  nearly  direct  line  above  the  other  two  and  are  probably  made  from 
within  outwardly,  but  for  what  purpose  is  uncertain.      In  one  instance   the 
two  beetles  were  found  at  work  making  these   perforations,  boring  through 
from  the  inner  surface  of  the  bark.      In  one  instance  the  third  was^less  than 
half  an  inch  above  the  second,  so  that  there  would  seem  to  be  no  particular 
necessity  for  it.      The  eggs  of  the  insect  are  deposited  along  both  sides   of 
the  upper  part  of  the  furrow.      They  lie  close  together,   almost  or  quite   in 
contact  with  each  other.      When  the  larvae  emerge  from  the  eggs  they  beoin 
to  feed  upon  the  soft  cambium  and  to  work  their  way  under  the  bark  at  right 
angles  to  the  main  furrow.      They  are,  at  first,  so  minute  and  work  so  close 
together   that   they  make   no   distinct   furrows  but   seem    rather  to  devour 
entirely  a  very  thin  layer  of  the  cambium.      But  as  they  increase  in  size  they 
begin  gradually  to  form  distinct  furrows  and  to  take  directions  more  diver- 
gent from  each  other  and  from  their  original  course.      In  this  way  colonies 
from  contiguous  furrows  at  length  run  together  and  in  time  the  whole  trunk 
is  surrounded  by  their  multitudinous  pathways,  and  the  death  of  the  tree  is 
accomplished.     Great  care  is  taken  by  the  parent  beetles  to  keep  their  fur- 
rows separate.      No  instance  was  observed  in  which  they  ran  together.      In 
one  instance  the  course  of  a  furrow  was  changed  to  avoid  running  into  the 
lateral  furrows  of  a  colony  of  larvae  just  above.      No  furrows  were  found  in 
the  tree  more  than    lo  or   12   feet  from  its   base,  thus   indicating  that  the 
attacks  are  made  upon  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk.     The  attacks  are  not 
made  simultaneously.      Some  of  the  furrows  in  this  tree  were  scarcely  more 
than  an  inch  long,  and  evidently  had  been  just  commenced.      Others  were 
fully  excavated  and  contained  eggs,  and  in  others  still  the  larvae  had  hatched 
and  commenced  their  work,  but  in  none  were  they  fully  grown.      In  another 
tree,  a  few  rods  distant  from  the  first,  the  attack  had  evidently  been  made 
earlier  in  the  season,  for  the  larvae  were  farther  advanced  in  size  and  the 
bark,  on  one  side  of  the  tree  was  well  loosened,  though,  strange  to  say,  the 
other  side  of  the  trunk  was  comparatively  unharmed.      I  was  unable  to  dis- 
cover why,  in  this  instance,  the  attack  was  limited  to  one  side  of  the  trunk. 
It  is  pretty  evident   therefore  that  the   trees  are   attacked  all  along  during 
the  months  of  June  and  July  and  possibly  as  late  as  August. 


384  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Life  history.      The  life  history  of  this  species  has  been  carefully  studied 

by  Dr  Hopkins,  and  the  following  is  his  summary  : 

These  observations  would  also  indicate  that  activity  ceases  in  the  fall 
by  about  the  middle  of  October,  when  all  stages  of  the  insect  may  occur  in 
the  bark  of  infested  trees  where  they,  with  the  probable  exception  of  the 
eggs  and  pupae,  remain  until  the  first  week  in  June.  Activity  then  com- 
mence.s,  the  mature  larvae  change  to  pupae,  and  by  the  middle  of  June 
those  that  pass  the  winter  in  the  adult  stage  emerge  and  commence  to  exca- 
vate galleries  and  deposit  eggs.  The  adults  from  the  hibernating  larvae 
of  different  stages,  develop  and  continue  to  emerge  possibly  until  the  last 
of  August.  Therefore  the  eggs  deposited  by  the.  late  developing  beetles 
produce  larvae  which  do  not  complete  their  development  until  July  or 
August  of  the  next  year.  Thus,  the  period  of  development  may  vary  from 
about  70  days  to  about  i  2  months,  but  all  broods  from  eggs  to  matured  and 
emerging  adults  remain  in  the  bark  about  12  months,  of  which  they  are 
dormant  about  seven  and  a  half  and  active  four  and  a  half. 

Natural  enemies.  This  species  is  subject  to  attack  by  several  natural 
enemies.  The  commonest  parasite,  according  to  Dr  Hopkins,  is  Brae  on 
simplex  Cress.,  a  well  known  species  which  lives  at  the  expense  of  a 
number  of  wood  borers.  The  antlike  clerid  beetle,  T  h  a  n  a  s  I  m  u  s  n  u  b  i- 
1  u  s  Kl.,  is  said  by  Dr  Hopkins  to  be  a  very  efficient  enemy  of  this 
species.  He  states  that  the  adult  emerges  from  the  bark  of  infested  trees 
somewhat  earlier  than  the  spruce  destroying  beetle  and  remains  hidden 
thereon  till  the  bark  borers  commence  to  emerge,  when  it  pounces  on  and 
devours  them.  It  also  follows  the  beetles  to  other  trees  and  continues  to 
prey  on  them,  and  while  it  does  not  enter  the  galleries,  it  deposits  eggs  at 
their  entrances,  so  that  the  active  reddish  larvae  hatching  therefrom  can 
readily  enter  and  feed  on  the  bark  beetle  larvae.  The  clerid  larvae  on 
attaining  full  growth  retire  to  the  central  Dendroctonus  galleries,  pupate 
and  transform  to  the  adults. 

Woodpeckers  are  valuable  checks  on  this  species.  Professor  Peck 
states  that  many  of  the  dead  trees  in  two  groves  observed  by  him,  had 
their  bark  so  chipped  by  woodpeckers,  that  the  general  hue  of  the  trunk 
was  a  reddish  brown  instead  of  the  usual  greenish  brown.  Dr  Hopkins 
states  that  he  is  quite  confident  that  in  many  hundreds  of  infested  trees 
examined,    at   least    one    half    of    the   beetles    and    their   young   had    been 


IXSF.CTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AXD    WOODLAND    TREES  385 

destroyed  by  birds,  and  in  many  cases  a  greater  proportion  liad  perished 
from  this  cause.  He  states  that  the  arctic  three-toed  and  Ijanded  three- 
toed  woodpeckers  render  by  far  the  greater  service  and  probably  do  their 
principal  feeding  during  winter  on  this  bark  borer. 

Remedial  measures.  Dr  Hopkins  advises  regulating  winter  cutting  of 
trees  so  as  to  include  as  many  of  the  infested,  dying  and  dead  ones  as 
possible  and  then  placing  the  logs  from  the  same  in  water  before  the  first 
of  June.  He  also  advises  arranging  the  summer  cutting  so  that  as  many 
recently  attacked  trees  as  possible  may  be  cut  and  the  bark  removed  from 
their  trunks  and  stumps.  He  suggests,  in  badly  infested  areas  where 
logging  operations  will  or  can  be  conducted  the  following  summer  and 
winter,  girdling  a  large  number  of  trees  early  in  June.  These  girdled  trees 
are  for  the  purpose  of  attracting  the  borers,  and  if  felled  later  and  either 
peeled  or  placed  in  the  water  before  the  first  of  the  succeeding  June,  a 
large  proportion  of  the  insects  will  be  destroyed.  His  experiments  in 
girdling  indicate  that  the  best  time  for  this  is  when  the  flowers  (catkins) 
are  falling  from  the  birch,  and  while  the  flowering  or  bird  cherry  and  the 
hobblebush  are  in  bloom.  The  girdled  trees  should  be  sound  and  healthy 
and  not  less 'than  15  inches  in  diameter.  The  best  method  of  girdling 
seems  to  be  hacking  through  the  bark  with  an  axe  into  the  sapwood  and 
around  the  trunk  two  or  three  feet  above  the  base. 

'  The  dead  spruce  remains  sound  for  some  time  and  is  valuable  for  pulp 
wood  at  least,  for  a  considerable  period.  It  should  be  cut  and  utilized  as 
rapidly  as  possible,  and  the  same  is  true  of  mature  living  timber  in  sections 
where  the  beetle  is  at  all  abundant. 

Bibliography 

1S76     Peck,  C.   H.     All).  Ins.  Trans.     8:294-301 

1879     N.  Y.  State  Mils.  Nat.  Hist.     28th  Rep't,  p.  32-38 

1879     ^'-  ^'-  State  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.     30th  Rep't,  p.  23-26 

1890     Packard,   A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  p.  811-22  (Portions  relate  to  this 

species) 
1901      Hopkins,   A.    D.     U   S.  Dep't  Agric  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  28,  p.  1-48 


286  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Spruce  bark  beetle 

Polvgyaplnis  nijipcinu's   Kirby 

A  light  brown  or  black,  rather  stout  beetle  about  -V32  inch  in  length  makes  somewhat 
irregular  transverse  galleries,  from  which  diverge  smaller  dilating  larval  galleries,  in  the 
inner  bark  of  spruce. 

This  very  common  species  in  the  Adirondacks  is  a  dangerous  enemy 
of  the  spruce.  It  can  usually  be  found  in  small  numbers  in  this  tree  and  it 
is  frequently  present  in  great  abundance  in  the  bark  of  cut  logs  or 
trimmings.  This  bark  borer  was  taken  by  the  writer  in  igoo  in  several 
localities  in  the  Adirondacks.  It  was  found  Aug.  14,  1900,  in  all  stages  in 
the  bark  of  cut  spruce  logs  and  some  nearby  fallen  spruce  were  badly 
infested  by  the  insect.  It  was  present  Aug.  22  at  Axton,  breeding  in  large 
numbers  in  logs  cut  sometime  during  the  preceding  month.  Old  beetles 
were  scarce  at  this  time  and  there  were  numerous  larvae  and  few  pupae, 
indicating  that  the  infestation  was  a  comparatively  recent  one.  This  insect 
was  also  found  at  work  in  considerable  numbers  in  spruce  tops  cut  between 
September  and  December  of  the  preceding  year,  and  remains  of  this  species 
were  found  under  the  bark  of  dead  spruces  standing  on  the  edge  of  Little 
Clear  pond  at  Saranac  Inn.  Large  numbers  of  trees  had  been  affected  in 
in  this  manner  and  the  primary  cause  of  the  trouble  in  this  particular 
instance  was  probably  the  raising  of  the  level  of  the  pond,  which  had 
occurred  several  years  earlier.  This  borer  was  found  by  the  writer 
associated  with  species  of  Uryocoetes  in  spruce  and  with  T  o  m  i  c  u  s 
balsameus  Lee.  in  balsam,  and  Dr  Hopkins  records  finding  a  single 
example  in  pine. 

Early  history.  Very  little  has  apparently  been  recorded  concerning 
this  borer  aside  from  the  facts  made  known  b)-  Dr  A.  D.  Hoijkins  who  has 
made  an  exhaustive  study  of  this  insect  in  West  Virginia,  ami  writing  of  it 
in  1893,  states  that  it  infests  black  spruce.  His  studies  led  him  to  believe 
that  it  was  a  very  dangerous  enemy  of  this  tree  and  that  it  may  have  been 
the  species  to  blame  for  the  great  destruction  of  spruce  timber  in  West 
Virginia  in  1883  to    1885. 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AXD    WOODLAND    TREES  387 

Description.  The  beetle  varies  from  a  lig-ht  brown  to  a  black.  It  is 
quite  small,  being  about  3  j,  inch  long  and  with  a  rather  stout  form.  The 
head  is  thickly  and  finely  punctured  and  nearly  concealed  by  the  overhano-. 
ing  i)rothorax.  The  mouth  parts  are  tipped  with  black  and  the  concolorou.s, 
coarsely  granulated  eyes  are  divided,  the  two  portions  being  connected  by 
a  smooth  strip  of  chitin.  The  prothorax  is  much  narrowed  in  front,  thickly 
and  finely  punctured  and  the  wing  covers  or  elytra  are  rough,  finely 
punctured  and  almost  striate.  The  structure  of  the  antennae  is  shown  on 
plate  67,  figure  8,  and  that  of  the  tibia  in  figure  85^7  . 

The  white  pupa  is  about  the  same  size  as  the  beetle,  rather  stout 
and  with  a  tapering  abdomen  terminated  by  a  pair  of  fleshy  spinelike 
processes. 

The  brown  headed,  white  grubs  or  larvae  are  about  y^  inch  lono- 
when  full  grown.  The  mouth  parts  and  adjacent  sutures  are  a  dark  brown 
and  the  body  is  usually  somewhat  curved. 

Life  history.  The  life  history  of  this  borer  in  West  Virginia  has  been 
given  by  Dr  Hopkins  as  follows  : 

The  adults  emerge  in  May  or  June  and  are  attracted  to  stumps,  trunks 
and  tops  of  recently  fallen  trees  and  those  that  are  weakened  by  the  attack 
of  insects,  such  as  the  destructive  pine  bark  beetle,  Dendroctonus 
frontalis  Zimm.,  or  diseases  of  any  kinds.  The  beetles  commence  to 
excavate  entrance  galleries  through  the  outer  bark,  and  their  presence  is 
indicated  by  the  fine  brownish  borings  in  the  crevices  of  the  bark.  This 
entrance  is  extended  to  the  outer  surface  of  the  inner  soft  bark  where  the 
central  chamber  is  excavated.  In  the  meantime,  the 
female,  which  appears  to  do  the  greater  part  of  the 
work,  is  joined  by  a  male  who  statfons  himself  in  the 
outer  gallery  to  keep  out  enemies  and  objectionable 
visitors  and  to  render  assistance  in  expelling  the  bor- 
ings. The  female  excavates  a  gallery  from  one  edge 
of  the  central  chamber  through  the  inner  bark  of  the 
wood  and  then  in  the  inner  layer  of  the  bark,  usually 
at  right  angles  to  the  bark  fibers,  and  for  a  distance 
Fig,  86  Poiy^r^phus  rufi-   of  ouc  or  two  iuchcs.      Small   notches  are  made  alono- 

pennis:  early  galleries  and  egg        i  *  j  r      i  i  1  11  •  »  *^ 

notches  (author's  illustration)      the  sidcs  ot  the  brood  gallery,  m  each  of  which  pearly 

white  eggs  are  deposited.      One  to  three  other  females 

are  admitted  to  this  central  chamber  by  the  male  and  from  it  extend  similar 


388 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


galleries  in  other  directions  from  the  central  chamber.  The  eggs  begin  to 
hatch  before  the  galleries  are  finished  and  the  grubs  burrow  in  the  inner 
bark  on  which  they  feed.  The  surrounding  bark  is  filled  with  grubs  of 
various  sizes  by  the  time  all  the  eggs  are  hatched  and  soon  all  of  the  inner 
part,  for  a  radius  of  from  2  to  4  inches,  is  completely  honeycombed  with 
burrows.  The  male  guards  the  entrance  in  the  meantime,  and  the  females 
either  rest  in  the  central  chamber  or  egg  gallery,  or  emerge  to  make  an 
entrance  to  the  bark  in  another  place  and  start  a  new  brood.  The  larvae 
on  attaining  their  growth  enlarge  the  end  of  their  burrow  to  form  a  cell  in 
which    they    change   to   the    pupa,    thence   to   the    adult,    and    then    either 


Mther   badly    eaten    by 
,  fipennis      (author's 


Fig.  88  Spruce  bark  badly  e., 
P  o  1  y  g  r  a  p  h  u  s  r  u  f  i  p  ( 
(author's  illustration) 


emerge  from  the  bark  and   start  a  second  brood  or  remain   in   this  retreat 
till   the  following  spring. 

Dr  Hopkins  states  that  two  or  three  broods  may  occur  in  one  season 
and  that  his  observations  have  lead  him  to  believe  that  owing  to  the  short- 
ness of  the  season  in  the  high  elevations  occupied  by  the  spruce  in  his 
State  there  is  generally  only  one  generation.  This  species,  as  well  as  some 
of  its  allies,  occasionally  occiu's  in  swarms  since  Mrs  Slosson  records  hun- 
dreds of  them  in  the  air  at  Mt  Washington  in  1895. 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AXD    WOODLAXD    TREES  389 

The  galleries  of  this  insect  are  very  characteristic  and  may  be  elistin- 
guished  from  those  of  Tomicus  balsameus  Lee.  which  works  in 
balsam,  and  ma)-  therefore  be  met  with  in  the  same  forest,  b)-  the  fact  that 
the  wood  is  rarely  scored  by  the  galleries  of  the  spruce  infesting  species, 
w'hile  the  balsam  borer  frequently  cuts  nearly  half  of  the  diameter  of  the 
primary  gallery  from  the  sapwood.  The  general  character  of  these  gal- 
leries is  well  shown  in  the  accompanying  illustration  which  represents  the 
central  chamber,  the  transverse  primary  or  egg  galleries  diverging  there- 
from, together  with  a  number  of  small  dilating  mines  of  the  young.  It 
will  be  observed  that  the  larval  mines  begin  as  very  slender  borings  which 
widen  gradually  and  end  in  a  somewhat  broader  pupal  cell  which  is  some- 
times e.xcavated  partly  in  the  sapwood.  -Several  of  the  egg  chambers  may 
also  be  seen. 

Distribution.  Dr  Hopkins  states  that  this  species  is  evidently  widely 
distributed  over  Xorth  America  and  doubtless  occurs  where  its  food  tree  is 
indigenous.  It  has  been  recorded  from  Xew  Hampshire  to  Alaska,  and 
Georgia,  and  in  West  Virginia  it  appears  to  be  confined  to  the  Canadian 
life  zone  of  the  spruce  area,  since  it  has  never  been  met  with  in  cultivated 
spruce  or  in  other  life  zones. 

Associated  insects.  Dr  Hopkins  records  having  found  the  following 
species  associated  with  this  insect  in  spruce  :  Homalota  species,  B  a  p  t  o- 
1  i  n  u  s  1  o  n  g  i  c  e  p  s  Fabr.,  P  a  r  o  m  a  1  u  s  b  i  s  t  r  i  a  t  u  s  En,  P.  d  i  f  f  i- 
c  i  1  i  s  Horn,  Epuraea  truncatella  Mann.,  H  y  p  o  p  h  1  o  e  u  s  p  a  r  a  1- 
1  e  1  u  s  iNIelsh,  and  H.  t  h  o  r  a  c  i  c  u  s  Melsh,  and  a  Tenebrionid  larva. 
He  also  obtained  a  Dipterous  larvae  from  the  galleries  of  this  borer. 

Natural  enemies.  The  following  predaceous  insects  were  observed  by 
Dr  Hopkins  either  in  association  with  this  borer  or  preying  on  it  :  T  h  a  n- 
asimus  trifasciatus  .Say,  T.  d  u  b  i  u  s  P'abr.,  P  h  \- 1 1  o  b  a  e  n  u  s 
dislocatus  Say,   and  a  Clerid  larva. 

The  following  parasites  were  reared  by  Dr  Hopkins  from  this  species 
or  collected  by  him  from  infested  logs  or  trees:  Spathius  c  1  a  r  i- 
p  e  n  n  i  s     Ashm.,    C  a  e  n  o  p  h  a  n  e  s    p  i  t  )•  o  p  h  t  h  o  r  i     Ashm.,    C  o  s  m  o- 


390 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


phorus  hopkinsii   Ashm.,    a  common   parasite  of  the  adult,  a  species 

of    Eurytoma,    a  species  of    Locliites,   Cecidostiba    polygraph! 

Ashm.,     C.     dendroctoni      Ashm.,      Decatomidea     polygraph! 

Ashm.      The  value  of  these  insects  in  controlling  this  borer  is  shown  by  the 

fact   that    Dr  Hopkins  believes   them  to  be  the   principal    natural   agents 

in  checking  the   injuries   to   spruce   in   West  Virginia  between   the  years 

1882-1889. 

Bibliography 

1893  Hopkins,  A.  D.  W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.  Rul.  32,  p.  9,  12,  40,  41,45,  9S,  99,  102, 
107,  205,  206,  209,  293,  349,  359,  373,  379,  384,  398,  399,  407,  492,  493,  494 

1899 W.   Va.   .\gric.   Exp.   Sta.      Bui.   56,  p.  235,  246,  251,  296,  299,  319,  346,  349, 

427,  428,  429,  447 

1903     Felt,   E.   P.      For.  Fish  &  Game  Com.     7th  Rep't,  p.  513-15 

Spotted  buprestid 

Mclaiiop/iila  fulvogitttata   Harr. 

Flattened,   white    or   yellowish    spotted    beetles   about    3g    inch    in   length,   occur   on 
spruce  and  hemlock  in  July,  and  are  the  parents  of  an  injurious  flat-headed  borer. 

This  destructive  beetle  is  sometimes   very  abundant  in  hemlock  and 
spruce.      Specimens  were  taken  on  hemlock  at  Big  Moose,  July  6,  1903,  and 
^•''     a  larva,  probably  belonging  to   this  species,  was  met  with 
""    f        under  somewhat   moist  spruce   bark  at   Saranac    Inn,  Aug. 
I  7,  1 900. 
t  Description.      The    beetle    is    about    3  g    inch    long,    of 

a  dark   metallic   color  with  greenish  reflections   abo\-e   the 
mouth.      The   head,   thorax   and   wing    covers    are    marked 
"^  with    somewhat     coarse,     irregular,     transverse     punctures. 
Fig.  89  Meianophii.1  sHglitly  resembling  the  graining  of  morocco  leather.      Each 
larged  (origii-ai) '  wlng  covcr  bears  three  nearly  circular  or  lenticular  shaped 

yellowish   or   white   spots.      The   larva  is  of  the  ordinary  buprestid  shape 
with  a  wide,  flattened  head. 

Life  history  and  habits.      Dr  Harris  records  taking  this  insect  from  the 
trimks  of  white  pine  in  June,  and  Dr  Hopkins  states  that  in   West   \'irginia 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AXD    WOODLAND    TREES  39 1 

it  infests  green  bark  on  living,  injured  and  dying  liemlocks,  the  beetles 
occurring  the  latter  part  of  March  and  during  May,  June  and  July.  He 
also  adds  that  it  has  caused  the  death  of  a  great  number  of  hemlock  trees 
in  that  State.  Dr  J.  B.  Smith  records  this  insect  on  both  spruce  and 
hemlock  in  New  Jersey. 

Distribution.  This  species  occurs  throughout  the  middle  and  northern 
part  of  the  United  States,  being  very  abundant  about  Lake  Superior, 
according  to  Dr  LeConte.  It  has  been  taken  by  Mrs  Slosson  on 
Mount  Washington,  and  occurs  in  limited  numbers  in  southwestern 
Pennsylvania. 

Natural  enemies.  A  single  parasite,  Bracon  pectin  ator  Say,  was 
bred  by  Messrs  Riley  and  Howard  from  cocoons  found  in  the  larval  mines 
of  this  insect. 

Red  cedar  bark  beetle 
Phlocosinus  dent  a  his  .Say 

A  light  brown  or  black  beetle,  about  'Ae  inch  long,  makes  peculiar  clubbed,  longi- 
tudinal galleries  under  the  bark  of  red  cedars. 

This  little  beetle  can  hardly  be  classed  as  injurious  in  the  Adirondacks, 
since  it  was  found  by  the  writer  in  comparatively  small  numbers  only  in 
dying  or  dead  limbs.  It  was  taken  by  him  Aug.  21,  1900,  at  Floodwood, 
from  limbs  cut  the  preceding  June,  as  nearly  as  could  be  ascertained.  The 
beetles  were  just  beginning  their  operations  at   this  time. 

This  insect  was  also  found  in  small  numbers  in  the  dying  red  cedars  at 
Axton.  It  is  evidently  a  common  species  in  northern  New  York,  because 
almost  all  red  cedar  used  in  the  construction  of  rustic  summerhouses  and 
similar  structures  is  very  prettily  grooved  by  the  characteristic  burrows  of 
this  insect. 

Early  history.  Dr  Packard  states  that  this  is  a  common  species  on 
junipers  about  the  city  of  Providence  R.  I.,  where  its  attacks  are  confined 
to  sickly  or  dead  trees.  The  beetles  were  found  alive  in  their  burrows 
May  12  and  13,  and  also  nearly  full  grown  larvae  but  no  pupae.  He  has 
found  this    insect   in   considerable  numbers   in   northern    Maine   under   the 


392 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEl'M 


bark  of  cedar,  T  h  u  j  a  o  c  c  i  d  e  n  t  a  1  i  s.  He  states  that  Mr  Knaus  con- 
sidered this  borer  ver)-  destructive  to  junipers  and  arbor  vitae  in  that  State. 
It  was  first  noticed  at  Salina  Kan.,  in  the  summer  and  fall  of  1884,  attack- 
ing the  junipers  on  the  grounds  of  many  residents  of  that  city.  The 
beetles  were  present  in  great  numbers  and  many  trees  were  entirely 
destroyed  and  others  badly  injured.  The  damage  was  almost  in\arialjly 
confined  to  the  base  of  the  lateral  offshoots  of  the  branches,  the  beetles 
burrowing  under  the  bark  and  eating  around  the  base  of  the  twig  causing 
its  destruction.  This  attack,  as  characterized  by  Mr  Knaus,  is  different 
from  anything  observed  by  the  writer,  unless  the  burrows  passing  around 
the  twig  are  the  work  of  larvae  rather  than  adults 

Description.  The  beetle  varies  in  color  from  a  light  brown  to  black,  is 
a  very  little  over  '/,6  inch  long  and  relatively  stout.  The  mouth  parts 
apically  and  the  eyes  are  black.  The  latter  are 
coarsely  granulated,  transversely  elongated  and 
partly  divided  near  their  midtlle.  The  prothorax 
is  rather  coarsely  and  thickly  punctured  and  tapers 
very  much  anteriorl)-.  The  wing  covers  or  elytra 
are  margined  anteriorly,  deeply  striate  and  thickly 
clothed  with  short,  yellowish  hairs.     Certain  structural 

liuia    ui    laiier   lurifjinai; 

details  of  the  antennae  are  shown  on  plate  67,  figure 
7  and  that  of  the  middle  and  posterior  tibiae  in  figure  90. 

A  pupa  nearly  ready  to  assume  the  adult  form  is  yellowish  wliite,  about 
the  length  of  the  beetle  and  stouter.  The  eyes  are  brown  and  the  mouth 
parts  almost  black.  Four  of  the  abdominal  segments  project  beyond  the 
wing  pads. 

The  typical  burrow  |  fig.  91,  92,  and  pi.  63,  fig.  4]  has  a  very  charac- 
teristic form.  There  runs  from  the  three  lobed  primary  or  nuptial  chamber 
nearly  parallel  with  the  wood  fibers  a  broad  burrow  about  3_^  inch  long. 
Eggs  are  laid  in  minute  notches  on  both  sides  of  the  parental  channel  and 
the  young  work  for  a  short  distance  at  nearly  right  angles  and  then  they 
are  apt  to  oblique  in  either  direction.      The   larval   burrows   score    the   sap- 


Fig.  90     Middle  tibiae  :  <i=T  o 
cus  balsam  eus:  i(- I'll  lo 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


393 


wood  lightly  at  first  but  as  the  grubs  increase  in  size  the  wood   is  entered 
more  deeply,  till  nearh-  half  the  burrow  may  be  therein 

Natural  enemies.  This  little  insect  appears  to  be  kept  well  in  check 
by  natural  enemies,  of  which  a  number  have  been  recorded.  Dr  Hopkins 
lists  the  predaceous  P  h  y  m  a  t  o  d  e  r  a  b  i  c  o  1  o  r  Say  as  an  associate 
and  C  1  e  r  u  s  q  u  a  d  r  i  s  i  g-  n  a  t  u  s  Sa\-  var.  n  i  g  r  i  p  e  s  Sa\-  has  been 
observed  under  red  cedar  bark  with  this  insect.  .Several  small  parasites 
also  prey  on  this   species.      S  p  a  t  h  i  u  s  canadensis   Ashm.,  a   species 


•Fig.  gi       Phloeosiniis      dentatus 
adult  gallery  and  egg  notches  (author 


of  Pteromalus  and  a  species  of  Eurytoma  have  been  observed  by  Dr 
Hopkins  preying  on  this  borer.  The  writer  has  reared  another  small 
parasite  from  this  insect  which  has  been  kindly  determined  by  Air  Ashmead 
as  C  a  u  d  o  n  i  a  p  i  t  y  o  p  h  t  h  o  r  i   Ashm. 

Bibliography 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  .S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  p.  904-6 

1893     Hopkins,  A.  D.      \V.  Va.  Agric.  Sta.     Bui.  ^2,  p.  185,  186,  213,  222,  224,  226 
1903     Felt,  E.  P.      For.  Fish  and  Game  Com.     yth  Rep't,  p.  522-23 


394 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


AIVIBROSIA     BEETLES 

This  small  group  of  insects  is  remarkable  because  the  different  species 
live  on  various  succulent  fungi  carefully  grown  in  their  galleries.  These 
interesting  forms  have  been  closely  studied  by  the  late  H.  G.  Hubbard  of 
the  Division  of  Entomology,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  and 
the  following  account  is  based  on  his  published  observations.  These  little 
wood  borers  are  easily  recognized  by  their  somewhat  elongate,  cylindric 
form  and  specially  by  their  habit  of  making  uniform  sized  galleries  in  the 
wood  of  various  trees.  The  burrows  usually  penetrate  to  a  considerable 
depth,  have  a  well  marked  design,  and  their  walls  are  stained  a  bluish 
or  black  color  by  the  fungus.  The  exits  of  the  galleries  are  circular  and 
from  them  are  ejected  minute  white  chips,  which  may  frequently  be 
observed  on  the  rough  bark  or  the  ground  beneath.  These  little  beetles 
are  remarkable  for  the  care  bestowed  on  their  young,  and  in  this  exhibit 
characteristics  foreign  to  most  Coleoptera,  and  such  as  we  expect  to  find 
only  among  the  social  bees,  ants  and  their  allies,  and  Neuroptera,  such 
as  the  well  known  white  ants. 

These  borers  require  special  conditions  for  the  propagation  of  their 
food  fungus,  and  consequently  can  inhabit  only  certain  trees.  This  fungus 
does  not  appear  by  accident  but  is  carefully  propagated  by  the  mother 
beetle  on  a  packed  bed  or  layer  of  chips,  sometimes  near  the  entrance  in  the 
bark  though  usually  at  the  end  of  a  branch  gallery.  The  ambrosia  of  some 
species  is  grown  only  in  certain  brood  chambers  of  a  peculiar  structure,  and 
in  others  in  beds  near  what  Mr  Hubbard  considers  larval  cradles.  The 
excrement  of  the  young  is  used  in  some  and  probably  in  all  species,  to  form 
new  beds  or  layers  for  the  propagation  of  the  fungi,  the  types  of  v.hich 
have  been  described  by  Mr  Hubbard,  as  follows:  one  has  erect  stems  with 
swollen  cells  at  the  tips  [fig.  105]  ;  and  another  forms  tangled  chains  or  cells 
resembling  the  piled  up  beads  of  a  broken  necklace  [fig.  54].  The  erect 
or  stem  forms  occur  among  species  whose  larvae  live  in  galleries,  such  as 
Platypus  and  Xyleborus,  while  the  beadlike  kinds  appear  to  be  peculiar  to 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  3g5 

species  whose  young  are  reared  in  separate  cells  or  cradles.  All  the  grow- 
ing  parts  of  the  fungus  are  extremely  succulent  and  tender  ;  the  conidia 
specially  are  pellucid  and  glisten  like  pearls  or  drops  of  dew.  These  are 
produced  in  great  abundance  during  active  growth,  sometimes  appearing 
singly  at  the  end  of  short,  straight  stems  as  in  figure  105,  and  sometimes  as^ 
grapelike  clusters  among  interlacing  branches  [fig.  54].  The  fungus 
appears  at  such  times  like  hoarfrost  on  the  walls  of  the  galleries,  and  the 
very  young  nip  off  the  tender  tips  somewhat  as  calves  eat  heads  of  clover, 
while  the  older  larvae  and  the  beetles  devour  the  whole  structure  which 
soon  springs  up  again.  Mr  Hubbard  compares  the  growth  of  these  fungi 
to  asparagus,  which  remains  succulent  and  edible  only  when  cropped,  and 
when  allowed  to  go  to  seed  is  no  longer  useful  for  food.  The  ambrosia 
must  be  constantly  fed  on  ;  otherwise  it  ripens,  the  cells  burst  and  dis- 
charge their  granules  in  such  abundance  as  to  fill  the  galleries,  and  the 
beetles  may  be  overwhelmed  and  destroyed  by  the  growth. 

Disturbances  in  conditions  necessary  to  growth  are  apt  to  promote  the 
ripening  of  the  fungus,  a  danger  to  which  every  colony  of  ambrosia  beetles 
is  exposed.  Checking  the  natural  increase  of  a  populous  colony  of  beetles 
also  results  in  overproduction  of  fungus  and  disaster,  because  the  super- 
abundant growth  chokes  the  galleries  and  often  suffocates  the  remaining 
insects.  The  same  untoward  results  may  be  brought  about  by  closing  the 
outlet  of  the  galleries  through  the  bark,  or  by  spraying  with  kerosene  or 
some  other  liquid.  This  throws  the  inmates  of  the  galleries  into  a  panic, 
and  like  other  social  insects,  they  gorge  themselves  with  food  and  exhibit 
o-reat  concern  at  the  threatened  loss  of  this  their  most  precious  possession. 
They  rush  hither  and  thither,  trampling  on  and  crushing  young,  eggs  and 
larvae,  breaking  down  the  delicate  lining  of  the  brood  chambers  and  pud- 
dling it  into  a  slush,  which  is  pushed  about  and  accumulates  in  the  passage 
ways,  completely  blocking  them.  Breaking  down  of  the  fungus  follows, 
and  in  a  few  days  the  galleries  are  filled  with  masses  of  spores  or  mycelium 
threads. 

The  limited  conditions  under  which  these  fungi  can  be  grown  restricts 


2g5  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

the  life  of  a  colony,  and  as  a  rule  only  two  or  three  generations  occur  in 
a  large  tree  trunk,  while  in  smaller  ones  there  may  be  only  one  brood. 

A  typical  life  history  of  these  insects  is  well  illustrated  by  Mr  Hubbard's 
account  of  Xyleborus  pubescens  Zimm.  A  solitary  female  starts 
the  galleries  similar  to  those  illustrated  in  figure  104.  The  branches  serve 
as  brood  galleries  and  in  each,  five  to  six  oval,  pearly  eggs  are  deposited. 
The  young  hatch  within  a  week  and  begin  feeding  on  the  ambrosia  at  once. 
The  pupae  lie  free  in  the  galleries,  and  in  somewhat  over  a  month  from 
the  eggs  perfect  beetles  appear.  The  colony,  in  time,  contains  beside  the 
mother  insect  15  or  20  adult  offspring,  most  of  which  are  females,  onl\-  one 
or  two  males  commonly  being  found.  A  second  brood  is  started  by  this 
later  o-eneration,  but  the  seasoning  of  the  wood  and  threatening  failure  of 
food  usually  warn  the  young  females  to  depart  and  seek  fresher  trees. 
This  leaves  the  abandoned  males  in  a  sad  condition,  since  they  are  unable 
to  consume  the  ripened  ambrosia,  and  they  also  wander  forth,  though  wing- 
less and  weak,  or  are  suffocated  by  the  superabundant  fungus.  Sometimes 
they  assemble  in  certain  galleries  and  form  bachelor  colonies,  where  by 
united  efforts  they  are  able  to  check  the  fungus  and  prolong  existence  for  a 
time.  The  watchful  care  of  'the  mother  for  the  young  is  well  described  in 
the  notice  of   M  o  n  a  r  t  h  r  u  m   m  a  1  i    Fitch,  page  291. 

These  little  insects  are  of  economic  importance,  principally  on  account 
of  their  injury  to  timber.  A  few  species  are  known  to  affect  living  trees, 
though  as  a  general  rule  their  attacks  are  confined  to  dying  or  dead  timber. 
The  defects  in  the  wood  caused  by  the  galleries  of  these  beetles,  and  the 
stains  left  by  the  fungus,  probably  entail  more  loss  than  the  injury  caused 
by  attacks  on  living  trees.  The  presence  of  their  galleries  seriously  depre- 
ciates the  value  of  timber  used  as  cask  heads,  staves,  shingles  and  the  like. 
These  defects  may  be  repaired  to  some  extent  by  plugging,  but  those  made 
by  some  species  cannot  be  thus  treated.  It  is  possible  in  some  instances  to 
take  advantage  of  the  habits  of  the  insects,  and  by  proper  sawing  the 
damaore  may  be  reduced  to  a  minimum.  The  softwood  in  the  Adirondack 
reo-ion  is  seriously  affected  by  these  little  borers,  and  the  quality  of  much 
of  it  greatly  impaired. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


397 


White    pine   weevil 
Pissodcs  strobi   Peck 

An  oblong  oval  weevil,  about  ]{  inch  long,  frequently  deposits  eggs  in  the  leading- 
shoots  of  pine  or  other  evergreen  trees.  The  grulis  work  in  the  shoots  and  kill  them, 
causing  an  irregularly  deformed  tree  of  very  little  commercial  value. 

This  is  one  of  the  commonest  enemies  of  pine  trees  in  New  York 
State,  and  its  work  may  be  observed  in  practically  every  localit)'  where 
they  occur. 

Early  history.  It  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  public  early  in 
the  last  centur\-,  by  Prof.  \\'.  D.  Peck  of  Harvard  University  who  made  a 
stud}-  of  the  insect  and  described  it,  and  also  ascertained  a  number  of  facts 
regarding  its  life  history.  It  was  studied  later  by  Dr  Harris  who  succeeded 
in  adding  to  our  knowledge  of  its  habits,  and  who  states  that  the  beetles 
are  found  in  great  numbers  in  April  and  May,  on  fences,  buildings  and 
pine  trees,  and  that  they  probably  secrete  themselves,  during  the  winter, 
in  the  crevices  of  the  bark,  or  about  the  roots  of  the  tree.s,  depositing  their 
eggs  in  the  spring.  Dr  Fitch  studied  the  insect  in  New  York,  about  1857, 
presenting  an  account  of  it  in  his  fourth  report.  He  states  that  this  species 
selects  thrifty  growing  vigorous  pines  whose  topmost  shoot  has  made  the 
greatest  advance  the  preceding  year.  He  observed  that  the  insects  were 
so  numerous  that  in  one  grove  not  only  the  topmost  shoots  of  every  tree, 
but  many  of  the  lateral  ones  were  attacked  and  destroyed.  The  depreda- 
tions of  this  insect  were  also  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  late  Dr  Lintner 
on  several  occasions,  and  Mr  W.  C.  Pierce  of  Richford,  as  recorded  by  Dr 
Lintner  in  his  ninth  report,  states  that  150  Norway  spruces  which  had  been 
planted  in  a  cemetery  the  preceding  year,  began  to  die  at  the  top.  E.xaini- 
nation  showed  that  small  borers  were  working  between  the  bark  and  the 
wood,  in  the  topmost  shoot  and  destroying  the  life  of  the  trees.  Dr  A.  D. 
Hopkins  states  that  this  insect  infests  the  bark  of  logs  and  trunks  of  living 
and  dying  pines  and  spruce. 

Description.  The  adult  beetle  is  about  I4  inch  long,  reddish  brown  to 
a  very  dark  brown,  and  with  a   somewhat  peculiar   whitish    spot   near   the 


ogS  '  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

posterior  third  of  each  wing  cover.  The  beetle  is  also  somewhat  mottled 
■with  white  on  the  sides  and  legs.  The  snout  is  rather  long  and  stout  and 
the  legs  somewhat  so,  as  represented  at  plate  19,  figure  7. 

The  creamy  white  pupa  is  about  the  same  length  as  the  beetle  and  in 
recently  transformed  individuals  is  nearly  uniform  in  color,  except  for  the 
dark  brown  eyes  and  the  brownish  tips  of  the  mandibles.  As  the  pupa  ages 
the  coloration  begins  to  appear,  and  in  rather  old  pupae  the  snout  may  be 
reddish  brown,  and  the  legs  show  traces  of  color.  The  tip  of  the  last 
abdominal  segment  is  ornamented  with  a  pair  of  rather  slender,  curved 
spines. 

The  grub  is  a  white,  footless  creature,  varying  in  size  according  to  the 
stage  of  development.  The  bark  of  the  infested  twig  may  have  all  of  the 
inner  bark  and  a  portion  of  the  sapwood  reduced  to  c  decaying  mass  of 
borings.  The  pupal  cells  in  the  example  before  us  are  entirely  within  the 
wood,  nearly  ^^  i"ch  in  length  and  set  somewhat  obliquely  to  the  axis  of 
the  twig.  There  is  a  channel  which  is  packed  with  borings  leading 
obliquely  from  the  pupal  cell  to  the  cavity  under  the  bark  [pi.   19,  fig.  6]. 

Life  history.  The  life  history  of  this  insect  has  been  studied  by  a 
number  of  entomologists,  and  it  m.ay  be  summarized  as  follows.  The 
beetles  occur  most  abundantly  in  early  spring,  and  it  is  probable  that  most 
of  the  eggs  are  deposited  in  the  leading  shoots  at  this  time.  Dr  Fitch 
states  that  the  female  places  her  eggs  in  the  bark  of  the  topmost  shoots  of 
the  tree,  dropping  one  in  a  place  at  irregular  intervals  throughout  its  length, 
and  that  the  worm  or  grub  after  hatching,  eats  its  way  inward  and  obliquely 
downward  till  it  reaches  the  pith  in  which  it  burrows  for  a  short  distance, 
the  whole  length  of  its  track  being  about  yi  inch  long. 

It  frequently  happens  that  so  many  eggs  are  placed  on  a  shoot  as  to 
limit  very  closely  the  portion  occupied  by  each  grub,  and  therefore  some  of 
them  are  compelled  co  burrow  in  the  wood  outside  of  the  pith,  in  order  to 
avoid  interfering  with  those  nearby.  When  they  are  so  close  to  each  other 
that  the  burrow  cannot  be  continued  to  its  normal  length,  the  larvae  feed 
on  the  walls  of   their  galleries,  and   thus  obtain  the   necessary   nourishment. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  399 

The  attacked  shoot  continues  its  growth  during-  the  early  part  of  the  season, 
but  soon  the  grubs  cause  so  much  injury  that  it  begins  to  wilt  and  wither 
about  the  middle  of  July,  and  the  tender  parts  above  dry  and  perish. 
Examination  of  the  affected  shoot  reveals  small  oval  cells,  about  l{  inch 
long,  placed  lengthwise  in  the  center  of  the  stem.  They  are  so  very  close  in 
some  cases  that  their  ends  are  nearly  in  contact,  and  in  others  they  are 
more  or  less  widely  separated  by  masses  of  borings,  and  not  infrequently 
small  cells  may  be  found  in  the  sapwood  just  beneath  the  bark  [pi.  19, 
fig-  6]. 

Each  of  these  contains  a  white  plump  larva  or  grub,  which  later  chano-es 
to  a  pupa  and  the  adult  insects  appear  abroad  next  spring.  Pupal  cells 
of  this  weevil  may  also  be  found  under  the  bark  of  pine  logs  and  stumps. 
Mr  L.  H.  Joutel  has  recently  called  the  writer's  attention  to  the  breeding 
of  this  insect  in  the  bark  of  a  tree  6  inches  in  diameter,  a  fact  pre- 
viously mentioned.  Dr  Fitch  was  quite  confident  that  eggs  deposited 
in  the  spring  become  mature  beetles  within  a  year.  This  weevil  was 
observed  by  the  writer  to  be  very  common  and  injurious  to  white  pines  at 
Karner  in  1901,  and  the  following  year  he  had  an  opportunity  of  studyin^r 
recent  work  of  the  pest  in  small  white  pines  at  Salem  N.  Y.  These  obser- 
vations indicate  that  the  attack  frequently  begins  just  below  the  terminal 
whorl  and  is  evidenced  by  the  small  irregular  masses  of  pitch  and  the  lio-hter 
color  of  the  foliage  above  the  point  of  injury.  The  larva  or  grub  makes  a 
longitudinal  burrow  in  the  inner  bark,  which  is  closely  followed  by  a  drvin^r 
and  shrinking  of  the  tissues  immediately  above  and  adjacent  to  the  wound, 
forming  a  darker,  sunken  area  on  the  shoot.  The  work  is  extended  down- 
ward under  the  bark  to  the  ne.xt  whorl  and  possibly  below.  The  infested 
bark  soon  becomes  a  mass  of  burrows  and  decaying  matter,  eventuallv 
peeling  off  and  revealing  oval  pupal  cells  in  the  wood.  Its  work  was  also 
observed  here  and  there  in  other  parts  of  the  State.  The  record  of  captures 
by  beating  certain  trees  in  1901  may  be  of  interest,  as  it  shows  the  persist- 
ence of  this  species  in  small  numbers,  at  least,  throughout  a  long  period. 
The  record  is  as  follows:  June  4,  6;  June  13,  18;  June   19,  i  ;  June  26,  2; 


AQO  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

July  8,  I  ;  July  19,  !  ;  July  27,  5;  Aug.  2,  i  ;  Aug.  9,  6;  Aug.  21,  11  ;  Sep 
6,  4;  Sep.  18,  2;  Oct.  23,  6.  It  was  also  taken  in  April  and  May  1902. 
It  will  be  noted  that  in  1901  no  collecting  was  done  in  May,  and  it  is  the 
writer's  impression  that  the  insect  was  not  very  abundant,  as  was  the  case  in 
1902,  in  that  locality  prior  to  the  beginning  of  our  opeYations.  A  study 
of  this  record  shows  that  the  beetles  were  more  abundant  from  the  13th 
to  the  26th  of  June,  and  from  the  9th  to  the  latter  part  of  August.  The 
tendency  of  this  insect  to  breed  more  or  less  throughout  the  season  is  also 
indicated  by  the  condition  of  a  badly  infested  twig,  received  by  the  writer 
the  last  of  August  1902.  This  small  piece,  about  3  inches  long,  was  almost 
honeycombed  by  the  insect  and  contained  numerous  pupal  cells  in  each 
of  which  there  was  a  pupa  in  a  more  or  less  advanced  stage  of  develop- 
ment. One  insect  had  emerged  in  transit,  another  one  was  almost  ready  to 
appear  and  the  remainder  would  probably  have  forsaken  their  retreats 
before  the  approach  of  cold  weather.  It  is  interesting  in  this  connection  to 
note  that  Dr  Hopkins  found  pupae  in  spruce  bark  June  27,  and  in  white 
pine  July  13,  in  yellow  pine  July  11,  showing  that  some  of  the  insects  must 
develop  later  than  early  May.  The  later  captures  represent  scattering 
individuals,  and  it  would  appear  as  though  this  insect  bred  more  or  less 
throu'T-hout  the  season,  though  as  stated  by  the  later  writers,  the  principal 
brood  may  appear  in  May  and  early  June. 

Food  plants.  This  weevil  is  well  known  as  a  serious  enemy  to  most  of 
our  native  pines  and  severe  injury  to  spruces  has  been  recorded  by  several 
writers. 

Natural  enemies.  I)r  Fitch  has  stated  that  after  the  infested  shoot 
becomes  withered  and  dry  in  midsummer  one  may  observe  that  the  bark 
covering  the  cells  has  been  broken  and  peeled  off  in  spots  and  that  all  its 
lower  parts  are  torn  away.  Newly  perforated  holes  larger  than  the  bur- 
rows of  this  insect  may  be  observed,  here  and  there,  in  the  wood.  These, 
he  states,  are  the  work  of  small  birds  which  are  very  efficient  in  devouring 
the  larvae  and  the  pupae  of  this  pest.  Dr  Riley  in  his  report  for  1885 
states  that  the  grubs  or  larvae  are  e.xposed  to  many  dangers  from  carniv- 


IXSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  40 1 

orous  foes,  particularly  the  young  of  beetles  belonging  to  the  family 
Tenebrionidae  and  records  finding  young  Ichneumon  or  Chalcid  flies 
in  their  burrows.  Messrs  Riley  and  Howard  have  recorded  the  rearing 
of  Bracon  pissodis  Ashm.  from  specimens  of  this  insect  received 
from  Wellesley  Mass.  Dr  A.  D.  Hopkins  has  also  obtained  Spat  hi  us 
brachyrus   Ashm.  in  West  Virginia. 

Bibliography 
1817     Peck,  W.  D.     Mass.  Agric.  Jour.     4th  Rep't,  p.  207-11 
18S5     Riley,  C.  V.     U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.     Rep't,  p.  322-25 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     sth  Rep't,  p.  734-41 
1903     Felt,  E.  P.      For.  Fish  and  Game  Com.     7th  Rep't,  p.  497-500 

Pissodes  dubius  Rand. 

.\  small,  brownish,  yellowish,  flattened,  long  snouted  beetle  about  3/,g  inch  in 
length,  may  be  met  with  on  spruce  in  July. 

A  single  specimen  of  this  interesting  insect  was  taken  on  spruce  July  4, 
1903,  at  Big  Moose  N.  Y. 

Description.  The  beetle  is  about  ?  ,6  inch  in  length,  brownish,  with 
the  thorax  and  wing  covers  flaked  with  golden,  creamy  yellow  scales,  with 
here  and  there  a  bunch  of  variable  size.  The  thorax  is  very  coarsely, 
almost  contiguously  punctured,  and  the  wing  covers  are  closely  striated 
with  a  series  of  nearly  contiguous  punctures.  It  may  be  separated  from 
its  ally,  P.  affinis  Rand.,  according  to  Dr  LeConte,  by  the  sides  of 
the  thorax  converging  a  little  near  the  hind  angles,  which  thus  become 
somewhat  obtuse.  There  is  also  some  difference  in  the  scales  on  the 
elytra,  which,  in  well  preserved  specimens  are  more  diffuse  with  the 
markings  less  definite. 

Distribution.  This  species  has  been  recorded  from  Lake  .Superior, 
Canada  and  New  Hampshire,  and  Randall  states  that  he  found  it  on  a 
wharf  in  Boston  on  pine  wood  brought  from  Maine. 


402 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Pissodes  affinis  Rand. 

This  species  resembles  the  common  white  pine  weevil,  Pissodes  strobi  Peck, 
and  may  be  recognized  by  its  larger  size,  it  measuring  about  5/,5  inch  in  length,  and  by 
the  less  conspicuous  markings,  specially  the  whitish  spots  on  the  posterior  third  of  the 
wing  covers. 

A  single  example  of  this  insect  was  taken  by  the  writer  on  white  pine 
July  26,  1 90 1  at  Bath-on-Hudson.  Dr  LeConte  records  this  species  from 
Lake  Superior,  Canada  and  New  Hampshire. 

Magdalis   perforata  Horn  ' 

A  small,  jet-black  weevil,  i/,6  to  ^'4  inch  in  length,  may  be  met  with  on  hard  pine 
during  June   and   July  [pi.  20,  fig    17]. 

This  species  was  specially  abimdant  near  the  tips  of  the  central  shoots 
of  hard  pines  at  Karner  in  the  summer  of  1901,  at  which  time  it  occurred  in 
considerable  numbers  in  association  with  the  white  pine  weevil,  Pissodes 
strobi  Peck.  It  was  taken  at  intervals  during  June  and  July,  and  was 
also  met  with  in  early  June,  1902.  It  probably  breeds  in  the  terminal 
shoots,  though  we  have  not  detected  the  work  of  its  larvae.  Very  little 
has  been  recorded  concerning  this  species.  It  was  described  from  Georgia 
by  Dr  Horn,  and  has  been  listed  from  New  Jersey  by  Dr  J.  B.  Smith, 
who  states   that   it   is  generally   distributed,   though   rare,   on   pine. 

Magdalis  alutacea   Lee. " 

This  species  resembles  the  preceding  closely,  though  it  is  smaller,  measuring  as  a 
rule  not  over  i/\6  inch  in  length.  It  may  also  be  distinguished  by  the  more  highly 
polished  wing  covers  [pi.  20,  fig.  16]. 

It  was  associated  with  the  preceding  on  the  terminal  shoots  of  hard 
pines  at  Karner,  and  like  it,  probably  bred  in  company  with  the  pine  weevil, 
Pissodes  strobi  Peck.  It  was  taken  on  pines  in  1901  as  follows: 
June  4,  I  ;  June  13,  5;  June  26,  2  ;  July  8,  2,  showing  that  the  adults  are 
apparently  abroad  during  a  somewhat  limited  period.      It  was  described  by 

'  1873  Horn,  G.  H.     Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Proc.      13:  453. 

^1878  LeConte,  J    L.     Geol.  &  Geog.  Sur.  Ter.  Bui.   4,   p.  463  (original  description). 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


403 


Dr  LeConte  in  1878,  from  specimens  taken  at  an  altitude  of  9,000  to 
10,000  feet  in  the  Leavenworth  valley  above  Georgetown  Col.  These  two 
widely  separated  localities  would  seem  to  indicate  a  general  distribution 
over  the  United  States,  and  that  it  probably  ranges  into  southern  Canada, 
at  least. 

Pine    tip    moth 
Pinipcstis    ziunncniiani   Grote 
Short,  brown,  needles  on   ti|)s  of  hard  pine,  specially  if  there   be   a  small  pitch   mass 
near  the  base  of  the  injured  portion,  is  an  indication  of  the  work  of  this  insect. 

This  pernicious  borer,  kindly  determined  by  Prof.  C.  H.  Fernald  from 
bred  specimens,  was  met  with  on  hard  pines  at  Karner  during  June  and 
July  of  both  1901  and  1902.  It  invariably  attacks  the  more  slender  grow- 
ing tips,  frequently  the  leader  or  the  central  shoot  of  a  branch,  and  causes 
them  to  shrivel,  curl  slightly  and  later  turn  brown.  The  work  of  this  borer 
is  frequently  indicated  by  a  small,  granular  mass  of  brownish  pitch  pushed 
out  by  the  borer  near  the  base  of  the  injured  portion.  The  needles  on  the 
affected  parts  are  much  smaller  than  normal.  The  insect  is  occasionally  so 
abundant  as  to  kill  a  considerable  proportion  of  the  terminal  shoots  and 
thus  seriously  injure  the  development  of  the  tree,  practically  ruinino-  it  for 
other  than  firewood  purposes. 

Description.  The  moth  is  a  pretty,  slate  gray  and  white  insect  with  a 
wing  spread  of  about  3-/  inch  [pi.  20,  fig.  19].  The  larva  measures  a  little 
over  3,^  inch  in  length,  with  the  head  and  thoracic  shield  black  and  the 
body  varying  from  reddish  brown  to  somewhat  livid  green.  Its  dark  brown 
tubercles  each  bear  a  slender  hair  and  the  skin  is  further  ornamented  by 
linear  series  of  dark  brown,  blackish  chitinous  points.  The  presence  of 
these  latter  are  characteristic  of  this  caterpillar,  and  permit  its  ready 
separation  from  the  borer  operating  on  the  smaller  limbs,  (E  v  e  t  r  i  a 
c  o  m  s  t  o  c  k  I  a  n  a    Fern. ) 

Life  history.  Dr  D.  S.  Kellicott  records  taking  the  larvae  of  this  insect 
at  Hastings,  and  states  that  they  were  a  dull  white  and  not  livid,  thouo-h 
otherwise  as  described  by  Grote.      He  adds  that  the  larvae  were  found   in 


404 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


the  vicinity  of  wounded  areas  on  the  trunk,  and  that  they  cannot  penetrate 
the  outer  bark  of  other  than  tender  trees  or  the  branches  of  larger  trees. 
He  found  galleries  of  the  insect  in  both  the  trunk  and  branches  above  and 
below  the  whorls,  and  states  that  sometimes  the  borers  completely  girdle 
the  stem  and  kill  the  portion  above.  The  work  described  by  Dr  Kellicott 
was  quite  different  from  that  observed  by  us  at  Karner  and  it  may  be  that 
two  species  have  become  confused.  A  thin,  papery  cocoon  is  spun  in  July 
as  stated  by  Mr  Grote,  and  the  moth  appears  lo  to  14  days  later.  We  have 
bred  it  the  latter  part  of  July. 

Food  plants.  Mr  Charles  Zimmerman,  for  whom  this  species  was 
named,  records  it  on  the  following  pines:  Pinus  s  t  r  o  b  u  s,  P.  rubra 
or  P.  resinosa,  P.  a  u  s  t  r  i  a  c  a,  P.  s  y  1  v  e  s  t  r  i  s,  P.  cembraandon 
the  Corsican,  lofty  Bothan  and  Russian  pines.  He  states  that  Pinus 
s  y  1  v  e  s  t  r  i  s  seems  to  suffer  most,  as  the  limbs  and  even  the  main  stems 
are  constantly  breaking  off.  The  hard  pine,  Pinus  resinosa,  is  the 
common  species  at  Karner,  and  we  have  yet  to  find  the  insect  appearing  on 
any  other  and  in  a  manner  different  from  that  described  above.  Conse- 
quently, we  are  at  a  loss  to  account  for  its  wide  range  of  food  plants  and 
very  different  method  of  work  noted  by  earlier  writers,  unless  there  has 
been  a  change  in  food  habit  or  two  species  are  under  consideration. 

Injuries.  Dr  Kellicott,  writing  of  this  insect  in  1879,  states  that  many 
small  pines  at  Hastings,  Oswego  co.  were  seriously  infested,  and  Professor 
Grote  expressed  the  belief  the  same  year  that  this  insect  caused  more 
injury  to  young  white  pines  than  any  other  species. 

Distribution.  Dr  Kellicott  found  this  species  at  Buffalo,  Chcektowaga, 
Hamburg  and  Clarence,  Erie  co.  and  Hastings,  Oswego  co.  He  also  found 
it  common  in  both  cultivated  and  forest  pines  at  Corunna  Mich.,  it  being 
especially  destructive  to  small  ornamental  pines  and  spruces  in  a  cemetery. 
He  took  eight  pupae  from  the  trunk  of  a  single  spruce. 

Parasites.  A  parasite  was  found  by  Mr  Grote  fillino;  the  cocoons  of 
this  insect,  and  Dr  Kellicott  records  the  presence  of  this  beneficial  species 
in  localities  where  the  moth  is  abundant.  He  also  bred  another  parasite 
from  this  Insect  but  has  not  recorded  its  name  so  far  as  known. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  405 

Bibliography 

1877  Grote,  A.  R.     Can.  Ent.  9  :  161-63 

1878  Zimmerman,  C.  D.     c:an.  Ent.  10  :  20 

1879  Kellicott,  D.  S.     Can.  Ent.  11  :  1 14-16 

1903     Felt,  E.  P.     For.  Fish  &  Game  Com.     7th  Rep't,  p.  501 

Nantucket   pine   moth 

Evctria  fi'iish-ajia  Scudd. 
Infesting  the  new  growth  of  P  i  n  u  s  i  n  o  p  s,  P.  r  i  g  i  d  a,  and  perhaps  of  other 
species,  spinning  a  delicate  web  around  the  terminal  bud,  and  mining  both  the  twig  and 
the  bases  of  the  leaves;  one  or  several  small  yellowish  larvae,  which  transform  within 
grayish  cocoons,  either  in  their  burrows  or  fastened  to  the  twigs,  and  become  small 
copper-colored  moths,  with  wing  expanse  of  nearly  '2  inch. 

The  work  of  this  species  was  met  with  on  hard  pine  at  Karner  in  1901. 
The  insect  was  not  specially  abundant,  and  though  infested  tips  were 
collected,  no  adults  were  reared.  This  species  is  a  very  serious  enemy  of 
hard  pines  on  Nantucket  Island.  Professor  .Scudder,  writing  of  this 
species  in  1883,  states  that  the  pines  set  out  on  Nantucket  Island  20  or 
30  years  before  were  dying  in  large  numbers.  He  adds  that  a  great  many 
have  perished,  and  that  most  of  the  living  trees  appear  sickly.  Miss  Mary 
Treat  records  this  species  as  most  destructive  to  hard  pines  in  the  vicinity 
of  Vineland  N.  J.  Professor  Comstock  also  received  twigs  infested  by  this 
insect  from  Prof.  S.  H.  Gage  of  Ithaca.  Dr  A.  D.  Hopkins  records  the 
work  of  this  species  as  very  common  along  Alleghany  Front,  Mineral  co., 
W.  Va.  He  states  that  though  the  characteristic  mines  were  found, 
scarcely  any  larvae  or  pupae  were  obtained. 

Life  history  and  habits.      The  following  condensed  account  of  the   life 

history  and  habits  of  this  insect  is  that  given  by  Professor  Comstock  : 

About  the  middle  of  May  1879,  ^^^^  scrub  pines  (Pinus  inops)  in 
Virginia,  near  Washington,  were  found  to  be  greatly  injured  by  small 
lepidopterous  larvae.  On  many  trees  there  was  scarcely  a  new  shoot  to  be 
found  which  was  not  infested  at  its  tip  by  from  one  to  four  yellowish, 
black-headed  caterpillars.  They  were  so  completely  concealed  while  at 
work  that  their  presence  would  scarcely  be  noticed,  and  the  effect  of  their 
work  was  hardly  visible,  until  the   twig  was  almost  completely   destroyed. 


4o6 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Upon  close  examination  a  delicate  web  was  seen  inclosing  the  base  of  the 
bud  and  the  surrounding  new  leaflets,  resembling  much  the  nest  of  a  small 
spider.  When  this  web  was  removed,  one  or  several  little  caterpillars  were 
seen  either  retreating  into  a  mine  in  the  bud  or  into  the  bases  of  the 
leaves,  which  were  also  mined,  or,  not  infrequently,  they  dropped  from 
the  twig,  suspending  themselves  by  a  silken  thread.  The  bud  was  often 
so  hollowed  that  it  dropped  to  pieces  almost  at  a  touch  [^sce  pi.  20,  fig.  3]. 

At  the  time  when  they  were  first  noticed  larvae  of  almost  all  sizes  were 
to  be  found.  Some  were  apparently  almost  full  grown,  while  others  had 
evidently  not  been  long  hatched.  The  nearly  full  grown  specimens 
measured  8  mm  (.31  inch)  in  length.  The  first  pupae  were  obtained  early 
in  June.  Most  of  the  larvae  transformed  within  the  burrows  which  they 
had  made,  first  spinning  more  or  less  of  a  silken  envelop  about  them- 
selves. Others,  however,  issued  from  their  mines,  and  spun  rather  tough 
grayish  cocoons  between  the  leaves.  The  pupae  were  short,  stout,  and 
brown  in  color,  with  each  segment  furnished  dorsally  with  two  serrated 
lines,  one  consisting  of  large  and  the  other  of  fine  teeth. 

The  first  moths  issued  June  13,  the  pupae  having  previously  worked 
their  way,  by  means  of  the  spines  just  mentioned,  into  such  positions  that 
they  could  give  forth  the  moths  without  injury  to  the  latter,  and  a  few 
weeks  later  almost  every  shoot  had  one  or  more  of  the  empty  pupa  skins 
protruding  from  it. 

In  the  latter  part  of  August,  individuals  of  the  second  brood  were  very 
abundant  in  the  scrub  pine  in  the  vicinity  of  Washington.  As  before,  they 
were  found  in  almost  every  stage  of  growth,  and  the  differences  were  even 
more  marked.  In  one  instance  five  larvae  of  greatly  differing  sizes  were 
found  in  one  shoot.  The  smaller  ones  were  boring  into  the  bases  of  the 
leaves,  and  the  larger  ones  into  the  twig  proper.  The  largest  of  the  five 
had  made  quite  a  long  channel  from  the  tip  of  the  bud  down  into  the  heart 
of  the  twig.  Pupae  were  also  found  at  this  time,  which  did  not  give  forth 
the  moth  until  late  in  the  winter. 

The  usual  mode  of  hibernation  is  in  the  pupa  state.  A  thorough 
search  in  January  in  the  field  showed  only  pupae.  The  pupae  collected 
in  August  and  September  did  not  begin  to  give  forth  the  moths  in  the 
breeding  cages  before  early  January;  February  and  March  this  was  con- 
tinued through  intervals,  and  was  greatly  hastened  without  doubt  by  the 
heat  of  the  room.  On  Feb.  15,  however,  a  few  twigs  were  collected,  from 
one  of  which,  on  Feb.  28,  a  full  grown  larva  had  emerged  and  was  found 
crawling  about  the  cage.  This  would  seem  to  indicate  occasional  larval 
hibernation. 

Parasites.      Mr  Scudder  records  the  breeding  of  three  hymenopterous 

parasites   from  this  insect,  one  a  species  of   Bracon,  another,  a  minute  Peri- 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  40? 

lampus,  both  of  which  he  states  to  be  undescribed.      He  adds  that  the  latter 
is  far  more  important. 

Remedial  measures.  The  only  method  of  relieving-  the  trouble,  so  far 
as  Professor  Comstock  could  suggest,  was  picking  the  infested  tips  in  early 
winter  and  burning  them,  a  measure  practical  onl\-  in  the  case  of  hio-hly 
valued  trees. 

Bibliography 

18S0  Comstock,  J.   H.      U.  S.  Dep't  Agric,     Rep't   iSyy,  p.  236-37 

1883  Scudder,  S.  H.     Mass.  Soc.  Promotion  Agric.  Pub.,  p.  1-20 

1890  Packard,  A.  S.     U  S  Ent.  Com.     5:745-54 

1 891  Treat,  Mary.     Garden  and  Forest.     4;  14 

1903     Felt,  E.  P      For.  Fish  &  Game  Com.     7th  Re[i't,  p.  501-3 

Pitch   pine   retinia 

Evctria   rigidana    Fern. 

Inhabiting  terminal  shoots  of  Pin  us  rigid  a,  and  of  simihir  habits  to  the  Nan- 
tucket pine  moth,  E  vet  ri  a  f  ru  st  rana  S  ;udi.,  a  gray,  brown,  or  blackish  larva  '  j  inch 
long,  becomes  a  small  moth  with  dingy  white  wings,  marked  with  dark  red  and  silvery  gray. 

This  species  was  received  in  the  larval  stage  by  Professor  Comstock  in 

1879,  fi'om  Prof.   S.  H.  Gage  of   Ithaca.      The  work  of  this  species  is  stated 

to     resemble    that    of     Evetria    frustrana    Scudd.,    and    the  larva  is 

described  as  differing  in  coloration,  and  being  slightly  larger.      The  m_oth 

possesses    characters    intermediate    between    E.    frustrana    Scudd.    and 

E.   c  o  m  s  t  o  c  k  i  a  n  i  a  Fern. 

Bibliography 

1880     Comstock,  J.  H.     U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.     Rep't  1879  p.  237 
1890    Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.    5:754-55 

Pitch  twig  moth 

Evctria  coiiisiockiaiia   Fern. 
Masses  of  pitch,  usually  on   the  upper  side  of  the  smaller  limbs  and  twigs  of  hard 
pine,  cover  the  entrance  of  a  burrow  made  by  a  small  yellowish  white  caterpillar  about  ^ 
inch  in  length. 

The  work  of  this  insect  was  quite  abundant  on  hard  pine  at  Karner  in 
1901,  and  its  operations  have  also  been  observed  on  many  hard  pines  in  the 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


eastern  portion  of  the  State.  The  work  of  this  species  is  quite  character- 
istic, in  that  the  mass  of  pitch  is  on  the  upper  side  of  the  smaller  limbs  and 
twigs.  Many  of  these  pitfh  collections  show  two  layers  or  masses  of  differ- 
ent age  and  this  is  specially  true  in  the  spring.  The  more  recent  layer  is 
the  record  of  the  later  activities  of  the  caterpillar,  which,  boring  in  the 
center  of  the  twig,  carries  the  accumulating  pitch  out  and  deposits  it  around 
the  entrance  of  its  gallery  [pi.  20,  fig.  i]. 

Early  history.  This  species  was  described  in  1879  by  Prof.  C.  H. 
Fernald,  from  examples  sent  him  by  Professor  Comstock,  whose  attention 
had  been  attracted  by  its  work.  Professor  Comstock  records  this  borer  as 
quite  abundant  in  the  vicinity  of  Ithaca  N.  Y.  Dr  Lugger  has  taken  the 
moth  at  Baltimore  Md.,  and  Dr  Hopkins  states  that  this  insect  is  common 
in  West  Virginia,  on  the  living  twigs  of  pitch  pine  near  Kanawha  Station, 
and  adds  that  it  is  frequently  observed  wherever  pitch  pines  grow.  The 
writer  has  also  observed  the  work  of  this  insect  in  several  localities  in 
Massachusetts. 

Life  history.  This  species  passes  the  winter  in  the  larval  or  caterpillar 
stage,  and  at  Karner,  operations  begin  about  Ap.  15.  This  is  very  nicely 
indicated  by  the  fresh  layers  of  pitch  placed  on  the  outside  of  masses  exposed 
to  the  weather  during  the  winter.  The  spring  addition  is  frequently  nearly 
equal  to  the  accumulation  of  the  previous  season,  and  the  demarcation 
between  the  old  and  the  new  is  very  evident.  June  12,  1901.  an  empty  pupal 
case  was  seen,  but  no  adults  were  obtained  in  breeding  cages  till  the  20th. 
1  hough  a  considerable  number  of  the  infested  twigs  were  collected  at 
various  times  during  1901,  we  succeeded  in  breeding  the  moth  only  during 
the  month  of  June.  Professor  Comstock  expresses  the  opinion  that  this 
insect  passes  through  two  generations  in  one  season,  though  our  data  hardly 
bear  out  this  conclusion.  We  have  been  unable  to  make  any  observations 
on  the  duration  of  the  period  during  which  the  moth  flies,  or  on  the  method 
of  oviposition.  The  preparation  for  hibernation  has  been  described  by 
Professor  Comstock.  He  states  that  the  larva  lines  its  burrow  with  a 
delicate  layer  of  white  silk,  which  often  forms  a  closed  tube  at  the  lower 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  409 

end.  The  larva  remains  in  this  case  with  its  head  toward  its  extremity, 
reversing  its  position  before  the  transformation  to  the  pupa  occurs.  Just 
before  the  disclosure  of  the  moth,  the  pupa  wriggles  its  way  partly  out  of 
the  burrow  till  it  protrudes  a  short  distance  beyond  the  surface  of  the 
pitch  mass,  a  procedure  which  enables  the  moth  to  escape  without  injury 
[pi.  20,  fig.  i]. 

Description.  The  moth  is  a  delicate,  grayish  brown  mottled  insect, 
having  a  wing  spread  of  about  ^y^  inch  [pi.  20,  fig.  21]. 

The  pupa  is  brownish,  about  }4  inch  in  length,  and  the  abdominal 
segments  are  each  provided  with  two  transverse  rows  of  stout  teeth. 
These  are  of  great  assistance  to  the  pupa  in  wriggling  out  of  its  burrow. 

The  larva  is  about  ^4  inch  long  when  full  grown,  the  head  and  thoracic 
shield  are  light  brown,  and  the  body  a  yellowish  white.  The  labrum  and 
tip  of  the  mandibles  are  dark  brown,  the  moderate  tubercles  are  well 
chitinized  and  bear  one  or  two  setae.  The  spiracles  or  breathing  pores  are 
encircled  by  dark  brown  rings  of  chitin,  and  the  anal  shield  is  somewhat 
chitinized  and  ornamented  with  longer  setae.  This  larva  may  be  readily 
distinguished  from  the  larger  dark  colored  one  of  the  pine  tip  moth, 
P  i  n  i  p  e  s  t  i  s  z  i  m  m  e  r  m  a  n  i  Grote,  by  its  not  possessing  linear  series 
or  dark  brown,  blackish,  chitinized  points  on  the  body  surface. 

The  egg  is  lemon  yellow,  elliptic-oval  in  form  when  deposited  on  the 
glass  of  the  breeding  jar,  and  nearly  '25  inch  long. 

The  gallery  or  burrow  of  the  caterpillar  may  be  2  or  more  inches  in 
length.  It  is  usually  confined  to  the  center  of  the  twig,  and  may  extend  in 
one  direction  from  the  pitch  mass  or  in  both.  The  opening  to  the  latter 
is  kept  clear,  though  usually  there  is  a  slight  cover  over  the  tip  of  the 
gallery  at  the  surface  of  the  pitch. 

Parasites.  It  might  be  thought  that  a  caterpillar  having  its  burrow 
protected  by  a  pitch  mass  would  be  safe  from  the  attacks  of  parasitic 
insects.  Such  however  is  not  the  case,  and  this  species  is  the  host  of  at 
least  two  parasites  which  were  bred  by  Professor  Comstock  ;  one  is  known 
as    Ephialtes     comstockii    Cress.,   and   the    other    is    a    species    of 


4IO  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Agathis.  An  Ichneumon,  Cremastus  retiniae  Cress.,  was  reared 
from  this  insect  by  Messrs  Riley  and  Howard.  The  writer  also  succeeded 
in  breeding  from  this  insect  an  exceedingly  small  four  winged  fly  which 
was  determined  by  Dr  Ashmead  as  a  species  of  Stenomesius. 

Bibliography 
1880     Ccmstock,  J.  H.     U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.     Rep't  1879,  P-  ^33 
1884     Saunders,  William.     Ent.  Soc.  Out.     Rep't  1883,  p.  58 

1890  Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.  5:  742-45 

1891  Kellicott,  D.  S.      Columbus  Hort.  Jour.,  p.  60-62 

1898     Hopkins,  A.  D.     W.  Va.  Agric.  E.\p.  Sta.     Bui.  56,  p.  451 
1903     Felt,  E.  P.      For.  Fish  &  Game  Com.     7th  Rep't,  j).  503-5 

Pitch  midge 

Cccidomyia  rcsiiiicola   Osten-.Sacken 
Footless  orange  grubs  occur  in  clear  or  whitish  pitch  masses  on  the  underside  of 
pitch   pine   branches. 

This  interesting  insect  has  been  under  general  observation  at  Karner 
for  several  years,  where  it  was  present  in  considerable  numbers  on  some 
trees.  The  species  may  be  easily  recognized  by  the  peculiar,  whitish 
masses  of  pitch  illustrated  on  plate  20,  figure  2.  They  hang  from  the 
underside  of  limbs  and  occasionally  occur  in  numbers  on  the  central  stem. 
During  warm  weather  drops  of  pitch  may   fall  at  times  from  the  masses. 

Life  history.  The  eggs  of  this  species  have  been  observed  by  Miss 
Lida  S.  Eckel,  who  states  that  they  are  bright  orange  and  arranged 
regularly,  projecting  radially  about  the  equator  of  the  spherical  pitch  drop. 
She  states  that  in  the  case  of  specimens  under  observation,  eggs  were 
deposited  only  on  fresh  pitch  and  never  on  old,  hardened  lumps  or  on 
twigs  or  leaves.  No  new  masses  of  pitch  appeared  on  the  stems,  as  would 
have  been  the  case  had  the  insect  punctured  the  bark  for  the  purpose 
of  starting  an  exudation.  She  therefore  concludes  that  this  insect  takes 
advantage  of  fresh  pitch  masses,  and  as  a  rule  there  are  plenty  of  them 
occurring   under    normal    conditions.      She    states    that    the    young    larvae 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  4I  I 

creep  beneath  the  surface  of  the  pitch  and  rapidly  grow  to  twice  their 
original  size,  gradually  making  their  way  toward  the  portion  of  the  twig 
from  which  the  pitch  is  exuding.  This  results  in  their  collecting  in  a 
group  with  their  mouths  close  together  and  their  bodies  extending  toward 
the  surface  of  the  mass.  The  very  young  larvae  have  hooklike  spines  on 
the  ventral  surface  of  each  segment.  These  disappear  with  growth,  and 
the  entire  skin  becomes  covered  with  fine,  backward  curving  spines.  After 
15  or  18  days  the  young  attained  a  length  of  from  y^  to  about  ^  inch. 
Miss  Eckel's  observations  demonstrate  that  the  parent  insects  take 
advantage  of  normal  exudations  of  resin  on  which  to  oviposit,  and  that  the 
flow  of  this  substance  may  be  increased  to  some  extent  by  the  larvae 
rasping  the  living  tissues.  This  latter  is  particularly  liable  to  occur  when 
the  supply  is  somewhat  deficient. 

Adults  have  been  bred  by  us  during  the  latter  part  of  June  and  in 
early  October.  They  were  also  reared  from  material  collected  which  was 
supposed  to  represent  only  the  work  of  the  pine  twig  moth,  Evetria 
comstockiana  Fern.  It  is  not  improbable  that  a  few  eggs  may  be 
deposited  in  pitch  masses  around  the  galleries  of  this  borer  and  the  larvae 
come  to  maturity  under  such  conditions.  The  normal  pitch  mass  inhabited 
by  this  little  fly,  may  contain  from  two  to  about  30  larvae  which,  when  full 
grown,  measure  about  y^  inch  in  length.  They  are  a  pale  orange  while 
feeding,  and  on  the  approach  of  maturity  become  a  bright  orange  color. 
The  larvae  are  elongated,  widest  about  the  middle,  and  the  underside  of 
segments  i  to  7  are  each  provided  with  two  transverse  rows  of  black  or 
brown  spines  which  probably  aid  in  locomotion.  Professor  Comstock 
states  that  while  they  burrow  in  the  bark  and  resin,  the  anal  tubercles  are 
always  at  the  surface,  thus  permitting  the  insect  to  breathe,  and  when  the 
larva  contracts  to  a  pupa,  the  end  of  the  body  is  drawn  in,  though  an  open 
channel  is  left  for  the  passage  of  air.  The  pupa  w^orks  its  way  partly  out 
of  the  pitch  mass  before  disclosing  the  little  midge,  which  has  a  wing 
expanse  of  about  i^  inch,  the  thorax  gray  and  the  abdomen  in  living 
specimens,    a   dark    red. 


412 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Description.      The  original  characterization  of  this  insect  by  Baron  C. 

R.  Osten-Sacken  is  as  follows : 

Length  .12  to  .14  of  an  inch.  Male  antennae  not  much  shorter  than 
the  body,  of  dark  color,  except  the  scapus,  which  is  reddish  ;  2x24  [14] 
jointed,  flagellum  with  small,  subglobular  joints  alternating  with  double, 
subcylindrical  ones  ;  pedicels  between  the  joints  about  equal  to  the  diameter 
of  the  shorter  joints,  somewhat  longer  towards  the  end  of  the  antennae, 
joints  verticillate,  the  length  of  the  hairs  of  the  verticils  not  exceeding  the 
length  of  joints.  Female  antennae  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  body,  2x12 
jointed  ;  joints  of  flagellum  subcylindrical,  more  than  twice  longer  than  they 
are  broad,  the  basal  ones  being  the  longest ;  pedicels  short :  the  hairs,  cloth- 
ing the  antennae,  are  shorter  than  each  single  joint.  Head  strongly  gibbous 
above,  which  gibbosity  is  very  striking,  when  viewed  in  front  or  from  the 
side  ;  the  black  eyes  being  absolutely  confluent,  and  covering  the  whole 
gibbosity,  occupy  nearly  the  whole  surface  of  the  head,  except  a  small  space 
round  and  below  the  antennae  and  a  portion  of  the  occiput,  which  are 
brownish  red  (the  brown  predominating  in  several  specimens).  The  ground 
color  of  thorax  is  reddish;  the  dorsal  portion  however,  including  the  scutel- 
lum  are  grayish  brown  ;  rows  of  yellowish  hairs  indicate  the  direction  of 
the  ordinary  stripes  (when  rubbed  off  these  hairs  show  gray  stripes  under 
them)  ;  the  middle  stripe  is  divided  in  two  by  a  grayish  longitudinal  line  ; 
pleurae  and  sternum  reddish,  mixed  with  brownish  gray  ;  abdomen  reddish, 
with  grayish-yellow  hairs,  long  and  erect  along  the  sides,  short  and  appressed 
on  the  back  ;  genitals  pale.  Feet  brownish,  with  a  yellowish  gray,  appressed 
pubescence  ;  some  longer  hairs  on  the  underside  of  the  femora ;  halteres 
with  dark  knobs.  Wings  gray,  second  longitudinal  vein  arcuated  in  its 
latter  portion,  ending  immediately  beyond  the  apex  of  the  wing. 

He  states  that  the  species  can  be  easily  recognized  by  the  extraordinary 
shape  of  the  head. 

Parasites.  This  little  insect  in  spite  of  its  passing  a  large  portion  of 
its  existence  within  pitch  masses,  is  subject  to  parasitic  attack.  Miss 
Eckel,  referred  to  above,  has  succeeded  in  breeding  three  species,  as 
follows :  Syntasis  diplosidis  Eckel,  Polygnotus  pinicola 
Ashm.,  and  another  belonging  to  the  genus  Eupelmus. 

This  insect  can  hardly  be  considered  of  much  economic  importance, 
yet  we  have  observed  trees  which  were  seriously  weakened  by  an  excessive 
flow  of  pitch  inhabited  largely  by  the  larvae  of  this  species,  and  are  there- 
fore inclined  to  believe  that  in   such  cases  some  injury   may  be   caused   by 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  413 

the  larvae  increasino-  the  flow  to  such  an  extent  as  to  seriously  weaken  a  tree 
unable  to  stand  a  severe  drain. 

Bibliography 
1880     Comstock,  J.  H.     U   S.  Dep't  Agric.    Rep't  1879,  P-  256-57 
iSgo     Packard,  A.  S.     U,  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  p.  797-98 
1903     Eckel,  L.  S.     Ent.  News,  14:279-84 

LeConte's  sawfly 
LopJiyrtis  Iccontei  Fi.tch 
Dirty  yellou-ish,  red-headed,  black  spotted  caterpillars  feed  in  clusters  on  the  outer 
branches  of  pines  from  which  they  strip  the  leaves. 

This  species  is  a  rather  common  one  although  as  a  rule  it  is  not 
injurious.  It  was  first  brought  to  notice  by  Dr  Asa  Fitch  who  character- 
ized it  in  1857,  and  described  its  work  and  the  adult  female  as  follows: 

When  nearly  matured  these  worms  are  so  large  that  the  end  of  a  sino-le 
leaf  of  the  pine  probably  furnishes  them  a  very  insufficient  mouthful,  hence 
two  worms  often  unite,  standing  face 
to  face,  and  thus  hold  the  five  leaves 
which  grow  from  each  sheath  on  the 
white  pine  pressed  together  in  a  bundle 
as  they  eat  it,  commencing  at  the  tip 
and  gradually  stepping  backwards  as 
the  leaves  become  shorter.  It  is  only 
the  old  leaves  of  the  previous  year's 
growth  which  these  worms  consume,  never  touching  the  new  ones  at 
the  outer  end  of  the  limb  ;  hence  they  injure  the  tree  much  less  than 
they  would  were  they  to  strip  the  limbs  they  invade  of  the  whole  of 
their  foliage.  At  least  two  broods  of  these  worms  appear  annually,  the 
one  in  July,  the  other  in  September  and  October,  the  latter  often  remaining 
on  the  trees  after  the  frosty  nights  have  occurred.  Having  finished 
feeding,  they  leave  the  tree  and  inclose  themselves  in  cocoons  under  fallen 
leaves  or  other  shelter  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  in  which  they  remain 
during  their  pupa  state. 

Tlic  female.  Length,  .38  inch  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  and  .48  inch 
to  the  end  of  the  wings.  It  may  at  once  be  distinguished  from  all  our 
other  described  species  by  the  joints  of  its  antennae,  which  are  21  in  num- 
ber It  is  shining  dull,  tawny  yellow,  with  the  antennae  black,  and  also  the 
abdomen  and  base  of  the  thorax.  The  underside  is  paler  yellow,  with  two 
broad,  black  stripes  on  the  abdomen.  The  wings  are  smoky  h)'aline,  their 
veins  black.     Captured  the  middle  of  May. 


414 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


The  full  grown  larva  is  about  an  inch  long,  the  head  red  and  the  body 
pale  yellowish  with  subdorsal  and  sublateral  rows  of  triangular  black 
spots,  one  on  each  segment.  True  legs  black,  prolegs  pale  yellowish 
[pi.  19    fig.  8]. 

This  species,  as  stated  by  Dr  Riley,  has  been  observed  feeding  on 
Scotch  and  Austrian  pines  in  New  Jersey.  There  are  several  sawfiy  larvae 
havino-  the  same  general  appearance  and  habits  as  this  species. 

Bibliography 

1858     Fitch,  Asa.     Ins.  N.  Y.     4th  Rep't,  p.  58 

1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     sth  Rep't,  p.  758 

Abbott's   pine   sawfly 

Lopliyriis  abbotii   Leach 

Yellowish,  black  headed,  black  spotted,  false  caterpillars  nearly  an  inch  in  length, 
defoliate  white  and  hard  pines  from  midsummer  till  late  fall. 

This  species  is  a  common  one  in  New  York  State  and  occasionally 
inflicts  considerable  injury,  particularly  on  young  trees,  though  as  a  rule  it 
is  present  here  and  there  in  relatively  small  numbers.  The  caterpillars  are 
gregarious  and  consequently  their  work  is  very  apparent  because  entire 
branches  are  quickly  defoliated.  The  ravages  of  this  species  are  by  no 
means  confined  to  New  York,  it  having  been  reported  from  a  number 
of  other  states  and  Canada,  and  Dr  Smith  has  recorded  an  outbreak  in 
New  Jersey,  which  resulted  in  the  defoliation  of  about  50  acres.  This  is 
very  exceptional.  I)r  Packard  states  that  the  insect  is  so  abundant  on 
Cape  Cod  as  to  threaten  the  existence  of  plantations  of  young  pines. 
There  are  probably  two  generations,  the  larvae  of  the  first  appearing  in  mid- 
summer and  those  of  the  second  in  September  and  October.  The  larvae, 
when  disturbed,  throw  back  the  head  and  move  the  upper  portion  of  the 
body  in  a  manner  very  similar  to  that  of  species  of  Datana.  Many  can  be 
dislodged  by  violent  shaking.  The  larvae  spin  their  brownish,  oval  cocoons 
among  the  leaves,  and  adults  of  the  first  generation  appear  about  the  middle 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  415 

of  August.  The  adults  of  the  second  generation  winter  in  the  cocoons. 
The  eggs  are  deposited  in  Httle  sHts  in  the  leaves.  Dr  Riley  states  that 
some  of  the  flies  appear  early  in  the  spring,  while  others  do  not  issue  till 
the  latter  part  of  June.  A  single  parasite,  Limneria  lophyri  Riley, 
has  been  reared  from  this  species. 

Description.  The  adults  have  been  described  by  Mr  .Saunders  practi- 
cally as  follows  : 

The  male  has  a  wing  spread  of  about  ^  inch  and  the  female  of  ^ 
inch.  The  body  of  the  male  is  black,  excepting  the  yellowish  underside 
and  tip  of  the  abdomen.  The  female  is  honey-yellow,  with  the  head  and 
thorax  a  little  darker,  the  thorax  with  the  abdomen  being  slightly  marked 
with  black.      The  wings  are  transparent  with  black  veins. 

The  full  grown  sawfly  larva   has  a  black  head,  the  body  is  yellowish 

white  and  is  ornamented  with  two  rows  of  oblong  square  black  spots  down 

the  back.     On  each  side   there  is  another  row  of  about   1 1    black,   nearly 

square  spots,  they  being  a  little  longer  than  broad. 

Fir  sawfly 

Lophyriis   ahicfis   Harr. 

Clusters  of  black  headed,  dark  green,  dark  striped  caterpillars  about  ^  inch  long, 
defoliate  fir,  spruce  and  pitch  pine  in  midsummer  and  probably  early  fall. 

This  sawfly  is  one  of  the  rarer  species  occurring  on  hard  pine.  It 
was  taken  by  us  in  small  numbers  on  hard  pine  at  Karner  in  early  June  and 
again  the  latter  part  of  July.  It  is  probable  that  this  species,  like  its  allies, 
has  two  generations,  the  first  produced  by  adults  which  hibernate  in  the 
cocoons  and  the  second  from  sawflies  emerging  about  midsummer.  This 
species  has  been  recorded  from  several  northeastern  states  and  Canada,  and 
Dr  P'letcher  states  that  Mr  Harrington  obtained  the  larvae  of  this  form 
from  spruce  and  apparently  the  same  thing  occurred  very  abundantly  on 
white  cedar. 

Description.  The  full  grown  larvae  have  the  head  yellowish  or  black 
and  the  body  a  dull  green  with  a  pale  dorsal  stripe  ;  in  some  specimens  the 
stripe  is  lighter  on  the  posterior  portions  of  each  segment.  There  is  also  a 
subdorsal  and  stigmatal   paler  stripe.     The  true  legs  are  black  and  the  false 


4l6  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

or  abdominal   legs  pale   yellowish   with   dark  green   bases   [pi.    20,    fig.    6]. 

The  cocoon  is  cylindric,  ovoid,  silvery  white  and  al^ont  5  ,6  inch  long.      The 

adult  has  been  characterized  by  Dr  Harris  substantially  as  follows  : 

The  male  is  ^^  inch  long  with  a  wing  spread  of  about  2/5  inch.  The 
body  is  black  above,  brown  beneath  and  the  wings  are  transparent  with 
changeable  tints  of  rose-red,  green  and  yellow.  The  legs  are  a  dirty  leather 
yellow  color.  The  antennae  resemble  short  black  feathers,. wide  at  the  end, 
narrowed  to  a  point  and  are  curled  inward  on  each  edge  so  as  to  appear 
hollow.  The  female  is  about  s/j^  inch  long  and  with  a  wing  spread  of  ^ 
inch  or  more.  She  is  yellowish  brown  above,  with  a  short  blackish  stripe 
on  each  side  of  the  middle  of  the  thorax.  The  body  beneath  and  her  legs 
are  paler,  of  a  dirty  yellow  color,  and  her  wings  resemble  those  of  the  male. 
The  antennae  are  short,  taper  to  a  point,  consist  of  19  segments  and  are 
serrate  on  one  side. 

Spruce  bud  worm 

Tortrix  titiiiijcrana   Clem. 
Trees  dying  in  masses  or  clumps  of  greater  or  less  extent  are  very  likely  affected  by 
this  si)ecies. 

The  spruce  bud  worm  has  been  characterized  by  Dr  Packard  as  the 
most  destructive  enemy  of  spruce  in  certain  portions  of  Maine.  He  and 
others  have  placed  on  record  a  number  of  instances  of  severe  injury 
resulting  from  this  insect's  work.  This  is  due,  as  observed  by  Mr  Kellogg, 
to  the  fact  that  there  are  in  the  spruce  but  a  few  buds,  usually  two  or  three 
at  the  end  of  a  twig,  and  if  they  are  destroyed  the  tree  does  not  reproduce 
them  till  the  following  year.  This  makes  it  very  easy  for  an  insect  feeding 
on  these  portions  to  inthct  very  serious  damage. 

Description.  Young  larvae  have  been  described  by  Dr  Packard  as 
uniformly  pale  green  with  a  yellowish  tint.  The  head  is  dark  brown,  the 
thoracic  shield  amber,  with  two  dots  on  the  posterior  margin  ;  hairs  about 
half  the  length  of  the  body  thickness.  Length  about  3/32  inch.  Just 
before  the  last  molt  they  are  uniformly  rust-red  brown  with  the  tubercles 
duller,  tlTe  head  and  thoracic  shield  black.  The  full  grown  larva  has  an 
unusually  thick,  stout  body  tapering  gradually  from  the  middle  to  the  end 
and  slightly  flattened  from  above.  The  head  is  not  quite  so  wide  as  the 
body,  a  very  dark  brown,  though  lighter  than  before  the  last  molt. 


INSECTS    AFFF.CTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  417 

The    pupa    is  very   thick,    the  thorax   being  unusually  swollen.      The 

body,    soon    after    changing,    is    a    pale    horn    color,    striped    with  brown  ; 

antennae  and  legs  dark  horn  color  or  dull  tan  brown.     The  moth  has  been 

described  by  Clemens  as  follows : 

Fore  wings  brown,  varied  with  dark  brown,  short  striae.  The  basal 
patch  is  indicated  by  dark  brown  striae,  byt  the  central  fascia  is  not 
indicated.  Following  the  basal  patch  is  a  grayish  brown  space  having 
a  shining  luster;  its  exterior  edge  is  irregular  and  it  widens  toward 
the  dorsal  margin,  where  it  bears  short,  dark  brown  striae.  About  the 
middle  of  the  costa  is  a  round  spot  of  the  same  hue  and  luster,  and  along 
the  terminal  margin  is  a  stripe  with  irregular  margins,  of  the  same  hue  and 
luster  bordered  on  each  side  with  dark  brown.  Sometimes  the  grayish 
luster  is  absent  on  the  markings,  which  are  then  simply  of  a  paler  brown 
than  the  general  hue  ;  hind  wings  dark  fuscous. 

Life  history  and  habits.      Dr  Packard  states  that   injured  trees    look  as 

though  a  light    fire    had    passed   through   them.      The   larva   feeds   on   the 

leaves   or   needles  of   the   terminal    shoots   of  both   the   first    and   previous 

year's  growth.      It  gnaws  the  base  of  the  needles,  separating  them  from  the 

twig,   meanwhile  spinning  a  silken  thread  by  which   the   needles  and   bud 

scales    are    loosely    attached    to    the   twig.       The    caterpillar   moves  about 

freely    and  does   not   live    in  a    regular   tube,    though   sometimes   it   draws 

together    two  adjacent   shoots.      Its  presence   is   hardly   noticeable  till   the 

caterpillars    are    abundant    enough    to    partly    defoliate    trees.       They    are 

usually    most    numerous    in    June    and    early   July,    occurring    on    firs   and 

hemlocks,  in  addition  to  spruce.      The  caterpillar  attains  full  growth  from 

about  the  20th  to  the  30th  of  June,  at  which  time  it  transforms  to  the  pupa 

in   its  rude   shelter  or  hiding  place  under  the  loose  leaves  of  the  infested 

shoots,  and  about  six  days  later  the  parent  insect  appears.      The  pale  green, 

scalelike,    flat  eggs  are  laid   in   patches,   the  eggs  overlapping    each    other 

irregularly,  leaving  about  a  third  or  fourth  of  the  surface  of  each  exposed. 

Hatching   occurs  in  about    10  days,  and  the  young  caterpillars  feed  for  a 

while  and  pass  the  winter   in  a  partly  grown  condition  among  the  terminal 

shoots  of  the  tree,  completing  their  transformations  the  following  June  and 

July.     Professor  Fernald    bred   from  this   caterpillar  a  parasite,    Pimpla 


4l8  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

c  o  n  q  u  i  s  i  t  o  r  Sa)-,  though  as  a  rule  this  insect  appears  to  be  remarkably 
free  from  the  attacks  of  natural  enemies. 

Distribution.  This  species  occurs  in  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  has 
been  listed  by  Dyar  from  the  northern  United  States. 

Bibliography 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  p.  830-38 

Larch   sawfly 
Lygaconcmatiis   crichsoiiii   Hartig 

A  greenish  yellow  sawfly  larva  frequently  defoliates  larches  in  midsummer. 

This  insect  has  been  repeatedly  brougnt  to  the  attention  of  the  writer 
and  also  to  that  of  his  predecessor,  Dr  J.  A.  Lintner,  on  account  of  the 
serious  injury  inflicted  in  recent  years  on  the  larches  or  tamarack  of  the 
Adirondacks. 

Early  history.  Dr  A.  .S.  Packard  states  that  his  attention  was  first 
called  to  this  species  in  August  1882,  when  he  saw  the  effects  of  its  work 
at  Brunswick  Me.  It  at  that  time  had  partly  or  entirely  stripped  the 
larches  in  the  very  wet  swamps  on  the  banks  of  the  Androscoggin  river. 
He  found  that  most  of  the  trees,  both  large  ones  6  to  10  inches  in 
diameter,  and  small  saplings  6  to  1 5  feet  in  hight,  had  been  attacked  and 
that  some  of  the  trees  had  been  stripped,  others  partly  defoliated,  and 
still  others  had  escaped  injury,  those  in  the  middle  of  the  swamp  appear- 
ing to  have  suffered  most.  He  also  published  several  extracts  from  local 
papers  of  that  year,  all  of  which  were  to  the  effect  that  the  larches  had  been 
very  seriousl)"  injtired  b\'  this  imported  insect.  Its  work  was  observed 
at  Franconia  N.  H.,  in  the  same  year  by  Prof.  W.  W.  Bailey  and  it  also 
attacked  larches  in  various  parts  of  Massachusetts.  The  work  of  this 
species  was  observed  in  New  York  State  July  25  and  early  in  August 
1883  at  Horicon  and  Pottersville,  Warren  co.,  and  at  .Schroon  Lake  in 
Essex  county,  as  stated  by  Dr  Packard.  The  trees  were  defoliated  by  the 
first  of  August  and  the  affected   region  was  very  extensive,  covering  many 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


419 


square  miles  in   different  swamps.      It  was  reported   "from   Schroon    Lake 

to  North   Elba  and  about   Mount   Marcy."     The  work   of  this  sawfly  was 

observed  on  larches  during-  the  years  1884  to   1886    in   several    counties  of 

northern    New    York    by   State    Botanist    Peck,    who    kindly    reported   the 

depredations  to   Dr  Lintner.      Again   in     1887,   larvae    of    this  insect    were 

received  by    Dr  E.    L.    Sturtevant   of  the  State  Agricultural    Experiment 

Station    from    Mr    E.     Phelps     of     De    Kalb    Junction.      The   abundance 

and  destructiveness  of  this  pest  is  well   described   in  the   following   notice 

from  the  6"/  Lawrence  Repiibliecin  of  July  27,  1887. 

Mr  David  Page  of  Jerusalem  Corners,  in  this  town,  has  given  us  an 
account  of  a  remarkable  pest  of  worms  which  recently  infested  his  premises. 
There  are  three  larch  or  tamarack  trees  growing  in  his  dooryard.  About 
July  7,  very  soon  after  the  extremely  hot  weather  set  in,  a  few  worms 
appeared  upon  them,  feeding  upon  the  leaves.  The  next  day  they  had 
doubled  in  number,  and  in  a  day  or  two  had  become  a  countless  host,  com- 
pletely covering  the  trees,  so  that  the  end  of  the  finger  could  not  be  placed 
even  on  the  trunk  of  one  of  them  without  touching  one  or  more  of  the 
worms.  They  also  covered  apple  and  maple  trees  and  shrubbery,  and  the 
grass  beneath,  but  ate  nothing,  so  far  as  could  be  discovered,  except  the 
leaves  of  the  tamarack.  They  swarmed  upon  the  house  and  piazza,  and  it 
became  necessary  to  sweep  them  from  the  latter  every  few  minutes.  The)' 
accumulated  in  little  windrows  along  the  house.  The  countless  hordes  of 
worms  became  an  object  of  great  curiosity  and  interest  to  people  of  the 
neighborhood,  and  Mr  Page  and  his  family  became  really  alarmed  as  to  the 
result  of  this  invasion  ;  but  in  scarcely  a  week  from  the  time  of  their 
appearance  they  disappeared  as  rapidly  as  they  had  come,  and  in  a  day  or 
two  none  of  them  were  to  be  found.  The  tamaracks  were  left  as  bare  as 
in  winter,  but  no  other  signs  of  damage  were  visible.  Whether  the  worms 
had  gone  into  the  ground  or  what  had  become  of  them  seems  not  to  ha\e 
been  ascertained. 

The  work  of  this  insect  was  also  brought  to  Dr  Lintner's  attention  the 
same  year  from  Cherry  Valley,  Otsego  co.,  by  Rev.  Henry  U.  Swinnerton, 
and  a  brief  paragraph  published  in  the  Coitiifry  Gentleman  July  14  of  that 
year  doubtless  refers  to  the  work  of  this  insect  at  Sharon.  The  follow- 
ing account  of  personal  obser\ations  b)"  Dr  Lintner  in  the  southern 
portions  of  Hamilton  county,  gives  a  very  good  idea  of  the  seriousness 
of  its  attack. 


420  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

All  of  the  larches  within  sight  of  the  stage  route  from  Newton's 
Corners,  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Pleasant,  to  Sageville  at  its  head,  a  distance 
of  4  miles,  had  been  almost  entirely  stripped  at  the  earliest  date  above 
named.  The  trees  of  this  species  of  which  there  are  many,  in  some  places' 
it  being  the  prevailing  growth,  could  be  recognized  at  the  greatest  distance 
from  which  they  could  be  seen  by  their  nakedness,  appearing  as  if  dead, 
which  undoubtedly  some  of  them  were,  as  the  result  of  the  previous  defolia- 
tion. The  elevation  above  tide  of  Lake  Pleasant  is  1800  feet.  Not  all  of 
the  larches  in  the  vicinity  had  been  wholly  stripped.  A  large  one  of 
18  inches  in  diameter  at  three  feet  from  the  ground  and  reaching  upwards 
to  a  hight  of  at  least  70  feet,  standing  alone  in  a  pastured  lot,  and  throw- 
ing out  long  and  thick  branches,  had  its  foliage  less  than  one  half  eaten. 
From  a  large  number  of  larches  of  a  moderate  hight  of  15  feet  and  under 
that  were  entirely  free  from  harm,  it  appeared  that  the  younger  trees  were 
not  sought  by  the  parent  sawfly  for  oviposition.  Whenever  they  had  been 
eaten,  they  were  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  larger  trees,  which,  having 
been  stripped,  the  migrants  from  them,  in  their  search  for  food,  may  have 
been  able  to  ascend  with  difificulty  in  small  numbers,  such  of  the  smaller 
ones  as  chanced  to  be  in  their  way.  The  tips  of  these  small  larches  gave 
no  evidence  of  oviposition  in  them. 

He  adds  that  this  attack  was  also  observed  by  him  in  the  Lake  Placid 
region  during  the  summer  of  1888.  This  insect  continued  its  ravages  and 
in  1891  Dr  Lintner  observed  that  many  of  the  larches  from  the  road  passing 
through  Wilmington,  and  the  Mountain  \'iew  in  North  Elba,  Essex  co., 
were  nearly  or  entirely  stripped  of  their  leaves.  Considerable  numbers  of 
dead  larches  were  seen  which  he  thought  had  been  killed  by  the  annual 
defoliations  by  this  insect.  This  insect  has  been  injurious  in  later  years, 
and  has  undoubtedly  killed  a  great  many  larches  or  tamaracks  in  the  Adi- 
rondack region.  It  has  also  e.xtended  its  ravages  here  and  there  to  orna- 
mental trees-.  The  investigations  of  the  writer  in  1900  showed  that  the  pest 
was  present  in  numbers  in  the  Saranac  Lake  region,  and  that  many  larches 
suffered  from  its  work,  and  later  observations  in  the  vicinity  of  Boonville 
in  1902,  showed  that  larches  in  that  section  were  injured  more  or  less  by 
this  pest. 

Life  history.  The  life  history  of  this  insect  has  been  given  by  Dr 
Packard  as  follows  : 

The  eorsjs  are  laid  in  the  terminal  ^•oung  shoots  of  larch  from  about  the 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  42 1 

middle  of  June  in  Massaciiusetts,  to  the  early  part  of  July  in  northern 
Maine,  the  larvae  feeding  on  the  leaves  late  in  June  and  in  July  and  early 
August.  The  young  are  nearly  full  grown  by  the  last  of  July  or  first  week 
in  August,  according  to  the  latitude.  Still  a  few  occur  on  trees  in  Massa- 
chusetts, as  late  as  the  last  week  of  August  or  early  September. 

Dr  Packard  states  that  it  is  very  doubtful  if  there  are  two  broods.      He 

observed   at    Brunswick  Me.,  that  all  the  eggs  had  hatched  by  June  23  or 

28.       They  are   placed   in   two   rows,   alternately,   not  exactly   parallel,   one 

being  placed   a   little   in  advance  of  the  other,  and  are  inserted  at  the  base 

of  the    fresh    young    partly    developed    leaves    of    the    new  shoots,    which 

are  usually  at    this    time   only    about    i    or    ij^    inches    in    length.      The 

presence  of  the  eggs  causes  a  deformation  of  the  shoots,  which   curl   over, 

the  incisions  being  in  all  cases  observed  on  the   inner  side   of  the   shoot. 

Dr  Packard  has  described  the  operations  of  egg  laying  as  follows: 

The  sawing  the  slit  in  which  the  eggs  are  placed  requires  about 
5  minutes.  The-two  sets  of  serrated  blades  of  the  ovipositor  were  thrust 
obliquely  into  the  shoot  by  a  sawing  movement,  the  lower  set  of  blades 
being  the  most  active,  and  sliding  in  and  out  alternately.  After  the 
incision  is  sufficiently  dee]),  the  egg  is  e.xpelled  through  the  inner  blades  of 
the  ovipositor. 

Dr  Packard  states  that  though  the  slit  is  at  first  closed,  as  soon  as  the 

embryo  increases  in  size  the  twigs  swell  where  they  have  been  cut  and   the 

slit  enlarges  and  gaps  more  or  less,  and   thus  affords   ready  egress  for  the 

newly  hatched  larva,  which  rarely  eats  the  terminal    shoots,  but   crawls   on 

the    leaves  of  the    whorls    next    thereto.      It   first   nibbles   one  side  of   the 

needle    or    leaf,    leaving     it     half    eaten     and    rough,    serrate,    and    partly 

withered    along     the     edge.       The     presence    of    the    injured    leaves  is   of 

great    aid    in    detecting    the    young    sawfly    larvae,    which    collect    on    the 

verticils  of  the  larches  after  they    have    shed  their    first    skin    and  almost 

invariably  begin   to   eat  the   needles  one   after  another.      In   this  way  one 

verticil  after  another  is  devoured  and  when  the  larvae  are  half  grown,  they 

occasionally  collect  around  the  main  stem  of  the  twig  in  singular  clusters, 

with   the   hinder   part   of  the   body  curled   over   the   back.      Owing  to  the 

oblique  position   in   reference  one  to  another,  they  look  much  like   a   ball 


422  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

of  worms  when  in  this  posture.  "  The  larvae  appear  to  attain  their  full 
size  in  about  5  to  7  days  after  hatching,  certainly  not  more  than  10  days." 
There  appear  to  be  three  molts.  On  gaining  maturity,  the  larvae  descend 
from  the  tree  and  spin  oval  elongated  cocoons  beneath  the  moss  or  other 
convenient  shelter,  where  they  remain  unchanged  during  the  winter,  trans- 
forming to  the  pupa  the  next  spring.  The  following  characterization  of 
the  different  stages  is  taken  from  Dr  Packard's  descriptions. 

The  egg  is  slender,  cylindrical,  tapering  towards  each  end,  slightly 
over  '/oj  of  an  inch  in  length. 

The  very  young  larvae  have  dusky  or  smoky  green  heads,  and  uniform 
pea-green  bodies.  After  the  first  molt,  the  body  is  a  pale  green  and 
without  the  glaucous  pearly  bloom  of  the  latter  two  stages.  The  head  and 
thoracic  feet  are  black  and  the  segments  wrinkled  as  in  the  adult. 

After  the  second  molt,  the  larva  has  the  peculiar  bloom  mentioned 
above.  The  body  is  a  pale  pea-green  beneath,  and  on  the  lower  portion  of 
the  sides.  The  black  spines  of  the  abdominal  segments  are  as  distinct  as 
in  the  full  grown  caterpillar. 

The  fully  developed  larva  may  be  recognized  by  its  round  jet-black 
head  and  the  peculiar  glaucous  green  color  of  the  body  which  resembles 
that  of  the  underside  of  the  leaf.  There  are  no  lateral  stripes  or  spots. 
The  thoracic  segments  are  unmarked,  but  around  each  abdominal  segment, 
except  the  second,  there  are  parallel  double  rows  of  minute  dark  dots  or 
warts  [pi.  18,  fig.  1 1]. 

The  oval,  brownish  cocoon  is  -/g  of  an  inch  in  length  and  one  half  that 
in  diameter. 

The  adult  sawfly  is  a  large  thick  black  species,  with  the  second  and 
fifth  and  part  of  the  sixth  abdominal  segments  a  bright  resin-red. 

Distribution.  This  insect  appears  to  have  become  well  established  over 
a  considerable  proportion  of  Canada  and  the  New  England  States,  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania,  and  it  will  probably  thrive  wherever  the  larch 
exists. 

Introduction.  Dr  J.  A.  Lintner  states  that  this  species  was  observed  at 
the  Arnold  Arboretum  at  Brookline  Mass.  in  1880  by  Prof.  C.  S.  Sargent, 
who  discovered  the  larva  feeding  on  some  European  larches.  Specimens 
were  submitted  at  this  time  to  Dr  H.  Hagen  who  identified  the  species. 
This  is  the  first  record  of  the  insect's  occurrence  in  America. 

Parasites.      Dr   A.    S.    Packard    records   the    rearing   of   a   number  of 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  42  ■? 

minute  Chalcids  belongintj  to  the  genus  Pteromalus  and  for  which,  in  case 
the  species  proves  undescribed,  he  proposed  the  name  of  P.  n  em  a  t  i  c  i  d  a. 
He  states  that  this  beneficial  species  was  so  abundant  as  to  infest  nearly 
every  cocoon  transmitted  to  him  by  one  correspondent.  He  also  records 
several  plant  bugs,  one  similar  to  Podisus  spinosus  Dallas,  as  preying 
on  the  sawfly  larvae.  Dr  Lintner  observed  this  plant  bug  feeding  on  the 
sawfly  larvae.  He  states  that  the  full  grown  caterpillars  were  fearlessly 
seized  and  firmly  held  till  their  fluids  were  extracted. 

Remedial  measures.  There  is  very  little  that  can  be  done  in  checking 
this  insect  in  native  swamps.  Valued  trees  on  lawns  can  be  protected  from 
injury  by  thorough  spraying  with  an  arsenical  poison.  It  is  very  probable 
that  one  of  the  prepared  forms  of  arsenate  of  lead  would  prove  most 
effective. 

Bibliography 
1885     Fletcher,  James.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     15th  Rep't,  p.  72-77 

1889  Lintner,  J.  A.     State  Ent.,  5th  Rep't,  p.  164-73 

1890  Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     sth  Rep't,  p.  879-90 
1893     Lintner,  J.  A.     Ins.  N.  Y.     Sth  Rep't  1891,  p.  168-69 

Pine  needle  gall  fly 

Cecido)iiyia  pini-rigidae  Pack. 

The  basal  enlargement  of  shortened,  deformed  pitch  pine  needles  contain  at  certain 
seasons  thick  orange  colored  larvae. 

The  work  of  this  interesting  gall  fly  was  met  with  at  Karner  during 
several  years,  though  at  no  time  was  it  excessively  abundant.  The  attack 
was  in  most  cases  confined  to  one  or  two  tips  on  the  tree  and  a  considerable 
proportion  of  the  needles  would  be  affected,  indicating  that  the  female 
probably  remains  on  one  branch  and  deposits  a  large  proportion  of  the 
eggs  at  the  base  of  adjacent  developing  needles  [pi.  20,  fig.  4].  This  insect 
was  observed  by  its  describer,  Dr  Packard,  at  Brunswick  Me.,  in  1862  or 
1863.  He  found  the  larvae  in  September  of  that  year  and  states  that  when 
fully    developed    it    forsakes    the  gall,    ascends  to    the   terminal    buds   and 


424 


\EW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


pupates  on  one  side  exposed  to  the  air.  He  adds  that  there  are  sometimes 
two  larvae  in  a  gall,  one  on  each  side  of  the  leaf.  The  cocoons  are 
described  by  him  as  pale,  oval  and  covered  with  pitch  which  exudes  from 
the  buds  of  the  tree.  They  were  found  May  20.  At  maturity  the  pupa 
wriggles  partly  out  of  the  cocoon  and  through  the  adhering  pitch,  per- 
mitting the  fly  to  emerge  readily  from  the  projecting  case. 

Life  history.  The  life  history  of  the  species  has  been  summarized  by 
Dr  Packard  as  follows  : 

The  eggs  are  probably  laid  at  the  base  of  the  needles  early  in  May 
and  possibly  the  preceding  autumn  or  the  larva  may  winter  in  this  gall, 
though  this  does  not  appear  probable.  They  pupate  at  the  base  of 
terminal  buds,  spin  silken  cocoons  about  the  middle  or  the  third  week  of 
May  and  the  fly  probably  appears  in  the  early  part  or  the  middle  of 
June  and  deposits  eggs  which  give  rise  to  the  brood  we  have  found 
in  September. 

He  finds  that  a  large  percentage  of  the  insects  are  destroyed  by  a 
Chalcid  parasite.  The  insect  was  under  our  observation  during  several 
years  and  July  27,  1901,  very  small  larvae  were  met  with  in  affected 
needles.  On  the  20th  of  the  following  June  a  few  deformed  needles  were 
found  among  the  old  foliage,  young  larvae  were  to  be  seen  and  flies  were 
bred  July  23.  These  latter,  however,  were  possibly  adults  of  Cecidomyia 
resinicola  Osten-Sacken,  to  which  this  s[)ecies  has  been  referred  by 
Kertesz.  The  great  difference  in  larval  habits  leads  us  to  question  the 
correctness  of  this  synonymy  and  for  the  present  we  prefer  to  treat  it  as  a 
distinct  species. 

The  work  of  this  insect  was  again  observed  July  15,  of  the  same  year, 
at  which  time  the  malformation  was  well  developed  in  new  grown  needles. 
It  will  be  seen  that  our  observations  substantiate  in  a  general  way  the  life 
history  as  outlined  by  Dr  Packard. 

Description.      The  following  description  of  the  larva  and  female  is  that 

given  by  Dr  Packard  : 

Larva.  Deep  orange  in  color,  with  the  "breast-bone"  retractile.  The 
lateral  swollen  region  of  the  body  is  well  marked,  convex,  and  the  segments 
are  short,  quite  convex. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  425 

Foualc  described  from  life.  Antennae  14-jointed,  about  half  as  long 
as  the  body,  brown,  with  sparse,  irregular  verticils  of  gray  hair,  the  10 
terminal  joints  twice  as  long  as  broad,  and  pedicellate.  Clypeus  and 
epicranium  testaceous  brown,  the  clypeus  (hypostoma)  having  a  few  long 
gray  hairs  curving  over  and  downward.  Palpi  concolorous  with  the  ends  of 
the  antennae. 

Thorax  shining  black,  with  four  lines  of  white  hairs,  as  in  C  pini 
DeGeer ;  the  sides  including  the  prothorax,  reddish  ;  scutellum  reddish 
brown,  while  the  trochanters  are  much  darker,  the  first  pair  being  nearly 
black,  the  two  posterior  pairs  reddish  brown.  Legs  brown,  paler  beneath, 
with  gray  hairs,  the  tarsal  joints  darker  at  the  articulations,  covered  with 
fine  silvery  hairs. 

Wings  rather  short  and  broad,  with  scarcely  any  pubescence  ;  fringe 
long,  veins  dark  brown;  the  subcostal  (first  longitudinal)  vein  terminates 
at  the  middle  of  the  wing  (in  C.  salicis  it  terminates  much  beyond  this 
point);  the  median  vein  terminates  at  or  perhaps  a  little  below  the  apex; 
it  curves  around  rapidly,  following  the  curve  of  the  margin  ;  cross  vein  very 
minute,  very  oblique,  almost  obsolete,  situated  a  little  below  the  middle  of 
the  first  longitudinal  vein  ;  third  longitudinal  vein  straight,  but  turning 
down  to  the  inner  margin  a;;  nearly  a  right  angle.  The  venule  which,  in 
continuation  of  the  main  vein,  is  bent  upward  at  its  origin,  thence  goes 
straight  to  the  outer  edge,  inclosing  a  triangular  space.  The  halteres  are 
pale  ffesh-colored. 

Abdomen  blood-red,  with  slight  sparse  hairs.  The  segments  on  the 
terminal  half  of  the  abdomen  are  edged  with  black,  and  the  tip  of  the 
abdomen  is  blackish,  while  the  genital  armature  is  flesh-colored.  Length 
.10  inch. 

Bibliography 

1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  p.  79S-800 
1903     Felt,  E.  P.      For.  Fish  and  Game  Com.     7th  Rep't,  p.  510-11 


426  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

INSECTS    OF    MINOR    IMPORTANCE    AFFECTING    FOREST 

TREES 
This  divip'on  is  purely  an  arbitrary  one  and  made  as  a  matter  of  con- 
venience because  it  enables  the  bringinj^r  together  of  accounts  relating  to 
species  which  are  more  or  less  injurious  from  year  to  year.  Many  of  the 
insects  noticed  in  this  latter  section,  are  of  considerable  importance  and 
occasionally  may  cause  serious  injury.  This  division  is  defective  in  that  it 
involves  looking  in  several  places  in  order  to  learn  about  the  insects 
affecting  a  tree,  and  this  difficulty  is  remedied  in  part  by  indexing  all  the 
species  under  their  food  plants  as  well  as  under  their  generic  and  specific 
names. 

INSECTS    AFFECTING    DECIDIJOITS    TREES 

Borers  in  living  or  relatively  sound  wood  and  bark 

A  stout  beetle  about  an  inch  long  and  beautifully  marked  with  dark  brown,  silvery  and 

reddish  yellow,  bores  in  hickory.  . .    Beautiful  hickory  borer,  Goes  j)  u  1  c  h  r  a,  p.  431 
A  brownish  gray  beetle  about  '/,«  incli   long,  and  with  \ery  long,  slender   antennae,   occurs 

on  oak L  i  o  p  u  s  p  n  n  c  t  a  t  n  s,  p.  432 

A  small,  grayish,  black-spotted  beetle  about  }(  inch  long,  may  be  bred  from  dead  twigs  of' 

oak  and  other  trees H  y  p  e  r  p  1  a  t  y  s  m  a  c  u  1  a  t  \i  s,  p.  432 

A  narrow,    triangular,    blackish    beetle   }{    inch    long,    marked    witli    lines   and   spots  of 

yellowish  or  orange,  occurs  on  various  flowers  in  June 

M  o  r  d  e  11  a  n  c  t  o  js  u  n  c  t  a  t  a,   p.  433 
A  slender,  flattened  beetle  with  red  prothorax   and   bluisli   wing  covers,   mines   as   a   larva 

the  inner  bark  of  dead  and  dying  trees;   also  injurious  to  tan  bark 

Variable  oak  borer,  P  h  y  ni  a  t  o  d  e  s   variabilis,  p.  433 
A  stout,  brownish,  gray-spotted,  long-horned  beetle  about  an  inch  in   lengtli,  may  be  bred 

from   oak,  walnut   and   hackberry 

Dusty  oak  borer,  R  o  m  a  1  e  u  m    a  t  o  m  a  r  i  u  m,  p.  434 
A  stout,  brown,  grayish   mottled,   long-horned  beetle  occurs   in   midsummer  on  oak  and 

various  trees,  the  larva  is  an  oak  and  pine  borer.    U  r  o  g  r  a  ]>  h  i  s  f  a  s  c  i  a  t  u  s,  p.  434 
A  black   beetle   about    '2    inch    long,  with    brick-red    wing    covers    marked    with   reddish 

yellow  spots,  occurs  on  scrub  oak T  v  p  o  c  e  r  u  s   v  e  1  u  t  i  n  u  s,  p.  436 

A  small  grayish  weevil  li  to  3/,6  inch  long  occurs  on  oak  foliage,  the    larva  tunnelling  the 

wood Gray  sided  oak  weevil,  P  a  n  d  e  1  e  t  e  j  u  s  h  i  1  a  r  i  s,  p.  436 

A  black,  clearwing  moth  with   red-spotted   wings  and   yellow-banded  legs  and  abdomen, 

may  be  reared  from  oak  galls Sesia  rubristigma,  p.  437 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  427 

A  golden  yellow  and  black  wasplike,  clearwing  moth  having  a  wing  spread   of   1%   inches, 

is  very  injurious  to  red  oak M  e  m  y  t  h  r  u  s  s  i  m  u  1  a  n  s,  p.  438 

A  brown-headed,  greenish  larva  witli  rose-colored  elevated  points,  about  1 J^   inches  long, 

bores  in  black  oak 

Lesser  oak  carpenter  worm,  P  r  i  o  n  o  x  y  s  t  n  s    m  a  c  m  u  r  t  r  e  i,  p.  439 
A    small,   black,    yellowish,   gray-marked,    long-horned   beetle   may   be   reared   from    dead 

limbs  of  hickory,  oak  and  other  trees L  e  p  t  u  r  g  e  s  q  u  e  r  c  i,  ]i.  439 

A  black  beetle  about  |4  inch  long,  variably  marked  with  dark  orange  red,  occurs  on  scrub 

oak L  e  p  t  u  r  a  V  a  g  a  n  s,  p.  440 

A  grayish,  narrow,  triangular  beetle  from  3-8  to  j^  inch  long,  may  be  met  with  on  hickory 

in  early  June T  o  m  o  x  i  a  b  i  d  e  n  t  a  t  a,   p.  441 

A  narrow,  triangular,  brownisli,  gray-marked  beetle  about  y^,6   to  5/,6   inch  long,  occurs  on 

decaying  hickory  in  early  June T  om  o  x  i  a  1  i  n  e  e  11  a,  p.  441 

A  small,  cylindric,  stout,  black,  red-shouldered   beetle  about  '/j   inch   long,   makes  short, 

curved  galleries  in  the  branches  of  a  number  of  deciduous  trees 

Red-shouldered  twig  borer,  S  i  n  o  x  y  1  o  n  b  a  s  i  1  a  r  e,  p.  442 
A  flat-headed,  yellowish  white  grub  bores  in  the  trunk  and  limbs  of  pignut  hickory,  trans- 
forming to  a  flattened,  hard-shelled,  lurid,  dull  brassy  colored  beetle 

Lurid  Dicerca,   Dicerca  obscura  var.  1  u  r  i  d  a,  p.  442 
A  stout,  black   beetle  with   golden   yellow  spots   and   transverse    bars  on   its   wing   covers, 

occurs  on  chestnut,  oak  and  hickory  in  midsummer. .    C  a  1 1  o  i  d  e  s  n  o  b  i  1  i  s,   p.  443 
A  slender,  blackish,  gray-marked   beetle  about  Yz  inch  long,  mines   as  a  larva  the  inner 

bark  and  sapwood  of  chestnut  and  oak 

Thunderbolt  beetle,  A  r  h  o  p  a  1  u  s   f  u  1  m  i  n  a  n  s,   p.  444 
A  black,  slender,  cylindric,  long-horned  beetle  about   }i  inch  long,  is  easily  reared  from 

hickory  twigs D  o  r  c  a  s  c  h  e  m  a   nigrum,   p.  444 

A  brownish  black,  red-bordered  beetle  about  ^2  inch  long,  bores  as  a  larva  in  hickory 

Red-edged  Saperda,  S  a  p  e  r  d  a  lateralis,  p.  445 
A  small,  jet-black  beetle  about  ]{.  inch  long  and  with  an  oblique  white  line  on  each  side, 

works  in  hickory  and  chestnut  branches Eudercespicipes,  p.  445 

A  cylindric,  brownish  beetle  about  3/,6  inch  long,  makes  holes  of  nearly  uniform    diameter 

in  hickory  and  oak Hickory  timber  beetle,    X  y  1  e  b  o  r  u  s  c  e  1  s  u  s,   p.  446 

A  short,  stout,  black  beetle  about  V',6   inch  long,  may  be  bred  from  hickory  twigs 

Hickory  twig  borer,  C  h  r  a  m  e  s  u  s  h  i  c  o  r  i  a  e,  p.  448 
A  slender,  odd  looking  larva  with   a   prominent   hump  on  its   neck,  and   leaf  like,  fleshy 

appendages  at  the  end  of  its  back,  excavates  extensive  galleries  in  the  heartwood  and 

sapwood  of  living  and  dead  chestnut  and  oak 

Chestnut  timber  worm,   Lymexylon  sericeum,  p.  449 


428 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


A  brownish,  flattened  beetle  about  '2  inch  long,  occurs  on  chestnut,  the  lar\ae  mining  the 

inner  bark C  a  1 1  i  d  i  u  m  a  e  r  e  u  m,  p.  450 

A  beautiful,  black,  golden-marked   beetle  about   ;^s   inch   long,  occurs  on  various  trees   in 

June L  e  p  t  u  r  a   zebra,   p.  450 

A  blue  lilack,  clearwing  moth  about  ^4  '■'''''■'   lo"g.  "'''''   yellow-banded   legs  and  abdomen, 

bores  as  a  larva  under  chestnut  and  dogwood  bark S  e  s  i  a  s  c  i  t  u  1  a,   p.  451 

A  minute,  brownish,  rather  stout  beetle  about  '/,o  inch   long,   runs    transverse   galleries   in 
the  inner  bark  of  peach,  plum  and  cherry 

Peach  bark  beetle,  P  h  1  o  e  o  t  r  i  b  u  s   1  i  m  i  n  a  r  i  s,  p.  452 

A  blue  black,  clearwing  moth  having  a  wing  spread   of   an   inch   and    with   narrow,  yellow 

bands  on  the  abdomen  and  legs,  lives  as  a  larva  under  the   bark  of   plum   and  several 

related  trees S  e  s  i  a  p  i  c  t  i  p  e  s,  p.  453 

A  red-horned,  red-legged,  bla(  k,  lirilliant  greenish   beetle  about    yi   inch   long,  occurs  on 

butternut,  oak  and  birch G  a  u  r  o  t  e  s  c  y  a  n  i  p  e  n  n  i  s,  p.  454 

A  flattened,  jet-black  snout  beetle  about  ^4  i"ch  long,  bores  in  butternut,  poplar  and  other 

woods C  o  s  s  o  n  u  s  p  1  a  t  a  1  e  a,  p.  455 

A  slender,  light  brown  beetle  aljout  i  inch  long,  bores  in  butternut  and  beech 

f  e  n  t  r  o  d  e  r  a  d  e  c  o  1  o  r  a  t  a,  p.  456 
A  purplish,  black,  yellow-marked,  red-tailed,  clearwing  moth   with  a  wing  spread   of  about 

^  inch,  bores  as  a  larva  in  maple S  e  s  i  a  c  o  r  n  i,  p.  456 

A  flat  brassy  beetle  with  divergent  wing  covers,  works  in  peach,  cherry,  beech,  maple   and 

other  deciduous  trees Divaricated  buprestis,  L)  i  c  e  r  c  a  d  i  v  a  r  i  c  a  t  a,  p.  457 

A  lirilliant  green,  golden  yellow,  flat  beetle  about  ^a  inch  long,  bores  in  maple 

Banded  buprestid,  Buprestis  fascial  a,  p.  458 
A  slender  blackish,  wasplike  insect  bores  as  a  larva  in  diseased  maple 

White-horned  maple  borer,  Xyphidria  a  1  b  i  c  or  n  i  s,  p.  459 
Dark  brown  or  black    beetles   about    '33   inch   long,  make   longitudinal   burrows   in    partly 

decayed  sugar  maple  limbs X  y  1  o  c  1  e  p  t  e  s   species,  p.  460 

Small  worms  similar  to  young  apple  borers  sometimes  occur  in  multitudes  under  the  bark 

of  apple  and  maple  trees.  .Prickly  Leptostylus,  L  e  p  t  o  s  t  y  1  u  s  a  c  u  1  i  f  e  r  u  s,  ]).  46; 

A  stout,  black  beetle  f^  inch  long,  with  brownish  wing  covers  ornamented  with  three  lines, 

occurs  on  elm P  h  y  s  o  c  n  e  m  u  m  b  r  e  v  i  1  i  n  e  u  m,  p.  462 

A  light  brown  beetle  about  }i  inch   long,  at   the  base  and  about  the  middle  of  each   wing 
cover,  pairs  of   ixorylike,  oval  elevations,  bores  as  a  larva   in  ash,  hickory   and    honey 

locust 4-marked  ash  borer,  E  b  u  r  i  a  q  u  a  d  r  i  g  e  m  i  n  a  t  a,  p.  462 

Slender,  flattened,  tortuous  galleries   in   ash,   }i   to    '/,(,   inch    in   width,   cutting  the  wood 
largely,  may  be  the  work  of  this  species O  b  r  i  u  m   r  u  b  r  u  m,  p.  463 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


429 


A  large,  brownish,  yellow-marke.d  and  yellow-banded,  clearwing  moth  with  a  wing  spread 

of  i}4  inches,  bores  as  a  larva  in  ash M  e  m  y  t  h  r  11  s   a  s  i  1  i  p  e  n  n  i  s,  p.  464 

A  sawfly  larva  bo^-es  in  the  partly   decayed  wood  of  standing  birch   and   makes  a  gallery 

about  '8  inch  in  diameter X  y  p  h  i  d  ri  a  p  r  o  v  a  n  c  h  e  r  i,  jj.  465 

A  horntail  borer  making  moderately  large,  cylindric  burrows  in  decaying  birch 

Slender  birch  horntail,   Konowia  a  t  t  e  n  u  a  t  a,   p.  466 
A   flattened,    brilliantly   colored,    purplish   or  bluish  beetle  about    ^4    inch    long,    occurs 

in  May  on  birch  and  other  deciduous  trees C  h  r  y  s  o  b  o  t  h  r  i  s  a  z  u  r  e  a,  p.  467 

A  slender,  brownish  beetle  ranging  from  about  ?-(  to  nearly  1}^  inches  in  length,  bores  in 

the  larval  stage  under  the  bark  of  yellow  birch  and  maple 

B  e  1  1  a  m  i  r  a  s  c  a  1  a  r  i  s,   p.  467 
A  brownish,  white-striped   caterpiller  about    i    inch   long,  bores   commonly  in  herbaceous 

stalks  and  the  more  tender  twigs  of  maple  and  ash 

Stalk  borer,   P  a  p  a  i  p  e  m  a   n  i  t  e  1  a,   p.  468 
A  brownish,  cylindric  beetle  works  in  the  stumps  of  recently  cut  yellow  l)irch,  causing  an 

excretion  of  sa]),  which  gums  the  rust-colored  borings  to  the  outside  of  the  affected 

wood Birch  bark  borer,    Dryocoetes  sp.  p.  468 

A  small,  black  beetle  with  gray  or  yellowish  gray  vestiture,  is  sometimes  bred  from  willow 

S  a  p  e  r  d  a  m  u  t  i  c  a,  p.  469 
A   blue   black,  clearwing   moth    having   a   wing   spread  of    ~i  inch,  bores    in  willow  in    the 

larval  stage Sesia    albicornis,  p.  469 

A  steel  blue,  clearwing   moth  with   a    broad  abdominal   band   and  the   fore  wing  tips   red, 

bores  willow  canes  in  the  larval  stage Sesia    b  o  1 1  e  r  i,   p.  470 

A  black,  clearwing   moth  with    three   conspicuous   yellow   abdominal   bands,  lives   in    the 

larval  stage  in  Saperda  galls  on  willow  and  poplar 

Three  banded  clearwing,   M  e  m  y  t  h  r  u  s  t  r  i  c  i  n  c  t  u  s,  p.  47  i 
A  large,  brown,  yellow-marked,  clearwing  moth  having  a  wing  spread  of  i3'4  inches,  lives 

as  a  larva  in  willow  and  poplar  trunks   A  e  g  e  r  i  a    tibialis,  p.  472 

A  large,  brown   and   yellow-marked,  clearwing  moth   having  a  wingspread  of   i^{   inches, 

lives  as  a  larva  in  roots  of  willow  and  poplar Aegeria    a  p  i  f  o  r  m  i  s,   p.  472 

A  rather  stout,  blackish  beetle  irregularly  marked  with  gray,  occurs  in  June  on  jjoplar  and 

hickory   A  c  a  n  t  h  o  d  e  r  e  s    d  e  c  i  p  i  e  n  s,  p.  473 

Girdling  the  trunks  of  sapling  poplars  or  running  a  mine  around  them,  causing  a  swelling 

twice  the  diameter  of  the  tree,  a  cylindric,  slaty  gray  beetle  about  f's  inch  long 

Saperda    concolor,  p.  474 
A  small,  brown  or  black,  coarsely  punctured  beetle  about  -^8  inch  long,  may  be  bred  from 

galls  of  balsam  poplar Saperda    p  o  p  u  1  n  e  a,  p.  474 


430  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

A   small,  brownish   bhuk,   vf Uowisli-specked   weevil   about    j{   inch   long,  occurs   in   early 

spring  under  jioplar  bark 'D  o  r  v  t  o  m  u  s    j)  a  r  v  i  c  o  1  li  s,   p.  475 

A   small   snout   beetle   about    '8    inch    long,  irregularly  clothed   with   grayish    ])ubescence, 

occurs  under  poplar  bark  in  early  May D  o  r  y  t  o  m  u  s    v  a  g  e  n  o  t  a  t  u  s,   p.  475 

Stout,  white  naked  caterpillars  about  i}4  inches  long,  bore  in  poplar  trunks 

Poplar  carpenter  worm,  C  o  s  s  u  s    c  e  n  t  e  r  e  n  s  i  s.  p.  476 
A  ])ale    whitish   caterpillar  bores  in    the    smaller  twigs  of   locust    and    causes  a  thickened, 

irregular  growth,  i  to  3  inches  long 

Locust  twig  borer,   E  c  d  y  t  o  1  o  p  h  a   i  n  s  i  t  i  c  i  a  n  a,  p.   478 
A  yellow-marked,  black   beetle  almost    '2   inch   long,   may  be  bred  from  woodbine,  sumac 

and  possibly   poison   ivy Woodbine  borer.   S  ap  e  r  d  a    p  u  n  c  t  i  c  o  1 1  i  s,  p.   478 

A  jet-black,   highly  polished   curculio   about  }'a  inch  long  and  with  strongly  grooved  wing 

covers,  occurs  on  ampelopsis  or  Virginia  creeper,  poison  ivy  and  grape 

M  a  d  a  r  e  1  1  u  s   u  n  d  u  1  a  t  u  s,  p.   479 
Irregular,  gall-like  swellings  at  the  base  of  alder  stems  followed  by  dying  and  breaking  of 

the  shoots Alder  l)orer,   S  a  p  e  r  d  a    o  b  1  i  (j  u  a,   p.   480 

A  small,  legless  grub  boring  irregularly  in  dead  sumac   and  other  twigs,  may  be  the  young 

of  this  beetle L  i  o  p  >i  s    alpha,  p.   481 

A  small,  thick,  long-horned,  brown  or  chestnut-colored  beetle  about  ,'4  inch  long,  with  ash 

gray  markings,  may  be  bred  from  the  dead  twigs  and  wood  of  a  number  of  trees 

Spotted  Leptostylus,  L  e  p  t  o  s  t  y  i  u  s    macula,  p.  482 

Borers  in  dried,  usually  manufactured  wood 
Pin  holes  less  than  ',',6  inch  in  diameter  and  galleries  of  the  same  size  running  in  various 
directions  in  wood,  may  contain  linear,  black,  white  marked  beetles  about  3/16  inch  long 

White  marked  powder  post-lieetle Ly  c  t  u  s  j)  a  r  a  1  1  e  1  o  j)  i  ji  e  d  u  s.  p.  4CS3 

Burrows  about   'j  .inch  in  diameter  may  occasionally  be  observed  in  telegrai)h  poles,  doors, 
jiosts  and  similar  places,  and  a  large,  dusky  winged  bee  seen  going  in  and  out 

Large  carpenter  bee,   Xy  loco  pa    v  i  r  g  i  n  i  c  a,   p.   484 

Borers  in  decaying  wood  or  species  found  under  decaying  bark 

A  large,  rather  stout,  lilack,  wliite-marked    beetle  1^2  inches  long,  bearing  two  conspicuous 
eyelike  spots,  is  fre(iuently  met  with  in  decaying  wood 

Owl   beetle,    Ala  us    o  c  u  1  a  t  u  s,   ]i.   485 
A  thick,  fleshy,  legless  grub  about  3  inches  long  when  full  grown,  bores  in  roots  and  stumps 

of  a  number  of  trees Broad-necked  Prionus,    Prionus    1  a  t  i  c  o  1  1  i  s,   ]i.   486 

A  rather  slender,  brown  beetle  about  i  J-^  inches  long  and  less  than  )i  inch  broad,  lives   in 
the  larval  stage  in  decaying  trees 

Lesser   Prionus,  O  r  t  h  o  s  o  m  a   b  r  u  n  n  e  u  m,   |i.   4S7 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  431 

An  olive,  gray-mottled  beetle  with    black    head  and  thorax   and  about  H  inch  long,  occurs 

in  early  spring  on  partly  decayed  beech  stumps 

A  n  t  h  o  p  h  i  1  a  \    a  t  t  e  n  u  a  t  u  s,   p.   488 
A   browrt-headed,   black-winged,  rather  stout   beetle  about   ^^   inch   long,  was  bred   from 

larvae  taken  from  a  hollow  oak D  e  r  m  e  s  t  e  s    p  u  1  c  h  e  r,  ]..  489 

For  less  important  species  taken  under  decaying  bark  or  in  decaying  wood,  s^r  p.   4S9-494 

Fungous   beetles 

There  are  a  number  of  species  formed  on  various  fungi  growing  on  trees,  and  some  of  the 

more  common  are  noticed  briefly  on  p.  494 
Natural   enemies  of  one   kind   or  another    are   frequently  found  in  association  with   the 

above  named  species,  and  they  are  noticed  briefly  on  p.  499-505 

Beautiful  hickory  borer 
Goes  pule  lira    Hald. 

A  stout  beetle  about  an  inch  long  and  beautifully  marked  with  dark  brown,  silvery 
and  reddish  yellow  bores  in  hickory. 

The  parent  insect  is  :i  stout  laeetle,  al^out  i  inch  long,  beautifully 
clothed  with  dark  brown,  silvery  and  reddish  yellow  pubescence.  There  is 
a  broad,  transverse,  lighter  band  across  the  wing  covers,  and  the  tips  of  the 
latter  are  conspicuous  on  account  of  the  golden  pubescence  covering  them 
[pi.  9,  fig.  i]. 

This  insect  deposits  its  eggs  on  dififerent  varieties  of  hickory,  frequently 
selecting  smaller  trees  only  an  inch  or  thereabouts  in  diameter.  The  opera- 
tions of  the  grub  inside  young  trees,  causes  the  trunk  to  enlarge  so  that 
there  is  produced  a  gall-like  swelling,  which  weakens  the  tree  and  may  result 
in  its  breaking  off  in  a  gale.  Old  borings  are  marked  by  an  ugly  wound 
[pl-  9.  fig-  3l-  Recent  operations  of  the  larva  are  shown  at  figure  4,  its 
characteristic  feedings  at  the  base  of  leaf  stems  and  the  exit  hole  of  the 
parent  beetle  are  represented  at  figures  2  and  5  respectively,  plate  9. 

This  species  is  not  abundant  in  New  York,  if  one  may  judge  from  the 
condition  of  the  State  collections.  This  may  be  due  in  part  to  the  retiring 
habits  of  the  adults.  It  was  reported  a  number  of  years  ago  by  Dr  Hod^Tc 
as  scarce,  though  found  every  season  in  shagbark  and  pignut  hickory,  about 


432 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Buffalo.      Dr   Smith  states  that  this  species  occurs  throu<Thout   New  Jersey 
during  June  and  July  on  hickory,  having  been  noted  by  all  recorders. 

Liopus   punctatus    Lee. 

A  brownish  gray  beetle  about  '  ,h  inc-h  loni;  and  witli  very  long,  slender  antennae 
occurs  on  oak. 

This  very  small  dainty  longicorn  with  enormously  developed,  slender 
antennae,  is  a  rare  species.  Only  two  examples  were  taken  June  26,  1901  on 
scrub  oak  at  Karner.  This  little  beetle  is  about  3  16  inch  long,  of  brownish 
gray  color,  inconspicuously  and  somewhat  variably  marked  with  black  and 
white.  It  may  be  separated  from  the  other  species  of  the  genus,  according 
to  Mr  Wickham,  l^y  the  conve.x  front,  the  slightly  retracted  mouth,  the 
lateral  prothoracic  spine  being  somewhat  distinct  from  the  base  and  by  the 
elytra  lacking  distinct  tufts  of  erect  scales,  and  having  a  feebly  marked 
post  median  band  of  whitish  pubescence  in  place  of  the  angulate  line. 

This  species  has  been  recorded  by  Dr  Smith  from  several    New  Jersey 

localities   and  he   gives    Cornus    florid  us    and    plum    as   food   plants. 

Messrs     Leng    and     Hamilton     record    this    species    from    Wisconsin   and 

Canada. 

Hyperplatys  maculatus    Hald. 

A  small,  grayish,  black-spotted  beetle  about  '4  inch  long,  may  be  bred  from  dead 
twigs  of  oak  and  other  trees. 

This,  one  of  the  prettiest  of  our  long-horned  beetles,  is  noteworthy 
because  of  its  extremely  slender,  black  antennae, 
which  are  longer  than  the  body.  The  thorax  is 
broader  than  long,  dark  brown,  covered  with  a 
grayish  pubescence,  with  a  pair  of  large  black 
spots  on  the  anterior  third,  and  ornamented  with 
conspicuous  lateral  spines  near  the  posterior  third. 
The  wing  covers  are  thickly  clothed  with  a  gray- 
ish pubescence,  bear  numerous  rather  large,  cir- 
cular, black  spots  and  are  tenninated  by  a  pair  of  blunt  spines.  The  femora 
are   distinctlv  clubbed. 


Fig.  94    Hyperplatys 
(original 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  433 

This  species  is  a  general  feeder,  it  having  been  taken  on  dead  twigs  of 
orange,  apple,  hickory,  poplar,  oak,  maple,  yellow  locust,  beech  and  also 
sumac.  It  appears  to  have  a  general  distribution  in  the  northeastern 
United  States,  since  it  has  been  recorded  from  West  Virginia,  New  Jersey, 
New  York  and  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati  O. 

Mordella   octopunctata    Fabr. 

A  narrow,  triangular,  blackish  beetle  '4  inch  in  length,  marked  with  lines  and  spots 
of  yellowish  or  orange,  may  be  met  with  on  various  flowers  in  June. 

This,  one  of  the  prettiest  species  belonging  to  the  genus,  may  be 
quickly  recognized  by  the  linear  buff  markings  on  the  thorax,  and  the 
yellowish  or  orange  markings  on  the  wing  covers.  There  are, 
in  the  specimens  before  us,  six  well  defined  dots  on  the  wing 
covers,  with  a  somewhat  irregular  yellowish  M  on  the  base 
of  the  elytra. 

The  larva  has  been  found  by  Riley,  in  oak  stumps,  and  he 
states  that  it  has  a  yellowish  white  head  with  three  distinct  yel- 
lowish lines  above.  The  legs  are  short  and  the  posterior 
extremity  pointed,  horned  and  blackish   brown.  Fig.gj  Mord^us 

This  species  has  been  listed  from  the  Middle  and  Southern  "oriWnli)"'^'  '* 
States  by  Dr  LeConte,  has  been  reported  as  rare  in  southwestern  Pennsyl- 
vania by  Dr  Hamilton,  while  Ulke  states  that  it,  with  other  species,  occurs 
on  bushes  and  flowers.  Dr  J.  B.  Smith  records  it  from  a  number  of  New 
Jersey  localities,' it   being   rated    in    some   places  as   rare,  and   in  others   as 

common. 

Variable    oak    borer 

Phymatodcs   variabilis    Fabr. 

A  rather  slender,  slightly  flattened  beetle  with  red  prothorax  and  bluish  wing  covers, 
mines  as  a  larva  the  inner  bark  of  dead  and  dying  oaks,  and  is  also  injurious  to  tan  bark. 

This  beetle  is  rather  common  in  midsummer.  The  slender,  reddish 
antennae  are  a  little  longer  than  the  body  and  rise  between  the  deeply 
emarginate,  rather  finely  granulate  eyes.  The  face  of  the  insect  is  reddish 
brown  with  a  slight  blackish  area  between  the  bases  of  the  antennae.     The 


434 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


sides  and  dorsum  of  the  head  are  jet-black,  coarsely  and  irregularly  punc- 
tured. The  thorax  is  dark  brown,  slightly  swollen,  and  with  an  indistinct, 
darker  area  on  each  side.  The  dark  bluish  wing  covers  are  rather  finely 
and  irregularly  punctured  and  with  a  distinct  ridge  extending  from  the 
humeral  angle  and  reaching  about  the  middle  of  the  wing  cover  at  the 
posterior  fourth.  Femora,  apically  much  dilated,  black ;  basal  portion 
reddish,  the  tibiae  and  tarsi  the  same  color.  This  species  is  generally 
recognized  as  an  oak  borer.  It  also  infests  hickory  and  Dr  Smith  states 
that  it  occurs  in  great  numbers  in  oak  cord  wood. 

Dusty   oak  borer 

Roinalcnm   atoviariuiu   Drury 

A  stout,  brownish,  gray-spotted,  long-horned  beetle  about  i  inch  in  length,  may  be 
bred  from  oak,  walnut,  hackberry  and  the  dry  leaf  stems  of  palmetto. 

This  species  is  a  typical,  long-horned  beetle  a  little  over  an  inch  long. 
The  slender  antennae  are  longer  than  the  body  and  rise  between  the  eyes, 
which  latter  are  deeply  excavated  and  rather  coarsely  granulate.  The 
prothorax  is  rounded  laterally  and  ornamented  dorsally  with  three  distinct 
tubercles  arranged  in  a  triangle,  the  posterior  one  being  median  and  clothed 
with  a  thick,  yellowish  pubescence.  The  brownish  wing  covers  are  also 
thickly  clothed  in  spots  with  a  yellowish  pubescence,  giving  the  insect  a 
dusty  appearance.  Dr  Hopkins  states  that  the  larvae  occur  in  stumps  and 
logs  of  recently  dead  oak,  and  it  has  also  been  recorded  from  walnut  and 
hackberry  and  the  dry  leaf  stems  of  palmetto. 

Urographis  fasciatus    DeGeer 

A  stout,  brown,  grayish-mottled,  long-horned  beetle  occurs  in  midsummer  on  oaks 
and  various  trees  ;  the  larva  is  an  oak  and  pine  borer. 

A  specimen  of  this  insect  was  obtained  from  hard  pine  bark  brought 
from  Karner,  June  i8,  1902.  This  beetle  was  early  brought  to  the  notice 
of  Dr  Fitch,  who  bestowed  on  it  the  common  name  of  Quercitron  bark 
borer. 

Description.      Beetle,  rather  stout,  about  ^  inch  in  length,  the  female 


Insects  affecting  park  and  woodland  trees  435 

with  a  stout  ovipositor  extending  about  s/f,  inch  beyond  the  tip  of  the  wing 
covers.  The  antennae  are  slender,  ringed  with  grayish  white,  and  about 
one  half  longer  than  the  body.  The  head,  thorax  and  body  are  obscurely 
and  somewhat  irregularly  marked  with  grayish  brown  and  silvery  white. 
The  thorax  is  broader  than  long  and  armed  laterally  with  a  stout  spine  a 
little  behind  the  middle  ;  wing  covers  rounded  at  the  base.  Mr  Wickham 
separates  this  species  from  its  ally,  U.  triangu  lifer  Hald.,  by  its  more 
elongate  form,  grayish  pubescence  on  the  upper  surface,  except  for  the  dark 
markings  consisting  of  small  closely  placed  spots  and  blotches  ;  these  latter 
form  a  distinct  line  on  each  side  of  the  middle  of  the  prothorax,  usually 
also  an  antemedian  and  postmedian,  irregular  elytral  band. 

The  larva  is  a  little  over  ^^  inch  in  length,  and  has  been  described  by 
Dr  Fitch  as  having  a  more  or  less  retracted  head,  its  base  white  and  ante- 
rior portion  deep,  tawny  yellow,  black  along  each  side.  The  body  of  the 
grub  tapers  slightly  backwards  to  the  middle,  from  whence  it  has  nearly  the 
same  diameter  to  the  bluntly  rounded  tip.  There  is  a  large,  transverse, 
tawny  yellow  spot  on  the  upper  side  of  the  prothoracic  segment,  occupying 
its  basal  half,  and  an  elevated,  rough,  transverse,  oval  spot  of  the  same 
tawny  yellow  color  on  the  middle  of  all  the  other  body  segments,  except  the 
last  two. 

Life  history  and  habits.  Dr  Fitch  states  that  the  bark  of  recently  felled 
black  oaks,  O  u  e  r  c  u  s  t  i  n  c  t  o  r  i  a,  are  mined  by  borers  belonging  to  this 
species,  they  forming  large  worm-eaten  tracks.  Transformation  to  the 
pupa  occurs  in  the  cavity,  and  the  long-horned  beetles  appear  in  June.  In 
Dr  Fitch's  time  the  species  was  so  abundant  that  unless  the  bark  of  the 
black  oak  was  peeled  immediately  after  the  tree  fell,  it  became  much  worm 
eaten  and  worthless  for  dye  purposes. 

Food  plants.  This  beetle  appears  to  have  a  somewhat  varied  food 
habit.  Besides  occurring  in  pine  and  oak,  as  stated  above,  it  has  been 
reared  by  Mr  Chittenden  from  chestnut,  oak  and  maple,  and  Mr  Beuten- 
miiller  also  records  it  in  addition  from  hickory,  limbs  of  chestnut,  and  on 
the  authority  of  Mr  Jcutel,  from  apple  and  pear.  Mr  Dury  records  taking 
it  on  beech  in  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati. 


436  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Distribution.  This  species  has  a  wide  distribution  in  the  eastern 
United  States  and  Canada,  since  it  has  been  recorded  from  Canada  south 
to  Louisiana,  and  as  far  west  as  Lake  Superior  and  Wisconsin.  It  also 
appears  in  a  number  of  local  lists. 

Typocerus  velutinus    Oliv. 

A  black  beetle  about  Yt.  inch  long  with  brick-red  wing  covers  marked  with  reddish 
yellow  spots  occurs  on  scrub  oak. 

This,  one  of  our  more  common  longicorns,  occurs  on  scrub  oak  in  small 
numbers  at  Karner.  The  beetle  measures  about  ^  inch  in  length.  The 
head  and  thora.x  are  black,  the  latter  being  bordered  anteriorly  and  pos- 
teriorly, in  well  marked  individuals,  by  a  fringe  of  golden  yellow  hairs. 
The  wing  covers  are  brick-red,  variously  marked  with  reddish  yellow  spots, 
there  being  two  large  ones  at  the  basal  angle,  two  on  each  wing  cover 
at  about  the  basal  third,  one  near  the  median  line  and  another  near  the 
anterior  border,  and  a  larger  spot  at  the  distal  third  with  a  more  faintly 
indicated  one  near  the  tip.      It  is  abroad  in  July. 

This  species  has  been  recorded  by  Dr  Smith  as  common  throughout 
New  Jersey  and  it  has  been  listed  by  Dr  Hamilton  from  Sparrow  lake, 
Ontario. 

Leptura   emarginata    habr. 

This  large,  beautiful  longicorn  has  been  found  ovipositing  in  the  limbs 
of  white  oak  b,y  Mr  Joutel. 

Gray  sided  oak  weevil 

Paiidclctcjus    liilaris    Herbst. 

A  small,  grayish  weevil  from  )i  to  \'\(,  inch  long,  occurs  on  oak  foliage  from  May  to 
September,  the  larva  tunneling  the  wood. 

This  species  was  taken  in  large  numbers  on  scrub  oak  at  Karner,  Sep. 
18,  1901,  and  was  present  in  greater  or  less  abundance  during  the  summer. 
It  may  be  separated,  according  to  Dr  Horn,  from  the  allied  P.  ci  n  ereus 
Horn,  by  the  tip   of  the  rostrum  being  entire  and  without  a  smooth   space. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


437 


The  thorax  is  also  different  in  that  it  is  dilated,  pyriform,  with  the  anterior 

narrower  part  much  shorter  than  the  posterior. 

Description.      The  beetle  has  been  described  by  Harris  as  follows  : 

A  little  pale  brown  beetle,  variegated  with  gray  on  the  sides.  Its 
snout  is  short,  broad,  and  slightly  furrowed  in  the  middle  ;  there  are  three 
blackish  stripes  on  the  thorax,  between  which  are  two 
of  a  light  gray  color  ;  the  wing  covers  have  a  broad 
stripe  of  light  gray  on  the  outer  side,  edged  within  by 
a  slender  blackish  line,  and  sending  two  short  oblique 
branches  almost  across  each  wing  cover ;  and  the  fore 
legs  are  larger  than  the  others.  Length  from  '  g  to 
'/s  of  an  inch. 

The  larva  of  this  form  has  been  characterized  by 
Packard,  as  like  that  of  the  plum  weevil.  It  makes 
a  smaller  gallery  than  E  u  p  s  a  1  i  s  m  i  n  u  t  a  Drury, 
and  according  to  Harris,  lives  on  the  trunks  of  white 
oaks.  It  has  been  recorded  on  white  oak  by  Dr 
Hamilton  in  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  and  by  Dr 
Smith  in  New  Jersey,  who  states  that  it  occurs  through- 
out the  state    in    the    trunks    of  white    oak    and    also    on    beech. 

Distribution.      This  species  ranges  from   New  York  to  Texas  and  has 
been  recorded  from  a  number  of  eastern  localities. 


Sesia   rubristigma    Kellicott 

A  black  clear  wing  moth  with  red-spotted  wings  and  yellow-banded  legs  and 
abdomen  may  be  reared  from  oak  galls. 

This  species  occurs  in   New  York,  Ohio  and  Iowa,  and  was  bred  from 

the  galls  of    Andricus   cornigerus    on    Ouercus    palustris    by 

the  late  Dr  Kellicott,  moths  being  obtained  in  June  and  July. 

Male.  Head  blue  black,  orbits  pure  white,  palpi  with  basal  joints 
black,  second  joint  black  except  the  tip,  which  is  yellow,  as  is  the  whole  of 
the  third  joint.  Antennae  black.  Collar  yellow.  Thorax  black  with  a 
yellow  mark  posteriorly  and  a  yellow  patch  on  each  side  below.  Abdomen 
black  with  a  narrow  yellow  band  on  the  second  and  last  segments,  and  a 
broad  one  on  the  fourth  segment  encircling  the  body;  first  segment  with  a 
spot  on  each  side.      Anal  tuft  black  with  a  narrow  yellow  line  on  each  side. 


438 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Legs  blue  black,  varied  as  follows  :  anterior  coxae,  fore  tibiae,  all  the  tarsi, 
the  spurs,  and  a  band  at  the  middle  and  apex  of  the  hind  tibiae,  yellow; 
the  tarsi,  however,  have  some  dark  scales,  appearing  faintly  banded.  Fore 
wings  transparent,  purple  black,  borders  very  narrow.  Discal  mark  square, 
bright  red.  Underside  with  borders  yellow  to  the  discal  mark,  which  is  the 
same  as  above.  Hind  wings  transparent,  borders  very  narrow,  purplish, 
costa  orange  red ;  underside  similar  to  the  upper. 

Female.  Similar  to  the  male.  The  outer  margin  of  fore  wings  much 
broader,  with  red  scales  between  the  veins.  Anal  tuft  with  a  distinct  yellow 
lateral  line. 

Expanse.      Male  and  female,  16-18  mm.     Bentcnnmller 

Mefhythrus   simulans    Grote 

A  golden  yellow  and  black,  wasplike  clearwing  having  a  wing  spread  of  i)'^  inches 
is  very  injurious  to  red  oak. 

This  insect  has  seriously  injured  the  red  oaks  in  St  Anthony  park, 
Minnesota,  according  to  Dr  Lugger,  every  tree  showing  numerous  holes 
from  which  the  moths  had  issued  and  in  many  cases  the  empty  pupal  cases 
were  projecting  from  them.  Adults  appear  in  Minnesota  from  the  end  of 
May  and  throughout  the  month  of  June,  some  trees  harboring  hundreds  of 
the  borers  in  the  trunk  and  larger  limbs.  The  recorded  distribution  of  this 
species  has  been  given  as  Rhode  Island,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  New 
Jersey,  Illinois,  Iowa  and  Minnesota. 

Description.  Head  black,  orbits  of  eyes  bright  lemon  yellow  ;  palpi 
black  at  base,  otherwise  lemon  yellow.  Antennae  black  with  a  steel  blue 
reflection.  Collar  lemon  yellow.  Thorax  black,  patagia  at  tips,  a  trans- 
verse posterior  mark  and  spot  at  base  of  fore  wing,  yellow.  Anterior  coxae 
yellow  ;  femora  black,  marked  with  a  little  yellow  ;  tibiae  yellow  and  orange  ; 
tarsi  orange.  Abdomen  black  with  a  broad  bright  yellow  band  on  the  pos- 
terior edge  of  each  segment,  those  of  the  posterior  segments  much  widened  ; 
sometimes  the  first  to  fourth  segments  have  the  bands  very  narrow  and  the 
last  three  segments  are  wholly  yellow.  Underside  similar  to  the  above. 
Forewings  thinly  clothed  with  dull  orange  brown  scales,  bordered  with  deep 
brown  black  along  the  costa  and  inner  margin,  discal  mark  slightly  indi- 
cated. At  the  base  of  the  wing  is  a  short  transparent  streak,  and  at  the 
hind  angle  is  a  transparent  area.  Underside  paler  than  above,  washed  with 
orange.  Hind  wings  transparent,  with  opalescent  luster,  margin  very  nar- 
row brown. 

Expanse.      27-35  rni'n.     Beiitenmiiller 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  439 

,  Lesser  oak  carpenter  worm 

Prioiioxysttts  macninytrci  Guer-Men. 

A  brown-headed,  greenish  larva,  with  rose-colored  elevated  points,  about  i^i  inches 
long,  bores  in  black  oak. 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  the  carpenter  worm,  P.  robiniae 
Peck,  noticed  on  page  79  and  has  very  similar  habits.  It  appears  to  be 
much  rarer  than  its  larger  relative,  though  we  have  met  with  pupal  cases  in 
the  Adirondacks  which  seemed  referable  to  this  species. 

Description.      Dr    F"itch    describes    the    moth    as  slightly  smaller  than 

P.   robiniae,   with   thin,  slight,   transparent  wings   crossed   by   numerous 

black  lines,  the   outer  margin  only  of  the   fore  pair  being  opaque  and  of  a 

gray  color.     The  hind  wings  of  the  male  are  colorless  with  the  inner  margin 

broadly  blackish  and  the  hind  edge  coal-black. 

The  larva  has  been  characterized  by  Dr  Lintner  as  an  inch  and  a  half 
long,  pale  green  with  a  darker  green  dorsal  stripe  bordered  faintly  with 
yellow.  Head  flat,  subtriangular,  dark  brown  clouded  with  black.  First 
segment  with  two  brown  spots  extending  across  it,  narrowed  laterally,  and 
of  nearly  the  length  of  the  segment  medially  where  they  unite  to  enclose 
on  the  dorsal  line  an  elongate  elliptical  green  spot.  The  anterior  segments 
are  flattened,  and  broader  than  the  following,  which  gradually  diminish  in 
breadth  toward  the  posterior  end.  The  segments  are  marked  dorsally  with 
four  rose-colored  elevated  points  forming  a  square  on  the  loth  and  iith 
segments.  A  similar  spot  occurs  above  each  spiracle,  a  smaller  one  below 
and  another  in  front,  each  tipped  with  a  short  brown  hair.  The  spiracles 
are  oval,  orange  colored  with  brown  centers. 

Lepturges   querci    Fitch 

A  small,  black,  yellowish  gray  marked,  long-horned  beetle  may  be  reared  from  dead 
limbs  of  hickory,  oak  and  other  trees. 

Two  Specimens  of  this  interesting  little  species  were  reared  from  dead 
branches  of  hickory  limbs  taken  at  Ilion  N.  Y.,  May  17,  1902,  the  insects 
issuing  June  10  and  11.  This  tree  was  badly  infested  by  a  knotty,  gnarly 
growth,  and  presuinably  was  in  far  from  a  thriving  condition. 

Description.  This  little  longicorn  is  about  3/16  inch  in  length,  black, 
with  irregular  markings  of  yellowish  gray  on  the  wing  covers.     Seen  from 


440 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


above,  there  is  a  broad,  transverse  band  of  yellowish  gray  pubescence  across 
the  anterior  portion  of  the  wing  covers,  broken  by  two  long  reniform  spots 
near  the  median  line  and  a  large  quadrate  one  laterally.  There  is  also  a 
patch  of  yellowish  gray,  with  a  central  black  spot  at  the  extremity  of  each 
wing  cover.  The  slender  antennae  are  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  body, 
with  the  tips  of  the  segments  slightly  darker. 

Life  history  and  habits.  This  species  was  met  with  by  Dr  Fitch  on 
red  and  white  oaks.  It  has  been  recorded  as  common  on  hickory  by 
Dr  Hamilton,  and  Dr  Smith  states  that  it  has  been  bred  from  oak,  hickory 
and  redbud  in  New  Jersey,  while  Mr  Chittenden  has  reared  it  in  addition 
from  limbs  of  butternut. 

Distribution.      This    beetle    has    been    recorded    by  Messrs   Leng  and 

Hamilton   from  Canada,  Michigan,    New  York,  New  Jersey,    Pennsylvania, 

Ohio,  and  it  has  been  listed  by  Mr   Ulke  from  the   District  of  Columbia. 

It  also  appears  in  local  lists  of  insects  taken  in  the  vicinity  of  Buffalo  N.  Y., 

Cincinnati    O.,    and    is  reported   as    occurring  abundantly   in   southwestern 

Pennsylvania,  while    Dr   Smith   states    that   it  is    found    throughout    New 

Jersey. 

Leptura   vagans    01  i v. 

A  black  beetle  about  ya  inch  long,  variably  marked  with 
dark  orange  red  occurs  on  scrub  oak. 

A  single  specimen  of  this  small  longicorn  was 

taken  on  scrub  oak  at  Karner  in   1901.     The  adult 

beetle  is  about  3  g  inch  long,  with  the  head,  thorax 

and  a  variable  portion  of  the  wing  covers  coal-black, 

the  remainder    dark  orange  red.      In  one   specimen 

the    black    portion    is    represented    by    a    somewhat 

lenticular,    median    spot    on    the   side  of  the  elytra, 

while    on    another    there    is    only    a    rather    narrow 

orange  colored  line  on  the  humeral  ridge  of  each  wing  cover.     The  head, 

thorax  and  wing  covers  are  coarsely  punctured. 

This  species  has  been  recorded  from  a  number  of  New  Jersey  localities 


Fig.  97     Leptura    va 
larged  (origina 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


441 


by  Dr  Smith,  who  states  that  it    has   been    bred  from  butternut,  hickory 
and  birch. 

Tomoxia   bidentata  Say 

A  narrow,  triangular,  grayish   beetle  from   j-s   to   yi   inch   long,  occurs  on  hickory  in 
June. 

This   species  was  obtained   in   some    numbers   June   8,   from  decaying 

hickory  at  Albany.      It  has  a  very  close  resemblance  to  T.   1  i  nee  11a  Lee, 

though  the    grayish,    linear  markings  are  not    so    distinct. 

It  may  be  recognized,   according  to  Dr  Smith,  by  the  long,    \^A 

triangular  last  joint  of  the  maxillary  palpi,  and  by  the  base 

of  the  thorax  being  rounded  at  the  middle.      The  elytra  are 

marked  with  broad  bands  not  extending  behind  the  middle, 

and  with   the  posterior  fascia  ,g^£^ ." 

composed   of   spots,   a  cinere-         ..^^^^ 

ous  apical  margin  and  a  rhom- 

boidal    dark    spot    each    side,     ^^ 

near  the  base.     This   species 

was  collected  June  29  on  dying  '"'s- 

hickory  by   Dr   Hopkins,  and 

Dr  Smith  records  it  from  various  New  Jersey  localities  on  dead  trees,  but 

nowhere    common.      Dr    John    Hamilton  states  that  it  is  not    common   in 

southwestern  Pennsylvania  about  old   trees.      It  was  described 

by  Say  from  Missouri,  and   Dr   Smith  lists   it   from  the  Middle 

and  Western  States. 

Tomoxia   lineella   Lee. 
A  narrow,  triangular,  brownish,  gray-marked  beetle  about  s/,^    to   s/,5 
inch  long,  occurs  on  decaying  hickory  in  early  June. 

This  rare  species  was   obtained   in   some    numbers    from 
a  decaying    hickory  at    Poughkeepsie,    June  4,    1903.      It   has 
somewhat  variable  linear   grayish  markings  on  the  head  and 
Urged  (original)  jJ^qj-^j^^  ^^j  j^^g  bceu   recorded  by   Ulke   as  occurring   on  old 
twigs  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  Dr  Smith  reports  it  from  dead  trees. 


larged 


442 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


He  also  states  that  it  is  much  rarer  than  T.  b  i  d  e  n  t  ata  Say,  from  which 
it  may  be  distinguished  by  the  form  of  the  maxillary  palpi  and  the  mark- 
ings. He  has  seen  specimens  from  Ohio,  but  has  not  learned  of  its 
occurring  beyond  the  Mississippi.  Dr  John  Hamilton  records  it  as  not 
common  in  southwestern  Pennsylvania. 

Red-shouldered   twig  borer 

Sinoxylon  basilarc  Say 

A  small,  cylindric,  stout,  bjack,  red-shouldered  beetle  about  Vs  inch  long,  makes 
short,  curved  galleries  in  the  branches  of  a  number  of  deciduous  trees. 

This  small  borer  is  rather  uncommon  in  New  York  State,  though  it 
has  been  recorded  as  breeding  in  the  twigs  of  a  considerable  variety  of 
trees  such  as  hickory,  persimmon,  mulberry,  apple,  peach  and  grapevine. 
Dr  Hopkins  states  that  it  infests  most  other  deciduous  trees  and  that  the 
larvae  bore  in  solid  wood. 

Description.  This  small  beetle  is  black  or  very  dark  brown  with  a 
variable  area  on  the  shoulders  reddish.  The  antennae  are  light  rufous 
with  the  terminal  portion  composed  of  three  enlarged  segments  and  a 
smaller  one.  Head  coarsely  and  irregularly  punctured  ;  thorax  strongly 
rounded,  tuberculate  anteriorly.  Wing  covers  rather  coarsely  punctured 
and  with  several  inconspicuous  striae.  Declivity  straight  and  bordered 
above  with  three  conspicuous  teeth.      Length  about  '/j  inch. 

This  species  is  probably  generally  distributed  in  the  northeastern 
United  States,  since  it  has  been  recorded  from  New  York,  New  Jersey,  the 
vicinity  of  Cincinnati  O.,  and  Minnesota. 

Lurid  Dicerca 

Diccrca  ohscura  van  lurida  Fabr. 

A  flat-headed,  yellowish  white  grub  bores  in  the  trunks  and  limbs  of  pignut  hickory, 
transforming  to  a  flattened,  hard-shelled,  lurid,  dull  brassy  colored  beetle. 

This  rather  pretty  borer  was  bred  in  considerable  numbers  from  a 
badly  galled  hickory  branch  taken  at  Ilion,  May  17,  1902. 

Description.      The  beetle  is  a    flattened,    hard-shelled    insect    ranging 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  443 

from  about  5/g  to  almost  ^-^  Inch  in  length.  It  is  a  lurid  brassy  color  above 
and  a  bright  coppery  underneath.  The  tips  of  the  wing  covers  diverge 
slightly  and  each  bears  a  pair  of  small  spines. 

The  larva  is  a  yellowish  white  color,  long,  narrow,  depressed  in  form 
and  with  abruptly  widened  thoracic  segments.  The  head  is  brownish,  small, 
and  largely  concealed  by  the  prothorax.  The  mandibles  are  tridentate, 
black,  the  antennae  very  short.  The  prothorax  is  short  and  transverse,  the 
mesothorax  is  oval,  broader  than  long,  and  much  depressed  or  flattened  ; 
the  following  segments  are  much  narrower,  gradually  becoming  lono-er. 

Life  history  and  habits.  We  bred  this  insect  from  hickory  limbs  June 
10  and  July  i,  and  Dr  Harris  states  that  this  species  occurs  during  the 
greater  part  of  the  summer  on  the  trunks  and  limbs  of  hickories.  The 
larvae  make  shallow  burrows  in  sickly  and  dying  limbs.  This  species  is 
recorded  from  West  Virginia  by  Dr  Hopkins,  who  met  with  specimens 
May  2. 

Distribution.  This  borer  is  common  in  the  Middle,  Southern  and 
Western  States,  according  to  Dr  LeConte,  and  appears  in  a  number  of 
local  lists  for  the  northeastern  United  States. 

Bibliography 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  p.  290-91 

Calloides  nobilis  Say 

A  stout,  black  beetle  with  golden  yellow  spots  and  transverse  bars  on  its  wing  covers 
occurs  on  chestnut,  oak  and  hickory  in  midsummer. 

This  rare  insect  is  a  magnificent  beetle  closely  related  to  the  very 
destructive  sugar  maple  borer,  Plagionotus  speciosus  Say,  which 
it  resembles  in  general  structure.  It  probably  has  somewhat  similar  habits. 
This  very  dark  brown  or  black  beetle  may  be  instantly  recognized  by  the 
three  bright  yellow  spots  at  the  base  of  each  wing  cover,  the  smallest  being 
at  the  extreme  margin,  in  connection  with  the  two  somewhat  transverse 
lines  of  the  same  color  across  the  apical  half.  This  attractive  insect  is 
rare  in  our  collections  and  is  probably  not  very  abundant,  though  its  pre- 


444 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


sumably  retired  habits  enables  it  to  escape  observation  to  a  large  extent. 
A  specimen  was  taken  at  Albany  June  13,  and  it  occurs  in  the  vicinity  of 
New  York  city.  It  has  been  recorded  from  Massachusetts,  the  District 
of  Columbia  and  southwestern  Pennsylvania.  It  probably  inhabits  the 
northeastern  United  States,  possibly  ranging  north  into  Canada. 

Thunderbolt  beetle 

ArJiopalus  fulininans  Fabr. 

A  rather  slender,  blackish,  gray  marked  beetle  about  ^s  inch  long,  mines  as  a  larva 
the  inner  bark  and  sapwood  of  chestnut  and  oak. 

This  beautiful  insect  may  be  recognized  by  the  peculiar  oval,  black 
spot  on  the  prothora.x,  surrounded  by  yellowish  white  pubescence,  and  also 
by  the  much  smaller,  oval,  more  lateral  spots  of  the  same  color.  The 
black  antennae  are  nearly  as  long  as  the  body  and  rise  between  the  some- 
what conspicuous,  deeply  emarginate,  finely  granulate  eyes.  The  black 
wing  covers  taper  posteriorly  and  are  irregularly  marked  with  a  whitish 
pubescence,  frequently  forming  a  series  of  W-like  marks,  the  extreme  tip  of 
each  wing  cover  bearing  a  rather  conspicuous,  oval,  grayish  area.  This 
species  has  been  recorded  by  Dr  Hopkins  as  infesting  the  sapwood  of  hem- 
lock.     Beetles  were  taken  by  him   in   West   Virginia  in  April,  May,  June, 

July  and  August,  indicating  an 
extended  adult  existence.  Pupae 
were  met  with  about  the  middle 
of  April,  and  eggs  in  August. 

Dorcaschema  nigrum    Say 

A  black,  slender,  cylindric,  long- 
horned  beetle  about  ^  inch  long,  is  easily 
reared  from  hickory  twigs. 

This  species  occurs  in  several 

fig.  100     Dorcaschema    nigrum,    enlarged  (oriRinal)  •  ^1  C*     ^  J 

localities  in  the  htate,  and  was 
taken  at  Poughkeepsie  on  hickory  June  2,  1903.  It  may  be  easily  recog- 
nized   by  the  long  antennae,   entirely  black  color  and  cylindric  form,   the 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  445 

prothorax  being  tubularly  narrowed  behind  the  middle  and  with  a  rugose 
disk.  The  elytral  punctures  are  deep,  not  very  large  or  crowded,  and  the 
under  surface  is  clothed  with  a  pale  pubescence,  giving  a  leaden  effect.  This 
insect  appears  to  be  confined  to  the  hickory,  from  which  it  has  been  bred 
by  a  number  of  entomologists.  It  has  been  recorded  by  Messrs  Leng  and 
Hamilton  from  New  York,  Massachusetts,  Canada  West,  northern  Illinois, 
Louisiana,  has  been  bred  from  hickory  in  southwestern  Pennsylvania  by 
Dr  Hamilton,  found  flying  in  a  spruce  forest  in  West  Virginia  by  Dr  Hop- 
kins, and  listed  by  others  from  the  vicinity  of  Buffalo  N.  Y.,  Cincinnati  O., 
and  the  District  of  Columbia.  Dr  Smith  records  it  from  a  number  of 
localities  in  New  Jersey. 

Red-edged   saperda 
Sapcrda  lateralis  Fabr. 

A  brownish    black,    red-bordered   beetle   about    yi   inch    long,    bores  as  a   larva  in 
hickory. 

This  species  is  rather  rare  and  exhibits  a  marked  preference  for  injured 
portions  of  hickories  near  the  root  and  the  base  of  sprouts  on  recently 
cleared  land.  The  larvae  frequently  work  along  the  juncture  of  dead  and 
living  bark  and  inhabit  the  base  of  dead  shoots. 
This  species  has  been  recorded  from  alder,  though 
this  appears  to  be  an  exceptional  food  plant. 

Euderces  picipes   Fabr. 

A  small,  jet-black  beetle  %.  inch  long,  and  with  an 
oblique  white  line  on  each  side,  works  in  hickory  and  chest- 
nut branches. 

This  small  beetle  pre"sents  a  somewhat  general 
resemblance  to  an  ant  because  of  the  snowy  white, 
oblique  stripes  on  either  side  near  the  middle  of 
the  wing  covers.      The  prothorax  is  strongly  con-  larged  (ongii..ii) 

stricted  behind  and  inclosing  most  of  the  head,  assists  in  this  deception. 
The  antennae  are  about  as  long  as  the  body  and  the  femora  strongly 
swollen.       This    little    species    is    not  abundant  enough  to  cause  material 


446 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


injury.      It  has  been  recorded  from  a  number  of   Northern  States,  and  has 
been  taken  on  linden,  beech,  hickory  and  cliestnut. 

Hickory  timber  beetle 

Xyleboriis  cclsiis  Eich. 
A  cylindric,  brownish  beetle  about    ^,6  inch   long,  makes   holes   of  nearly  uniform 
diameter  in  hickory  and  oak. 

This  species  was   bred   in   considerable   numbers   out   of  hickory   logs 

from   trees   killed   by   the   hickory   bark   borer,    Scolytus    quadrispi- 

n  o  s  u  s  Say,  at  Geneseo  N.  Y. 

Description.     The  beetle  is  about 

3/i6  inch  long,  rather  slender,  almost 
cylindric  in  shape,  with  the  tips  of 
the  protruding  mouth  parts  slightly 
darker.  The  prothorax  and  elytra 
are  rather  sparsely  clothed  with  slen- 
der, yellowish  hairs,  and  there  are 
two  prominent  and  a  number  of  less 
distinct  tubercles  on  the  somewhat 
steep  declivity.  This  species,  accord- 
ing to  Dr  LeConte,  differs  from 
X.  d  i  s  p  a  r  Linn,  by  its  much 
more  elon- 
(.4fter  gate  form, 
the     thorax 

being  about  one  half  longer  than  wide,  with  the 

sides  parallel  behind  the  middle  and  the  elytra  much 

more  than  one  half  longer  than  the  thorax.      The 

antenna  is  illustrated  on  plate  67,  figure  14  and  a 

portion  of  the  proventriculus  on  plate  69,  figure  8. 

Life  history.     This    is    our    largest    American     (original) 

species    of   the    genus,    and    according    to    Mr  Hubbard,  has    been    found 

only    in    hickory,    though    Drs    Packard    and    LeConte    record    it    as    an 


r-eni..le    and    male    of    X  y  I  e  1.  o  r  u  s   , 
Hubbard,  U.  S.  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  7,  n. 


103  Middle  tibia 
Isus:    *-X.  d 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND    WOODLAND   TREES  447 

oak-boring  species.  Their  position,  however,  is  not  sustained,  so  far  as  we 
have  been  able  to 
ascertain,  by  other 
observers,  who  al- 
most invariably  give 
its  food  plant  as 
hickory.  Mr  Hub- 
bard states  that  the 
beetles  make  a  short 
entrance  passage, 
from  the  end  of 
which  numerous 

branches  radiate  in 
a  nearly  horizontal 
plane.  These  pene- 
trate deeply  into 
the    heartwood    and 


Fig.  104     Gallery  of  X  y  1  e  b  o 


greatly  hasten  decay.  The  galleries 
are  blackened  as  in  the  case  of  other 
wood  borers,  but  the  stain  does  not 
extend  far  into  the  wood,  indicating 
that  comparatively  lifeless  trees  are 
attacked  by  this  species.  He  states 
that  the  ambrosia  consists  of  club- 
shaped  stems  growing  upright  in  dense 
clusters.  The  joints  are  long  and  the 
terminal  conidia  when  they  spread  are 
several  times  longer  than  wide.  The 
young  and  adults  of  the  beetles  live 
socially  in  the  galleries,  and  the  pupae 
lie  free  in  the  passages.  Hubbard 
states  that  the  male  of  this  form  has 
been  described  by  LeConte  as  X.   b  i  o  g  r  a  p  h  u  s. 


us     celsus     (Aft. 
Bui.  7,  n.  s.   '97) 


448  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Distribution.  This  species  has  been  recorded  from  the  Middle  and 
Southern  States  by  Dr  LeConte,  and  it  is  undoubtedly  generally  distributed, 
since  it  has  been  listed  from  the  vicinity  of  Buffalo  N.  Y.,  Cincinnati  O., 
southwestern  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey  and  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Bibliography 
1897     Hubbard,  H.  G.     U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  7,  n.  s.  p.  24 

Hickory  twig  borer 
Chrainesus    hicoriae  Lee. 

A  short,  stout,  black  beetle  about  '/16  inch  long,  may  be  bred  from  hickory  twigs. 

This  common  species  was  reared  from  hickory  limbs  infested  with  a 
gnarly  or  knotty  growth,  the  adults  appearing  June  11    and  July  i,  1902. 

Description.  A  black  or  dark  brown  beetle,  rather  stout,  about  5^6  inch 
long.  Club  of  antennae  large  and  longer  than  funicle.  Eyes  slightly 
emarginate,  coarsely  granulate  ;  thorax  sparsely  clothed  with  short,  yellow- 
ish pubescence.  Wing  covers  plainly  striated  and  with  a  pubescence 
similar  to  that  of  the  thorax.  The  antenna  is  figured  on  plate  67,  figure  9, 
a  portion  of  the  proventriculus  on  plate  69,  figure  6  and  the  tibia  in 
figure  103. 

The  larva  has  been  described  by  Dr  Smith  as  curculionid  in  form, 
pure  white,  about  1/16  inch  in  length,  and  with  a  brown,  chitinous  head, 
usually  retracted  so  as  to  show  only  the  mandibles,  which  latter  are  very 
stout,  curved,  with  a  broad,  gougelike,  cutting  edge. 

Life  history  and  habits.  This  insect  is  quite  common  in  hickory  twigs 
from  3/5  to  I  inch  in  diameter,  the  burrows  being  mostly  in  the  wood  and 
just  scoring  the  bark.  A  single  upright  channel  about  i  inch  long  is  cut 
by  the  parent  beetle,  and  eggs  are  deposited  at  nearly  regular  intervals  on 
each  side,  the  larvae  working  at  right  angles  for  a  short  distance  and  then 
turning  and  boring  nearly  parallel  with  the  wood  fibers.  Dr  John 
Hamilton  states  that  he  reared  a  few  specimens  of  this  beetle  from 
hickory  limbs  the  first  summer  after  cutting,  and  great  numbers  during 
the   second   season. 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND    WOODLAND    TREES  449 

Distribution.  This  species  probably  has  a  wide  distribution  in  the 
eastern  United  States,  since  it  has  been  recorded  from  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Ohio,  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  District  of  Columbia,  Louisiana 
and  Minnesota. 

Natural  enemies.  Dr  Hopkins  has  reared  Elasmocerus  termi- 
natus  Say,  from  wood  infested  by  this  species  in  company  with  others, 
and  has  also  obtained  Hypophloeus  parallelus  Melsh.  from  the 
galleries  of  this  insect.  Dr  LeConte  has  reared  Chariessa  pilosa 
Forst,  and  P  h  y  11  o  b  a  e  n  u  s  d  i  s  1  o  c  a  t  u  s  Say  from  hickory  limbs 
infested  by  this  species. 

Bibliography 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  \>.  296 
Chestnut  timber  worm 

Lyviexylon  scriceum    Harr. 

•4. 

A  slender,  white  grub  -with  a  conspicuous    hump  behind  the  head  and  a  dark   brown,  L        J 

obliquely  truncate,  serrate   posterior   extremity,  makes  extensive   galleries  in  tlie  wood  of  O  ^r 

ng  and  dead  chestnut  and  oak.  y^    fl 


V 


livi 

This  destructive  borer  tunnels  the  sapwood  and  heart  of  chestnut  in  a 
directions,  though  its  galleries  are  frequently  oblique  and  along  the  lines  of  O"^^ 

growth.  Entrance  is  effected  at  some  wound  or  where  a  limb  has  broken  <Z/>  • 
off.  Its  work  in  chestnut  is  so  abundant  in  many  sections  as  to  cause  mate- 
rial depreciation  in  the  price  of  otherwise  valuable  timber.  The  parent  is 
a  slender,  chestnut-brown,  yellow-haired  beetle  about  ^2  inch  long.  The 
larva  is  white,  slender,  cylindric,  about  V^  inch  long.  It  has  a  peculiar  hump 
behind  the  light  yellow  head,  and  a  hard,  dark  brown,  excavated,  obliquely 
truncate  posterior  extremity  margined  with  stout  quadrate  teeth. 

All  fallen  or  dead  timber  should  be  removed  from  the  forest  as  soon  as 
practical,  as  this  species  breeds  readily  in  dead  trunks.  Unnecessary  blaz- 
ing or  wounding  should  be  avoided,  since  such  places  are  very  favorable 
to  infestation   by  this  borer. 


45° 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Callidium   aereum   Newm. 
A   brownish,   flattened  beetle  about    Y-z    inch   long,   occurs  on   chestnut,  the    larvae 
mining  the  inner  bark. 

This  species  appears  to  be  generally  distributed  in  the  eastern  United 
States.  It  has  been  recorded  from  New  York,  New  Jersey  and  the  District 
of  Columbia.  The  larvae  mine  the  inner  bark  of  chestnut,  and  in  the 
opinion  of  Dr  Hopkins  may  hasten  and  perhaps  cause  the  death  of 
aged  or  injured  trees.  The  adult  may  be  separated  from  others  of  its 
species,  according  to  Wickham,  by  its  color,  it  being  entirely  testaceous  or 
brownish,  while  the  related  forms,  Callidium  a  n  t  e  n  n  a  t  u  m  Newm. 
and  C.  j  a  n  t  h  i  n  u  m  Lee,  are  metallic  blue  or  green  or  buff.  This  species 
breeds  in  chestnut,  while  the  others  occur,  more  commonly  at  least,  in  pine 
and  perhaps  other  coniferous  trees.  Mr  Ulke  records  this,  among  other 
species,  as  being  common  on  pine.  This  record  evidently  refers  to  places 
where  the  adults  were  captured  and  does  not  necessarily 
imply  that  the  insect  breeds  in  this  tree. 

Leptura    zebra    OH  v. 

A    beautiful,    black,    golden-marked    beetle    about    Sg    inch 
long,  occurs  on  various  trees  in  June. 

A  single  specimen  of  this  handsome  insect  was 
cut  from  living  chestnut  bark  just  above  where  a  chip 
had  been  taken  from  a  tree  at  Highland,  June  2,  1903. 
Description.  This  species  presents  brilliant  con- 
trasts of  golden  yellow  and  black  on  the  thora.x  and 
wing  covers.  The  former  is  margined  anteriorly  and 
posteriorly  by  bright  golden  yellow  ;  there  is  a  yellow 
band  near  the  base  of  the  elytra,  each  half  being 
arcuate ;  a  broad  band  across  the  middle  of  the  wing  covers  is  more  or  less 
divided  into  two  large,  oval,  black  spots.  Underneath,  the  insect  is  clothed 
with  yellowish  pubescence,  thickest  on  the  posterior  margins  of  the  abdomi- 
nal segments.  There  is  a  much  narrower  band  near  the  tip  of  the  elytra. 
The  mouth  parts  and  the  legs  are  yellowish  red. 


Fig.  106     L  e  p  t  11  r  .1    z  c  1> 
Urged  (original) 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  451 

Food  plants.  This  insect  Ikis  bt-en  recorded  on  several  food  plants. 
I)r  Smith  states  that  it  occurs  throui^liout  New  Jersey  on  chestnut,  oak  and 
beech,  antl  .Mr  Hcuteninidler  ^ives  pine  in  addition  to  the  above. 

Distribution.  This  species  has  a  wide  distribution,  occurring  in  New 
\'ork,  and  lia\  in^'  been  recorded  from  tlie  vicinity  of  Buffalo,  Cincinnati, 
southwestern  Pennsylvania  and  the  District  of  Columbia.  Dr  Hamilton 
states  that  it  is  common  in  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  where  it  breeds  in 
white  oak  stumps. 

Sesia  scitula   Harris 

A  liliK-  black  cicarwing  about  '4  Inrh  long,  witli  yellow-banded  legs  and  abdomen, 
bores  in  the  larval  stage  under  the  bark  of  ciiestnut  and  dogwood. 

This  species  is  known  to  occiu'  in  Canada,  New  P2n<rland,  Middle 
.States  to  Virginia  and  westward  to  Ohio  and  Illinois.  It  is  .said  to  be 
closely  allied  to  Sesia  pyri  Harris.  It  lives  in  the  larval  stage  under 
the  bark  of  chestnut  and  dogwood  and  also  inhabits  the  gall  of  A  n  d  r  i  c  u  s 
c  o  r  n  i  g  e  r  o  u  s.  The  dogwood,  C  o  r  n  u  s  f  1  o  r  i  d  a  appears  to  be  its 
favorite  food  plant.  This  species  was  bred  July  4  from  rough,  black, 
polythalamus  galls  on  limbs  of  black  and  red  oak  by  Walsh,  and  the  late 
Dr  Kellicott  obtained  the  same  insect  from  globular  swellings  on  oak  twigs 
in  May. 

Male.  Head  and  antennae  black  ;  palpi  yellow,  tip  black  ;  orbits  white. 
Thorax  deep  blue  black  with  a  yellow  line  on  each  side  and  a  yellow  patch 
on  each  side  beneath.  Abdomen  deep  blue  black  with  a  narrow  yellow  ring 
on  the  second  and  fourth  segments,  the  latter  covering  the  whole  segment 
beneath.  Anal  tuft  black.  At  the  base  of  the  abdomen  is  a  yellow  line 
reaching  to  the  end  of  the  second  segment.  Femora  blue  black,  tibiae  yel- 
low with  a  purple  band  on  the  middle  and  hind  femora.  Anterior  coxae 
yellow.  Forewings  transparent,  borders  and  discal  mark  blue  black,  narrow  ; 
outer  margin  broad,  with  yellow  rays.  Underside  brighter  than  the  upper. 
Hind  wings  transparent,  margins  very  narrow,  blue  black. 

Female.  Similar  to  the  male,  but  heavier.  The  palpi  are  wholly  yel- 
low and  the  fourth  segment  is  yellow  above  and  below  ;  the  fifth  and  sixth 
are  yellow  beneath  ;  on  the  forev/ings  the  yellow  between  the  veins  of  the 
outer  border  is  more  distinct  and  the  anal  tuft  is  yellow  at  the  sides. 

Expanse,  male  and  female,  18-22  mm.      BeiUeniniiller 


452  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Peach  bark  beetle 

PJilocotribiis  liminarh  Harr. 
A  minute,  brownish,  rather  stout  beetle  about  ■/,„    inch  long,  runs  transverse  galleries 
in  the  inner  bark  of  peach,  plum  and  cherry. 

This  little  species  is  better  known  as  a  pest  of  fruit  trees  than  a  depre- 
dator on  ornamental  or  forest  trees,  thou^di  it  occasionally  attacks  wild 
cherry,  probably  phmi  and  related  trees.  Its  method  of  work  is  very  char- 
acteristic. The  galleries  of  the  adult  beetles  run  transversely  or  nearly  so 
to  the  orrain  of  the  wood,  two  diveroint^  from  a  common  entrance  cham- 
ber. Each  is  the  work  of  a  single  female  which  deposits 
a  great  many  eggs  at  close  intervals  on  each  side.  These 
hatch  and  the  young  grubs  proceed  to  make  channels  at 
approximately  right  angles  to  those  of  the  parent  insect. 
The  larval  galleries  are  easily  recognized  because  of  their 
expanding,  somewhat  sinuous  character.  Infested  areas  are 
scoiyiu-i    rugu-  [j^jj^.  fidtUetl  h\  this  species,  and  in  many   instances  the   tree 

1  o  s  u  s,  enlarged  '  -  *  '  ^ 

(""«'"'^"  soon  girdled.      The  work  of  this  borer  is  more  frequently  met 

with  in  early  spring,  though  occasionally  beetles  are  taken  in  the  fall.  The 
easiest  way  to  identify  the  adults  is  by  tlieir  work.  Occasionalh"  this  is 
impossible  and  then  recourse  must  lie  luul  to  structural  characters,  the 
peculiar  antennae  |  pi.  66,  fig.  i]  being  the  most  striking.  This  little  beetle 
is  rather  sparsely  clothed  with  a  short,  yellowish  pubescence,  and  the  elytra 
are  coarsely  striate  with  series  of  almost  confluent  punctures. 

Remedial  measures.  There  is  no  practical  method  of  checking  this 
pest,  beyond  cutting  and  burning  infested  trees  before  the  insects  have  had 
an  opportunity  to  escape  and  enter  others.  Ordinarily  its  attacks  are 
confined  to  unhealthy  trees. 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND   TREES  453 

Fruit  tree  bark  beetle 

Scolytiis    rugjilosHS  Ratz. 

A  dark  brown  or  black,  stout  beetle  about  yi  inch  long,  runs  longitudinal  galleries 
under  the  bark  of  plum,  peach,  cherry  and  apple. 

This  species  is  well  known  as  a  fruit  tree  pest  and  it  is  mentioned  in 
this  connection  because  it  occasionally  attacks  wild  cherry.  I  nfested  branches 
are  badly  tunneled  by  the  numerous  borings  of  both  adults  and  larvae,  result- 
ing in  their  speedy  death.  Woodpeckers  are  very  efficient  natural  enemies 
and  do  much  toward  keeping  this  species  and  its  allies  in  check. 

Sesia  pictipes  Gr.   &   Rob. 

A  blue  black  clearwing  having  a  wing  spread  of  about  i  inch  and  with  narrow 
yellow  bands  on  tlie  abdomen  and  leg  lives  as  a  larva  under  the  bark  of  plum  and  several 
related  trees. 

The  larva  of  this  species  lives  under  the  bark  of  plum,  wild  and  culti- 
vated cherries,  beach  plum,  peach,  juneberry  (Amelanchier  cana- 
densis) and  chestnut.  It  ranges  from  Canada  to  Florida  and  Texas  and 
westward  to  the  Pacific.  Its  life  history  has  been  worked  out  quite  fully  by 
the  late  Dr  James  S.  Bailey  of  Albany  N.  Y.,  and  the  following  records  are 
taken  from  his  account. 

The  moths  emerge  during  June  and  July,  the  most  favorable  time  for 
their  appearance  being  between  8  and  lo  o'clock  in  the  morning.  One 
cluster  of  eggs,  consisting  of  92,  was  found  by  Dr  Bailey  on  the  under 
surface  of  loosened  bark  within  six  inches  of  the  root.  During  rainy  days 
he  observed  the  caterpillars  crawling  out  of  the  openings  and  drinking 
the  moisture  from  the  wet  surface.  Larvae  of  all  sizes  from  that  of  a  fine 
pin  to  those  full  grown  were  found  beneath  the  bark  of  the  infested  tree. 
The  injured  area  was  perforated  with  holes  made  for  the  exit  of  the  pupa 
and  in  other  places  the  bark  was  cracked  and  its  edges  turned  outward  dis- 
closing the  split  sapwood  beneath.  The  pupal  cells  were  constructed  of 
fine  sawdust,  cemented  with  gum  and  slightly  excavated  in  the  surface  of 
the  sapwood.  The  pupae  lay  concealed  with  the  head  pointing  to  and  in 
contact  with  the  perforations  in  the  bark. 


454 


\E\V    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Dr  Bailey  observed  that  the  infested  tree  was  visited  several  times  by 
the  hairy  woodpecker,  Picus  v  i  11  o  s  u  s,  and  on  each  occasion  it  worked 
industriously  for  a  considerable  time  exploring  the  bark  in  search  of  larvae 
and  undoubtedly  securing  a  number. 

Male.  Head  blue  black,  sometimes  with  a  few  yellow  hairs  between 
the  antennae,  palpi  pale  yellow,  black  above.  Collar  at  the  sides  pale 
yellow.  Thorax  blue  black  with  a  narrow  pale  yellow  line  on  each  side. 
Abdomen  blue  black  with  a  very  narrow  pale  yellow  ring  on  the  second  and 
fourth  segments  ;  the  ring  on  the  fourth  segment  encircles  the  body,  or  is 
only  present  beneath  and  sometimes  in  form  of  a  patch.  Anal  tuft  has- 
tate, bJue  black,  narrowly  edged  with  white  at  the  sides.  Legs  blue  black, 
with  pale  yellow  tufts  on  the  tibiae,  and  yellow  rings  on  the  tarsi  ;  anterior 
coxae  marked  with  yellow.  Forewings  transparent,  with  the  margins  very 
narrow,  blue  black ;  discal  mark,  narrow,  straight.  Sometimes  the  inner 
margin  is  scaled  with  pale  yellow.  Underside  with  inner  and  costal  mar- 
gins, and  discal  mark  scaled  with  pale  yellow.  Hind  wings  transparent,  no. 
discal  mark,  and  with  very  narrow  outer  margin  ;  fringes  becoming  whitish 
towards  the  base.      Underside  like  the  upper. 

Female.  Same  as  the  male,  but  more  robust,  with  straight  anal  tuft 
and  simple  antennae. 

Expanse,  male  15-20  mm;  female  20-26  mm.      Beutcjuuitllcr 

Gaurotes  cyanipennis   .Say 

.A    rt-d-horned,   red-legged,   lilack,   lirilliant,   greenish    beetle 
al)out   'j  inch  long,  occurs  on  l)utternut,  oak  and  bin  h. 

.Specimens  of  this  brilliant  beetle  were  taken  on 
birch  at  Big  Moose  N.  Y.,  July  2,  1903.  This  beetle 
is  easily  recognized  by  its  striking  colors,  the  head  and 
thorax  being  black  and  the  wings  a  brilliant  green. 
The  reddish  antennae  are  a  little  over  half  the  length 
peiixis,  eiii;,rgeci(orifin;,h  of  tlic  body.  The  thorax  is  subcylindric,  tapering 
anteriorly,  and  the  wing  covers  are  slightly  truncate. 

Life  history.  Mr  Wickham  states  that  he  has  found  this  insect  largely 
confined  to  sumac  blossoms  in  Wisconsin.  It  has  been  found  pairing 
and  ovipositing  on  butternut,  by  Mr  F.  B.  Caulfield,  while  Dr  Hamilton 
reports  it  common  in  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  where  it  breeds  in 
J  u  g  1  a  n  s  alba. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


455 


Distribution.  This  species  probably  has  a  wide  distribution  in  the 
northeastern  United  States,  since  it  has  been  recorded  from  Arkansas,  Ken- 
tucky, Cincinnati  O..  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  Buffalo  N.  Y.,  New  Jersey 
and  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Goes  pulverulentus  Hald. 
This  species  appears  to  present  an  interesting  diversity  of  food  habits 
in  various  localities  as  illustrated  by  the  following  records.  It  occurs  in 
elm  about  Lowell  Mass.,  as  recorded  by  Blanchard,  affects  ironwood  in  the 
vicinity  of  New  York  as  stated  by  Mr  Joutel,  and  local  entomologists  about 
New  York  record  it  from  beech. 

Cossonus  platalea  Say 

A  flattened,  jet-black,  snout  beetle  about  ,'4  inch  in  length,  sometimes  occurs  in 
considerable  numbers  in  butternut,  ])oplar  and  other  woods. 

This  borer  was  bred  in  abundance  from  a  section  of  butternut  wood 
cut  the  previous  year  and  sent  to  us  by  Mr  George  S.  Graves  of  Newport 
N.  Y.  The  insects  emerged  in  early  April,  and  with  them 
were  also  obtained  some  specimens  of  Stenoscelis 
brevis  Woll. 

This  jet-black  beetle,  about  ^_^,  inch  long,  ma)'  be 
recognized  by  its  somewhat  depressed  form  ;  short,  rather 
stout  beak,  and  reddish  antennae.  The  head  is  prolonged 
into  a  somewhat  expanded  beak,  wb.ich  latter  is  rather 
coarsely  punctured  ;  prothora.x  smooth,  with  irregular,  large 
punctures  ;  wing  covers  deeply  striate  with  series  of  rather 
large,  separate  punctures.  It  occurs  in  large  numbers 
under  dead  butternut  bark  in  .September  and   October  and  ''°,  '"',   '^•--"""^ 

I  ]■  I;i  t  a  1  e  a,      enlarged 

has    been    bred    from    butternut   wood.      This    beetle  runs     '■"«'"'" 
numerous    irregular   galleries   which,   in   the   case   under    observation,  were 
filled  with  fungus.      It   has  been  obtained   by  Drs   Hamilton  and   Hopkins 
from  under  dead  white  walnut  bark,  while   I)r  .Smith   records  it  from   under 
partly    decayed    poplar   bark.      This    species    probably    inhabits    the   north- 


456 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


eastern  Ignited  States,  since  it  has  been  listed  from  Ohio,  southwestern 
Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and  it  occurs  in  the  edge  of  the  Adirondacks  in 
New  York. 

Centrodera  decolorata   Harr. 
A  slender,  light  brown  beetle  about  an  inch  long,  bores  in  butternut  and  beech. 
A  single  specimen  of  this  uniformly  light  brown  beetle  was  sent  to   us 
by  George  S.  Graves  of   Newport  N.  Y.,  Jan.  5,  1903.      It  was  cut  out  from 

a  butternut  tree,  and  Mr  Wickham  states  that 
it  has  been  found  by  Mr  Harrington  on  beech. 
This  beetle  is  a  rather  slender  insect  almost 
an  inch  in  length.  The  antennae  are  rather 
stout,  not  quite  equal  to  the  body  in  length,  and 
both  they  and  the  legs  are  a  little  darker  than 
t\v.  wing  covers.  Head  dark  reddish  with 
coarsely  granulated  black  eyes ;  thorax  sub- 
cylindric,  longer  than  wide,  and  armed  with 
stout,  lateral  spines.  Wing  covers  long,  slender, 
closely  punctured,  and  with  two  indistinct  ridges. 
This  species  has  been  listed  from  New  Jersey,  District  of  Columbia  and 
southwestern  Pennsylvania,  being  somewhat  rare  in  the  latter  two  localities. 

Sesia  corni   Hy.  Edw. 

A  purplish  black,  yellow-marked,  red-tailed  clearwing  moth,  with  a  wing  expanse  of 
about  3/^  inch,  bores  in  the  larval  stage  in  maple. 

This  interesting  form  infests  the  branches  and  twigs  of  maple  which 
are  often  enlarged  at  several  points  by  rough  bark  or  gnarled  excrescences. 
These  are  often  nearly  globular,  more  frequently,  however,  oblong  and  not 
unusually  there  are  openings  into  the  center  of  the  stem.  An  examination 
of  the  wood  shows  that  it  may  be  mined  in  various  directions  and  in  a 
decaying  condition.  The  attack  often  causes  branches  to  die  or  so  weakens 
them  that  they  are  broken  by  winds.  One  or  more  larvae  may  be  found  in 
a  single  enlargement.  Adults  are  abroad  from  about  the  middle  of  May  to 
the  middle  of   June. 


enl.irged  (original) 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  457 

The  above  observations  on  the  life  history  are  from  Dr  Kellicott's 
published  account. 

This  species  is  known  to  occur  in  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Ohio. 

Male.  Head  black ;  palpi  orange,  orbits  white  ;  collar  dull  orange. 
Antennae  black.  Thorax  deep  purplish  black  with  a  very  narrow  stripe  on 
each  side  ;  pale  orange  beneath.  Abdomen  slender,  deep  purplish  or  blue 
black  with  a  very  narrow  ring  on  the  second  and  last  three  segments ; 
underside  pale  yellow.  Anal  tuft  black  above,  bright  red  beneath.  Legs 
bluish  or  purplish  black,  tibiae  and  tarsi  banded  with  pale  yellow;  anterior 
coxae  yellow.  Forewings  transparent  with  borders  purplish  or  bluish  black  ; 
inner  margin  very  narrow  ;  outer  margin  rather  broad.  Discal  mark  large, 
black.  Underside  same  as  above  or  washed  with  pale  yellow.  Hind  wings 
transparent,  with  very  narrow  margins.  Discal  mark  small.  Underside 
same  as  upper. 

Female.  Like  the  male,  except  the  anal  tuft,  which  is  wholly  red,  and 
the  antennae  have  a  large  white  patch  on  one  side  before  the  tip. 

Expanse;  male  and  female,  18-21  mm.     Beutennmller 

Divaricated  buprestis 

Dicer ea  eiivarieata   Say 

A  flat,  brassy  beetle  with  divergent  wing  covers  liores  as  a  larva  in  peach,  cherry, 
beech,  maple  and  other  deciduous  trees. 

This  is  one  of  our  common  flat-headed  borers  which,  as  a  rule,  does  not 
cause  much  injury  though  it  operates  in  a  large  variety  of  trees. 

Description.  The  beetles  have  been  described  by  Dr  Harris  as  "cop- 
per-colored sometimes  brassy  above  and  thickly  covered  with  little  punc- 
tures ;  the  thorax  is  slightly  furrowed  in  the  middle  ;  the  wing  covers  are 
marked  with  numerous  fine,  irregular,  impressed  lines  and  small,  oblong, 
square,  elevated,  black  spots  ;  they  taper  very  much  behind,  and  the  long, 
narrow  tips  are  blunt  pointed  ;  the  middle  of  the  breast  is  furrowed  ;  and 
the  males  have  a  little  tooth  on  the  underside  of  the  shanks  of  the  interme- 
diate legs.  They  measure  from  seven  to  nine  tenths  of  an  inch."  The 
slender  tips  of  the  wing  covers  diverge  more  or  less,  affording  a  character 
for  the  ready  separation  of  the  species  and  one  from  which  its  specific  name 
is  derived. 


458 


NEW    VOKK    STATE    MUSEUM 


The  larva  is  one  of  the  familiar  flat-headed  borers  and  has  been 
described  by  Dr  Packard  as  follows  : 

Prothoracic  segment  moderately  broad,  not  so  long  as  wide,  but  not  so 
wide  in  proportion  to  the  two  succeeding  segments  as  in  Chrysobothris  ;  the 
second  thoracic  segment  trapezoidal,  narrower  than  the  first  by  two  thirds  of 
its  length  ;  third  thoracic  segment  a  little  narrower  and  a  little  longer  than 
the  second.  All  the  abdominal  segments  about  two  thirds  as  wide  as  the 
third  thoracic,  and  round  and  thick.  The  terminal  segment  a  little  over 
one  half  as  wide  as  the  one  before  it.  Prothoracic  segment  with  a  large 
broad  rough  chitinous  surface,  with  an  inverted  narrow  V  with  long  slender 
arms  to  the  V.  On  the  underside  of  the  segment,  the  rough  surface  is 
divided  into  two  by  two  nearly  parallel  longitudinal  smooth  lines.  Lengtlv 
of  body,  35  mm  ;  length  of  prothoracic  segment,  5  mm  ;  breadth,  7  mm  ; 
width  of  metathoracic  segment,  5  mm;  width  of  an  average  abdominal 
segment,  4  mm. 

Life  history.  The  beetles  occur  abroad  during  the  months  of  June, 
July  and  August,  at  which  time  they  may  be  found  sunning  themselves  on 
the  limbs  of  affected  trees.  Dr  Fitch  .states  that  the  beech  is  uncioubtedly 
the  original  food  plant  of  this  insect,  and  that  wherever  a  dead  tree  of  this 
species  occurs  some  of  the  beetles  will  almost  always  be  found  on  it  on 
sunny  midsummer  days. 

Food  plants.  This  species  breeds  in  a  considerable  variety  of  deciduous 
trees,  having  been  listed  from  apple,  pear,  plum,  cherry,  peach,  beech  and 
maple. 

Distribution.  This  beetle  is  recorded  as  abundant  from  the  Middle 
States  by  Dr  LeConte,  and  it  has  been  listed  from  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
District  of  Columbia  and  Ohio  by  various  writers.  It  is  undoubtedh' 
generally  distributed  and  rather  abundant  in  the  northeastern  United 
States. 

Banded  buprestid 
Bnprcstis    fasa'ata    P'abr. 

A  brilliant  green,  golden  yellow,  fl.-it  beetle  about  58  inch  long,  bores  as  a  larva  in 
maple. 

This  brilliant  green,  flattened  beetle,  ranging  from  about  %  to  f  ^  inch 
in  length,  may  be  easily  recognized  by  the  bright  golden   yellow   markings 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND   TREES 


459 


on  the  wing  covers.  These  latter  are  as  follows  :  A  somewhat  irregular 
triangular  spot  at  the  basal  third  of  each  wing  cover,  an  irregular,  angu- 
lated,  transverse  band  at  the  apical  third,  and  a  short,  oblique,  subrectan- 
gular  spot  near  the  apex.  The  mark  at  the  basal  third  is 
absent  in  some  specimens.  This  beautiful  buprestid  bores 
in  maple,  according  to  Mr  Hunt.  Dr  Fletcher  has  found 
it  abundant  on  poplars,  and  it  is  recorded  as  rare  in  New 
Jersey. 

White-horned  maple  borer 
Xyphidria  albiconiis    Harr. 
.\  slender,  blackish,  wasplike   insect   about  half  an  inch   long  and 
with   most   of    the   antennae   white,  bores   as  a   larva  in   diseased   hard    ''''    '"     t*"!'rcstis 

f;.suiata,  enlarged 

niajjle  in  Juh  .  (..riginaii 

Examples  of  this  interesting  species  were  taken  July  4,  1905,  at  Nas- 
sau, on  the  underside  of  a  dying  sugar  maple  limb,  evidently  destroyed  by 
a  fungous  or  bacterial  affection.  The  foliage  had  wilted  just  a  few  days 
before  and  discolored  areas  extended  through  the  wood  almost  the  entire 
length  of  the  limb,  the  abnormality  being  more  evident  at  its  base.  The 
bark  separated  readily  from  the  wood  and  an  examination  about  the  places 
where  the  insects  were  found,  showed  masses  of  eggs  evidently  belonging 
to  this  species,  deposited  in  peculiar  elongate  cavities  in  the  inner  bark.  A 
favorite  spot  seemed  to  be  at  the  very  base  of  the  limb,  usually  near  an 
elevated  or  rough  portion  of  the  bark. 

The  eggs  occurred  in  irregular  masses  of  a  few  to  about  15,  were  pure 
white  in  color,  about  i  mm  long,  fusiform  and  with  a  slender,  transparent, 
flagellate  appendage  about  .75  mm  long.  The  eggs  were  almost  invariably 
in  slight  cavities,  possibly  induced  by  sap  collecting  and  fermenting'in  these 
places.  The  smaller  cavities  were  very  slightly  discolored  while  larger  ones 
apparently  varied  from  dark  brown  t(i  nearly  black.  Oviposition  was  so 
abundant  that  15  to  20  or  more  of  these  ^•g'g  masses  were  easily  found  in 
10  or  15  minutes  work.  This  species  undoubtedly  bores  in  decaying  hard 
maple  limbs  in  much  the  same  way  as  Xyphidria  ])  r  o  \-  a  n  c  h  <■  r  i  Cress. 


460 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


works  in  decaying  birch  and   it   is  probable   that   the   larvae   are  somewhat 
similar  \_sre  p.  466,  fig.  i  16  for  an  illustration  of  this  latter  insect]. 

Grynocharis  quadri-lineatus  Melsh. 
This  black,  rather  flattened  beetle  occurs  on  beech  stumps  in  May. 
The  eyes  are  medium,  rather  finely  granulated  ;  head  somewhat  coarsely, 
and  prothorax  rather  finely  punctured,  while  the  wing  covers  are  marked  by 
a  number  of  conspicuous  ridges  with  the  interspaces  coarsely  punctured, 
almost  reticulate. 

Xylocleptes  species 
Dark  brown  or  black   beetles,   about  '/j2  inch   long,   make  longitudinal    burrows   in 
partly  decayed  sugar  maple  limbs. 

This  species  was  met  with  by  the  writer  in  very  small  numbers  August, 
igor  at  Axton  N.  Y.,  in  a  dead  sugar  maple  limb.  The  adult  beetles  run  a 
somewhat  tortuous  longitudinal  gallery  just  under  the 
bark  and  escape,  as  in  the  case  of  most  bark  borers, 
'f\\\f  through  round  holes  about  '  (,4  inch  in  diameter.  A 
central  chamber  was  detected  in  one  instance  and  in  this 
case  there  were  two  longitudinal  galleries  proceeding 
Fig  1.2  „  |,„r.i„n  of  leg  therefroui  and  slight  notches  indicated  the  beginning  of 
two  others.  Eggs  are  evidently  deposited  on  either  side 
of  the  burrow  and  the  young  makes  somewhat  tortuous 
galleries  at  approximately  right  angles  to  those  of  the  adults.  The  insects 
were  probably  breed- 
ing at  the  time  they  ^^^^r^^j     v  •  --^    ■    111^ 

^^^^^^^■^B>^-*^^^.>«h^ — ■  ■  -    *  ^,T  ■    tin 

were     collected,     as     a  Fig.  113     Xylocleptes  work  in  decaying  mapletwig  (original) 

few  larvae  were  seen  but  not  preserved. 

Description.  The  beetle  is  less  than  3^32  inch  in  length,  c\lindric,  rather 
slender  and  of  a  dark  brown  color  except  the  legs,  which  are  a  light  brown. 
The  head  is  well  retracted  and  the  black  eyes  are  coarsely  granulate.  The 
anterior  portion  of  the  prothorax  is  tuberculate,  the  dorsal  part  and  the 
wing  covers  or  elytra  are  rather  sparseh'  and  coarsely  puncturetl. 


i=middle  tibia  of  P  i  t  y - 
ogenes  sp.  a  (p.  374), 
enlarged  (original) 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AXD    WOODLAND    TREES  46 1 

•) 

y 

Prickly   leptostylus 

Lcptostylns  acnliferits  Say 

Small  worms  similar  to  young  apple  borers,  sometimes  occur  in  multitudes  under  the 
bark,  toriiiing  long,  narrow,  winding,  gradually  expanding  tracks  on  the  outer  surface  of 
the  wood  of  apple  and  maple  trees. 

This  species  was  noticed  by  Dr  Fitch  in  1856,  who  is  responsible  for 
the  above  diagnosis.      He  states  that  the  beetles  appear  the  last  of  August. 

Description.  The  adult  lias  been  described  by  Dr  Lugger  as  a  brown- 
ish gray  beetle  with  "numerous  small,  thornlike  points  upon  the  wing 
covers  and  a  V-shaped  band  margined  with  black  a  little  behind  the  middle 
of  the  elytra.  Some  well  marked  and  fresh  specimens  are  little  beauties, 
being  almost  silvery  white  with  dark  dots  on  the  band  already  mentioned. 
The  insect  measures  a  little  more  than  ',  inch  in  length."  Professor 
Wickham  separates  this  form  from  its  allies  by  the  tubercles  on  the  elytra, 
each  bearing  apicalK,  black  scalelike  hairs,  in  connection  with  the  feeble 
and  distant  puncturing  on  the  elytra,  the  latter  often  inconspicuous  or 
concealed.  The  legs  are  not  hairy  and  the  antennae  are  scarcel)'  longer 
than  the  body,  even  in  the  male,  the  third  joint  being  considerably  longer 
than  the  fourth.  New  York  specimens  are  stout,  gray-brownish  with  the 
prothorax  roughly  tuberculate,  pubescent,  with  the  punctures  sparse  and 
irregidarly  placet!  The  elytra  have  raised  tubercles  or  ridges  and  are 
ornamented  with  a  grayish  and  whitish  pubescence,  which  tends  to  form 
a  postmedian,  transverse  band  broadest  at  the  suture,  the  pubescence 
becoming  darker  anteriorly;   tip  dark. 

Food  plants.  Dr  Hopkins  reports  it  from  West  \Mrginia  as  infesting 
dead  and  dying  apple  and  maple  trees,  and  Mr  Beutenmuller  records  it  from 
sweet  gum,  oak  and  osage  orange.  In  addition  to  some  of  the  preceding, 
Professor  Wickham  records  it  from  sycamore.  Dr  Hopkins  states  that  the 
larvae  mine  the  inner  bark  of  dying  ant!  dead  tulip  trees. 

Distribution.  This  species  has  been  recorded  from  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  District  of  Columbia,  West  Virginia  and  Ohio,  and  probably  occurs 
over  an  extended  portion  of  the  northeastern  United  States. 


462 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Physocnemum  brevilineum   Say 

A  rather  stout,  black,  beetle  about  5 g  inch  long  and  with  brownish  or  bluish  purple 
wing  covers  ornamented  with  three  whitish  lines,  occurs  on  elm  in  midsummer. 

This  species  is  an  elm  borer  in  the  larval  stage  and  the  beetles  have 
been  met  with  on  this  tree  in  May,  June  and  July,  ovipositing  in   the  latter 

month.  The  adult  is  easily  recognized  by 
its  rounded  thorax  and  brownish  or  bluish 
purple  wing  covers,  each  ornamented  with 
three  short,  slightly  oblique,  whitish  or  )e]- 
lowish  lines,  one  being  on  the  basal  third 
and  the  other  two  behind,  slightly  parallel 
and  near  the  middle.  It  is  also  remarkable 
because  of  its  dilated  femora,  those  of  the 
hind  legs  being  much  the  larger. 

Four-marked  ash  borer 

Ebiti'ia  qiiadrigc))!ijiata   Say 
eni.irged  (original)  The  larva  of  tliis  stout,  light   brown  beetle  about 

y^   inch  long  and  bearing  at  the  base  and  about  the  middle  of  each  wing  cover,  pairs  of 
ivorylike,  oval  elevations,  bores  in  ash,  hickory  and  honey  locust. 

This  handsome  borer  is  easily  recognized  on  account  of  its  light  brown 
color  and  the  conspicuous  pairs  of  ivorylike  elevations  at  the  base  and 
middle  of  each  wing  cover.  The  slender,  brown  antennae  are  longer  than 
the  body  and  rise  between  the  deeply  emarginate  eyes.  The  prothorax  is 
cylindric,  with  conspicuous  lateral  tuberosities  and  a  pair  of  sublateral 
tubercles  just  before  the  middle,  and  posteriorly  a  slight  median  elevation. 
The  wing  covers  are  closely  and  irregularly  punctured,  marked  by  several 
more  or  less  distinct  ridges  and  each  terminated  by  a  pair  of  conspicuous 
spines.  The  larva  of  this  insect  bores  the  trunks  of  honey  locust,  hickory 
and  probably  ash,  and  Dr  Hopkins  reports  taking  adults  in  July  on  dead 
beech  and  elm,  adding  that  it  probably  infests  these  trees.  Dr  Smith  states 
that  this  species  is  rare  throughout  New  Jersey  in  July  on  oak  and  hickor)-. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  463 

It  has  also  been  recorded  from  West  Virginia  and  the  vicinity  of  Washing- 
ton, Cincinnati  O.,  and  is  probably  generally  distributed  in  the  northeastern 
United  States.  Dr  Packard,  in  his  account  of  this  insect,  cites  a  case  where 
beetles  were  bred  from  an  ash  sill  used  in  the  construction  of  a  house 
erected  some  19  or  20  years  before.  It  hardly  seems  possible  that  this 
insect  could  have  existed  during  all  these  years,  still  there  is  no  occasion 
for  doubting  the  authenticity  of  the  report. 

Obrium  rubrum    Newm. 
Slender,  flattened,  tortuous  galleries  in  ash,  '/s  to  about  }i  inch  in  width,  cutting  the 
wood  largely,  are  very  liKely  the  work  of  the  larva  of  this  species. 

This  insect  is  a  flattened,  reddish  or  rufous  beetle  about  ^/^  inch  in 
length  and  remarkable  for  its  long,  slender  antennae.  The  thorax  is  nearly 
cylindric,  with  lateral  tuberosities  and  much  narrower  than  the  elytra,  which 
are  rather  coarsely  punctured  and  thickly  clothed  with  yellowish  hairs. 
The  thighs  are  strongly  clubbed.  This  beetle  emerges  from  an  exit  hole 
a  little  over  '/tf,  inch  in  diameter. 

The  full  grown  larva  is  about  y,  inch  in  length,  slender,  tapering 
gradually  from  the  swollen  prothoracic  segment,  and  with  the  body  strongly 
annulate.  The  mouth  parts  are  inconspicuous  and  tipped  with  dark  brown. 
This  larva  is  remarkable  on  account  of  the  ventral  and  dorsal  callosities  or 
leglike  processes  on  the  anterior  portion  of  body  segments  6,  7,  8  and  9. 
The  resemblance  to  prolegs  is  very  striking  though  superficial,  and  on  the 
dorsum  of  the  fifth  body  segment  the  same  structure  exists  in  a  much  more 
rudimentary  form,  though  there  are  no  indications  of  thoracic  legs.  The 
work  of  this  borer  in  ash  is  represented  on  plate  38,  figure  2. 

Distribution.  This  species  is  probabl)-  widely  distributed  in  the  East- 
ern States  at  least,  though  we  have  records  only  of  its  occurring  in  Ohio, 
southwestern  Pennsylvania  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  aside  from  its 
being  taken  in  New  York  .State. 

Natural  enemies.  A  parasite,  kindly  determined  by  Dr  Ashmead  as 
Brachistes  phymatodis  Ashm.,  was  reared  from  a  log  infested  by 
this  borer.      ' 


464  I^-'EW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Memythrus  asilipennis   Boisd. 

A  large,  brownisli,  vellow-inarked  and  vellow-handed  clearwing  moth,  with  a  wing 
spread  of  i^  inches,  bores  as  a  larva  in  ash  and  alder. 

The  ash  tree  suffers  very  much  in  Massachusetts  from  attacks  of  this 
borer,  according  to  Dr  Harris.  It  has  been  recorded  from  New  Hampshire 
to  Florida,  westward  to  Minnesota  and  southward  to  Texas.  The  species 
occurs  in  Buffalo  in  small  numbers.      It  also  attacks  alder. 

The  following  account  of  the  habits  of  this  borer  is  based  on  observa- 
tions by  Mr  W.  L.  Devereaux  of  Clyde  N.  Y.  The  species  is  very  abundant 
in  that  section,  being  more  plentiful  in  some  swamps  than  in  others.  It 
runs  its  cylindric  burrow  from  the  tap  root  directly  u\)  the  trunk,  sometimes 
to  a  height  of  three  or  more  feet,  before  turning  and  cutting  its  way  out. 
This  burrow  is  never  in  the  center  of  the  tree,  but  is  generally  nearer  the 
l)ark  than  the  heart,  and  the  upright  or  vertical  portion  of  it  is  as  perfectly 
made  as  though  cut  bv  a  carpenter  with  bit  and  brace.  Mr  Devereaux  con- 
siders the  alder  the  favorite  host  plant  of  this  species  because  ash  trees  in 
swamps  not  containing  alder  are  almost  exempt  from  attack  while  no  clump 
of  alder  is  without  evidences  of  its  work. 

Description.  Male.  Head  blackish,  palpi  pale  yellowish  white  beneath, 
rufous  above.  Antennae  rufous.  Collar  edged  with  dull  orange  brown. 
Thorax  brown,  patagia  rufous,  hind  portion  with  a  yellow  transverse  line. 
Abdomen  dull  brown  black  with  a  very  narrow  yellow  ring  at  the  posterior 
edge  of  each  segment  above  and  below.  Legs  orange,  femora  black.  Fore 
wings  transparent  with  narrow  brown  borders  and  discal  mark  which  is 
marked  with  rufous  ;  underside  marked  with  orange  brown  on  the  opaque 
portions  of  the  wings.  Hind  wings  transparent,  with  a  ver)-  narrow  brown 
border;  underside  similar  to  the  upper. 

Female.  Like  the  male,  but  the  lorewings  are  opat[ue,  deep  brown, 
violaceous,  with  an  oblicpie  reddish  discal  mark,  and  a  triangular  transparent 
area  above  the  hind  angle.  Abdomen  like  that  of  the  male,  but  more 
robust,  with  the  second  segment  marked  with  red  above.      Antennae  simple 

Expanse,  male  30-38  mm;  female,  32-44  mm.      Beutenmuller 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


465 


Xyphidria  provancheri  Cress. 

The  larvae  of  a  sawfly  may  be  found  boring  in  tlie  partly  decayed  wood  of  standing 
white  birch  trees,  making  a  gallery  about  ^  inch  in  diameter,  the  adults  emerge  from 
the  tree  through  circular  holes  of  about  the  same  size. 

This  species  was  met  with  Aug.  20,  1900,  at  Saranac  Inn,  where  the 
larvae  were  working  in  a  partly  rotten  standing  birch,  and  living  adults  bred 
therefrom  Sep.  6,  1901.  A  few  of  the  insects  had  emerged  earlier  and  then 
died. 

Description.  The  adult  sawfly  is  a  jet-black  insect,  about  5/g  inch  long, 
with  a  yellowish  white  mark  on  the  dorsum  and  one  on  the  posterior  lateral 
corner  of  the  head,  one  at  the  base  of  the 
wings,  one  each  on  the  sides  of  the  third 
to  the  sixth  and  the  eighth  abdominal  seg- 
ments. Those  on  the  head  and  at  the 
base  of  the  wings  are  somewhat  elongate, 
broken  and  angulated  in  the  latter,  while 
those  on  segments  3  to  6  of  the  abdomen 
are  subtriangular,  and  that  on  the  eighth 
segment  is  subquadrangular.  The  man- 
dibles are  a  deep  rufous,  tipped  with  black, 
and  the  mouth  is  bordered  anteriorly  and 
laterally  with  yellowish  white.  The  dor- 
sum of  the  head  and  the  thorax  is  rough, 
tuberculate.  The  wing  spread  is  about 
one  inch.  The  male  is  more  slender  and 
a  little  smaller  than  the  female. 

The  larva  when  taken  in  August  was 

about    ^   inch    long,    of     a    yellowish     white         birch,  showing  pi,p.,lcells  and  exU  holes  (original) 

color.  The  head  is  a  creamy  white,  with  the  mouth  parts  bordered  with 
black.  The  segmentation  is  well  indicated  and  the  thoracic  segments 
bear  somewhat  rudimentary  legs.  The  posterior  extremity  of  the  body 
is  tipped  with  a  short  dark  brown  spine  which  rises  from  a  yellowish  brown 


Xyphidria     urov 
showing  piip.,1  cells  and  . 


466  ■  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

tubercle.      The    dorsum    of  the    anal    plate    is   deeply    furrowed   along   the 

median  line. 

The  burrows  of  this  larva  are  confined 
ver)-  largely  to  the  heartwood  of  decaying 
birch,  and  are  invariably  filled  with  the  bor- 
ings, except  a   short,   curved   portion  through 

Fig.     116        Xyphidriaprovancheri,  . 

larva,  enlarged  (original)  which  tlie  aduit  Hiakes  its  Way  to  the  surface. 

This  species  has  been  recorded  from  Canada,  White  mountains,  New 
Hampshire,  and  Massachusetts,  and  Professor  Cresson  considers  it  closely 
allied  to  X.   a  1  b  i  c  o  r  n  i  s   Harris. 

The  writer  has  succeeded  in  rearing  a  number  of  small  parasites  from 
this  borer,  which  were  kindly  described  by  Dr  Ashmead  as  P  a  m  m  e  g  i  s- 
c  h  i  a  X  i  p  h  y  d  r  i  a  e  . 

Slender  birch  horntail 

Koiiowia   attc7niata    Nort. 

A  horntail  borer  making  moderately  large  cylindric  burrows  in  decaying  birch, 
very  likely  belongs  to  this  species. 

This  insect  has  been  reared  from  dead  black  birch  by  Mr  Patton,  who 
also  obtained  therefrom  a  parasite,  Rhyssa  humida  .Say,  which  in  all 
probability  preys  on  this  borer  in  the  same  way  as  the  lunate  long  sting, 
Thalessa  lunator  Fabn,  attacks  the  pigeon  tremex,  T  rem  ex 
c  o  1  u  m  b  a  Linn.  This  species  can  hardly  be  considered  of  much 
economic  iinportance,  as  it  appears  to  infest  only  decaying  birch. 

Description.      The  adult   has  been  described  by  Mr  Norton  as  follows  : 

Male.  Pale  honey  yellow  ;  antennae  16  jointed,  blackish,  two  or  three 
basal  articles  yellowish  ;  a  spot  inclosing  ocelli,  tip  of  mandibles,  sides  of 
neck,  of  meso-  and  metathorax  blackish,  tergum  irregularly  dark,  pectus 
brown  piceous ;  body  beneath  and  legs  whitish;  wings  hyaline,  nervures 
and  stigma  pale  ;  under  wings  with  two  middle  cells. 

This  species  has    been  recorded  from  Connecticut,    New  Jersey    and 

Pennsylvania. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  467 

Chrysobothris  azurea   Lee. 

A  flattened,  brilliantly  colored,  purplish  or  bluish  beetle  about  J4  inch  long,  may  be 
met  with  in  May  on  birch  and  other  deciduous  trees. 

This  beautiful  little  insect  was  bred  by  us  from  white  birch  taken  at 
Karner,  Ap.  6,  1903.  The  specimens  emerged  May  12.  This  insect  is  one 
of  our  most  brilliantly  colored  native  species,  and  may  be  recognized  by 
the  three  sparkling  blue  depressions  on  each  purplish  wing  cover.  Under- 
neath, the  insect  is  brilliant  green  or  bluish,  with  coppery  on  the  sides, 
particularly  of  the  abdomen.  The  coloring  of  this  species  is  somewhat 
variable,  and  Dr  LeConte  states  that  it  may  be  distinguished  from 
C.  harrisii  Hentz,  by  the  structure  of  the  antennae.  He  records  this 
insect  from  New  York,  Illinois,  District  of  Columbia,  Georgia  and  Texas, 
and  it  has  been  listed  from  Ohio  by  Dury.  It  is  probably  widely  distributed 
in  the  eastern  United  States,  at  least. 

Bellamira  scalaris  Say 

A  slender,  brownish  beetle,  ranging  from  about  ^<(  to  nearly  1 '4'  inches  in  length, 
bores  as  a  larva  under  the  bark  of  yellow  birch  and  has   been  taken  ovipositing  on  maple. 

Description.  The  beetle  has  been  described  by  Mr  Wickham  as 
follows  : 

The  form  is  slender,  the  elytra  tapering  greatly  to  and  rounded  at  tip, 
deeply  sinuate  at  sides,  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  uncovered.  The  prothorax  is 
bell-shaped,  with  prominent,  rather  flattened  hind  angles.  Color  brownish  • 
most  of  the  head,  a  greater  portion  of  the  fore  and  middle  legs,  the  bases 
of  the  hind  femora  and  the  bases  and  tips  of  the  ventral  seo-ments  inclin- 
ing to  reddish  or  even  yellowish.  Antennae  rufous.  Elytra  brownish,  with 
a  large  lighter  (golden-sericeous)  wedge-shaped  mark  (wavy  on  the  edges 
and  sometimes  interrupted  at  about  one  third  its  length  by  a  transverse 
brownish  band)  which  extends  about  two  thirds  to  tip.  The  body  is  finely 
and  densely  in  most  places  rugosely  punctured,  clothed  with  fine  o-olden 
pubescence,  which  is  much  denser  on  certain  parts,  notably  the  abdomen. 

This  insect  has  been  taken  in  the  Adirondacks  in  August,  and  Mr 
Harrington  has  observed  it  ovipositing  in  a  maple  stump  in  July.  It  has 
also  been  recorded  from  New  Jersey.  Dury  records  taking  a  jet  black 
variety  of  this  species  in  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati. 


468 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Stalk  borer 

Papaipeuia    iiitcia    Guen. 

A    brownish,  white-striped    caterpillar    about   an    inch    long,    bores    commonly    in 
herbaceous  stalks  and  occasionally  in  the  tender  twigs  of  certain  trees. 

This  stalk  borer,  well  known  because  of  its  infesting  thick  herbaceous 
stem3,  occasionally  works  in  the  younger  twigs  of  maple  and  ash. 

Birch  bark  borer 

Dryococtcs    species 

A  brownish,  cylindric  beetle,  works  in  tlie  stumps  of  recently  cut  yellow  birch,  causing 

an  excretion  of  sap  which  gums  the  rust-colored  borings  to  the  outside  of  the  affected  wood. 

This  species  was  met  with  by  the  writer  Aug.  23,  igoo,  at  Axton  N.  Y., 

where    it    was    working    under  the    bark    of  the  stump    of  a    recently    cut 

yellow  birch.  It 
appeared  to  be 
relatively  scarce  in 
the  Adirondacks  in 
1900,  and  was  met 
with  but  once, 
though  a  number 
of  stumps  were 
examined  in  hopes 

Fig.   .17     Work  of  Dryocoetessp.  in  birchrshowing  entrance  and  galleries  (original)  of      fiudlug     It.  It 

was  taken  by  Mr  Young,  July  1903,  in  recently  burned  trees  at  Big  Moose 
and  Saranac  Inn,  at  which  time  it  appeared  to  be  common,  probably 
because  of  the  large  number  of  trees  offering  favorable  conditions  for  its 
development.  The  only  exterior  indication  is  oozing  sap  which'causes  the 
rust-colored  borings  to  adhere  to  the  entrance  of  the  gallery.  The  insect 
works  in  a  very  irregular  manner  under  the  rough  bark.  There  is  usually 
a  central  chamber  from  which  several  galleries  of  greater  or  less  lengths 
may  diverge,  in  almost  any  direction,  and  sometimes  there  is  a  large  exca- 
vated area  with  apparently  no  plan. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  469 

The  parent  Insect  is  a  brownish,  rather  stout  beetle,  about  5/32  inch  in 
length.  The  black,  coarsely  granulated  eyes  are  emarginate,  the  head 
and  thorax  are  finely  punctured  and  the  wing  covers 
ornamented  with  longitudinal  rows  of  coarsely  set  punc- 
tures. The  structure  of  the  tibiae,  antennae  and  pro- 
ventriculus  of  this  species  and  the  allied  Dryocoetes 
autographus  Ratz.  is  illustrated  in  figure  118  and 
on  plate  67,  figure  17,  plate  69,  figures  9,  11. 

Saperda  mutica   Say 
A  small,  black  beetle  with  gray  or  yellowish  vestiture  is  some-  ^'2-  "^  Middle  tibiae:  n.  Dry. 

ocoetes      sp.  ;      ^,  D.  au  to- 
timeS  bred   from   willow  graph  us,  enlarged  (original) 

Very  little  is  known  respecting  this  insect.  Beetles  were  captured  by 
Mr  W.  H.  Harrington  on  May  15  and  June  29,  and  he  states  that  this 
species  lives  in  decaying  willow.  It  has  been  recorded  from  Canada  south 
to  Missouri  and  westward  to  Nebraska.  It  appears  to  be  an  uncommon 
species. 

Bibliography 
1904     Felt,  E.  P.  &  Joutel,  L.  H.     N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bui.  74,  p.  21 

Sesia  albicornis    Hy.    Edw. 

A  blue  black  clearwiiig  moth  having  a  wing  spread  of  }i  inch,  bores  as  a  larva  in 
willow. 

This  species  lives  in  the  trunks  and  branches  of  young  willows  orowing 
in  swainpy  places.  It  also  breeds  in  the  burrows  of  the  mottled  willow 
borer,  C  r  y  p  t  o  r  h  y  n  c  h  u  s  lapat  h  i  Linn,  and  in  the  galls  of  Saperda 
concolor  Lee.  It  has  been  recorded  from  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsyh'ania,  New  Hampshire,  Illinois,  Colorado,  California,  Nevada  and 
Oregon. 

The  type  of  this  insect,  according  to  its  describer,  came  from  Nevada, 
though  the  late  Dr  Riley,  in  commenting  on  this  species,  states  that  it  was 
received  from  Karner  [Centre]  N.  Y.  It  is  recorded  as  a  common  species 
in  certain  localities.     The  pupal  case  is  represented  on  plate   16,  fio-ure   15, 


470 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Male.  Head  bronzy  black  ;  palpi  white,  rarely  pale  yellow.  Antennae 
blue  black,  rarely  with  a  white  patch  .before  the  tip.  Thorax  bronzy  black 
with  a  very  slight,  pale  yellow  stripe  on  each  side,  sometimes  absent. 
Underside  of  thorax  with  a  very  pale  yellow  spot  on  each  side.  Abdomen 
wholly  bronzy  black.  Anal  tuft  marked  with  white  beneath.  Legs  blue 
black;  tibiae  with  white  tufts  ;  anterior  coxae  pure  white.  Forewings  trans- 
parent, with  violet  brown  borders ;  costal  and  inner  margins  narrow  ;  outer 
margin  broad,  golden  yellow  between  the  veins.  Discal  mark  distinct,  blue 
black.  Underside  scaled  with  pale  yellow.  Hind  wings  transparent  with 
outer  margin  narrow,  violet  or  blue  black.      Underside  similar  to  the  above. 

Female.  Wholly  bronzy  black  with  violaceous  reflections,  except  the 
transparent  parts  of  the  wings.  The  legs  with  bluish  reflection  and  white 
tufts  on  the  tibiae.  Forewings  beneath  on  the  costal  margin  and  discal 
marked  with  yellow  scales.  Antennae  always  with  a  prominent  white  patch 
before  the  tip. 

Expanse,  male  15-18  mm;   female  18-22  mm.     Baitejtuntller 

Sesia   bolteri    Hy.   Edw. 

A  steel  blue  clearwing  moth  with  a  broad  abdominal  band  and  the  fore  wing  tips 
red,  bores  willow  canes  in  the  larval  stage. 

The  larvae  of  this  species  bore  in  willow  canes.  It  has  been  recorded 
from  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Illinois  and  Manitoba. 

Male.  Head  and  thorax  deep  steel  blue  black,  orbits  pure  white  ; 
palpi  above  black,  bright  orange  beneath.  Antennae  deep  steel  blue  black, 
with  the  tip,  for  one  third  the  length,  yellowish  on  one  side.  Abdomen 
deep  steel  blue  black,  with  the  fourth  and  fifth  segments  bright  scarlet  red 
above  and  below.  Anal  tuft  blue  black  tipped  with  white.  Legs  blue 
black,  tibiae  tufted  with  white  ;  tarsi  pale  yellow.  Fore  wings  transparent, 
costal  and  inner  border  narrow,  deep  black  with  a  steel  blue  lustre  ;  discal 
mark  straight  ;  outer  margin  broad  and  heavily  scaled  with  scarlet  or  cop- 
pery red  between  the  black  veins  ;  fringes  violet  brown.  Underside  brighter 
than  above,  costal  and  inner  margin  pale  yellow.  Hind  wings  transparent, 
outer  margin  very  narrow,  black,  fringes  violet  brown.  Underside  same  as 
above. 

Fetnalc.  Larger  and  inore  robust  than  the  male.  The  red  on  the  fore- 
wings is  usually  brighter  ;  the  sixth  segment  is  red  beneath,  and  the  hind 
tarsi  are  bright  orange,  otherwise  same  as  the  male. 

Expanse,  male  and  female,  12-20  mm.     Beutennudlcr 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND    WOODLAND   TREES  47 1 

Three  banded  clearwing 

Meinythriis  tricinctus    Harris 

A  black  clearwing  moth  with  three  conspicuous  yellow  abdominal  bands  lives  in  the 
larval  stage  in  Saperda  galls  on  willow  and  poplar. 

This  borer  attacks  the  small  trunks  of  willows  and  poplars,  and  the 
moth  has  been  bred  from  the  galls  of  Saperda  con  color  Lee.  It 
occurs  in  Canada,  New  England  and  the  Middle  States  westward  to  Ohio 
and  Michigan.  Dr  D.  S.  Kellicott,  in  writing  of  this  insect,  states  that  he 
took  larvae  from  the  branches,  suckers  and  small  trunks  of  the  balm  of 
Gilead,  P  o  p  u  1  u  s  c  a  n  d  i  c  a  n  s,  growing  on  lowlands  along  the  Niagara 
river  below  Buffalo.  The  smaller  grubs  were  sometimes  found  in  the 
sapwood  or  just  beneath  the  bark,  but  the  larger  ones  were  generally  in  the 
center  or  pith  of  the  stems.  They  cause  considerable  swellings  on  the 
small  branches,  which  are  frequently  as  prominent  as  those  made  on  willow 
branches  by  a  tortrix  larva,  which  he  found  very  abundant  in  the  same 
locality.  Dr  Kellicott  was  of  the  opinion  that  the  adult  deposited  her  eggs 
in  the  deserted  burrows  of  Saperda  moesta  Lee,  thus  permitting  the 
young  caterpillars  to  easily  gain  access  to  the  w^ood,  its  home  for  at  least  a 
year.      The  Saperda  galls  become  more  enlarged  by  the  attacks  of  this  insect. 

Description.  Male.  Head  black,  collar  yellow  in  front  and  at  each  side 
behind  ;  palpi  black,  yellow  inside  towards  the  tip.  Antennae  blue  black 
above,  ferruginous  beneath.  Thorax  black,  with  a  yellow  spot  at  the  base 
of  the  fore  wings  and  one  on  each  side  posteriorly.  Abdomen  black,  with 
a  slight  bluish  reflection.  Second,  fourth  and  last  two  segments  with  a 
yellow  band  above  and  below.  Anal  tuft  black.  Legs  black,  middle  and 
hind  tibiae  partly  orange,  the  latter  yellow  inside  ;  tarsi  orange.  Fore 
wings  opaque,  violet  black  with  a  short  transparent  streak  at  the  base ; 
inner  margin  streaked  with  red  at  the  base,  sometimes  also  along  the  costa 
for  a  short  distance ;  underside  yellow  at  the  base.  Hind  wings  trans- 
parent, with  a  narrow  outer  margin  and  discal  mark  violet  black,  as  are  also 
the  veins.  Underside  with  discal  mark  and  costal  margin  orange  red  or 
same  as  above. 

Female.  Like  the  male,  but  with  only  three  yellow  bands  on  the  abdo- 
men instead  of  four,  one  on  each  of  the  second,  fourth  and   sixth  segments. 

Expanse,  male  and  female,  25-28  mm.     Beutenmuller 


472 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Aegeria  tibialis  Harris 

A  large  brown,  yellow-marked  clearwing  moth  having  a  wing  spread  of  i^{  inches 
lives  as  a  larva  in  willow  and  poplar  trunks. 

This  species  occurs  in  Canada,  tlie  New  England  States,  New  York, 
Britisli  Columbia,  Vancouver,  Colorado  and  California,  and  attacks  the 
trunks  of  willow  and  poplar. 

Male.  Head  black,  orbits  and  top  lemon  yellow,  as  are  also  the  palpi. 
Antennae  jet-black.  Thorax  deep  brown  black,  with  a  very  narrow  yellow 
line  on  each  side  forming  a  yellow  spot  behind  and  meeting  a  rather  broad 
curved  line  on  each  side  in  front.  Sometimes  the  two  lines  on  top  are  very 
indistinct  or  almost  absent.  The  lateral  line  connects  with  the  yellow  spot 
on  the  base  of  the  fore  wings;  sometimes  the  line  is  broken  below  the 
middle.  Posterior  edge  of  thorax  with  black  hairs,  broadly  edged  with 
yellow.-  Abdomen  with  first  segment  black,  more  or  less  narrowly  edged 
with  yellow  behind,  second  segment  wholly  black,  third  segment  yellow, 
narrowly  edged  with  yellow  behind,  fourth  segment  wholly  brown  black, 
remaining  segments  brown  black,  with  very  narrow  yellow  bands  behind,  or 
yellow  with  very  narrow  brown  black  bands  behind.  Anal  tuft  brown 
black  mixed  with  yellow.  Underside  of  abdomen  brown  black  with  yellow 
bands.  Legs  yellow,  washed  with  brown.  Fore  wings  transparent  with 
the  margins,  veins  and  discal  mark  orange  brown  or  deep  brown  black. 
Hind  wings  with  the  borders  very  narrow,  orange  brown  or  brown  black. 

Female.  More  robust  than  the  male,  with  the  markings  of  head, 
thorax,  and  wings  similar,  but  as  a  rule  a  little  more  pronounced. 
Abdomen  with  the  first,  second,  third  and  fourth  segments  as  in  the  male  ; 
last  three  sometimes  almost  entirely  golden  yellow,  with  the  tip  washed 
with  brown ;  the  fifth  and  sixth  segments  are  half  yellow  and  brown. 
Underside  yellow,  with  narrow  brown,  black  bands,  except  the  last  or  last 
two  segments,  which  are  wholly  yellow. 

Expanse,  male  30-32  mm  ;  female  35-40  mm.     Bctitcniunllcr 

Aegeria  apiformis    Clerck 

A  large  brown,  yellow-marked  clearwing  motli  liaving  a  wing  spread  of  i^  inches 
lives  as  a  larva  in  roots  of  willow  and  poplar. 

This  European  species  is  relatively  rare  in  this  country  although  it  has 
been  recorded  as  far  west  as  Nevada.  It  attacks  the  roots  and  trunk  of 
willows  and  poplars,  requiring  two  years  to  attain  maturity.  The  adult  is 
very  sluggish  in  habit  and  readily  captured. 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND    WOODLAND   TREES  473 

Male.  Head  and  palpi  lemon  yellow.  Antennae  black  above,  ferru- 
ginous below.  Thorax  brown,  with  a  large  lemon  yellow  spot  on  each  side 
in  front,  and  a  similar  one  on  each  side  of  the  posterior  part.  Sometimes 
the  spots  are  united  by  a  yellow  dash  along  the  patagia.  Abdomen  with  a 
very  broad  yellow  band  on  the  anterior  part  of  each  segment,  except  the 
last  two,  which  are  entirely  yellow  ;  posterior  parts  of  segments  narrowly 
brown.  Legs  yellow,  slightly  washed  with  brown.  Fore  wings  trans- 
parent, with  narrow  light  brown  borders  and  discal  mark.  Hind  wings 
transparent,  with  outer  margin  very  narrow,  brown.      Discal  mark  absent. 

Female.  Much  more  robust  than  the  male,  with  the  second  and  fourth 
abdominal  segments  usually  wholly  brown.      Otherwise  similar  to  the  male. 

Expanse,  male  30-35  mm;   female  40-45  mm.     Beutcmmdler 

Acanthoderes  decipiens   Hald. 

A  rather  stout,  blackish  beetle  irregularly  marked  with  gray,  may  be  taken  in  June 
on  poplar  and  hickory. 

This  insect  was  met  wiih  on  poplar  at  Karner,  June  18,  1902,  and 
appears  to  be  a  somewhat  rare  species  in  this  section.  Dr  J.  B.  Smith 
records  taking  this  species  in  New  Jersey  on  dead  hickory  in  May. 

Description.  It  is  a  rather  stout  beetle,  about  y^  inch  long,  black, 
irregularly  marked  with  gray,  with  annulate  antennae 
about  the  length  of  the  body.  The  thorax  is  wider 
than  long  and  with  a  prominent  tuberosity  on  each 
side.  The  elytra  are  nearly  truncate  anteriorly  and 
bluntly  spined  posteriorly.  This  species  may  be  sepa- 
rated from  its  allies,  according  to  Leng  and  Hamil- 
ton, by  the  maculate  white  pubescence  on  the  body  ; 
the  sutural  region  is  not  grooved,  the  elytra  are  with-  'fip7ens"ienHrgcd(VrigInair 
out  a  whitish  space,  each  bears  a  distinct  M-shaped,  black  mark  behind  the 
middle,  and  the  base  is  irregular,  with  an  oblong,  obtuse  umbone  at  its  middle. 

Distribution.  This  species  has  been  recorded  by  Messrs  Leng  and 
Hamilton  from  Massachusetts,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Vir- 
ginia, Georgia,  Louisiana,  Nebraska,  Ohio,  Canada  and  Maine,  and  it  has 
been  listed  from  the  District  of  Columbia,  by  Ulke.  It  has  also  been 
taken  by  Zesch  and  Reinecke  in  the  vicinity  of  Buffalo,  and  is  recorded  in 
Dury's  list  of  Coleoptera,  from  near  Cincinnati  O. 


474 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Saperda  concolor   Lee. 

Girdling  the  trunks  of  sapling  poplars  or  running  a  mine  around  them,  causing  a 
swelling  twice  the  diameter  of  the  tree,  the  larva  of  a  cylindric  slaty  gray  beetle  |8  inch 
long. 

Life  history.  The  insects  appear  from  the  last  week  in  May  till  after 
the  middle  of  lime  and  select  for  oviposition  the  smaller  canes  of  dwarf 
willow.  The  beetle  ornaws  a  longitudinal  incision  through  the  bark  about 
^  inch  in  length  and  deposits  an  egg  in  each  end.  Several  are  usually 
made  in  the  same  cane  some  distance  apart  and  these  often  cause  its  death 
the  following  year.  A  warty,  gnarly  swelling  occurs  around  each  incision. 
The  young  larvae  bore  nearly  to  the  center  of  the  smaller  canes,  while  the 
larcrer  ones  are  from  one  third  to  one  half  girdled,  the  gallery  being  marked 
by  a  rough,  annular  swelling. 

Distribution.  This  species  ranges  from  Canada  south  to  Texas  and 
from  Massachusetts  westward  probably  to  the  base  of  the  Rocky  mountains, 
since  it  has  been  recorded  from  New  Mexico. 

Bibliography 
1904     Felt,  E.  P.  &  Joutel,  L.  H.     N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bui,  74,  p.  73-76 

Saperda  populnea    Linn. 

A  small  brown  or  black  coarsely  punctured  beetle  about  38  inch  long  may  be  bred 
from  galls  of  balsam  poplar. 

This  European  species  occurs  on  the  Pacific  coast  and  is  of  interest 
because  it  has  two  varieties,  moesta  Lee.  and  tulari  Felt  &  Joutel. 
The  latter  variety  is  western,  the  former  occurs  in  New  York  and  ranges 
from  Canada  to  Wyoming  south  to  Pennsylvania.  Our  form  is  a  small 
blackish  beetle  ranging  in  length  from  about  3$  to  a  little  over  ^  inch,  the 
larger  being  females.  This  variety  occurs  in  balsam  poplar,  and  though  it 
has  been  reported  from  the  vicinity  of  New  York  city,  this  record  is  proba- 
bly founded  on  an  erroneous  identification,  and  the  species  taken  about 
New  York  city  is  really  S.    concolor   Lee. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  475 

Life  history.  The  beetles  occur  abroad  in  June  and  larvae  have  also 
been  met  with  the  same  month.  Its  borings  cause  galls  in  balm  of  Gilead 
branches,  the  larvae  occasionally  being  very  abundant  and  in  some  instances 
not  more  than  an  inch  or  two  apart  and  located  chiefly  at  the  base  of  the 
buds,  where  their  presence  is  indicated  by  a  swelling  in  the  branch  sur- 
mounted by  a  brown  patch  of  partly  decayed  bark.  The  larva  makes  an 
excavation  more  than  an  inch  long,  much  of  which  is  filled  with  debris. 

Bibliography 
1^04     Felt,  E.  P.  &  Joutel,  L.  H.     N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bui.  74,  p.  68-73 

Dorytomus  parvicoUis  Casey 

A  small,  brownish  black,  yellowish  specked  weevil  about  J4^  inch  long,  occurs  in 
early  spring  under  poplar  bark. 

This  snout  beetle  was  very  abundant  under  the  loose  bark  of  poplars 
at  Karner,  up  to  the  middle  of  May  1902.  The  insects  evidently  sought 
this  retreat  for  shelter,  because  there  were  no  evidences  of  borings  in  their 
immediate  vicinity.  The  beak  is  moderately  long  in  the  male,  longer 
in  the  female  ;  the  thora.x  is  rounded,  rather  coarsely  punctured  ;  the  elytral 
striae  are  coarsely  punctured,  and  the  wing  covers  are  clothed  with  a  some- 
what sparse  golden  pubescence,  frequently  present  in  bunches  here  and 
there,  giving  a  spotted  appearance.  This  species  has  been  recorded  from 
Indiana. 

Dorytomus  vagenotatus  Casey 

A  small  snout  beetle  about  yi  inch  long,  irregularly  clothed  with  grayish  pubescence 
occurs  under  poplar  bark  in  early  May. 

This  species  is  much  smaller  than  the  preceding,  and  apparently  cor- 
respondingly scarce,  since  only  four  specimens  were  taken  as  compared 
wath  over  one  hundred  of  the  former  species.  This  differs  from  the  first  not 
only  in  size  but  in  the  finer  sculpturing  of  the  prothorax  and  the  smaller  dots 
of  the  wing  covers,  which  latter  are  partially  clothed  with  a  grayish  instead 
of  golden  pubescence.     This  species  was  described  from  Indiana. 


476 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Poplar  carpenter  worm 
Cossns  ccntcrensis  Lint. 

Stout,  white,  naked  caterpillars  about  ij^  inches  long,  bore  in  poplar  trunks. 

This  comparatively  rare  species  was  first  described  by  Dr  Lintner  from 
specimens  taken  on  poplars  at  Karner,  then  Centre.  It  appears  to  be 
rather  rare,  though  occasionally  it  may  become  quite  abundant,  as  evidenced 
by  our  finding  many  larvae  of  this  species  in  a  badly  affected  cottonwood 
tree  in  Albany.  This  insect  has  been  taken  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York 
city,  and  Dr  Smith  is  of  the  opinion  that  it  occurs  in  New  Jersey.  It  has 
been  recorded  from  the  Atlantic  States  by  Dr  Dyar,  and  Dr  Fletcher  has 
found  it  about  Ottawa  Can. 

Description.  Larva.  Head  dark  brown  ;  mouth  parts  nearly  black ; 
thoracic  shield  pale  yellowish,  with  a  sublateral,  oblique  darker  line  on  each 
side ;  body  creamy  white.      Length  about  1 1^^  inches. 

Labium  yellowish  white,  broad  at  base,  sutures  brown  ;  spinneret  con- 
spicuous, brown,  slender ;  labial  palpi  very  small,  i  segmented  and  bear- 
ing two  minute  apical  setae  ;  maxillary  palpi  3  segmented.  Mandibles 
dark  brown,  apex  black,  with  two  inconspicuous  teeth  ;  epistoma  yellowish 
brown,  tuberculate  and  bearing  a  number  of  stout,  short  setae  ;  labrum  yel- 
lowish, smooth.  Clypeus  dark  brown,  sutures  black.  Antennae  very  short, 
basal  segment  yellowish  white,  apical  brownish  and  bearing  a  conspicuous 
seta.  Simple  eyes  few,  yellowish  brown,  with  a  few  setaceous  tubercles 
interspersed.  Thoracic  shield  weakly  chitinized,  yellowish,  with  a  distinct 
sublateral,  oblique  line  on  either  side.  Anal  shield  yellowish,  weakly  chiti- 
nized ;  body  tubercles  rudimentary  and  represented  only  by  sparse  hairs, 
spiracles  dark  brown.  Thoracic  legs  well  developed,  claws  black,  the  tip  of 
last  segment  dark  brown.  Well  developed  prolegs  on  the  third  to  the  sixth 
and  last  abdominal  segments. 

The  pupa  has  been  described  by  Dr  Bailey  as  "  about  30  mm  in 
length,  narrow,  brownish  black,  shining,  rugose.  The  clypeus  presents  a 
strong,  broad,  spinous  process,  supported  at  base  by  lateral  projections. 
On  the  underside  it  descends  into  a  wide  sulcation  terminating  in  a  broad 
projection.  The  capital  appendages  are  visible,  and  here  and  there  arise 
isolated  hairs  as  in  the  previous  stage.  The  abdominal  segments  are 
provided  with  teeth  over  the  dorsum,  decreasing  in  size  to  the  stigmatal 
line.  The  anal  segment  is  provided  with  two  unequal-sized  terminal  teeth 
on  each  side  of  the  vent." 

This  adult  has  been  described  by  Dr  Lintner  as  follows  : 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  477 

The  female,  in  its  appearance,  approaches  nearer  C.  querciperda 
Fitch  than  any  other  of  our  species.  The  collar  and  thorax  are  black, 
edged  with  gray  scales.  The  abdomen  is  black  above,  interspersed  with 
gray  scales  towards  its  tip,  and  more  thickly  beneath.  The  primaries  are 
black  over  rather  more  than  their  inner  half,  with  some  gray  scales  a  little 
within  the  center  of  the  wing ;  the  center  portion  of  the  wing  beyond  the 
reniform  mark  is  grayish.  The  wing  is  traversed  by  broken,  black,  transverse 
lines,  of  which  twenty  or  more  can  be  counted  on  the  costal  margin  ;  three 
or  four  of  those  on  the  outer  portion  are  more  continuous  and  conspicuous 
than  the  others.  The  fringe  is  marked  with  black  scales  opposite  the  veins. 
The  secondaries  are  nearly  transparent,  darker  along  their  inner  margin, 
showing  some  faint  reticulations,  which  are  more  conspicuous  beneath. 
[The  type  is  illustrated  on  plate  44,  figure  i.] 

The  male  strongly  resembles  the  female,  instead  of  presenting  the 
marked  contrasting  differences  found  in  Prionoxystus  robiniae 
Peck  and  P.  macmurtrei  Guer.-Men.  Its  wings  are  only  a  little  more 
projected  apically  than  in  the  other  sex. 

Expanse  of  wings  of  the  pair  in  my  collection,  male  2  inches;  female 
2.5  inches.      Length  of  body,  female  .95  inch;  male  1.2  inch. 

Life  history.  This  species  has  been  carefully  studied  by  Dr  Bailey,  and 
the  following  account  of  its  life  history  is  based  largely  on  his  published 
observations.  The  recently  emerged  moths  are  rather  sluggish  and  can  be 
easily  captured.  They  resemble  the  color  of  the  bark  so  closely  that  it 
requires  a  very  good  eye  and  close  observation  to  find  them.  After  the 
moths  have  been  abroad  a  few  days,  they  are  wild  and  more  or  less  muti- 
lated. The  females  deposit  their  eggs  in  clefts  near  the  base  of  the  trunk, 
one  producing  over  fifty.  This  species  appears  every  season,  and  observa- 
tions seem  to  indicate  that  three  years  are  necessary  to  complete  the  life 
cycle.  The  pupae,  as  in  the  case  with  related  species,  wriggle  partly  out  of 
the  burrows  before  disclosing  the  moths,  and  these  conspicuous  empty 
pupal  cases  are  therefore  a  very  convenient  means  of  detecting  the  number 
of  moths  which  should  be  found  about  infested  trees. 

Remedial  measures.  It  is  probable  that  this  species  could  be  con- 
trolled in  the  same  way  as  the  carpenter  worm  noticed  on  pages  79-84. 
Ordinarily  the  poplar  is  of  so  little  value  and  this  insect  so  rare,  that  it  will 

be  unnecessary  to  check  it. 

Bibliography 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     sth  Rep't,  p.  439-42 


478  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Locust  twig  borer 
Ecdytolopha   insiticiana    Zell. 
A  pale  whitish  caterpiUar  bores  the  smaller  twigs  of  locust,  causing  a  thickened, 
irregular  growth  i  to  3  inches  long. 

The  work  of  this  species  has  been  observed  by  us  in  several  localities, 
though  the  borer  is  rarely  abundant  enough  to  cause  material  injury 
Mr  J.  G.  Jack  of  the  Arnold  arboretum,  states  that  the  young  locusts  are 
very  subject  to  serious  injury  by  this  borer. 

Description.  The  full  grown  larva,  according  to  Professor  Comstock, 
is  about  half  an  inch  long,  yellowish  and  somewhat  darker  along  the  dorsal 
line.      The  head  is  dark  brown  and  the  thoracic  shield  a  light  honey  yellow. 

The  moth  has  dark  ashy  brown  fore  wings  with  a  large  patch  of  dull 
pinkish  white  on  the  outer  part  and  several  sinall  black  spots  near  the 
middle  of  this  patch.  The  hind  wings  are  a  little  lighter  than  the  basal 
portion  of  the  fore  wings ;  wing  spread  about  ^  inch. 

Life  history.  The  larvae,  according  to  Professor  Comstock,  become 
full  grown  about  the  first  of  October  and  desert  the  stems  through  holes 
cut  to  the  surface,  descend  to  the  ground  and  transform  to  pupae  among 
the  dried  curled  leaves  in  which  thc'y  <~>\)\\\  thin,  tough  silken  cocoons.  One 
moth  emerged  October  17  and  others  from  the  20th  to  the  27th. 

Distribution.  This  species  apparently  has  a  wide  distribution,  as  it  has 
been  recorded  from  as  far  west  as  Colorado. 

Remedial  measures.  The  most  effective  method  of  checking  this 
species  is  to  cut  off  and  burn  the  infested  twigs  any  time  before  October. 

Woodbine  borer 

Sapcrda   punclicollis   Say 
A  bright  yellow-marked,  jet-black   beetle,  almost   ]'i   inch   long,   may   be  bred   from 
woodbine,  sumac  and  possibly  poison  ivy. 

This  is  one  of  the  smallest  and  prettiest  species  belonging  to  this 
important  genus.  It  is  a  rare  form  in  most  collections  in  spite  of  the  fact 
that  the  insect  lives  in  the  dead  branches  of   the  common  Virginia  creeper. 

Life  history.      The  beetle  is  shy,  rarely  seen,   and   though  it   may  occa- 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


479 


sionally  be  taken  on  the  foliage  of  its  food  plant,  specimens  are  more  easily 
obtained  by  rearing  from  infested  twigs.  The  adults  occur  abroad  in  June 
and  July.  The  larvae  or  grubs  feed  on  the  inner  bark  of  the  branches  and 
stems  of  the  Virginia  creeper.  Its  method  of  work  is  represented  on  plate 
6,  figures  17-19. 

Food  plants.  It  occurs  on  woodbine  and  has  been  recorded  from 
poison  ivy  and  sumac. 

Description.  This  little  black  beetle  may  be  easily  recognized  by  its 
golden  thorax  with  four  dots  and  a  wide  golden  margin,  including  a  sutural 
and  marginal  stripe  on  the  wing  covers  [pi.  6,  fig.  24]. 

Distribution.  This  species  ranges  from  Canada  south  to  Louisiana  and 
west  to  Kansas  and  Nebraska.  It  is  probably  generally  distributed  in  the  east- 
ern and  middle  United  States. 

Bibliography 

1904     Felt,  E.  P.  &  Joutel,  L.  H.     N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bui.  74,  p.  66-68 

Madarellus   undulatus   Say 

A  jet-black,  highly  polished  curculio  about  's  inch  long  and  with  deeply  striated 
wing  covers,  occurs  on  Virginia  creeper,  poison  ivy  and  grape. 

This  little  species  is  widely 
distributed,  having  been  recorded 
by  LeConte  from  Massachusetts 
to  Alabama,  Texas  and  Kansas. 
The  northern  beetles  are  entirely 
black,  while  those  from  the  south 
and  west  have  the  prothorax  red. 
Dr  Hamilton  records  two  varieties 
as  occurring  in  southwestern  Penn- 
sylvania. This  species  bores 
woodbine  in  association  with 
Saperda  puncticollis  Sa}' 
and  transforms  to  the  adult  in 
an    oval    pupal    cell   composed    of     '^'  , ,    ,,  ,    „ 

L      L^  r  of  beetle,  pupal  cell, 

finely  comminuted,  partly  decayed  pieces  of  bark  and  wood  glued  together. 


480  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Alder  borer 

Sapcrda  obliqiia  Say 
Irregular,  gall-like  swellings  at  the  base  of  alder  stems,  followed  by  dying  and  break- 
ing of  the  shoots,  are  very  characteristic  of  this  insect. 

The  white-footed,  legless  grub  closely  resembles  that  of  the  appletree 
borer   and   is   most   easily  recognized   by   the   food  plant   it  inhabits. 

The  adult  is  a  light  reddish  brown  with  darker  oblique  bands  on  the 
wing  covers.  The  thorax  has  a  pair  of  broad,  dark  brown  bands  which 
extend  backward  onto  the  base  of  the  wing  covers.  The  spaces  occupied 
by  the  darker  bands  on  the  elytra  are  depressed,  an  instance  of  where 
coloration  is  emphasized  by  sculpture. 

Life  history  and  habits.  This  species  is  a  common  one  in  the  State  of 
New  York,  if  one  may  judge  from  the  numerous  dead  shoots  in  alder 
swamps  killed  by  this  species.  The  beetle  oviposits  close  to  the  ground  in 
black  alder  and  the  larvae  frequently  girdle  the  stems,  there  sometimes 
being  two  or  three  borers  near  together,  one  of  which  is  very  apt  to  work 
downward  three  or  four  inches  and  often  below  the  surface  of  the  ground  ; 
the  others  usually  tunnel  in  an  opposite  direction.  The  general  method  of 
work  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the  common  round-headed  appletree  borer, 
and  the  beetle  emerges  from  a  circular  hole  very  closely  resembling  that 
made  by  the  above  mentioned  species.  The  adult  may  be  found  near 
the  top  of  alder  shoots,  and  according  to  Mr  Fred.  Knab  of  Chicopee 
Mass.,  easily  escapes  notice  on  account  of  its  close  resemblance  to  a  with- 
ered leaflet,  and  its  remaining  perfectly  motionless,  clinging  tightly  to  a 
branch,  with  the  antennae  extended  forward.  This  species  has  also  been 
taken  on  birch. 

Distribution.  This  species  has  been  recorded  from  Canada  south  to 
Mississippi  and  westward  to  Wisconsin.  It  is  probably  generally  distributed 
in  the  northeastern  United  States. 

Natural  enemies.  Native  woodpeckers  appear  to  be  very  efficient  in 
checking  this  borer,  as  we  have  found  a  number  of  infested  stems  showing 
the   characteristic   marks   of    these   beneficial    birds.     The    larvae  are  also 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


481 


destroyed   by  an   unknown   Tachinid   parasite   and  another  small   dipterous 

larva  is  sometimes   found   feeding  in  considerable  numbers  on  the  larva  or 

pupa. 

Bibliography 

1904     Felt,  E.  P.  &  Joutel,  L.  H.     N.  Y.  State  Alus.  Hul.  74,  p.  18-20 

Liopus  alpha    Say 

A  small,  legless  grub  boring  irregularlv  in  dead  sumac  and  other  twigs,  may  be  the 
young  of  this  beetle. 

This  species  occurs  rather  abundantly  in  dead  sumac  twigs  at  Clinton 
Heights.  The  infested  twigs  were  gathered  and  many  of  the  beetles  bred 
therefrom  the  latter  part  of  Way. 

The  beetle  is  about  i^  inch  long,  rather  stout,  and  remarkable  for  the 
long,  delicate  antennae,  which  have  the  enlarged  distal  portion  of  each 
joint  dark  brown  or  nearly  black.      It  is  rather  prettily  V 

marked  with  silvery  gray,  light  and  dark  brown,  the 
irregular  oblique  stripe  just  behind  the  middle  of 
each  wing  cover  being  the  most  conspicuous,  the  two 
forming  a  V  with  its  point  toward  the  head.  Accord- 
ding  to  Messrs  Leng  and  Hamilton,  this  species  is 
quite  variable  and  tlifhcult  to  separate  froin  allied 
forms.  They  describe  five  variations  in  markings 
and  state  that  it  may  be  separated  from  its  ally, 
L.  c  i  n  e  r  e  u  s  Lee,  by  the  finely  jjunctured  surface, 
behind  the  band  alinost  impunctured. 

The  full  grown  larvae  are  about  ^2  ''ich  long,  and  present  no  unusual 
characters.  Unfortunately  specimens  were  not  preserved  and  a  detailed 
description  is  impossible. 

The  working  of  this  larva  is  limited  very  largely  to  the  central  portion 
of  the  twig,  and  the  gallery  of  one  borer  may  have  a  length  of  2  or  3 
inches.      The  exit  hole  is  oval  and  a  little  over  y  ^,  inch  in  diameter. 

Distribution.  .Say  states  that  this  species  is  not  rare  in  Pennsylvania 
and  that   he   has  obtainetl    it   from   the    Northwest   Territory,  and    LeConte 


482  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

records  it  from  the  Middle  and  Southern  States,  while  Schwarz  found  it 
abundant  at  Biscayne  bay,  Floritla.  Dr  Smith  states  that  it  occurs  com- 
monly throughout  New  Jersey,  and  we  have  met  it  in  the  vicinity  of 
Albany.      It  has  also  been  reported  from  Newport  and  Buffalo. 

Food  plants.  We  have  reared  this  insect  in  numbers  from  sumac, 
while  Dr  Smith  .states  that  it  occurs  on  sumac  berries  of  the  previous  year. 
Mr  BeutenmuUer  records  apple  as  a  food  plant  in  addition  to  that  given 
above,  while  Dr  Hopkins  states  that  it  infests  yellow  locust  twigs  on  dead 
trees  in  West  Virginia. 

Natural  enemies.  A  single  parasite  was  reared  from  infested  twigs, 
presumably  from  this  species.  It  has  been  kindly  determined  by  Dr 
Ashmead  as  T  e  m  e  1  u  c  h  a    f  u  s  i  f  o  r  m  i  s    Prov. 

Pityogenes  consimilis    Lee. 

A  minute,  dark  brown  or  black,  cylindric  beetle  about  '/sj  inch  long,  makes  the 
familiar  oblique  galleries  under  the  bark  of  decaying  sumac  twigs,  grooving  the  wood  in  a 
very  characteristic  fashion. 

The  work  of  this  species  is  e.xceedingly  common,  easily  recognized  and 
of  little  importance  e.vcept  when  the  carved  branches  are  sometimes 
employed  in  rustic  structures. 

Spotted  leptostylus 

Lcptostyliis   iiiacida    .Say 

A  small,  thick,  long-horned,  brown  or  chestnut-colored  beetle,  about  )-{  inch  long, 
with  ash  gray  markings,  mav  be  bred  from  the  dead  twigs  and  wood  of  a  number  of 
trees. 

This  is  one  of  our  common  borers  having  very  similar  liabits  to  its 
ally,  Li  opus  alpha  Say.  It  breeds  in  a  wide  variety  of  twigs,  having 
been  taken  from  sumac,  witch-hazel,  chestnut,  oak,  walnut  and  apple.  Dr 
Fitch  states  that  old  butternut  trees  are  .sometimes  filled  with  the  grubs  of 
this  little  beetle. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  483 

BOKEKS  IN  DRIED  USUALLY  MANUFACTURKI)  WOOD 

White  marked  powder-post  beetle 

Lychis  parallelopipcdus  Melsh. 

Pin  holes  less  than  i/,6  inch  in  diameter  and  galleries  of  the  same  size  running  in 
various  directions  in  wood,  mav  contain  linear,  black,  white  marked  l)eelles  about  3/,6  inch 
long. 

This  powder-post  beetle  has  very  similar  habits  to  those  of  the  more 
common  species,  Lyctus  unipunctatus  Herbst.,  though  it  appears 
to  be  much  rarer.  Its  destructive  work  was  brought  to  our  attention  in 
July  1903,  on  the  reception  of  a  piece  of  ash  from  a  large  furniture  man- 
ufacturer of  New  York  city,  accompanied  by  the  statement  that  the  insects 
were  causing  considerable  damage  to  rough  stock  on  hand  and  had  also 
bred  out  in  numbers  from  manufactured  products,  to  their  great  detriment. 
The  piece  of  ash  was  badly  tunneled  by  the  galleries  of  this  insect  and 
practically  worthless  for  furniture  purposes. 

Description.  The  beetle  is  a  jet  black  or  dark  brown,  linear  insect 
about  3/16  inch  long  and  easily  distinguished  from  the  common  powder-post 
beetle,  Lyctus  unipunctatus  Herbst.,  by  the  broad,  creamy  white 
band  near  the  middle  of  the  wing  covers  and  extending  almost  to  the 
suture.  The  head  and  prothorax  are  rather  coarsely  and  irregularly 
punctured,  while  the  wing  covers  are  ornamented  with  rows  of  closely  set, 
coarse  punctures.  The  young  or  larvae  are  small,  six  legged,  yellowish 
white  grubs  with  the  tip  of  the  body  curved. 

The  work  of  this  species,  like  that  of  the  common  powder-post  beetle,  is 
characterized  by  fine  sawdust  dropping  from  the  infested  lumber. 

Life  history.  This  species  evidently  breeds  freely  in  ash.  It  has  been 
recorded  in  fig  and  probably  infests  other  dry  hard  woods.  The  beneficial 
clerid,  E  1  a  s  m  o  c  e  r  u  s  t  e  r  m  i  n  a  t  u  s  Say,  was  bred  from  the  ash  ])oarcl 
infested  w^th  this  species  and  is  undoubtedly  of  considerable  service  in 
preying  upon  this  wood  borer. 

Remedies.  Measures  of  value  against  the  powder-post  beetle  should 
be  of  equal  service  in  checking  this  species. 


484  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Large  carpenter  bee 

Xylocopa  virginica  Drury 
Burrows  about  Yi  an  inch  long  may  occasionally  be  observed  in  telegrapii  poles, 
doorposts  and  similar  places,  and  large-bodied,  dusky  winged  bees  seen  going  in  and  out. 
This  common  insect  is  sometimes  very  persistent  in  its  efforts  to  tun- 
nel posts  or  timbers  about  houses.  It  is  about  the  size,  and  has  the 
general  appearance  of  a  bumblebee.  The  abdomen,  however,  is  jet-black 
and  frequently  somewhat  bare.  The  tunnels  are  excavated  in  solid  wood, 
sometimes  to  a  distance  of  a  foot  and  are  used  as  nesting  places.  A  unique 
example  of  this  insect's  work  together  with  the  bee  is  represented  at  plate 
39,  hgure  3.  This  shows  the  outside  appearance  of  a  S/%  inch  board,  from 
a  weatherworn  building,  and  near  the  top  a  small  entrance  hole  3  g  inch  in 
diameter.  The  board  has  been  split  and  the  inner  aspect  with  the  three 
long  nearly  parallel  yi  inch  burrows,  split  when  the  board  was  sawed  in  two, 
is  represented  in  the  foreground.  The  slight  enlargements  seen  along  the 
course  of  the  galleries  indicate  the  location  of  individual  cells.  These  are 
separated  from  each  other  when  filled  by  chips  of  wood  securely  cemented 
together.  The  nature  of  the  partition  is  easily  seen  from  below.  The 
cells  are  provisioned  with  a  paste  of  pollen  or  nectar,  and  when  the  young 
insects  mature,  those  in  the  lower  chambers  are  obliged  to  await  the  exit 
of  the  bees  in   the  upper  cells. 

INHAKITANTS  OK  DKCAYIXti   WOOD  OK    RESIDENTS  UNDER  DKAI>  OK  DECAYIN*;  ItARK 

A  considerable  number  of  species  occur  in  such  places.  They  are  of 
comparatively  slight  econoinic  importance,  yet  should  be  characterized 
because  of  the  liability  of  their  being  mistaken  for  more  destructive  species, 
and  to  aid  in  this  identification  the  following  brief  accounts  of  some  of  the 
more  common  species  are  given. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  485 

Owl  beetle 

.Ua/is    oculatiis    L.inn. 
A   large,   rather   stout,    black,    whilc-niarked    lieetlc,    i  4    inches    long,    bearing   two 
conspicuous  cyelike  s|M>ts,  is   frciiuenllv  nu-t  w  itii    in   decaying  wood. 

Thc-re  arc  a  number  of  insects  brouoht  to  the  attention  of  the  ento- 
mologists from  \('ar  to  year  on  account  of  some  peculiarity  ami  such  is  the 
case  with  this  species.  Its  conspicuous  eyelike  spots  on  the  prothorax 
excite  the  attention  of  e\en  the  most  casual  observer,  and  as  the  beetle  is 
not  very  common,  most  s]3ecimens  observed  are  captured,  and  are  very 
likely  to  hnd  tlieir  wa)'  into  the  hands  of  some  entomologist. 

This  s|)ecifs  cannot  be  considered  injurious,  since  it  occurs  only  in 
decaj'ing  wood,  and  the  obser\'ations  of  Dr  Lugger  wcjuld  seem  to  intlicate 
that  it  can  be  classed  among  om-  beneficial  species.  He  has  fountl  in  his 
own  experience  that  it  was  impossible  to  rear  the  larvae  or  grubs,  unless 
they  were  provided  with  living  insects  which  they  soon  fouml  and  devoured. 

Description.  This  large  snapping  beetle  ma)-  be  easily  recognized  bv 
reference  to  plate  39,  figure  2,  which  shows  it  about  natural  size  and  repre- 
sents the  appearance  of  a  well  marked  indi\  idual.  The  conspicuous  ejelike 
spots  are  found  only  in  one  other  native  beetle,  a  very  rare  species.  This 
insect  is  representative  of  a  very  large  famih ,  members  of  which  possess 
the  power  of  projecting  themselves  upward  suddenly  by  the  means  of  a 
peculiar  springing  apparatus  on  the  ventral  surface.  A  stout  spine  on  the 
thorax  projects  back  in  a  socket  in  the  abdomen  and  by  bending  its  l:)od)' 
backwards,  the  beetle  can  raise  its  spine  and  rest  it  on  the  edge  of  the 
socket,  and  then  with  a  sudden  muscular  exertion,  spring  it  back  into  the 
cavity.  The  result  is  that  the  beetle  is  thrown  into  the  air  to  a  hight  sev- 
eral times  its  length.  This  device  is  apparently  for  no  other  purpose  than 
to  enable  the  insect  to  regain  its  feet,  evidentl)-  very  useful,  since  this  beetle 
and  its  allies  are  nearly  helpless  whenever  they  fall  on  their  back.  This 
peculiar  snapping  has  led  to  these  insects  being  called  snapping  or  click 
beetles,  and  the  entire  family,  which  is  composed  of  a  large  number  of 
forms,  are  known  to  scientists  as  Elaterldae. 


486  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

The  large  grubs  of  this  giant  snapping  beetle  have  been  described  by 
Dr  Harris  as  about  2^4  inches  long,  nearly  ^4  inch  in  breadth,  Hattened, 
reddish  yellow  in  color.      It  is  frequently  found  in  decaying  appletree  wood. 

Broad-necked  prionus 

Prion! IS    laticollis    Drur)' 
A  thick,   fleshy,  legless  grub  about  3   iiiclifs  long  when   full  grown  bores  in  the  roots 
and  stumps  of  a  number  of  trees. 

This  is  a  very  common  insect  in  New  York  State,  though  it  rarely 
causes  much  damage  so  far  as  known,  for  all  that  the  grubs  are  capable  of 
doing  considerable  mischief.  As  a  rule  we  believe  their  depredations  are 
confined  verv  largely  to  comparatively  valueless  forest  trees,  and  therefore 
this  insect  is  not  often  brought  to  the  attention  of  economic  entomologists. 
The  operations  of  this  grub  being  very  largely  under  ground,  also  enable  it 
to  escape  notice.  The  adult  beetle  is  one  of  the  largest  native  forms, 
measuring  about  i  i^  inches  in  length  and  5  §  inch  or  more  in  breadth.  It 
varies  from  brown  to  very  dark  brown  or  black.  The  powerful  mandibles 
are  very  conspicuous  with  shar]i,  cutting  edges.  The  antennae  are  about 
half  as  long  as  the  body.  The  head  is  minutely  and  irregularly  punctured, 
the  dorsum  of  the  thorax  smooth,  the  lateral  portions  being  punctured  and 
the  edges  prolonged  into  two  or  three  prominent  teeth.  The  wing  covers 
are  coarsely  rugose  with  several  more  or  less  distinct  ridges  and  are  usually 
decidedly  broader  at  the  base.  The  larva  of  this  insect  has  been  recorded 
as  infesting  pine  stumps,  roots  of  living  black  oak,  oak  logs,  roots  of  linden, 
poplar,  oak,  chestnut,  apple,  pine  and  grapevine.  Dr  Riley  records  a  case 
where  this  species  was  very  destructive  to  young  appletrees  in  Kentucky. 
These  borers  as  a  rule  work  within  the  roots,  though  Dr  Riley  states  of  an 
allied  species,  P.  imbricornis  Linn.,  that  where  the  root  is  too  small 
to  accommodate  the  borer,  it  eats  away  about  one  third  of  the  bark  and  hol- 
lows out  the  remainder  of  the  root,  thus  causing  great  injury  in  nurseries 
The  adults  are  abroad  during  midsummer. 

Remedial  measures.  .Since  the  larva  of  this  species  works  in  the  roots, 
it  is  very  difficult   to  check  its  operations  and  there  is  nothing  better  than 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AXD    WOODLAND    TREES  487 

destroying  the  infested  trees  and  avoiding  so  far  as  possible  conditions 
favorable  to  the  breeding  of  this  borer;  namely,  a  great  many  stvmips  and 
dead  trees   in   which    it   can  thrive. 

Lesser  prionus 

OrthosoDia    brioincinu    Forst. 

A  rather  slender,  brown  beetle  about  i  '_•  inches  long  and  less  than  '•_•  inch  broad, 
lives  in  the  larval  stage  in  decaying  trees. 

This  beetle  is  another  rather  common  species  frequently  met  with  in 
midsummer  and  attracts  notice  largely  on  account  of  its  size.  Its  larva 
lives  almost  entirely  in  decaying  wood,  and  as  a  consequence  this  form  is  of 
comparatively  slight  economic  importance.  The  adult  beetle  is  about  i^y^ 
inches  long  with  powerful  mandibles,  and  tapering  antennae  a  little  over 
one  half  the  bod\-  length.  The  large  eyes  are  comparatively  inconspicuous, 
finely  granulate,  and  the  thorax  is  prolonged  laterally  into  a  series  of  two 
or  more  irregular  teeth.  The  wing  covers  are  very  long,  rather  slender, 
with  parallel  sides,  irregularly  and  finely  punctured  and  ornamented  with 
several  rather  prominent  ridges.  The  larva  of  this  species  has  been 
recorded  as  boring  in  decaying  pine,  hemlock,  hickor)",  walnut,  oak,  chest- 
nut, ami  l)r  Ho])kins  states  that  it  inhabits  the  decaying  logs  and  stumps 
ol    nearh'  all  forest  trees. 

Description.  The  larva  and  pupa  have  been  described  b\-  Dr  Packard 
as  follows  : 

Larva.  Described  while  alive.  Body  cylindrical,  not  flattened,  the 
segments  very  distinct,  as  the  sutures  are  deeper  than  usual ;  head  moder- 
ately broad  ;  prothorax  large  and  broad  and  rather  long,  being  9  mm  broad 
and  4!/^  mm  long;  surface  rough  on  the  posterior  two  thirds.  On  each  of 
the  first  to  seventh  abdominal  segments  is  a  transverse  oval  cylindrical 
fleshy  area,  each  with  three  transverse  folds,  the  area  on  the  seventh  ring 
being  nearly  twice  as  long  (antero-posteriorly)  as  that  on  the  first,  the  areas 
becoming  longer  and  narrower,  i.  e.  more  rounded,  going  backward  towards 
the  seventh  .segment;  the  end  of  the  abdomen  smooth  and  shining;  each 
thoracic  segment  with  a  pair  of  slender  three-jointed  feet.  Length,  35  mm 
(i3  g  inches). 

Pupae.  Antennae  bent  near  their  end  at  right  angles  and  laid  across 
the  end   of  the  elytra,  the  latter  reaching  to  the   middle  of  the  hind  tarsi. 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


End  of  the  abdomen  terminates  in  a  singular  rufflelike  expansion,  armed 
on  the  edges  with  stout  spines.  Hind  tarsi  reaching  to  the  middle  of  the 
fifth  abdominal  segment.  The  body  considerably  curved.  Maxillary  palpi 
extended  well  beyond  the  end  of  the  mandibles.  Prothorax  with  a  broad- 
based  spine  on  the  side.  The  projecting  parts  of  the  abdominal  segments 
with  fine  spines,  and  segments  3  to  5  with  a  pair  of  transverse,  thin,  dark 
brown  chitinous  patches.      Length  30  mm. 

Anthophilax  attenuatus    Hald. 

An  olive  gray,  mottled  beetle  with  black  head  and  thorax,  and  alioiit  Ss  inch  long, 
occurs  in  early  spring  on  partly  decayed  beech  stumps. 

This  Lepturid  has  the  characteristic  form  of  this  subfamily,  and  has 
been  taken  in  early  May  on  dead  or  decayed  beech  at  Newport  N.  Y.  by 
Mr  D.  B.  Young.  The  beetles  were  observed  by  him,  ovipositing  in  the 
galleries  made  by  P  t  i  1  i  n  u  s  r  u  f  i  c  o  r  n  i  s,  and  the  process  has  been 
described  by  him  as  follows  : 

The  beetle  crawled  along  with  an  odd  jerky  motion  and  carefully 
examined  every  hole  and  crevice  which  it  crossed.  The  crevices  were  aban- 
doned almost  immediately  ;  the  galleries  were  examined 
with  more  care  and  evidently  those  selected  were  a  year 
old  ;  the  beetles  invariably  oviposited  with  the  head 
turned  nearly  or  wholly  down.  One  of  the  galleries 
removed  after  the  beetle  had  ovipositeci  and  flown 
contained  16  eggs.  Nothing  had  been  placed  in  the 
gallery  to  prevent  parasites  from  entering.  The  eggs 
were  placed  5^  inch  from  the  outside  in  four  lots  of 
four  each,  with  their  ends  slightly  tapering,  just  tilling 
the  diameter  of  the  gallery.  The  eggs  were  cylindrical, 
rounded  at  both  ends,  polished,  and  waxy  white;  they 
were  gummed  together  with  a  yellowish  secretion,  and 
were   lyi  to  nearly  2  mm  in  length. 

Beetle.      Length  S/^  inch  ;  antennae,  legs  and  wing 

covers  olive,   mottled    with    grayish    white ;  head    and 

thorax  black  and  clothed  with  a  short,   sparse  golden 

pubescence.      This    form  may    be  recognized,   according    to   Mr  Wickham, 

by   its  elytra  being  testaceous  and  irregularly  marked  with   piceous  spots. 

The  surface  is  coarsely  and  sparsely  punctate  and  with   small   spaces  which 

are  distinctly  pubescent.      Median  line  of  thorax  distinctly  impressed. 


Fig.    122      A  n  t  h  o  p  h  i  1 
le  n  II  at  us,  enlarged  (i 


IXSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  489 

This  species  was  found  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior  b\  I)r 
LeConte,  is  reported  from  Ottawa  Can.,  by  Mr  Harrington,  and  Dr  Ham- 
ilton states  that  it  is  rare  in  southwestern  Pennsylvania.  It  has  also  been 
listed  from  Mt  Washington,  by  Mrs  Slosson. 

Dermestes  pulcher    Lee. 

A  brown-headed,  black-wiiii^ed,  rather  stout  tieetle  about  14^  inch  hjnt;,  was  bred  from 
larvae  taken  from  a  liolhjw  oak. 

This  species,  according  to  Jayne,  may  be  easily  recognized  by  its  gen- 
eral red  color  and  almost  entirely  black  wing  covers,  the  flattened  thorax 
with  two  basal  foveae,  and  the  absence  of  abdominal  spots  and  white  rings 
on  the  femora.  He  records  this  species  from  the  Southern,  Middle  and 
Western  States.  It  must  be  rare  in  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  since  L)r 
Hamilton  met  with  onl)-  two  specimens.  It  has  been  listed  also  from  the 
vicinity  of   Buffalo  N.  Y.  and  Cincinnati  O. 

Ditoma  quadriguttata  Say.  This  minute,  black  and  reddish  beetle 
occurs  in  early  spring  under  dead  bark  of  beech  stumps.  It  is  about  332 
inch  long.  Head  and  thorax  almost  entirely  black,  coarsely  punctured  with 
conspicuous  lateral  ridges  on  the  latter.  The  wing  covers  have  an  oblique, 
reddish  stripe  at  the  base  of  the  wings,  a  similar  spot  near  the  middle  and 
a  smaller  one  at  the  posterior  third.  These  organs  are  conspicuouslv 
striated  and  with  coarse,  distinct  punctures  between  the  ridges. 

Mycetochares  binotata  Say.      This  species  occurs  under  poplar  bark. 

Cerylon  castaneum  Say.  This  minute,  reddish,  rather  flattened  beetle 
occurs  under  dead  bark  of  maple  stumps  in  early  spring.  It  is  about  \ic, 
inch  long,  the  head  somewhat  rounded,  the  thorax  rather  irregularly  punc- 
tured and  the  wing  covers  finely  striate  with  series  of  confluent  punctures. 

Silvanus  imbellis  Lee.  This  minute,  slender,  grayish  brown  beetle 
occurs  sparingly  under  the  dead  bark  of  beech  and  maple  in  early  spring. 
It  is  about  yi  inch  long,  slender,  the  head  and  thora^:  grayish,  rather  thickly 
and  irregularly  punctured  ;  the  wing  covers  distinctly  striate  with  a  series  of 
nearly  confluent  punctures. 

Catogenus  rufus  Fabr.  This  dark,  reddish,  somewhat  flattened  beetle 
has  been  taken  under  dead  elm  bark  in  May.  It  is  nearly  }4  inch  long  with 
conspicuous  moniliform  antennae.  The  head  and  thorax  are  finely  and 
irregularly  punctured  and  the  wing  covers  marked  by  a  series  of  deep 
grooves  and  with  the  humeral  angles  continued  as  a  conspicuous  ridee  their 
entire  length  ;  costal  margm  strong!)-  smuate. 

Cucujus  clavipes  F"abr.      This  flattened,  bright   or   dark   reddish   beetle 


490 


NEW    VOKK    STATE    MUSEUM 


riattened    beetle    may   b( 
It  is  about  y^  inch   lon^, 


occurs  in  early  spring"  under  deatl  elm  bark.  It  is  about  j.-i  inch  lontj  with 
conspicuous  blackish  moniliform  antennae,  the  head  and  thorax  are  strongly 
flattened,  irregularly  and  coarsely  punctured,  the  latter  with  a  series  of 
minute  denticulations  along  its  lateral  margins  ;  wing  covers  finely  punc- 
tured and  apparently  hollowed.  The  humeral  angles  are  continued  as 
conspicuous  ridges  along  their  entire  length. 

Laemophloeus  biguttatus  .Sa\.        Ill  is    small, 
found  under  dead  maple  bark  in  April  and  Ma\'. 

the  head  and  thora.x  are  finely  though  irregularly  punctured,  mostly  dark 
brown,  while  the  wing  covers  are  finely  striate  with  series  of  confluent  punc- 
tures and  are  mostl\'  dark  brown  with  a  middle,  somewhat  broken  band  of 
pale  yellowish 

Laemophloeus  testaceus  habr.  This  minute,  slender,  flattened  beetle  is 
not  uncommon  under  the  dead  bark  of  maple  and  beech  stumps  in  early 
spring.  It  is  about  3,32  inch  long,  the  slender  antennae  are  nearly  as  long 
as  the  body.  The  brown  head  and  thorax  are  rather  finely  and  sparsely 
punctured,  the  latter  with  distinct  sublateral  ridges  and  with  the  lateral  mar- 
gins prolonged,  toothed  posteriorly;  wing  covers  finely  striate  with  series 
of  minute  punctures  ;  lateral  margins  produced. 

Dendrophagus  cygnaei  Mann.  This  flattened,  brownish  species  occurs 
under  elm  bark  in  March  and  April.  The  dark  brown  head  and  thorax  are 
ornamented  with  irregular,  coarse  punctures  and  the  brown  wing  covers  are 
striated  with  series  of  rather  large,  almost  confluent  punctures  ;  humeral 
angle  pronounced  and  continued  as  a  distinct  ridge  along  the  entire  length 
of  the  win"'  covers.      The  legs  are  light  brown  with  strongly  swollen  femora. 

Uliota  dubius  Fabr.  This  flattened, 
brownish  or  black  beetle  occurs  under 
dead  elm,  beech,  maple  and  butternut 
liark  in  early  spring.  It  is  about  j^  inch 
long,  dark  brown  or  blackish.  The  red- 
dish brown  antennae  are  as  long  as  the 
bod)',  and  just  anteriorly  there  is  on  each 
side  a  conspicuous  curved,  hornlike  pro- 
cess apparently  peculiar  to  the  male. 
The  dark  brown  head  is  coarsely  punc- 
tured with  two  deeply  impressed  lines ; 
the  prothorax  is  al.so  coarsely  punctured, 
with  lateral  margins  serrate,  the  anterior 
angles  being  prolonged  into  conspicuous 
processes.  The  wing  covers  are  coarsely 
'  striate  with  a  conspicuous  humeral  ridge 
their  entire  length  and  the  interspaces  ornamented  with  numerous  con- 
fluent coarse  punctures. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  4gi 

Ephistemus  apicalis  Lee.  This  is  a  very  minute,  shining  black  species 
■which  occurs  under  beech  bark  in  February.  It  is  so  very  small  that  a 
hand  lens  is  necessary  to  distinguish  it  from  mite.-^  found  in  similar  places. 

Hister  lecontei  Mars.  A  small,  stout,  flattened,  jet-black  beetle  occurs 
under  the  dead  bark  of  such  trees  as  beech,  maple,  elm,  pine  etc.  frequently 
in  association  with  various  bark  borers.  The  head  is  minute,  partially 
retracted  under  the  expanded  portions  of  the  prothorax.  The  short,  hio-hly 
polished  wing  covers  are  marked  with  several  distinct  striae. 

Hister  parallelus    Sa\ 

Jet-black,  somewliat  elongatt-d,  siibcvlindric  beetlfs,  about  's  incli  long,  may  be  met 
with  in  considerable  numbers  under  the  linrk  of  white  elm  and  other  trees. 

This  species  was  abundant  under  decaying  elm  bark  at  Albany,  Nov. 
3,  1903,  and  we  ha\e  also  met  with  it  umler  spruce  bark  at  Davis  W.  \'a., 
associated  with  a  species  of  Pityophthorus.  Dr  Hamilton  records  the  same 
species  as  common  under  pine  bark  in  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  and  Dr 
Smith  finds  it  not  rare  under  bark  in  New  Jersey,  and  states  that  in  one 
instance  specimens  were  feeding  on  sap.  This  species  is  not  a  borer,  and 
like  its  close  relatives,  is  frequently  found  in  the  galleries  of  various  wood 
borers,  where  it  probably  feeds  on  partiall\-  decaying  or  decayed  vegetable 
matter.  This  species  has  been  recorded  from  eastern  Florida  by  its 
describer  and,  in  addition  to  above  named  localities,  has  been  listed  by 
Ulke  from  the  District  of  Columbia  and  Dr  Horn  records  it  from  South 
Carolina  and  Georgia. 

Plegaderus  transversus  Say.  This  stout,  roundish,  dark  brown  beetle 
less  than  ' 'x6  inch  in  length,  occurs  in  early  spring  in  damp  situations  under 
basswood  bark  and  probably  frequents  other  trees  presenting  similar 
conditions. 

Colastus  truncatus  Rand.  This  small,  oval  beetle  is  plentiful  in  early 
spring  under  the  bark  of  freshly  cut  maple  and  butternut  stumps,  where  it 
feeds  on  the  sap.  It  is  about  3/^32  inch  in  length,  oval,  reddish  brown,  with 
the   wing  covers  protecting  only  the  anterior  two  thirds  of  the  body. 

Cryptarcha  concinna  Alelsh.  This  species  is  abundant  in  early  spring 
under  the  bark  of  freshly  cut  maple  and  butternut  stumps,  apparently  feed- 
ing on  the  sap.  It  is  a  ininute,  oblong,  banded  beetle  about  3/32  inch  long, 
with  the  thorax  and  wing  covers  obscurely  marked  with  dark  brown  and 
pale  yellow. 


492  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Tenebrioides  corticalis  Melsh.  This  black,  somewhat  flattened  beetle 
from  i-^  to  3/g  inch  in  length,  is  common  under  the  bark  of  elm,  Avillow  and 
other  trees.  The  head  and  thorax  are  rather  coarsely  punctured  and  the 
wing  covers  are  finely  striate  with  series  of  small  distinct  punctures. 

Tenebrioides  castanea  Melsh.  This  flattened,  dark  brown  beetle  occurs 
in  considerable  numbers  under  the  dead  bark  of  beech,  pine  and  probably 
other  trees.  It  is  about  ^^  inch  long,  dark  brown,  the  head  and  prothorax 
somewhat  coarsely  though  sparsely  punctured  and  the  wing  covers  weakly 
striate  with  rows  of  shallow,  nearly  confluent  punctures. 

Nyctobates  pennsylvanica  DeG.  This  large,  rather  stout,  jet-black 
beetle  tapers  slightly  anteriorly  and  is  about  "g  inch  in  length.  It  is  found 
under  dead  bark  of  various  trees  such  as  beech,  hemlock  and  birch.  The 
head  and  prothorax  are  rather  finely  punctured  and  the  wing  covers  are 
ornamented  with  a  series  of  minute  striae  composed  of  small  distinct 
punctures  with  the  intermediate  spaces  marked  by  almost  microscopic 
punctulations. 

Iphthimus  opacus  Lee.  This  dull  black,  coarsely  punctured  beetle 
about  34.  inch  long,  occurs  under  the  decaying  bark  of  various  trees. 

Tharops  ruficornis  .Say.      This  in.sect  has  been  taken   from   dead  beech. 

Elater  nigricoUis  Herbst.  This  species  has  been  found  under  decaying 
basswood,  beech  and  maple  bark. 

Elater  humeralis  Lee.  This  beetle  may  be  taken  in  decaying  beecii  or 
maple  stumps  in  March,  April  and  May. 

Melanotus  communis  Gyll.  This  species  occurs  umler  the  decaying 
bark  of  various  trees,  being  perhaps  more  numerous  under  that  of  pine  than 
any  other. 

Corymbites  sulcicoUis  Say.  This  species  occurs  under  dead  birch  bark 
in  March  and  April. 

Dorcas  paralielus  Say.  Larvae  of  this  brownish  beetle  live  in  decaying 
logs  or  stumps  of  various  trees.      We  have  taken  it  on  elm. 

Ceruchus  piceus  Web.  The  larvae  of  this  species  have  been  recorded 
from  old  beech  stumps,  decaying  chestnut,  willow  and  birch.  We  have 
taken  it  abundantly  in  rotting  black  cherry. 

Horned  passalus.  Passalus  cornutus  Fabr.  This  very  striking, 
large  mahogany  brown  beetle  with  its  coarsely  striate  wing  covers  and 
deep,  broad  constriction  at  the  base  of  the  wing  covers,  lives  in  the  larval 
stage  in  the  decaying  stumps  of  basswood,  hickory  and  other  deciduous 
trees. 

Rough  flower  beetle.  Osmoderma  scabra  Beauw  This  stout, 
brownish,  purplish  black  beetle  about  i  inch  long  and  over  yi  inch  in 
breadth,  with  its  wing  covers  roughened  by  irregular  coarsely  punctured 
striae,  occurs  about  decaying  portions  of  various  trees.  Its  larva  is  very 
similar  to  that  of  the  well  known  white  grub,  only  larger. 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND    WOODLAND    TREES  493 

Hermit  flower  beetle.  Osmoderma  eremicola  Knoch.  This 
flower  beetle  is  slii^htly  larger  than  the  preceding,  of  a  dark  mahogany 
color,  with  smooth,  highly  polished  wing  covers.  It  presumably  has  the 
same  habits  as  the  preceding  form. 

Stenosphenus  notatus  Oliv.  This  insect  was  taken  at  Poughkeepsie  on 
dead  hickory  and  oak.  It  has  been  recorded  as  breeding  in  dead  limbs  of 
the  former. 

Lepturges  symmetricus  Haiti.  This  species  was  taken  in  early  July  on 
beech  injured  by  hre. 

Oberea  schaumii  l.ec.  This  species  bores  in  the  twigs  and  branches  of 
poplar,  beetles  appearing  in  early  Alay. 

Oberea  ocellata  Hakl.  This  small  longicorn  has  been  reared  from 
sumac. 

Scotobates  calcaratus  Fabr.  This  large,  black  beetle  about  S/a  inch  in 
length,  occurs  under  the  dead  bark  of  various  hard  woods.  The  head  and 
thora.x  are  rather  hnely,  irregularly  punctured  and  the  wing  covers  marked 
with  conspicuous  striae  composed  of  fine  and  in  many  cases  confluent 
punctures. 

Tenebrio  tenebrioides  Beauv.  This  large,  brownish  black  species  occurs 
under  decaying  willow,  butternut  and  basswood  bark  in  early  spring.  It  is 
about  l4  inch  long,  rather  stout,  the  head  and  thora.x  are  finely  and  irregu- 
larly punctured,  while  the  wing  covers  are  ornamented  by  series  of  striae 
composed  of  thickly  set  though  distinct  punctures. 

Penthe  obliquata  Fabr.  This  species  is  very  similar  to  the  preceding 
and  like  it,  occurs  under  dead  beech  bark,  particularly  on  trees  that  are 
down,  and  may  be  distinguished  from  the  following  by  the  yellowish 
scutellum  and  from  the  preceding  by  the  deeply  impressed  thorax  and  the 
coarsely  punctured  elytra.      It  is  also  a  .somewhat  stouter  form. 

Penthe  pimelia  P^abr.  This  stout,  black  species  occurs  under  dead 
beech  bark,  most  frecpiently  on  trees  that  are  down.  The  head  and  thorax 
are  coarsely  punctured,  the  latter  with  a  deeply  impressed  spot  posteriorly. 
The  wing  covers  are  coarsely  marked  with  irregular  series  of  deep 
pimctures. 

Melandrya  striata  .Sav.  This  large,  black  beetle  occurs  under  the  dead 
bark  of  beech,  maple  and  probably  of  other  trees  in  July.  The  beetles 
range  in  length  from  "  ,0  to  about  5/^  inch  and  may  be  recognized  b)-  the 
very  finel\-  punctured  head  and  thorax,  the  latter  tapering  strongly  ante- 
riorly, and  specially  by  the  prominently  ridged,  slightly  pubescent,  finely 
punctured  wing  covers. 

Phloeotrya  liturata  Lee.  This  black  or  dark  brown,  yellow-marked 
melandryid  is  about  ?  ,6  inch  long  and  occurs  under  dead  maple  bark  the 
latter  part  of  June  and  July.  It  may  be  recognized  by  the  rather  peculiar 
irretndar    black   mark   on    each    side    of    the  anterior    third    of    the    elytra 


494 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


and  a  smaller  one  about  the  posterior  third,  which  latter  extends  almost 
to  the  suture. 

Phloeotrya  simulator  Newm.  This  species  occurs  in  rotting  beech  anil 
maple  stumps. 

Asclera  puncticollis  Say.  This  dull  black  beetle,  5  i6  inch  long,  with  a 
dull  red  and  black-spotted  pronotum  was  taken  in  midwinter  at  Newport 
N.  Y.,  from  the  dead   tissues  of  a  birch,  by   Mr  D.  B.  Young. 

Dendroides  canadensis  Latr.  This  species  has  been  taken  under  the 
decaying  l)ark  of  oak,  birch,  maple,  beech  and  other  deciduous  trees. 

Dendroides  concolor  Newm.  This  species  has  been  taken  under  the 
decaying  bark  of  oak,  maple,  beech,  birch  and  other  deciduous  trees. 

Cryptorhynchus  parochus  Herbst.  The  larvae  of  this  species  have  been 
taken  under  butternut  bark,  adults  being  found   the  latter  part  of  May. 

Gonotropis  gibbosus  Lee.  This  species  was  taken  in  early  July  on 
living  birch  and  maple  trees,  which  had  been  injured  by  fire. 

Stenoscelis  brevis   Hohm. 

A  dark  brown  or  black,  cylindric  beetle  scarcely  Vs  inch  long  and  with  prothorax 
and  wing  covers  coarsely  punctured,  is  a  common  borer  in  dead  and  partly  rotten  wood 
of  various  trees. 

We  have  taken  this  species  boring  in  dead  limbs  of  butternut,  a.sh, 
willow,  poplar,  and  it  has  been  recorded  by  others  as  occurring  in  elm  and 
maple.      It  runs  irregular  sinuous  galleries  about  '  ,2  inch  in  diameter. 

FUNGOUS  BEETLES 

There  are  a  number  of  species  of  very  diverse  appearance,  which  feed 
on  fungi  and  are  frequently  met  with  on  various  trees.  They,  of  them- 
selves, are  of  comparatively  slight  importance,  and  on  that  account  they 
should  not  be  confused  with  the  more  dangerous  borers  which  may  occur 
under  similar  conditions. 

Tritoma  thoracica  Say 

A  rather  broad,  oval,  black  and  bright  red  beetle  about  y,6  in(  h  in  length,  occurs  in 
June  and  July  on  soft  mushroom  growtlis  on  decaying  poplar. 

The  head  and  prothorax  are  bright  reddish,  the  eyes  small,  finely 
granulate,  and  the  wing  covers  are  faintly  striate  with  small,  well  separated 
punctures. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AM)    WOODLAND    TREES  495 

Mycetophagus  punctatus    Say 

This  somewhat  elongate  beetle,  brightly  uKirked  with  reddisli  brown  and  lilac  k, 
nearly  J-4  inch  long,  infests  soft  fungi  of  basswood  in  June  and  July. 

The  mouth  parts  and  extremities  of  the  antennae  are  rufous,  the 
middle  portion  of  the  latter  being  black.  The  eyes  are  slightly  emargi- 
nate,  rounded,  coarsely  granulate  ;  labrum,  dorsum  of  head  and  prothorax 
black,  coarsely  punctured.  The  wing  covers  have  a  large,  black  scutellar 
spot  and  are  margined  laterally  with  the  same  color,  from  which  there 
extends  near  the  middle  a  conspicuous  lobe;  near  the  posterior  extremity 
there  is  a  broad,  somewhat  irregular  black  band  across  the  wing  covers. 
These  organs  are  rather  finely  striate  with  coarse  punctures  and  clothed 
with  a  short,  rather  coarse  pubescence. 

Mycetophagus  flexuosus    Say 

This  rather  narrow,  elongated,  oval  beetle  conspicuously  marked  with  black  and 
reddish,  infests  soft  fungi  on  basswood  in  June. 

The  mouth  parts  and  the  extremities  of  the  antennae  are  reddish,  the 
middle  segments  of  the  latter  being  black.  Eyes  prominent,  coarsely 
granulate  ;  head  and  prothorax  coarsely  punctured.  Wing  covers  with  con- 
spicuous striae  composed  of  almost  confluent  punctures ;  reddish  brown, 
with  a  conspicuous  black  scutellar  spot  extending  some  distance  each  side 
of  the  scutellum.  There  is  a  broken,  irregular  black  band  about  midway  of 
the  length  of  the  wing  covers,  and  a  nearly  complete  one  at  the  posterior 
third  ;  wing  covers  clothed  with  a  coarse  pubescence. 

Triphyllus  humeralis    Kirby 

This  minute,  oval,  dark  reddish  brown  beetle  may  be  found  on  fungi  growing  on 
basswood. 

It  is  about  1/8  inch  in  length.  The  head  and  thorax  are  slightly 
darker  than  the  dark  reddish  brown  wing  covers,  and  the  dorsal  surface 
of  the  entire  insect  is  faintly  punctured  and  sparsely  clothed  Avith  a  short, 
appressed,  golden  pubescence. 


496 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Phenolia  grossa    Fabr. 

This  rather  flattened,  rounded  beetle  about  V  i6  of  an  inch  in  length,  may  be  taken 
abundantly  on  soft  fungi  on  the  side  of  fallen  beech. 

It  is  obscurely  marked  with  black  and  very  dark  red.  The  head  is 
partially  covered  by  the  enormous  prothorax,  which  is  arcuate  in  front, 
rounded  laterally  and  coarsely  and  irregularly  punctured.  The  wing  covers 
bear  several  rather  conspicuous  though  slight  ridges. 

Calitys  scabra     Thunb. 
This  flattened,  reddish  beetle,  about  *8  inch  in  length,  may  be  found 
in   June  on  certain  fungi  growing  on  the  ends  of  decaying  hemlock  logs. 
This  insect    has  a  peculiar  form,    with   enormously   pro- 
duced thoracic  margins,  which  are  rounded  and  serrate  exteri- 
orly,  and   the  wing   covers  have  the  humeral  angle  produced 
behind   in  a  conspicuous  ridge  and  with   the  margin  extended 
niarged  laterally  and  finely  serrate. 


Phellopsis  obcordata  Kirby 

This  peculiar  appearing  rusty  red,  dark  brown  beetle  about  >4  inch  in  length, 
found  in  June  on  certain  fungi  growing  on  the  ends  of   decaying  hemlocks. 

This  species  is  rather  flattened  and  is  remarkable  on 
account  of  the  enormous  prothorax  with  its  conspicuous 
lateral  anterior  protuberances.  Wing  covers  very  coarsely 
punctured  and  with  the  humeral  angle  prolonged  into  a 
conspicuous  ridge,  which  is  distinctly  notched  at  the 
anterior  fourth  and  at  the  posterior  fourth  enlarged  to 
produce  a  conspicuous  tubercle.  There  is  also  a  thick- 
ened lateral  ridore  extending  back  to  a  smaller  tubercle 
below  the  one  mentioned  above.  The  tips  of  the  wing 
covers  are  also  somewhat  enlarged. 


may  be 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND    WOODLAND   TREES  497 

Upis  ceramboides  Linn. 

This  conspicuous  jet  black  beetle,  easily  recognized  because  of  the  coarsely 
reticulate,  ridged  wing  covers  may  be  found  in  July  on  fungi  growing  on  white  birch. 

This  handsome  beetle  is  about  ^  inch  in  length,  jet  black.  Eyes 
inconspicuous,  finely  granulate  ;  head  and  thorax  finely  punctured,  and 
wing  covers  coarsely  reticulate  as  stated  above. 

Platydema  ruficorne  Sturm. 
This  small,  oval,  dull  black  beetle  about  V,6  inch  in  length  feeds  in  fungi. 
The  antennae,  palpi  and  anterior  margin  of  the  labrum  are  more  or  less 
rufous.  The  eyes  are  deeply  emarginate,  coarsely  granulate,  and  the  top  of 
the  head  coarsely,  and  the  prothorax  finely  punctured.  The  wing  covers  are 
faintly  striated  with  a  series  of  slight,  well  spaced  punctures.  This  species 
occurs  in  early  spring. 

Platydema  americanum    Lap. 

This  brownish  black,  glistening,  oval  beetle  about  j{  inch  in  length  infests  fungi. 

The  mouth  parts  are  rufous,  the  eyes  deeply  emarginate,  coarsely 
granulate  ;  the  labrum  and  dorsum  of  the  head  coarsely,  and  the  prothorax 
finely  punctured.  The  striae  of  the  wing  covers  are  deeper  than  in  P. 
ruficorne  Sturm,  and  the  punctures  a  little  closer.  It  is  easily 
separated  from  the  preceding  by  its  glistening  color  and  different  form. 

Platydema  subcostatum  Lap. 

This  oval,  rounded,  brownish  black  beetle  about  }{   '"ch   in  length,  occurs  on   fungi. 

The  mouth  parts  and  antennae  are  rufous,  the  eyes  are  deeply  emar- 
ginate, coarsely  granulate  ;  the  labrum  and  dorsum  of  the  head  coarsely, 
and  the  pronotum  finely  punctured  ;  wing  covers  somewhat  deeply  striated 
with  rather  coarse,  slightly  elongate  punctures. 

Diaperis  hydni  Fabr. 

A  rather  stout,  rounded,  reddish  and  black  beetle  nearly  ^  inch  long,  occurs  during 
June  and  July  on  fungus  growths  affecting  white  birch  and  basswood. 

This  species  has  the  head  and  thorax  jet  black  and  the  faintly  striate 
wing  covers  are  bright  red  with  black  markings.     The  latter  have-  a  black 


49« 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


sutural  line,   slightly  broader  posteriorly,   with  two  circular  black  spots  at 

the  anterior  third,  one  subdorsal,  the  other  lateral,  and  at  the  posterior  third 

a  much  larger  irregular  black  spot,  which   is  prolonged  along  the  ventral 

margin. 

Hoplocephala  bicornis  Oliv. 

This  small,  rather  stout,  greenish  beetle  occurs  on  maple  and 
beech  fungi  in  April  and  May  in  association  with  Cratoparis 
1  u  n  a  t  u  s    Falir. 

This  beetle  is  about  Vs  inch   in  length   and  the  smaller 

males  may  be  at  once  recognized  by  the  two  conspicuous 

„.      ^  „     "^       ,    ,    hornlike  processes  on  the  front.      The  anterior  margin  of  the 

Fig.  126  H  o  p  1  u  L  e  p  h  :i  1  a  1  ^ 

('o'rig°na"o''      ^"'"^'^''  labrum  is  also  prolonged  as  a  pair  of  much  smaller  processes. 
Forked  fungous  beetle 
Boletotherus    bifurciis    Fabr. 
This  very  striking  beetle  occurs  on  fungus  growing  on  beech  and  maple  in  June.     In 
spite  of  its  dull  colors,  its  grotesque  form  renders  it  somewhat  conspicuous. 

Both  sexes  are    dark  brown  or    brownish   black    and    are    remarkable 
because  of  the  peculiar  irregular  elevations  on  both  head,  thorax  and  wing 


Fig.  :27     Forked  fungous  beetle,  Bo  1 


bi  f  urcus,  side  and  do 
rged  (oiigin.ll) 


covers  which,  in  the  male,  are  accentuated.  The  female  has  a  pair  of 
rather  conspicuous  tubercles  on  the  prothorax.  Her  consort  may  be  at 
once  recognized  by  these  prominences  being  prolonged  into  enormous 
horns  bearing  at  their  extremities  on  the  underside,  delicate  brushes  of 
reddish  yellow  hairs. 


•INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


499 


Cratoparis  lunatus  Fabr. 

A  rather  stout,  narrow,  grayish  brown  mottled  beetle  about  %  inch  in  length,  may 
be  found  on  fungi  growing  on  maple  and  beech  stumps,  often  associated  with  H  o  p  1  o  c  e- 
p  h  a  1  a    b  i  c  o  r  n  i  s  Oliv.,  in  April  and  May.     It  also  occurs  in  September. 

The  head  of  this  peculiar  beetle  is  distinctly  prolonged  and  the  front 
thickly  clothed  with  yellowish,  grayish  scales.  Mandibles  very  large,  eyes 
rather  large  and  finely  granulate  ;  prothorax  tapering  anteriorly,  slightly 
swollen  near  the  middle  and  thickly  clothed  with  yellowish  gray  pubescence, 
sparse  posteriorly  and  exposing  the  dark  brown  chitin.  The  wing  covers  are 
strongly  striate  with  coarse,  distinct  punctures  and  thickly  clothed  with  yellow, 
brownish  and  almost  black  pubescence,  giving  the  insect  a  peculiar  mottled 
appearance. 

NATURAL   ENEMIES    OF   BAUK   BORERS 

There  are  a  number  of  natural  enemies  of  bark  borers,  some  of  which 

occur  on   the  bark  or  in  the  galleries,  and  one  not  conversant   with   their 

habits  might  easily  mistake   them   for   destructive   species.      A   few  of   the 

more    important   of    these    beneficial     forms    are     noticed     briefly   on     the 

following  pages. 

Ibalia   maculipennis  Hald. 

This  striking  and  peculiar  cynipid  was  taken  at  Poughkeepsie  N.  Y. 
ovipositing  on  hickory  infested  with 
Dicerca  obscura  var.  1  u  r  i  d  a 
Fabr.,  and  a  species  of  tremex.  The 
European  I.  cultellator  Latr., 
has  been  recorded  as  a  rare  parasite 
on  tremex  and  it  is  possible  that  this 
species  has  similar  habits. 

It  is  a  small,  wasplike  insect 
about  y%  inch  long,  with  the  mem- 
branous wings  clouded  near  the 
middle  and  at  the  tip.  It  is  black,  marked  with  yellowish  and  at  once 
recognizable  because  of  the  very  strongly  compressed  abdomen  with  its 
alternate  irregular  bands  of  black  and  yellowish  white. 


500  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Xylonomus  albopictus   Cress. 
Specimens  of  this  parasite  were  cut  from  hickory  infested  by  D  i  c  e  r  c  a 
o  b  s  c  u  r  a  van  1  u  r  i  d  a  Fabr.,  on  which  it  was  probably  parasitic.      It  has 
been  recorded  by  Dr  Hopkins  as  a  parasite  of  buprestid  larvae. 

Foenus  tarsatorius   Say 
This  insect  was  observed  oviposting  on  butternut.     It  is  undoubtedly  a 
parasite  of  some  wood  borers  infesting  this  tree. 

American  bark  beetle  destroyer 

Tlianasinius    dnbiiis    Fabr. 
This  is  one  of  the  commoner,  larger  clerids.      It  measures  nearly  ^  inch 

in  length,  and  may  be  recognized  by  the  head,  thora.x  and  basal  portions  of 
the  wing  covers  being  a  dull  red.  The  remainder  of  the  wing 
covers  is  jet-black,  except  for  the  irregular  transverse,  silvery 
markings.  This  predaceous  bark  beetle  was  observed  in  1901 
in  small  numbers  on  white  pine  which  had  been  nearly  killed 
by  bark  borers  at  Bath-on-Hudson,  and  several  beetles  and 
a   number    of    larvae  were  seen,  though  only  one  adult  was 

Fig. izg  Th.i nasi- captured. 

mus    dubitis,    en-  ^  _ 

larged  (original)  Thisspecics  lias  beeu  met  with  repeatedly  by  Dr  Hopkins 

in  his  investigations  of  insects  affecting  forest  trees  in  West  Virginia,  and 
he  states  that  this  form  is  the  one  most  closely  related  to  the  European 
species,  Clerus  formicarius  Linn.,  which  was  introduced  by  him  in 
1892,  in  the  hope  that  it  would  prove  a  very  efficient  agent  in  preventing 
serious  outbreaks  of  bark  borers. 

The  American  bark  beetle  destroyer  passes  the  winter  in  all  stages 
from  larva  to  adult,  as  stated  by  Dr  Hopkins,  in  the  bark  under  which  it 
breeds  and  sometimes  in  the  loose  bark  and  moss  at  the  base  of  the  tree. 
The  beetles  appear  in  the  spring,  and  soon  after  bark  beetles  begin  to 
emerge  from  their  winter  quarters,  fly  to  infested  trees,  logs  or  tops,  where 
they  station  themselves  beneath  loose  flakes  of  bark,  awaiting  an  opportu- 
nity to  pounce  on  their  prey.      They  also   move  rapidl)^  over  the  bark  in 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  CQI 

search  of  beetles  or  for  entrances  to  galleries  of  the  bark  borers,  in  which 
the  females  deposit  eggs.  These  soon  hatch,  and  the  minute  active 
grubs  find  their  way  into  the  egg  and  brood  galleries  of  the  bark  borers 
where  they  may  frequently  be  found  by  the  collector.  These  beneficial 
grubs  feed  on  the  eggs  and  young  of  the  bark  borers  till  they  have  attained 
full  growth,  when  they  leave  the  inner  bark  and  excavat?  cavities  in  the 
outer  bark  where  the  transformation  to  the  adult  occurs. 

This  clerid  attacks  and  feeds„on  all  kinds  of  bark  beetles  which  infest 
the  spruce  and  pine,  and  it  has  also  been  found  attacking  bark  beetles  in 
deciduous  trees.  It  is  a  common  insect  wherever  pine  and  spruce  grow  in 
West  Virginia  according  to  Dr  Hopkins.  This  beneficial  species  is  unfor- 
tunately preyed  on  by  at  least  two  parasites.  One  braconid  apparently 
attacks  the  full  grown  larva  when  it  enters  the  outer  bark  to  pupate  and 
lives  within  its  host.  This  parasite  is  in  turn  attacked  by  another  which 
Dr  Hopkins  bred  in  large  numbers  from  clerid  larvae.  A  small,  two  winged 
fly,  resembling  a  house  fly,  deposits  its  eggs  on  the  living  beetle,  and  the 
maggot  hatching  therefrom,  enters  the  abdomen  and  subsists  by  absorbing 
nourishment  from  the  body  fluids  of  its  host.  The  infested  beetles  remain 
alive  and  active,  till  the  parasitic  larva  leaves  it  to  undergo  its  final  trans- 
formations, which  probably  take  place  in  the  ground.  This  clerid  has  been 
recorded  by  Dr  Smith  as  generally,  though  locally,  distributed  through 
New  Jersey.  Dr  J.  A.  Lintner'  observed  numbers  of  these  insects  on  cut 
pine  and  timber  at  Schoharie,  May  13,  where  they  had  probably  been  feed- 
ing on  wood-boring  grubs. 

Bibliography 
1899     Hopkins,  A.  D.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.    Bal.  56,  p.  262-64 

Elasmocerus  terminatus  Say  ■ 

A  small,  cylindric,  nearly  black  beetle  about  ^  inch  long,  may  be  found  with  Lyctus 
and  some  other  borers  in  infested  wood. 

This  very  interesting  clerid  was  obtained  from  a  piece  of  ash  badly 
infested  with  Lyctus  parallelopipedus  Melsh.,  on  which  it  evidently 
preys. 


1888 


Lintner,  J.  A.     Ins.  N.  Y.     4tli  Rep't,  p.  142. 


502  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Description.  The  adult  beetle  is  about  y^  inch  long,  with  the  head, 
antennae,  legs  and  wing  covers  jet-black.  The  reddish  yellow  thorax  is 
marked  by  a  median,  large  black  spot.  This  beetle 
is  remarkable  on  account  of  the  very  large  termi- 
nal antennal  segment,  which  equals  in  length  the 
remainder  of  that  organ.  The  head  and  wing  covers 
are  coarsely  punctured,  eyes  coarsely  granulate.  The 
abdomen  is  reddish,  with  the  terminal  segment  black. 
'u    ^S^    "  This  species  has  been  bred  abundantly  by  Dr  Ham- 

„.  r,,  .  ilton  from  pfrapevines  infested  by    Phymatodes 

Fig.   130      Elasmoccriislermi-  or  J  J 

nat  us,  enlarged  (original)  amoenus  Say,  OH  whlcli  it  prcys,  and  Dr  Hop- 
kins records  finding  it  with  Sinoxylon  basilare  Say,  Agrilus 
otiosus  Say,  and  Chramesus  hicoriae  Lee.  in  dead  hickory 
branches,  while  Dr  Smith  states  that  he  has  found  it  on  trees  infested 
with  Scolytus  and  Bostrichus,  adding  that  it  is  not  uncommon. 

Distribution.  This  species  probably  has  a  wide  distribution  in  the 
United  States,  since  it  occurs  in  New  York,  and  has  been  recorded  from 
Ohio,  New  Jersey,  District  of  Columbia  and  West  Virginia. 

Orange-banded  clerid 

Clcrus   ichneumoneiis  Fabr. 

This  very  striking  black  and  red  marked  insect  preys  on  developing  broods  of  the 
hickory  bark  beetle,  Scolytns  quadrispinosus  Say,  and  wherever  abundant  is 
undoubtedly  of  considerable  service  in  checking  that  destructive  bark  beetle. 

This  beneficial  species  is  about  5/i6  inch  in  length,  bright  red,  with  a 
small  interrupted  black  band  just  behind  the  shoulders,  and  a  broader 
continuous  one  at  the  posterior  third  of  the  wing  covers,  which  latter  are 
gray  apically.  This  species  has  been  recorded  by  Messrs  Ulke  and  Dury 
from  Washington  D.  C.  and  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati  O.  respectively,  and 
we  have  received  specimens  from  Kansas  through  the  kindness  of  Dr  Snow. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  503 

Scarlet  winged  clerid 

Tkaiicroc/criis  saiigni'iiciis  Say 
This  brilliant  little  beetle  occurs  under  the  dead  bark  of  maple  and 
beech  in  dry  situations.  It  is  only  about  'i/it  inch  in  length  and  has  a  dark 
brown,  rather  coarsely  punctured  pubescent  head  and  thorax  and  may  be 
easily  recognized  by  the  brilliant  scarlet  wing  covers  which  are  coarsely 
though  irregularly  punctured. 

Phyllobaenus  dislocatus  Say 

A  small,  blackish,  yellow-marked  beetle  about  3  ^g  inch  in  length,  may  be  met  with  in 
the  galleries  of  certain  bark  borers. 

This  species  was  reared  from  hickory  limbs  obtained  at  Ilion  N.  Y., 
the  adults  appearing  June  20.  The  tree  was  also  infested  with  Chryso- 
bothris  femorata  Fabr.,  and  Magdalis  olyra  Herbst,  which 
were  preyed  on  by  several  parasites,  and  this  clerid  may  possibly  have 
been  subsisting  on  the  latter  borer. 

Description.  The  adult  beetle  is  about  ijid  inch  in  length,  the  head  and 
thorax  black,  and  the  wing  covers  jet-black,  marked  with  pale  yellowish, 
having  an  irregular  oblique  mark  near  the  humeri  and  one, 
near  the  posterior  third,  with  a  small  spot  near  the  tip.  The 
head  and  thorax  are  rather  coarsely  punctured,  and  the  wing 
covers  are  ornamented  with  very  coarse,  almost  confluent 
punctures.  This  species,  according  to  Dr  Hopkins,  attacks. 
Polygraphus  rufipennis  Kirby  in  black  spruce,  and 
Pityophthorus  consi  mills  Lee.  in  sumac,  and  he 
found  it  associated  with  Scolytus  rugulosus  Ratz.  in 
apple.  Adults  were  obtained  by  him  from  the  middle  to  the 
latter  part  of  June  and  in  early  December. 

Distribution.  This  species  probably  has  a  wide  distribution  in  the 
eastern  United  States,  since  it  occurs  in  New  York,  and  has  been  listed 
from  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati  O.,  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  various 
localities  in  New  Jersey,  and  from  West  Virginia. 


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NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Chariessa  pilosa  Forst. 
This    rather   stout,   black    beetle    with  yellow-margined    prothorax,    may   be    easily 
recognized  by  reference  to  the  accompanying  figure. 

This  clerid,  about  ^  inch  long,  is  predaceous  and 
undoubtedly  renders  considerable  service  in  keeping 
various  pests  in  check.  Specimens  were  taken  at  Pough- 
keepsie  on  a  hickory  tree  in  which  Dicerca  lurida 
Fabr.  was  ovipositing,  and  Dr  Smith  records  its  occur- 
rence in  New  Jersey  on  oaks  and  also  pear  infested 
by  the  sinuate  borer,  Agrilus  sinuatus  Oliv., 
the  larva  probably  preying  on  the  pupa  of  this  latter 
insect.  Dr  Hopkins  states  that  the  larvae  are  very 
efficient  checks  on  several  of  our  destructive  flat-headed 
buprestid  borers. 

1)  Hypophloeus  cavus  Lee. 

This  very  dark  brown  beetle  about  ^4,  inch  long,  occurs  in  the  gal- 
leries of  S  c  o  1  y  t  u  s  q  u  a  d  r  i  s  p  i  n  o  s  u  s  Say,  and  has  been  recorded 
in  those  of  Xyleborus  eels  us  Eich.,  preying  undoubtedly  on  this 
ambrosia  beetle.  It  has  been  recorded  from  the  vicinity  of  Washington, 
West  Virginia  and  New  Jersey,  and  is  probably  widely  distributed  in  the 
northeastern  United  States.  The  antennae  are  reddish,  stout,  moniliform, 
the  terminal  segments  being  larger  than  the  basal  ones.  The  eyes  are 
prominent,  black,  coarsely  granulate ;  the  head  and  prothorax  brown, 
irregularly  and  finely  punctured,  the  latter  being  remarkable  because  of  the 
prominent  median  sulcation.  The  wing  covers  are  very  dark  brown  or 
black,  sparsely  clothed  with  rather  coarse  hairs  and  irregularly  and  finely 
punctured. 


Fig.    132      Ch.ariessa 
losa,  enlarged  (origi 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND   TREES  505 

Bothrideres  geminatus  Say 

This  rather  slender,  slightly  flattened,  light  brown  beetle  about  }i  inch  long,  was 
taken  in  the  galleries  of  Scolytus  quadrispinosus  Say,  and  it  has  also  been 
found  by  Dr  Smith  under  dry  oak  bark. 

This  species  has  brownisli,  moniliform  antennae,  the  two  apical  seg- 
ments being  distinctly  enlarged.  The  prominent  eyes  are  coarsely  granu- 
late and  the  head  and  prothorax  coarsely  and  confluently  punctured,  the 
latter  with  expanded  margins,  particularly  anteriorly.  The  wing  covers  are 
strongly  ridged  and  the  entire  body  sparsely  clothed  with  rather  long, 
golden  yellow  setae. 


5o6 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


LEAF    EATERS    AFFECTING    DECIDUOUS   FOREST    TREES 

This  comprises  a  very  large  assembly  of  species,  many  of  which  are  of 

very  little  importance.      It  is  impossible  to  adequately  notice  all   the  species 

found  on  forest  trees,  consequently  this  portion  of  the  work  is  by  no  means 

complete. 

Leaf  eaters 

Small,  triangular,  flattened,  metallic  beetles  occur  in  midsummer  on  oak  and  elm  leaves, 

Brachys    aerosa,  p.  512 

B.  ovata,  p.  513 

A  small,  stout,  brown  and  black  beetle  a  trifle  less  than  j(  inch  long,  occurs  on  scrub  oak 

in  June..    Serica    t  r  o  c  i  f  o  r  m  i  s,   p.   514 

Yellowish  brown,  black-margined  flea  beetles  about  ^/is  inch  long,  feed  in  summer  on  oak, 

hickory  and  birch Black-margined  flea  beetle,  Systena   marginal!  s,  p.  515 

A  small,  shining,  dark  brown,  black-headed  leaf  beetle  '{  inch  long  on  scrub  oak  in  July 

Tymnes    tricolor,  p.  515 
A  slaty  gray,  brown-striped  weevil  J4  inch  long  on  oak  in  July 

A  p  h  r  a  s  t  u  s   t  a  e  n  i  a  t  u  s,  p.  515 

Terminal  lobes  of  oak  leaves  rolled  into  neat  cylindric  cases  containing  an  egg,  may  be  the 

work  of  this  species. . .  .Two  spotted  curculio,  Attelabus  bipustulatus,  p.  516 

A  large,  greenish  weevil  }4  inch  long,  occurs  on  the  buds  of  a  variety  of  trees  from  May 

to  July New  York  weevil,  Ithycerus   n  o  vebo  r  ac  e  n  s  is,  p.  517 

A  stout,  light  apple-green  caterpillar  with  a  conspicuous  caudal   horn  and  seven  lateral 
oblique  white  stripes,  feeds  on  hickory,  black  walnut  and  ironwood 

Walnut  sphinx,   C"  r  e  s  s  o  n  i  a    j  u  g  1  a  n  d  i  s,   p.   518 
A  red-headed,  striped  caterpillar  with   a  conspicuous  red  hump  on  the  eighth  abdominal 
segment,  feeds  on  oak  in  midsummer 

Red-humped  oak  caterpillar,  Symmerista    a  1  b  i  f  r  o  n  s,  p.  519 
A  red-headed,  grayish  caterpillar  about   1^2   inches  long,  with  conspicuous  pointed  eleva- 
tions on  the  first  and  eighth  abdominal  segments,  occurs  on  oak  in  midsummer 

Rosy  Hyparpax,   Hy  par  pax    aurora,  p.  520 
A  pale  greenish  caterpillar  about  j4  inch  long,  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  yellowish  lateral 
line,  occurs  on  oaks  and  various  other  trees  in  midsummer 

Green  oak  caterpillar,   Nadata    gibbosa,  p.  521 
A  large,  greenish,  stout  caterpillar  with  fascicles  of  irritating,  sharp  spines  over  the  body, 
feeds  in  late  summer  on  the  foliage  of  oak  and  other  trees 

lo  caterpillar,  Automeris    i  o,  p.  521 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  507 

A  yellow-headed,  light  yellowish,  tufted  caterpillar  closely  resembling  that  of  the  white 
marked  tussock  moth,  feeds  on  oak  and  a  number  of  other  trees 

Definite-marked  tussock  moth,   Hemerocampa    definita,  p.  522 
A  black-headed  caterpillar  about  i}{  inches  long,  thickly  clothed  with  yellowish  hairs  and 
black  tufts  of  the  same,  feeds  in  September  on  a  variety  of  trees 

Oak  tussock  caterpillar,  Halisidota    m  a  c  u  1  a  t  a,  p.  523 

A  yellowish,  brown-headed  caterpillar  about   i}(  inches  long,  clothed  with  delicate  buff 

yellow  hairs  and  with  four  light  brown  dorsal  pencils  of  the  same,  feeds  in  the  fall  on  a 

large  variety  of  trees. . .  Pale  tussock  caterpillar,  Halisidota  tessellaris,  p.  523 

A  black-headed,  yellow  or  white-tufted  caterpillar  with  a  black  hair  pencil  on  each  side, 

feeds  on  most  deciduous  forest  trees 

Rusty  tussock  moth,   N  o  t  o  1  o  p  h  u  s    a  n  t  i  q  u  a,  p.  524 

A  black-headed  caterpillar  clothed  with  grayish  hairs  and  with  two  black  hair  pencils  on 

the    second    segment,    and    square   tufts    on    segments    5   to    12,    feeds    on     various 

deciduous  forest  trees Dark  tussock  moth,  Olene    achatina,  p.  524 

Large  caterpillars  thickly  covered  with  greenish  yellow  and  bearing  a  pair  of  long,  black 
hair  pencils  on  the  first  and  third  abdominal  segments  and  a  single  one  on  the  eighth, 
occurs  in  September  on  a  variety  of  trees 

American  dagger  moth,  A  p  a  t  e  1  a    a  m  e  r  i  c  a  n  a,  p.  525 
A  grayish,  scarlet-marked  caterpillar  about  a'i   inches  long,   remarkable  because  of  the 
large  bordering  fringes  on  each  side,  occurs  in  September  on  oak,  ash  and  apple 

American  lappet  moth,   Epicnaptera   americana,  p.  525 
A  very  large,  pea-green,  brown-headed,  fleshy  caterpillar  with  small  reddish  brown  tuber- 
cles with   silvered  bases,  occurs   in    midsummer   on  the   foliage  of  a  great  variety  of 

plants American  silk  worm,  T  e  1  e  a    p  o  1  y  p  h  e  m  u  s,  p.  526 

A  stout,  apple-green  caterpillar  about  3  inches  long  and  with  six  rows  of  small,  pink,  hair- 
bearing  tubercles,  occurs  in  midsummer  on  a  variety  of  trees 

Luna  moth,  Tropaea    luna,  p.  526 
A  bright,  tawny  or  orange-colored  caterpillar   with    a    dusky  stripe  along   its   back    and 
prominent  spines  on  its  thoracic  segments,  feeds  on  oak  in  September 

Spiny  oak  worm,  A  n  i  s  o  t  a    stigma,   p.  527 
Peculiar,  brightly   colored,  variously  shaped  and   usually   motionless,  sluglike  caterpillars 
occur  in  midsummer  on  the  foliage  of  various  deciduous  trees 

Slug  caterpillars,  p.  527 
A  peculiar  larva  about  i  inch  long,  thickly  covered  with  long,  mouse  gray  and  fawn-colored 
hairs,  occurs  on  the  foliage  of  various  trees  in  September  and  October 

Crinkled  flannel  moth,  Lagoa   crispata,  p.  529 


508  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

A  slaty  brown  measuring  worm  with  two  pairs  of  peculiar  dorsal  filaments,  occurs  in  June 
on  oak,  maple  and  currant Filament  bearer,  A  n  i  a   1  i  m  b  a  t  a,  p.  530 

Black-headed,  yellowish  green  caterpillars  forming  thick  web  nests  on  scrub  oaks  in  early 
June Arc  hips    fervidana,  p.  530 

Delicate  green,  brown-headed  caterpillars  about  }^  inch  long  feed  on  oak  and  other  trees 
in  early  June,  August  and  September 

V-marked  leaf  roller,  A  r  c  h  i  p  s    a  r  g  y  r  o  s  p  i  1  a,  p.  531 

A  small,  light  green,  brown-headed  caterpillar  feeds  in  early  June  on  tlie  foliage  of  a  con- 
siderable number  of  trees Red-banded  leaf  roller,    Eulia    triferana,   p.  532 

A  grass-green  larva  about  ^  inch  long  occurs  during  July  in  folded  oak  leaves 

Oak  leaf  roller,   T  o  r  t  r  i  x    q  u  e  r  c  i  f  o  1  i  a  n  a,   p.  532 

Whitish,  blotchlike  mines  on  the  upper  surface  of  oak  leaves,  contain  minute  footless, 
brownish  and  yellow  larvae 

White-blotch  oak  leaf  miner,  L  i  t  h  o  c  o  1  1  e  t  e  s    h  a  m  a  d  r  y  e  1  1  a,   p.  532 

Similar  mines  on  the  under  surface  and  possibly  on  the  upper 

Fitch's  oak  leaf  miner,   L  i  t  h  o  c  o  1  1  e  t  e  s    f  i  t  c  h  e  1  1  a,   p.  533 

Green  or  brown,  sticklike  insects  sometimes  measuring  3  inches  in  length,  occur  in  forests 
of  deciduous  trees  in  early  autumn 

Walking  stick,  Uiapheromera    f  e  m  o  r  a  t  a,  p.  533 

Clusters  of  black,  yellow-striped  caterpillars  about  2  inches  long,  occur  on  hickory,  walnut 
and  birch Striped  hickory  caterpillar,  Datana    angusii,  p.  535 

Clusters  of  black,  yellow-necked,  yellow-striped  caterpillars  nearly  2  inches  long,  occur  in 
midsummer  on  the  twigs  of  a  variety  of  trees 

Yellow-necked  apple  worm,  Datana    ministra,  p.  535 

Large,  flocculent  masses  on  the  underside  of  butternut  leaves  in  midsummer,  may  conceal 
a  bluish,  yellowish  white  sawfly  larva  about  |^  inch  long 

Butternut  woolly  worm,  M  o  n  o  p  Ii  a  d  n  u  s    c  a  r  y  a  e,  p.  536 

Small,  roundish,  brown  and  black  marked  or  black  beetles  about  '/,6  inch  long,  occur  on 
butternut  and  mountain  asli  in  May T  y  p  o  p  h  o  r  u  s    c  a  n  e  1  1  u  s,   p.  537 

A  large,  pale  yellowish  green  larva  striped  with  darker  green,  occurs  in  midsummer  on 
maple    trees Green-striped  maple  worm,   An  i  sot  a    r  u  b  i  c  ft  n  d  a,   p.  537 

A  drab-colored  caterpillar  with  a  large,  orange,  dorsal  spot  exposed  at  the  juncture  of  the 
first  and  second  abdominal  segments  when  the  body  bends,  feeds  on  maple,  oak, 
willow  and  rose Semilooper  maple  worm,  Homoptera    lunata,  p.  538 

A  very  large,  pale  green  caterpillar  about  4  inches  long,  ornamented  with  conspicuous 
green,  blue,  yellow  and  red  tubercles,  feeds  on  the  foliage  of  a  large  number  of  trees 
and   shrubs Cecropia  moth,  Samia   cecropia,  p.  539 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  509 

A  large,  slender  bodied  spanworm  about   i^   inches  long  and  marked  with  dark  purple 
brown  and  reddish  markings,  occur)  on  maples  in  July 

Large  maple  spanworm,  Sab  u  lodes    transversal  a,  p.  539 
Small  caterpillars  boring  maple  or  buckej'f  leaf  petioles  cause  the  foliage  to  drop  in  early 

summer Maple  leaf  stalk  borer,  Epinotia  claypoleana,  p.  540 

Maple  leaves  with  irregular,  oval  holes  '/^o  to  ylo  inch  in  diameter  may  have  been  injured 

by   this  species Maple  leaf  cutter,  Incurvaria   acerifoliella,  p.  541 

Yellowish,  black-spotted,  caterpillarlike  larvae  nearly  ^  inch  long,  feed  on  the  foliage  of 

American  elms  in  August H  y  1  o  t  o  m  a   s  c  a  p  u  la  r  i  s,  p.   542 

A  brilliant,  bottle-green,  oval  beetle  '^   inch  long,  with  silvery  white,  green-marked  wing- 
covers,  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  elm,  linden,  willow  and  alder 

Alder  leaf  beetle,  Chrysomela   scalaris,  p.  542 
A  small,  long-snouted  weevil  about  3/16  inch  long,  with  strongly  ridged  elytra  and  prettily 
marked  with  dark  brown,  yellowish  white  and  reddish  brown,  occurs  on  elm 

Conotrachelus    anaglypticus,  p.  544 
A  red-headed,  black-spined  caterpillar  about  i  inch  long,  feeds  on  elm  foliage 

Violet  tip,  P  o  1  y  g  o  n  i  a    i  n  t  e  r  r  o  g  a  t  i  o  n  i  s,  p.  544 
A  yellowish,  spiny,  black-marked  caterpillar  about  i  inch  long,  feeds  on  elm 

Hop  merchant,  Polygonia    comma,  p.  545 
A  brown-headed,  yellowish  brown,  spiny  caterpillar  about  i  inch  long,  fee^s  on  elm 

Gray  comma,  Polygonia  progne,  p.  546 
A  stout,  pale  green  or  reddish  brown  larva  about  3  inches  long,  with  a  conspicuous  caudal 
horn  and  four  large,  tubercular  elevations  on  the  thoracic  segments,  occurs  in  early 
September  on  elm,  beech,  linden  and  probably  ash 

Four-lined  sphinx,  C  e  r  a  t  o  m  i  a   a  m  y  n  t  o  r,  p.  546 
Dark  striped  measuring  worms  about   i   inch  long,  defoliate  apple  and  elm  trees  in  early 

spring Spring  cankerworm,  Paleacrita  vernata,  p.  547 

A  stout,  apple-green  caterpillar  3  inches  long,  with  seven  oblique  stripes  on  each  side  and 
a  light  blue  caudal  horn,  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  ash,  lilac  an4  mountain  laurel 

Ash  sphinx.  Sphinx    k  a  1  m  i  a  e,  p.  54S 
A  variable,  light  green  caterpillar  about  \^^  inches  long,  with  reddish  legs  and  caudal  horn 
and  a  series  of  seven  oblique  white   stripes  on  each  side  of  the  body,  feeds  on  the 
foliage  of  white  and  black  ash,  lilac  and  privet 

Wavy  ash  sphinx,  C  e  r  a  t  o  m  i  a   u  n  d  u  1  o  s  a,  p.  548 
A  pretty,  yellowish  or  whitish,  long-haired   caterpillar  about   1%   inches    long,  with  three 
dark  hair  pencils  arising  on  the  median  line,  occurs  in  midsummer  on  various  food- 
plants    Apatelodes    torrefacta,  p.  549 


5IO  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Black-headed,  yellowish  green,  black-spotted,  false  caterpillars  nearly  ^  inch  long,  feed 

in  August  on  chokecherry  foliage Hylotoma  macleayi,  p.  •549 

A  small,  red  leaf  beetle  about  ''5  inch  long,  eats  in  midsummer  irregular,  round  holes  in 
the  leaves  of  wild  cherrytrees 

Cherry  leaf  beetle,   G  a  1  e  r  u  c  e  11  a    c  a  v  i  c  o  1 1  i  s,   p.  550 
Web  tents  in  the  forks  of  wild  cherry  and  apple  trees  in  early  spring 

Apple  tent  caterpillar,   M  a  1  a  c  o  s  o  m  a    a  m  e  r  i  c  a  n  a,   p.  550 
Brown,  webbed-together  leaves  occur  on  wild  cherry  shoots  in  July  and  August 

Cherry  scallop  shell  moth,  Hydria    u  n  d  u  1  a  t  a,  p.  551 
Yellow,  black-headed  caterpillars  about  Yi  inch  long,  web  together  chokecherry  leaves  in 

'   midsummer Ugly  nest  cherry  worm,  A  re  h  i  p  s    c  e  r  a  si  v  o  r  an  a,  p.  552 

A  greenish   solitary  sawfly  larva  resting  on  its  venter  on  the  underside  of  sliadbush   leaves 

P  t  e  r  o  n  u  s    t  It  o  r  a  c  i  c  u  s,  p.  553 
A    large,  brownish   caterpillar  with  conspicuous  angular,    cream-colored   markings  on   its 
middle  and  at  its  posterior  extremity,  is  sometimes  abundant  on  prickly  ash 

Orange  dog,  Papilio    thoas,  p.  554 
A  small  leaf  miner  works  in  sour  gum  leaves  the  latter  part  of  August  and  early  September, 
cutting  oval  cases  therefrom  the  latter  part  of  that  month 

Sour  gum  case  cutter,   A  n  t  i  s  p  i  1  a    n  y  s  s  a  e  f  o  1  i  e  1 1  a,   p.  555 
A  red-headed,  blue  flea  beetle    about  '8  inch   long,  is  sometimes   abundant  on  locust  and 

apple  foliage Red-footed  flea  beetle,  Crepidodera    rufipes,  p.  556 

Large,  pale  green  caterpillars  about  2  inches  long,  with  a  red  neck  and  large,  red  head  and 
yellow  spot  on  each  side  of  the  mouth,  draw  the  leaves  of  locust  together  and  feed 

by  night Locust  leaf  folder,   Epargyreus    tityrus,   p.  556 

A  large,  delii:ate,  bluish  white  caterpillar  with  four  large,  yellow  or  red  tubercles  on  the 
posterior  thoracic  segment  and  a  large  one  on  the  dorsum  of  the  eighth  abdominal 
segment,  feeds' on  the  foliage  of  lilac  and  a  number  of  trees  and  plants 

Proraethea  moth,  C  a  1 1  o  s  a  m  i  a   p  r  o  m  e  t  h  e  a,  p.  557 
A  whitish,  green-tinted   sawfly  larva  on   willow,  white  and  yellow  birch,   belongs  to   this 

species ,    P  r  i  s  t  i  p  li  o  r  a    s  y  c  o  p  li  a  n  t  a,   p.  557 

A  pale   brown,  black-spotted  beetle   about    ]^   inch   long,   is   occasionally   destructive  to 

willow  and  poplar Poplar  leaf  beetle,  P  h  y  t  o  d  e  c  t  a   pallida,  p.  558 

A  somewhat  tuberculate,  angular,  reddish  brown,  yellowish  marked  caterpillar  about  i  inch 
long,   feeds   singly  on  willow   and    poplar 

Viceroy,  Basilarchia    a  r  c  h  i  p  p  u  s,   p.  559 

A  peculiar,  light  green,  brown-marked  caterpillar  with  a  pair  of  long,  slender,  annulated 

caudal  appendages,  occurs  on  willows  and  poplars H  a  r  p  y  i  a    c  i  n  e  r  e  a,  p.  559 


IXSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    A.XD    WOODLAND    TREES  51I 

A  black-headed,  velvety  black  caterpillar,  usually  with  a  conspicuous  somewhat  broken 
subdorsal  yellow  stripe  and  another  along  the  stigmatal  line,  occurs  in  the  fall  on 
poplar,  willow  and  other  trees  and  shrubs 

Smeared  dagger  moth,  A  p  a  t  e  1  a    o  b  1  i  n  i  t  a,  p.  560 

A  black,  yellow-striped  larva  about   i}{  inches  long,  feeds  in  the  folded,  webbed-together 

leaves  of  poplars  and  willows.  . .    Poplar  tent  maker,  Melalopha    i  n  c  1  u  s  a,  p.  560 

A  yellowish  sawfly  larva  occurs  on  willow P  t  e  r  o  n  u  s    m  e  n  d  i  c  u  s,   p.  561 

A  black-headed,  light  green  sawfly  larva  on  willow P  t  e  r  o  n  u  s    o  d  o  ra  t  u  s,   p.  562 

A  striped,  rather  stout,  black  and  yellow  beetle  about  ){  inch  long,  occurs  in  June  on  willow 

Willow  flea  beetle,   Disonycha    c  a  r  o  1  i  n  i  a  n  a,  p.  563 

A  reddish,  black-spotted  beetle   about  ^  inch  long,  feeds  during  the  summer  on  willow 

leaves Spotted  willow  leaf  beetle,   M  e  1  a  s  o  m  a   1  a  p  p  o  n  i  c  a,  p.  564 

A  yellowish,  black-marked,  hemispheric   beetle  }(  inch  long,  feeds  the  latter  part  of  the 

summer  on  willows  and  hard  pine C"  h  r  y  s  o  m  e  1  a    b  i  g  s  b  y  a  n  a,   p.  566 

A  dull  red  leaf  beetle  about  ,'^'  inch  long,  feeds  on  willow 

Dull  red  willow  leaf  beetle,  Galerucella   decora,  p.  566 
A  small,  brownish,  long-snouted  beetle  thickly  clothed  with  golden  and  brownish  pubes- 
cence, occurs  in  considerable  numbers  on  willow  in  early  spring 

Elleschus    ephippiatus,  p.  567 
Orange-yellow,  black-spotted  larvae  about  V,o  inch  long,  feed  side  by  side  on  the  foliage 
of  poplars  in  early  June. . .  .    Poplar  sawfly,  T  r  i  c  h  i  o  c  a  m  p  u  s    v  i  m  i  n  a  1  i  s,  p.   568 
Black-headed,  bluish  or  leaf-green  sawflies  feed  on  the  edge  of  poplar  leaves 

Pteronus  h  u  d  s  o  n  i  i,  p.  569 
A  greenish,  solitary  edge-feeding  sawfly  on  poplar.  .  Pteronus  v  e  r  t  e  b  r  a  t  u  s,  p.  570 
Yellowish,  black-spotted  sawfly  larvae  feed  during  August  and  September  on  birches 

H  y  1  o  t  o  m  a    p  e  c  t  o  r  a  1  i  s,   p.  570 
A  brown-headed,  greenish  solitary  sawfly  larva  feeds  on  the  underside  of  birch  leaves 

N  e  m  a  t  u  s    u  n  i  c  o  1  o  r,   p.   5  7  i 
Brown-headed,  purplish  solitary  or  partly  gregarious  sawfly  larvae  occur  on  white  birch 

Pteronus    1  a  t  i  f  a  s  c  i  a  t  u  s,   p.  572 
A  black-headed,  greenish  sawfly  larva  feeding  gregariously  on  the  edges  of  alder  leaves 

A  m  a  u  r  o  n  e  m  a  t  u  s    1  u  t  e  o  t  e  r  g  u  m  ,   p.  572 
Deep  Prussian  blue,  rounded  flea  beetles  about  '  '5  inch  long,  or  dark  brown,  black-headed, 
black-tubercled  larvae  occur  in  large  numbers  on  alder 

Alder  flea  beetle,  H  a  1  t  i  c  a    b  i  m  a  r  g  i  n  a  t  a,   p.   573 

Peculiar,  thimblelike  rolls  of  leaves   on  alder,  hazel  and    sumac    may   be  the    work  of  this 

species Attelabus    r  h  o  i  s,   p.   S74 


512 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Reddish,  black-ringed  caterpillars  about  i)^  inches  long,  feed  from  June  to  August  on  Vir- 
ginia creeper  and  grape. .    Eight-spotted  forester,  Alypia  octomaculata,  p.  575 
Sprawly,  yellowish  green  beetles  about  }i  inch  long,  swarm  on  rosebushes  and  the  foliage 

of  trees  and  shrubs   Rose  beetle,  Macrodactylus    subspinosus,  p.  575 

Greenish,  black-headed  caterpillars  about  }i  inch  long,  bore  in  the  buds  or  web  together 

leaves  of  roses Rose  bud  worm,  Olethreutes    nimbatana,  p.  576 

Yellow-headed,  dark  green  larvae  tying  rose  leaves  together 

Rose  leaf  tier,  Olethreutes    cyan  ana,  p.   577 
Yellowish  green,  brown-headed  caterpillars  J^  inch  long  occur  on  oak  and  rose 

Cenopis  pettitana,  p.  579 
Cenopis  r  e  t  i  c  ul  a  t  ana,  p.  580 
Brown  headed,  greenish  caterpillars  about  ^  inch  long,  live  in  the  webbed  leaves  of  roses 
and  those  of  a  large  number  of  trees 

Oblique  banded  leaf  roller.  Arc  hips    rosaceana,  p.  5  80 
Rose  leaf  folder,  Arc  hips    r  o  s  a  n  a,  p.  581 

Insects  affecting  fruit  of  deciduous  forest  trees 

A  curculio  much  resembling  the  plum  pest,  though  larger,  ^  incli  long,  frequently  infests 
walnuts  and  butternuts. . .    Walnut  curculio,  C  o  n  o  t  r  a  c  h  e  1  u  s    j  u  g  1  a  n  d  i  s,  p.  581 

C  o  n  o  t  r  a  c  h  e  1  u  s  s  e  n  i  c  u  1  u  s  ,   p.  582 
A  slender,  white  caterpillar  about  ^  inch  long,  mines  hickory  shucks,  causing  them  to  abort 

and  fall  prematurely Hickory   shuck  worm,  Enarmonia    caryana,  p.  583 

A  weevil  with   a   remarkably  long,  slender,  curved  beak,  occurs  on  acorns  or  may  be  bred 
from  white,  legless  grubs  within  them  or  other  nuts 

Acorn  weevil,   B  a  1  a  n  i  n  u  s    n  a  s  i  c  u  s,   p.  583 
A  similar  weevil  and  legless  grubs  occur  in  chestnuts 

Chestnut  weevils  Balaninus    proboscideus  and  B.   rectus,  p.  5 85 

Frequenters,  usually  injurious,  of  deciduous  forest  trees   p- 588 

Frequenters,  usually  beneficial,  of  deciduous  forest  trees p.  603 

Plant  galls  and  gall  makers  p.  615 

Brachys  aerosa  Melsh. 

A  triangular,  flattened,  metallic  colored  beetle  about  "/,6  inch  in  length,  occurs  on 
oak  and  elm  leaves  in  midsummer. 

A  number  of  examples  of  this  species  were  taken  on  elm  May  20,  1903, 
at  Poughkeepsie  N.  Y.,  where  they  were  eating  irregular,  oval  holes  near 
the  edges  of  the  leaves. 


INSECTS,  AFFECTING    PARK   AND    WOODLAND   TREES  513 

Description.  This  beetle  is  about  3/i6  inch  in  length,  subtriangular  in 
outline,  metallic  in  color,  the  head  and  thorax  being  golden,  the  basal  por- 
tion of  the  wing  covers  greenish  and  purple  and  their  tips  reddish  and 
yellow. 

The  larva  has  been  described  by  Professor  Gillette  as  "  whitish,  9  mm 
long,  flattened,  segments  deeply  notched  ;  head  widest  and  body  gradually 
tapering  to  the  tail.  The  mandibles  are  brown  and  the  prothoracic  segment 
has  brown,  rectangular  plates  above  and  below.  The  anal  extremity  is 
provided  with  a  small  spine  extending  behind,  which  is  used  by  the  larva  in 
progression." 

Life  history  and  habits.  The  adults,  as  stated  above,  feed  on  elm 
leaves,  and  according  to  Professor  Gillette,  probably  on  oak  also.  He 
states  that  in  October  1886,  while  collecting  leaf  miners,  he  obtained  larvae 
of  two  of  these  beetles  from  poplar,  from  v/hich  adults  were  bred  later. 
Dr  Packard  states  that  he  has  found  this  small  buprestid  on  the  leaves  of 
oak  early  in  summer  in  Maine,  and  late  in  May  near  Providence,  and  adds 
that  the  larva  probably  mines  the  foliage. 

Distribution.  This  species  is  probably  generally  distributed  in  the 
northeastern  United  States  at  least,  since  it  has  been  recorded  from  the 
vicinity  of  Buffalo  N.  Y.,  from  southwestern  Pennsylvania  and  the  District 
of  Columbia,  and  is  not  rare  on  oak  throughout  New  Jersey. 

Brachys  ovata  Weber 

A  small,  triangular,  metallic  colored  beetle  about  3,-;6  inch  in  length,  may  be  found 
abundantly  on  scrub  oak  foliage  in  May  and  June. 

This  species  was  very  numerous  on  scrub  oaks  at  Karner  during  the 
latter  part  of  May  and  June  1901.  The  beetles  rested  quietly  on  the 
leaves  or  ate  irregular  holes  through  the  tissues  and  when  startled,  flew 
readily. 

Description.  This  small,  flattened  buprestid  is  subtriangular  in  outline, 
metallic  green  or  olive  in  color  and  ornamented  with  sparse  gray  and 
fulvous  pubescence.  The  elytra  have  a  stout,  sublateral  ridge,  and  there 
may  be  one  or  two  more  or  less  rudimentary  ones  between  it  and  the  suture. 


514 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Life  history  and  habits.  The  beetles  are  abroad,  as  previously  stated, 
durint^r  May  and  June,  and  according  to  Professors  Gillette  and  Hubbard, 
the  grub  is  a  miner  of  oak  leaves.  Mr  Hubbard  states  that 
the  beetle  occasionally  eats  small  holes  in  orange  leaves,  and 
leaves  us  to  infer  that  the  larvae  are  found  only  in  oak 
foliage. 

Distribution.       This    species    has   been    recorded    by    Dr 
LeConte    from    the    Middle,    Southern  and    Western  States, 
and  local  lists  show  that  it  is  presumably  generally  present 
Fig.  .33  Brachys    in  varlous  sections,  since  Dr  Smith  states  that  it  is  common 

o  V  a  t  a        enlarged 

(original)  throughout  the    State    on    Oak,   and    adds    that    the    variety, 

tessellata  Fabr.  occurs  on  pine.  It  has  been  recorded  from  the 
vicinity  of  Buffalo  N.  Y.  and  Cincinnati  O.,  and  listed  by  Ulke  from  the 
District  of  Columbia,  and  Dr  Hamilton  states  that  it  is  common  on  oak  in 
southwestern  Pennsylvania. 

Series  trociformis  Burm. 
This  is  a  small,  stout  brown  and  black  beetle  a  trifle  less  than  ^  inch  long.     It  may 
be  recognized  by  its  black  head,  very  dark  thorax,  and  brick-red,  rather  deeply  striated 
wing  covers,  and  by  its  stout,  somewhat  rotund  shape,  so  characteristic  of  the  allied  June 
beetles. 

This  species  was  somewhat  common  on  the  scrub  oaks  at  Karner  in 
June  1901,  and  much  more  so  the  following  May  and  June,  when  it  was 
exceedingly  abundant  and  large  numbers  could  be  captured  with  very  little 
effort.  A  few  were  also  taken  on  poplar,  evidently  an  accidental  occur- 
rence. The  insects  eat  small,  irregular  holes  in  the  foliage,  and  fly  readily 
from  one  leaf  to  another.  One  of  the  beetles  was  observed  in  the  grasp  of 
a  large  robber  fly,  though  the  specific  identity  of  the  latter  could  not  be 
determined. 

This  species  occurs  in  a  number  of  localities  in  New  Jersey,  according 
to  Dr  Smith.  Prof.  W.  E.  Britton  found  it  abundant  on  young  hornbeam 
trees,  Carpinus  Carolinian  a,  at  Westville  Ct.,  May  30,  1 898.  They 
were  so  numerous  that  the  foliage  was  completely  riddled  in  some  cases. 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND   WOODLAND   TREES 


,515 


Black-margined  flea  beetle 

Systena    marginal  is    111. 

A  yellowish  brown,  black-margined  flea  beetle  about  y,6  inch  long,  feeds  in  summer 
and  autumn  on  oak,  hickory  and  birch. 

This  little  species  appears  to  be  a  somewhat  general  feeder  and  occa- 
sionally it  occurs  in  great  numbers.  It  may  be  recognized  by  its  yellowish 
brown  color  in  connection  with  the  narrow,  black  margin  on  the  prothorax 
and  wing  covers.  The  eyes  are  rather  prominent,  finely  granulate  ;  the 
head  smooth,  and  the  prothorax  closely  and  shallowly  punctured.  The 
wing  covers  are  ornamented  with  irregular,  small,  rather  deep  punctures. 
This  species  occurs  about  Albany  and  has  been  taken  in  Ontario  by  Mr 
Harrington,  who  found  it  abundant  on  oak,  elm  and  other  trees  in  midsum- 
mer and  also  6n  sweet  hickory.  It  has  been  recorded  by  Dr  Smith  from 
New  Jersey,  who  states  that  it  is  sometimes  numerous  on  oaks.  It  has  also 
been  listed  from  the  vicinity  of  Washington. 

Tymnes  tricolor  Fabr. 

This  small,  shining  leaf  beetle  about  %  inch  in  length,  has  a  dark  brown  or  nearly 
black  head  and  prothorax  and  reddish  brown  wing  covers,  which  are  slightly  and  irregularly 
punctured. 

A  single  example  of  this  species  was  taken  July  8, 
1 90 1  on  scrub  oak  at  Karner.  It  has  been  recorded  by 
Dr  Smith  as  local  throughout  New  Jersey,  where  it 
occurs  on  chestnut,  hickory  and  other  plants. 


Aphrastus  taeniatus  Gyll. 
This  slaty  gray-brown,  striped  weevil,  about 
y^  inch  in  length,  was  taken  in  small  numbers  on  scrub 
oak  at  Karner,  one  specimen  being  captured  July  27, 
igoi.  Its  distribution  has  been  given  by  Dr  Horn 
as  the  Middle  and  Southern  States  and  Dr  J.  B.  Smith 
records  it  as  occurring  throughout  New  Jersey  on  pawpaw,  hazel  and  other 
bushes  in  July. 


Fig,   134     Aphrastus     taei 
5,    enlarged    (original) 


5i6 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Two  spotted  curculio 

Attelabus   bipjistiilatiis  Fabr. 

Portions  of  the  terminal  lobes  of  oak  leaves  rolled  into  neat,  cylindric  cases 
containing  an  egg,  may  be  the  work  of  this  species. 

The  peculiar  rolled,  usually  cylindric  cases  of  this  species  are  occasion- 
ally met  with  in  early  spring  on  oaks  of  various  species,  it  having  been 
recorded  on  the  red,  post  and  laurel  oak.  The  work  of  this  beetle  has 
been  observed,  though  it  is  not  abundant  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany.  The 
insect  has  been  listed  from  New  Jersey,  District  of  Columbia  and  also  from 
the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati  O.  Dr  Packard  has  recorded  this  species  from 
near  Providence  R.  I. 

Description.  Larva.  Average  dorsal  length,  .22  inch  ;  diameter  on 
abdominal  segments,  .06  inch,  tapering  anteriorly  from  fourth  segment. 
Yellowish  white ;  thoracic  segments  slightly  depressed  on  the  back  and 
smaller  beneath  ;  abdominal  segments  convex  above  and  flat  beneath,  each 
one  divided  into  three  irregular  shallow  transverse  folds,  lateral  surfaces 
with  a  double  row  of  smooth  polished  oval  tubercles,  most  symmetric  in 
form  and  position  from  segments  4  to  1 1  inclusive  ;  above  the  tubercles  on 
each  segment  is  a  deep  depression.  Head  horizontal,  rounded,  small,  about 
half  the  diameter  of  segment  next  behind,  into  which  it  retreats  ;  white,  the 
mandibles  and  other  mouth  parts  reddish  brown,  surrounded  by  long  hairs. 

The  pupa  is  cream  white,  .12  inch  long;  abdominal  segments  sharply 
ridged ;  posterior  extremity  terminates  in  a  pair  of  bristly  points,  white, 
tipped  with  brown.     Murtfeldt 

The  &g^  has  been  described  by  Riley  as  almost  globular,  slightly  ovoid, 
tender,  pale  yellowish  and  translucent.  It  is  deposited  near  the  tip  on  the 
underside  of  the  leaf,  which  is  then  cut  transversely  near  its  middle,  punc- 
tured a  short  distance  each  side  of  the  midrib,  which  causes  it  to  fold  with 
its  lower  side  out,  then  curled  round  and  the  outer  edges  tucked  in. 

The  beetle  is  about  s/j^  inch  long,  rather  stout,  highly  polished,  black, 
with  two  large  orange-red  spots  at  the  base  of  the  wings. 

Life  history  and  habits.  This  beetle  has  the  curious  habit  of  rolling  up 
a  leaf,  trimming  and  tucking  in  the  lower  ends  with  her  beak.  The  ^g<g  is 
first  deposited  near  the  tip  of  the  leaf,  and  a  little  to  one  side  ;  the  blade 
of  the  leaf  is  then  cut  through  on  both  sides  of  the  midrib,  about  i  ^^  inches 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  517 

below  ;  a  row  of  punctures  is  made  on  each  side  of  the  midrib  of  the  sev- 
ered portion,  which  facihtates  folding  the  leaf  together,  upper  surface 
inside,  after  which  the  folded  leaf  is  tightly  rolled  up  from  the  apex  to  the 
transverse  cut,  bringing  the  egg  in  the  center ;  the  concluding  operation  is 
the  tucking  in  and  trimming  off  the  irregularities  of  the  ends.  A  few  days 
after  completion,  the  cases,  first  observed  the  latter  part  of  April,  dropped 
to  the  ground;  by  May  15  several  larvae  hatched  and  fed  on  the  dry  sub- 
stance of  their  nest,  and  by  the  end  of  May  they  pupated  within  the  nest ; 
this  state  lasted  from  five  to  seven  days,  the  first  beetles  issuing  by  June  2, 
while  a  second  brood  of  larvae  may  be  found  early  in  July.  The  above  is 
based  largely  on  Dr  Packard's  account. 

New  York  weevil 

ItJiycertis    noveboracensis    Forst. 

A  large,  grayish  weevil  about  Y^  inch  long,  occurs  on  the  buds  of  a  variety  of  trees 
from  May  to  July. 

This  giant  weevil  is  of  interest  on  account  of  its  large  size,  it  not  being 
exceeded  in  dimensions  by  any  of  our  native  species. 

Description.  The  head  is  prolonged  into  a  short,  rather  stout,  slightly 
tricarinate  beak  tipped  w^ith  a  pair  of  large  jaws,  eyes  reddish.  The  head 
and  prothorax  are  coarsely  punctured  and  rather  thickly  clothed  with  a  yel- 
lowish and  white  pubescence.  The  wing  covers  are  deeply  striate  and  are 
also  rather  thickly  clothed  with  a  yellowish  and  whitish  pubescence  and 
each  bears  a  series  of  about  10  rather  inconspicuous  circular  brown  spots. 

Life  history  and  habits.  This  large  weevil  has  been  recorded  on  the 
twigs  of  oak,  hickory  and  a  variety  of  fruit  and  forest  trees.  Mr  Harring- 
ton considers  beech  as  a  favorite  food  plant  for  both  larvae  and  beetles. 
He  has  met  with  weevils  in  early  June  and  two  or  three  days  later  failed  to 
find  any  specimens  on  the  same  tree,  concluding  therefrom  that  the  beetles 
were  abroad  during  a  very  limited  time.  We  have  taken  specimens 
in  New  York  July  19,  and  as  they  also  occur  in  May  and  June,  this 
would  seem  to  indicate  that  adults  mitrht  be  abroad  durinor  an  extended 


5l8  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

period.  The  beetles  eat  the  buds  and  gnaw  into  the  twigs  chiefly  at  the 
base,  thus  causing  them  to  break  and  fall.  They  also  feed  on  the  younger 
bark  of  twigs,  eating  numerous  holes  into  it,  the  tender  shoots  being 
entirely  devoured,  and  later  they  may  feed  on  the  base  of  leaves.  It  is  a 
nocturnal  species  and  consequently  escapes  observation  to  a  large  extent. 
The  larvae  are  found  in  the  twigs  and  tender  branches  of  oak  and  hickory, 
and  according  to  Saunders,  the  female  makes  a  longitudinal  excavation 
with  her  jaws  for  the  reception  of  the  eggs.  The  larva  is  a  soft,  footless, 
pale  yellow  grub  with  a  tawny  head. 

Agrilus  otiosus  Say  has  been  taken  from  ash,  oak  and  butternut  foliage. 

Anthaxia  quercata  Fabr.  was  taken  on  leaves  of  scrub  oak  at  Karner 
July  23,   1902. 

Cistela  sericea  Say  occurs  on  basswood  the  latter  part  of  June  on  oak 
and  also  on  pine. 

Glyptoscelis  barbata  Say  was  taken  on  hickory  and  oak  at  Poughkeepsie 
in  May  and  June  1903. 

Rhynchites  bicolor  Fabr.  is  common  on  scrub  oak  at  Karner. 

Walnut  sphinx 
Cressonia  jtiglandis  Abb.  &  Sm. 

A  stout,  light  apple-green  caterpillar  with  a  prominent  horn  at  its  posterior  extrem- 
ity, and  ornamented  with  seven  oblique  white  stripes  on  each  side,  feeds  on  the  leaves  of 
hickory,  black  walnut,  ironwood  and  has  been  reported  as  occurring  on  wild  cherry. 

The  parent  insect  is  a  modestly  colored,  yellowish  brown  hawk  moth 
having  a  wing  spread  of  about  21^  inches.  The  fore  wings  bear  a 
nearly  straight,  oblique,  light  brown  line  at  the  basal  third,  and  near  the 
outer  edge  there  are  three  slightly  undulating,  light  brown  lines.  These 
latter  markings  are  slightly  more  developed  on  the  posterior  wings.  The 
young  larva  is  yellowish  green.  The  head  is  truncate  in  front,  conic,  the 
apex  of  the  cone  bearing  two  rough,  brownish  projections.  There  is  a 
yellowish  strip  on  each  side  of  the  head  and  the  lateral  streaks  on  the  body 
are  very  indistinct.  The  caudal  horn  is  rough,  pinkish  at  the  base  and  has 
black  points  on  the  surface.     The  full  grown  larva  tapers  from  the  seventh 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   PARK   AND   WOODLAND   TREES  5X9 

.    .* 

segment  toward  the  extremities,  is  light  apple-green,  granulated  with  white 
and  with  seven  oblique  stripes  on  each  side,  formed  by  the  whitish  granula- 
tions which  are  more  numerous  there  than  elsewhere.  The  caudal  horn 
is  '/'j  inch  long,  brownish,  and  covered  with  black  spinules.  The  head  is 
quite  pointed  and  bifid  at  the  top. 

Red-humped  oak  caterpillar 
Synimerista  albifrons  Abb.   &  Sm. 
A    red-headed,    striped    caterpillar   with    a    conspicuous  red    hump    on    the    eighth 
abdominal  segment,  feeds  on  oak  in  midsummer. 

This  is  a  rather  common  species  on  oak,  and  in  its  early  stages  at 
least,  is  easily  recognized  by  its  very  large,  swollen  red  head  in  conjunction 
with  the  conspicuous  reddish  enlargement  on  the  eighth  abdominal  seg- 
ment. Ordinarily  these  caterpillars  are  not  very  abundant,  though  there 
are  records  of  considerable  areas  being  defoliated  by  voracious  hosts 
belonging  to  this  species.  Dr  James  Fletcher  records  serious  injury  to  both 
oaks  and  maples  at  Ottawa  Can.  In  1884. 

Description.  The  larva  has  a  large,  orange-red,  swollen  head  distinctly 
raised  toward  the  apex.  It  is  wider  than  the  thoracic  segments  and  the 
body  increases  gradually  in  width  back  to  the  red  enlargement  of  the 
eighth  abdominal  segment.  The  body  is  smooth,  shining,  with  no  hairs 
and  ornamented  with  a  pair  of  subdorsal  yellow  lines  inclosing  five  median 
black  lines  on  a  pale  lilac  ground.  There  are  three  black  lines  below  the 
yellow  line  and  a  second  yellow  line  below  the  spiracles.  Anal  legs  pale 
orange-red,  true  legs  pale  orange.  Length  when  full  grown  about  xyi 
inches. 

The  moth  has  a  wing  expanse  of  about  2-;;^  inches  and  is  easily  recog- 
nized by  Its  whitish  ash  color,  the  square  ape.x  of  the  fore  wings  and  the 
f^        broad  white  costal  margin  on  the  outer  two  thirds  of  the  same. 

Life  history.  The  pale  green,  subglobose  eggs  are  laid  in  small  masses 
on  the  underside  of  the  leaves,  and  the  young  caterpillars,  at  first  grega- 
rious, scatter  over  the  tree  after  the  first  or  second  molt.  The  larvae  are 
common  on  white  oaks  in  August  and  through  September,   attaining  full 


520 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


growth  early  in   October  and  pupating  witliin  a  thin   cocoon   between   the 

leaves,  the  moths  appearing  the  following  June. 

Food  plants.      This  species  displays  a  marked  preference  for  oak.      It 

is  also  injurious  to  maple,  as  stated  by  Dr  Fletcher,  and  Dr  Packard  has 

observed  it  at  Brunswick  Me.  on  beech.      It   is  widely  distributed,   ranging 

from    Georgia  and   Texas  north  into   Canada  and  westward    to    at   least 

Minnesota. 

Rosy  hyparpax 

Hyparpax  aiii'ora    Abb.   &  Sm. 

A  greenish  caterpillar  about  1J/2  inches  long,  with  a  red  head  and  conspicuous 
pointed  elevations  on  the  first  and  eighth  abdominal  segments  and  variable  brown  and 
yellowish  or  pinkish  dorsal  markings,  occurs  on  different  species  of  oak  during  midsummer. 

This,  one  of  our  most  striking  caterpillars,  is  rarely  abundant.  It  may 
be  recognized  by  its  very  peculiar  angulate  appearance,  due  to  the  unusual 
elevations  on  the  first  and  eighth  abdominal  segments  and  to  the  slender 
anal  prolegs,  which  are  produced  posteriorly.  The  strange  effect  is  further 
hightened  by  the  caterpillar's  habit  of  carrying  its  posterior  extremity  in 
an  elevated  position.  The  young  larvae  are  variably  marked  with  yellow, 
yellowish  orange  and  lilac  or  purple,  and  in  the  earlier  stages  the  angular 
projections  are  comparatively  much  greater  than  in  the  full  grown  larva. 

Description.  The  parent  insect  is  a  pretty  yellowish,  rosy  marked  moth 
having  a  wing  expanse  of  about  one  inch.  The  yellowish  forewings  are 
marked  with  pink  as  follows  :  an  angulate  line  near  the  base  of  the  wings, 
a  short,  oblique  one  near  the  middle,  a  wavy,  subterminal  one  and  the  outer 
edge  of  the  wings.  The  hind  wings  are  either  unspotted  or  with  a  pink 
line  along  the  edge. 

The   color  scheme   of  the   nearly  full   grown   larva  has  been  given  by 

Dr  Packard  as  follows  : 

The  body  is  now  a  deep  delicate  pea-green,  with  a  large  reddish  brown 
triangular  patch  e.xtending  from  the  prothoracic  segment  next  to  the  head 
and  ending  at  the  anterior  base  of  the  tubercles  on  the  first  abdominal  seg- 
ment. Behind  the  said  tubercles  a  broad  reddish  brown  patch  extends  to 
the  large  tubercles  on  the  eighth  segment,  the  band  being  edged  with  whit- 
ish yellow  ;  from  the  rear  of  the  tubercle  a  similarly  colored  band   extends 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  52  I 

to  the  end  of  the  suranal   plate.      The   underside  of  the  body  in  front  and 
the  middle  abdominal  legs  are  brownish. 

Green  oak  caterpillar 
Nadata  gibbosa    Abb.   &  Sm. 

A  pale  greenish  caterpillar  about  ^2  inch  long,  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  yellowish 
lateral  line,  occurs  on  oaks  and  various  other  trees  in  midsummer. 

This  leaf  feeder  is  rather  common  though  rarely  abundant.  The  larva 
is  a  pale  green  form  not  easily  separable  from  several  species  having  similar 
habits. 

Description.  The  full  grown  larva  has  been  described  by  Dr  Packard 
as  follows : 

Body  green,  large  ;  head  very  large,  full,  rounded,  high  toward  the 
vertex,  as  wide  as  the  body,  deep  pea-green  ;  the  labrum  whitish  green  ; 
mandibles  bright  yellow,  tipped  with  black,  making  them  very  conspicuous. 
Body  glaucous  pea-green,  thick,  full,  soft,  tapering  toward  the  end,  and  the 
surface  with  minute,  raised,  flattened  more  or  less  confluent  granulations. 
A  lateral  yellow  line  formed  of  yellow,  raised,  flattened  areas.  Spiracles 
deep  red.  Supra-anal  plate  conical,  flattened,  apex  much  rounded,  the  edge 
colored  bright  yellow.  The  thoracic  and  abdominal  feet  pale  pea-green  ; 
all  concolorous.      Length  33  mm,  thickness  6  mm. 

The  moth  is  a  light  buff  color  and  has  a  wing  spread  of  a  little  over  2 
inches.  Near  the  basal  third  there  is  a  dark  brown,  slightly  curved  line 
and  an  obUque  one  of  the  same  color  at  the  apical  third,  which  latter  is 
margined  outwardly  by  pale  yellow.  Outer  edge  of  wing  with  minute 
whitish  scallops. 

This  species  has  been  recorded  on  oak,  maple,  white  birch  and  sugar 
plum.  It  has  a  wide  range,  extending  from  Maine  and  Canada  to  Oregon 
and  California,  southward  to  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts. 

lo  caterpillar 
Atitonicris   io  Fabr. 
A  large,  greenish,  stout  caterpillar  with  fascicles  of  irritating,  sharp  spines  over  the 
body,  feeds  in  late  summer  on  the  foliage  of  a  number  of  trees. 

This  caterpillar  with  its  light  green  body  and  delicate  markings  of 
yellowish  red,  is  a  beautiful  creature.      When  full  grown  it  is  about  2  inches 


522 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


long,  light  pea-green  in  color,  with  a  magenta  stigmatal  band  bordered 
below  with  creamy  white.  The  body  is  clothed  with  spreading,  black- 
tipped,  delicate  green  spines.  The  moth  has  a  wing  spread  of  23^-3^^ 
inches  and  is  easily  recognized  by  the  conspicuous  purple-centered  eye 
spots  on  the  hind  wings  [pi.  43,  fig.  i,  2].  The  gregarious  habit  of  this 
species  makes  its  depredations  more  noticeable,  though  it  is  a  very  general 
feeder.  It  has  been  recorded  by  various  writers  on  oak,  elm,  locust, 
maple,  cherry,  ash,  beech,  poplar,  birch,  black  alder,  sassafras  and  other 
trees  and  some  herbaceous  plants. 

Definite  marked  tussock  moth 

Hcincrocaiupa  dcfinita   Pack. 

A  yellow-headed,  light  yellowish,  tufted  caterpillar  closely  resembling  that  of  the 
white  marked  tussock  moth,  feeds  on  oak  and  a  number  of  other  trees. 

This  species  is  much  rarer  in  New  York  State  than  the  more  common 
white  marked  tussock  moth,  Hemerocampa  leucostigma  Abb.  & 
Sm.,  and  the  larva  can  be  best  separated  therefrom  by  its  yellowish  head. 
It  possesses  about  the  same  habits  as  its  ally,  and  while  Dr  Thaxter  gives 
oak  as  its  food  plant,  Dr  Dyar  states  that  in  practice  he  has  found  this 
caterpillar  as  omnivorous  as  its  more  common,  closely  related  ally.  The 
full  grown  caterpillar  has  been  described  by  Dr  Dyar  as  follows  : 

Male  (6th  stage).  Head  pale  yellow,  shiny,  the  labrum  and  antennae 
white  ;  width  2.8  mm.  Body  pale  yellow,  a  pale,  almost  colorless,  dorsal 
band,  replaced  on  joint  two  by  the  pale  yellow  cervical  shield  containing 
two  darker  yellow  warts,  narrow  and  greenish  on  joints  three  and  four, 
widening  and  enclosing  the  yellow  dorsal  brushlike  tufts  on  joints  five  to 
eight,  narrowed  on  joints  nine  to  12  enclosing  the  concolorous  retractile 
tubercles,  and  absent  on  joint  13.  A  narrow,  subdorsal  and  fainter  stig- 
matal, similarly  colored  line.  These  bands  are  in  some  specimens  more 
or  less  blackish,  or  black,  blue  gray,  or  dark  brown,  and  there  is  a  velvety 
black  spot  between  the  dorsal  tufts  on  joints  six,  seven  and  eight.  The 
warts  are  all  pale  yellow;  the  pencils  on  joint  two  are  long,  plumed,  black; 
that  on  joint  12  of  light  brown  hair  with  a  few  long  black  plumed  ones  on 
its  posterior  side.      The  other  hair  is  long,  thin  and  white. 

Female  (7th  stage).  Head  pale  yellow  minutely  mottled  with  grayish 
spots  ;  labrum,  antennae  and  a  spot  before  the  eyes,  white  ;  ocelli  and  jaws 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  523 

black  ;  width  3.5  mm.  The  body  is  as  in  the  previous  stage,  but  the  warts 
on  the  cervical  shield  are  not  distinctly  darker.  The  dorsal  blackish  or  pale 
gray  shade  is  in  triplicate  on  joints  three  and  four.  Spiracles  white  in  a 
fine  black  border.  The  body  is  often  bright  yellow,  as  are  the  dorsal  tufts, 
and  even  the  hair  is  yellowish. 

Oak  tussock  caterpillar 

Halisidota    inn  at  lata    Harr. 
A  black-headed  caterpillar   about    i  ,'4    inches   long,  thickly   clothed    with   yellowish 
hairs  and  black  tufts  of  the  same,  feeds  in  September  on  a  variety  of  trees. 

The  larva  of  this  species  has  a  decided  preference  for  oak,  though  it 
has  also  been  recorded  as  feeding  on  poplar,  willow  and  alder.  It  may  be 
recognized  by  its  black  head  in  conjunction  with  the  thick  covering  of  tufts 
of  bright  yellow  and  black  hairs.  The  two  posterior  thoracic  segments  and 
the  first  abdominal  segment  are  covered  with  mixed  yellow  and  black  hairs, 
those  of  the  former  overhanging  the  head.  The  first  to  eighth  abdominal 
segments  inclusive,  bear  a  dorsal  black  tuft,  the  largest  being  on  the  sev- 
enth and  eighth.  There  is  also  a  black  tuft  on  each  side  near  the  base  of 
the  first  and  eighth  abdominal  segments.  The  hairs  of  the  second  to  sev- 
enth segments  are  bright  yellow,  while  those  on  the  ninth  and  tenth  are 
mixed  with  black.  The  parent  insect  has  pale  yellowish  wings  mottled 
with  dark  brown,  the  hind  wings  being  pale  straw  yellow. 

Pale  tussock  caterpillar 

Halisidota    tesscllaris     Hiibn. 

A  yellowish,  brown-headed  caterpillar  about  i  '4  inches  long,  clothed  with  delicate 
buff  yellow  hairs  and  with  four  light  brown  dorsal  pencils  of  the  same,  feeds  in  the  fall  on 
a  large  variety  of  trees. 

The  larva  of  this  species  is  a  very  general  feeder,  it  having  been 
recorded  on  about  30  trees  and  shrubs,  representing  10  natural  orders.  It 
can  hardly  be  considered  a  dangerous  species,  though  exceptional  condi- 
tions might  enable  it  to  multiply  to  an  unprecedented  extent.  The  larva 
has  been  described  by  Riley  as  follows : 

The  hairs  delicate  buff  yellow  ;  four  dorsal   pencils   in  front,  of  light 


524 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


sienna  brown,  with  two  pairs  of  shorter  lateral  white  tufts  ;  a  pair  of  whitish 
tufts  near  the  end  of  the  body  ;  head  yellowish  brown  ;  a  row  of  lateral 
black  spots  above  the  base  of  the  abdominal  legs;  length   30  mm. 

The  adult  is  a  very  pale  yellowish  brown  moth  [pi.  44,  fig.  4]. 

Rusty  tussock  moth 
Notolophus    antiqiia   Linn. 

A  black-headed,  yellow  or  white-tufted  caterpillar  with  a  lateral  black  hair  pencil  on 
each  side,  feeds  on  most  deciduous  forest  trees. 

This  hair-tufted  caterpillar  resembles  the  much  better  known  and  very 
destructive  larva  of  the  white  marked  tussock  moth,  Hemerocampa 
leucostigma  Abb.  &  Sm.,  and  may  be  separated  therefrom  at  once  by 
its  black  head  and  from  other  allied  forms  by  the  presence  of  the  lateral 
black  hair  pencil  about  midway  of  the  body.  This  species  has  been 
received  on  several  occasions  from  northern  parts  of  the  State,  where 
it  seems  to  be  slightly  more  abundant  than  farther  south.  We  have  yet 
to  learn  of  its  causing  serious  injury.  Dr  Lintner  records  taking  this 
species  on  low  willows  at  Keene  Valley  N.  Y. 

Dark  tussock  moth 

Olene  acliatina    Abb.   &  Sm. 

A  black-headed  caterpillar  clothed  with  grayish  liairs  and  with  two  black  hair  pencils 
on  the  second  segment,  and  square  tufts  on  segments  five  to  12,  feeds  on  various  deciduous 
forest  trees. 

This  species  is  allied  to  the  rusty  tussock  moth,  Notolophus 
antiqua  Linn,  and  has  somewhat  similar  habits.  It  has  been  recorded 
as  feeding  on  oak,  hickory  and  wild  cherry,  while  Dr  Smith  .states  that  in 
New  Jersey  its  larva  occurs  on  the  usual  orchard  trees  and  also  oak,  hickory 
and  chestnut. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  525 

American  dagger  moth 
Apatela    americana    Harr. 

Large  caterpillars  thickly  covered  with  yellowish  hairs  and  bearing  a  pair  of  long 
black  hair  pencils  on  the  first  and  third  abdominal  segments  and  a  single  one  on  the 
eighth,  occur  in  September  on  a  variety  of  trees. 

This  is  one  of  our  rather  common  caterpillars.  Itis'a  quite  general 
feeder,  having  been  recorded  as  living  on  maple,  elm,  chestnut,  linden, 
oak,  hickory,  ash,  sycamore,  poplar,  birch  and  alder. 

The  full  grown  larva  is  about  i'^^  inches  long,  thickly  covered  with 
short  pale  yellow  hairs  and  bears  a  pair  of  long  black  hair  pencils  on  the 
first  and  third  abdominal  segments  and  a  single  one  on  the  eighth.  The 
head  is  black,  the  body  greenish  white  above  with  a  subdorsal  and  stigmatal 
black  line,  venter  black. 

American  lappet  moth 
Epicnaptcra    americana    Harr. 

A  Igrayish,  scarlet-marked  caterpillar  about  2^2,  inches  long,  remarkable  because 
of  the  large  bordering  fringes  on  each  side,  occurs  in  September  on  oak,  ash  and 
apple. 

This  caterpillar  is   peculiar   on    account   of    the    prominent    depressed 

lappetlike  fringes  on  each  side  which,  when   the  larva   is  at  rest,  touch   the 

bark  and  harmonize   therewith   so   closely  that   the    insect    usually   escapes 

detection.      This  species   is   never  abundant  enough  to  cause  injury.      The 

larva  has  been  described  by  Harris  as  follows  : 

Body  large,  broad,  and  flat,  with  hairs  on  the  side  spreading  out  so  as 
nearly  to  conceal  the  feet,  the  hairs  arising  from  large  lappets  hanging  from 
the  side  of  each  segment,  the  first  pair  the  largest ;  upper  side  of  the  body 
gray,  variegated  with  irregular  white  spots  and  sprinkled  with  fine,  black 
dots;  in  front  are  two  transverse  velvetlike  bands  of  a  rich  scarlet  color, 
with  three  black  dots  on  each  band  ;  underside  of  the  body  orange-colored 
with  a  row  of  diamond-shaped  black  spots;  length  2]/^  inches. 


526  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

American  silk  worm 
Telca  polyphcmiis    Hiibn. 
A  very  large,  pea-green,  brown-headed,  fleshy  caterpillar  with  small,  reddish  brown 
tubercles  with   silvered   bases,  occurs  in  midsummer  on  the  foliage  of  a  great  variety  of 
plants. 

This,  one  of  the  largest  of  our  native  caterpillars,  is  frequently  known 
as  the  American  silk  worm  on  account  of  its  dense  silken  cocoon,  and  vari- 
ous attempts  have  been  made  to  use  the  silk  in  a  commercial  way.  It,  like 
other  large  forms,  is  not  abundant  as  a  rule,  and  only  under  exceptional 
conditions  does  it  become  destructive.  The  nearly  full  grown  caterpillar  is 
a  beautiful  object  with  its  reddish  brown  tubercles  silvered  at  the  base  and 
ornamented  at  the  tip  with  white  hairs.  These  present  a  striking  contrast 
to  the  delicate  pea-green  color  of  the  body.  The  head  is  a  dull  brick-red 
and  the  anal  plate  is  margined  with  maroon.  The  spiracles  or  breathing 
pores  are  a  delicate  salmon  color  and  the  thoracic  shield  may  be  bordered 
anteriorly  with  yellowish  green. 

The  adult  is  a  dull  ocher  yellow  moth  with  its  wings,  shaded  with  innu- 
merable black  particles,  extending  5^  inches  from  tip  to  tip.  The  larva 
may  be  found  on  a  considerable  number  of  food  plants,  it  having  been 
recorded  by  various  writers  on  oaks,  hickories,  black  walnut,  chestnut,  elms, 
maples,  poplars,  willows,  birches,  witch-hazel,  linden,  and  a  number  of  other 
plants.  It  is  never  abundant  enough  so  that  repressive  measures  are 
necessary  to  prevent  serious  injury.     The  moth  is  illustrated  on  plate  42, 

figure  I. 

Luna  moth 

Tropea   lima    Linn. 

A  stout,  apple-green  caterpillar  about  3  inches  long,  with  six  rows  of  small,  pink 
hair-bearing  tubercles,  occurs  in  midsummer  on  a  variety  of  trees. 

This  giant  caterpillar  is  never  present  in  numbers  sufficient  to  cause 
material  injury,  yet  the  large  size  and  exquisite  beauty  of  the  adult  makes 
it  an  object  of  general  interest.  The  larva  is  a  general  feeder,  having 
been   recorded  on   walnut,    hickory,    oak,    butternut,    chestnut,  sweet   gum, 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  527 

birch,   willow,  beech,    plum   and    ironwood.      The  full  grown  caterpillar  is 

pale  green  shading   into  darker  yellow,  with  yellow  spiracles.     There  are 

six  rows  of  small,  pink  tubercles,  each  with  one  or  more  black  hairs  and  a 

few  white  hairs,  some  clavate,  are  scattered  over  the  body.     The  anal  shield 

is  brown,  triangular,  yellow-bordered  and  the  anal  plates  are  brown  bordered 

anteriorly  with  yellow. 

The   adult,   a   magnificent   light  green,    long-tailed  moth  with  a  wing 

spread  of  about  4    inches,  may  be    instantly  recognized    by    reference  to 

plate  41,  figure  2. 

Spiny  oak  worm 

A  n  isota    st  igni  a    H  ii  b  n . 

A  bright,  tawny  or  orange-colored  caterpillar  with  a  dusky  stripe  along  its  back  and 
prominent  spines  on  its  thoracic  segments,  feeds  on  oak  in  September. 

This  species  is  a  rare  one  in  the  Northern  States,  though  in  the  South 

it   is  frequently  as  destructive   as   our  more    common    orange-striped   oak 

worm,   A.    senatoria    Hubn.,  to  which  it  is  closely  related  in  structure 

and  food  habits. 

Slug  caterpillars 

Peculiar,  brightly  colored,  variously  shaped  and  usually  motionless  sluglike  caterpil- 
lars occur  in  midsummer  on  the  foliage  of  various  deciduous  trees. 

This  group  comprises  a  number  of  very  interesting  caterpillars  remark- 
able because  of  the  apparent  absence  of  legs  and  on  account  of  their  bril- 
liant color  in  connection  with  a  more  or  less  well  developed  defensive  armor. 
These  species  vary  widely  in  appearance,  occur  on  a  large  number  of  trees 
and  shrubs  and  are  very  rarely  abundant  enough  to  be  regarded  as  anything 
more  than  natural  curiosities.  Some  of  these  remarkable  forms  sting 
severely  and  occasionally  call  attention  to  themselves  in  a  very  unpleasant 
manner.  It  has  been  questioned  some  whether  the  sting  is  more  than  a 
mechanical  one  due  to  the  insertion  in  the  flesh  of  multibarbed  spines,  and 
in  some  instances,  particularly  with  slug  caterpillars,  it  would  appear  as  if 
such  might  be  the  case.  Glands  at  the  base  of  the  spine  have  been 
detected  by  European  investigators  who  state  that  the  hollow  spines  may 
be  filled  with  formic  acid  or  a  formate  in  solution.     Still,  careful  investiga- 


528  *      NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

tions  of  the  urticating  spines  on  the  brown  tail  moth  larva,  Euproctis 
chrysorrhoea  Linn,  failed  to  detect  a  poison.  A  number  of  these 
peculiar  larvae  are  oval  in  shape,  with  the  flattened  surface  closely  appressed 
to  the  leaf,  giving  them  the  appearance  of  brightly  colored,  very  large 
scale  insects  or  slugs.  The  general  appearance  is  not  at  all  suggestive  of 
their  natural  affinities.      A  few  representative  forms  are  noticed  briefly. 

The  hag  moth  caterpillar,  Phobetron  pithecium  Abb.  &  Sm., 
is  a  brownish,  sluglike  caterpillar  about  j^^  inch  long  and  with  from  a  few 
to  10  long,  plumelike  processes  extending  from  either  side  of  the  back.  It 
occurs  from  July  till  September  on  the  foliage  of  a  number  of  trees  and 
occasionally  is  somewhat  abundant.  Specimens  were  sent  the  writer  in 
August  1902  with  a  statement  that  it  was  so  numerous  at  Westwood  N.  Y. 
as  to  destroy  the  leaves  of  several  large  maple  branches.  This  larva  is 
supposed  to  sting  severely,  yet  Miss  Emily  L.  Morton  has  handled  dozens 
of  them  and  states  that  she  has  met  with  no  injury  therefrom.  This  slug 
caterpillar  occurs  on  various  low  shrubs  and  the  lower  branches  of  trees,  hav- 
ing .been  recorded  on  various  oaks,  chestnut,  ash,  apple,  cherry,  plum,  sugar 
maple,  sassafras,  witch-hazel  and  dogwood. 

The  saddleback  caterpillar,  S  i  1)  i  n  e  s  t  i  m  u  1  e  a  Clem.,  is  another 
common  slug  caterpillar  and  a  very  striking  species.  It  is  a  brownish  cater- 
pillar about  I  inch  long,  apparently  with  a  green  saddlecloth  on  its  back 
and  a  brownish  saddle,  the  latter  margined  with  white  and  edged  with  a 
black  line.  Both  the  anterior  and  posterior  extremities  are  adorned  with 
long,  brown,  spined  tubercles.  This  striking  larva  is  capable  of  inflicting  a 
very  severe  sting.      It  occurs  commonly  on  oak  and  cherry.- 

Another  striking  species,  Euclea  indetermina  Boisd.,  is  about 
5/^  to  ^  inch  long  when  full  grown,  oval  in  shape,  with  a  series  of  six  fiery 
red  lines  along  the  back  on  either  side.  It  is  banded  with  red,  lined  with 
black  and  with  pale  yellow  and  white  markings.  This  larva  feeds  on  vari- 
ous low  bushes  and  limbs  of  trees,  having  been  recorded  from  wild  cherry, 
oak,  hickory  and  bayberry. 

Another  type  of  slug  caterpillar,   Euclea    delphinii    Boisd.,  when 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


529 


lull  grown  is  about  ^  inch  long.  It  is  ov^al  in  shape,  closely  appressed  to 
the  leaf,  greenish  and  variably  marked  with  red  and  pale  orange,  the  latter 
forming  a  pair  of  subdorsal  stripes,  in  the  course  of  which  there  may  be 
bright  red  blotches.  Tubercles  short  and  bearing  numerous  short  spines. 
This  interesting  caterpillar  occurs  on  oak,  chestnut,  bayberry,  Andromeda, 
beech,  sour  gum,  wild  cherry  and  probably  other  deciduous  trees. 

The  life  history  of  this  group  has  been  the  subject  of  careful  and 
painstaking  study  by  Dr  Dyar,  and  those  interested  will  find  his  biologic 
and  bibliographic  accounts  given  below  of  extreme  value. 

Bibliography 

1895  Dyar,  H.  G.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc  Jour.  3:  151-57   [A  p  o  d  a    y-inversa    Pack.] 

1896     N.    Y.    Ent.    Soc.   Jour.    4:1-9  [Sil)iiie    s  t  i  111  u  1  e  a    Clem.];    p.    167-90 

[T  o  r  t  r  i  c  i  d  i  a  pallida  Her.-Sch.,  E  u  1  i  m  a  c  o  d  e  s  s  c  a  p  h  a  Harr., 
P  h  o  b  e  t  r  o  n  p  i  t  h  e  c  i  u  m  Sm.  &  Abb.,  Sis  y  rosea  textula  Her.- 
Sch.] 

1897     N.    Y.     Ent.     Soc.    Jour.    5:1-14    [T  o  r  t  r  i  c  i  d  i  a     fasciola     Her.-Sch., 

A  d  o  n  e  t  a  s  p  i  n  u  1  o  i  d  e  s  Her.-Sch.,  P^  11  c  1  e  a  i  n  d  e  t  e  r  m  i  n  a 
Boisd.,  Pa  rasa  chloris  Her.-Sch.];  p.  57-66  [E  u  c  1  e  a  delphinii 
Boisd.];   p.  167-70  [.A  p  o  d  a    bi  gut  tat  a    Pack.] 

1898     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  6:. 1-9  [P  ac  k  a  r  d  i  a  g  e  m  i  n  a  t  a  Pack.,  P.   e  1  e  g  an  s 

Pack.(;  p.  94-98  [Heterogenea  flexuosa  Grote];  p.  241-46 
[Heterogenea  shurtleffii  Pack.];  p.  151-58  [T  o  r  t  r  i  c  i  d  i  a 
testacea    Pack.] 

1899     N.  Y.    Ent.    Soc.   Jour.   7:61-67     [Nat  ad  a     nasoni    Grote];    p.    234-53 

[Table  of  larvae,  generic  revision] 

Crinkled    flannel    moth 

Lagoa  crispata  Pack. 

A  peculiar  larva  about  i  inch  long,  thickly  covered  with  long  mouse-gray  and  fawn- 
colored  hairs,  occurs  on  the  foliage  of  various  trees  in  September  and  October. 

This  species  is  an  interesting  form  because  the  larva  possesses  14 
abdominal  legs  and  is  very  similar  in  habit  to  the  allied  slug  caterpillars, 
and  like  some  of  them,  may  inflict  a  severe  sting.  The  larva  rests  flat 
on  the  surface  and  appears  for  all  the  world  like  a  bunch  of  hairs.      It  has 


530  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

been  recorded  as  feeding  on  oak,  elm,  apple,  raspberry  and  common  brake, 
Pteris  aquilina.  Dr  Smith  states  that  it  lives  on  most  of  the  orchard 
trees  and  small  fruits  as  well  as  many  other  trees  and  shrubs.  Occasion- 
ally it  is  common  though  not  destructive.  The  full  grown  larva  ranges  in 
length  from  about  -)4  to  i^  inches.  The  body  is  short,  broad  and  flat 
and  the  head  a  deep  honey-yellow.  The  caterpillar  is  so  densely  covered 
with  long  hairs  that  it  appears  about  one  half  as  long  as  broad  and  rounded 
at  each  end.  The  hairs  on  the  thoracic  segments  are  mouse-gray,  those  on 
the  remainder  of  the  body  are  ])ale  fawn   brown,  sometimes  dark  reddish 

orange. 

Filament  bearer 

A)iia    liiiihata    Haw. 
A  slaty  brown  measuring  worm  about  J^  inch  long,  remarkable  because  of  the  two 
pair  of  dorsal  filaments  near  the  middle  of  the  body,  occurs  in  June  on  oak,  maple,  currant 

and  strawberry. 

This  larva  is  a  rather  rare  one  and  is  noted  in  this  connection  because 
of  the  peculiar  dorsal  filaments  which  at  once  e.xcite  the  curiosity  of  the 
observer  and  afford  an  easy  means  of  identifying  this  species. 

Archips   fervidana  Clem. 

Black-headed,  yellowish  green  caterjjillars  occur  in  thick  web  nests  on  scrub  oak  in 
early  June. 

This  species,  kindly  determined   by  Prof.  C.  H.    F"ernald,  was  common  _ 
in    June  and   July  1901    on   scrub   oaks  at  Karner.      It  was  rarer   in    1902, 
indicating  a  considerable  fluctuation  in  numbers. 

Description.  The  larvae  are  nearly  i  inch  long  with  the  head  and 
thoracic  shield  jet-black  and  the  body  varying  in  color  from  yellowish  to 
olive-green.  The  dark  brown  tubercles  are  inconspicuous.  The  larvae  spin 
scanty  cocoons  in  their  nests,  the  meshes  entangling  a  mass  of  excreta. 

The  pupa  is  about  ^  inch  long,  dark  green,  ringed  with  lighter  brown, 
and  each  segment  bears  a  conspicuous  row  of  stout  spines  with  another  row 
of  smaller  ones  behind. 

The  adult  has  reddish  brown  fore  wings,  which  are  rather  clouded  with 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  53  I 

fuscous  beyond  the   middle.      The  posterior  wings  are   dark   fuscous  above, 
pale  yellowish  beneath.      Wing  spread  about  y,   inch. 

Life  history.  The  nests  of  this  species  began  to  appear  June  13,  1901, 
and  were  common  on  the  26th  and  later.  Inhabited  webs  were  also  taken 
July  27  and  others  Aug.  9.  The  period  of  flight  is  probably  extended  and 
the  insect  appears  to  breed  more  or  less  during  the  summer  months.  The 
web  is  rather  small,  irregular,  measuring  3  to  4  inches  long  and  lyi  to  3 
inches  in  diameter.  It  is  filled  with  a  mass  of  excrement,  as  in  allied 
species.  A  number  of  small,  dark  colored  caterpillars  about  -.\  inch  long 
were  observed  in  the  nests  after  most  of  the  moths  had  appeared.  They 
closely  resemble  full  grown  larvae  and  may  have  been  retarded  individuals. 
Unfortunately  none  of  the  latter  were  brought  to  maturity. 

Natural  enemies.  This  species  is  preyed  on  by  several  parasites. 
Microcentrus  delicatus  Cress,  and  M.  solidaginis  Cress.  MS., 
have  been  reared  from  this  insect.  Several  parasites  were  bred  from  this 
species  and  a  plant  bug,  probably  Podisus  placidus  Uhl.,  presumably 
preys  on  the  larvae. 

V-marked   leaf  roller 

Archips   argyrospila    Walk. 

Delicate  green,  brown-headed  caterpillars  about  Y^  inch  long,  feed  on  oak  and  other 
trees  in  early  June  and  also  in  August  or  early  September. 

This  species  is  very  closely  allied  to  the  oblique    banded  leaf   roller, 

Archips  rosaceana   Harr.,  and  like  it  is  a  general  feeder,  having  been 

recorded  on  oak,  hickory,  apple,  wild  cherry,  rose,  soft  maple  and  elm.      It 

lives   between    the   webbed-together   leaves   and  produces   two  generations 

annually,  the  moths  of  the  first  appearing  the  latter  part  of  June  or  early  in 

July.      The  larva  has  been  described  by  Dr  Packard  as  follows  : 

Color   delicate    grass-green,    with   a    darker   dorsal   vesicular  line,    not 

polished,    piliferous   spots   polished  ;  head  brown,   cervical   shield  polished, 

glasslike,  and  scarcely  darker  than  body  ;  anterior  edge  lighter.  Thoracic 
legs  pale. 


532 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


•  Red-banded  leaf  roller 

EiiUa    h-ifcrana    Walk. 
A  small,  light  green,  brown-headed  caterpillar  feeds  in  early  June  on  the  foliage  of  a 
considerable  number  of  trees. 

The  larva  of  this  red-banded  leaf  roller  is  a  general  feeder  and  has 
been  recorded  as  depredating  on  oak,  elm,  apple,  rosebushes,  soft  maple, 
cranberry  and  a  number  of  herbaceous  plants  including  some  field  and  gar- 
den crops.  Professor  Slingerland  records  rearing  a  parasite,  Urogaster 
canarsiae    Ashm.,  from  this  species. 

Tortrix  albicomana   Clem. 
The  larva  of  this  species  has  been  recorded  on  oak,  rose  and  A  q  u  i- 
legia   canadensis.      The  parent  insect  is  a  delicate  moth  having  a  wing 
spread  of  about  y%  inch.     The  fore  wings  are  pale  brown  diffusely  marked 
with  sulfur  yellow.      The  hind  wings  are  silvery  gray. 

Oak  leaf  roller 

Tortrix    qitcrcifoliaiia    Fitch 

A  grass-green  larva  about  ^  inch  long  occurs  during  July  in  folded  oak  leaves. 

This  species,  according  to  Dr  Fitch,  may  be  found  within  oak  leaves 

which  are  curved  upward  and  drawn  slightly  together  by  silken  threads.      It 

is  a  rather  slender  grass-green  leaf  roller,  which  pupates  in  the  end  of  the 

leaf,  the  moth  appearing  in  New  York  about  the  first  of  July. 

White-blotch  oak  leaf  miner 

LitJwcollctcs    hamadryclla    Clem. 
Whitish,  blotchlike  mines  on  the  upper  surface  of  oak  leaves,  contain  minute, "footless, 
brownish  and  yellow  larvae. 

This  specie.s  is  one  of  our  common  leaf  miners  ranging  from  New  York 
to  Washington.  Occasionally  it  is  exceedingly  abundant,  particularly 
toward  the  end  of  the  season,  and  the  writer  has  taken  oak  leaves  in  Bufifalo 
park,  which  were  very  seriously  mined  by  this  insect.     Professor  Comstock 


l.NSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAXD    TREES  .  5-3 

States  that  there  are  five  or  six  generations  annually  in  the  vicinity  of 
Washington.  He  recommends  the  collecting  and  burning  of  infested 
leaves  before  the  insects  escape. 

Fitch's  oak  leaf  miner 

LitJiocollctcs  Jitchclla  Clem. 
This  species  works  in  much  the  same  way  as  the  preceding,  except  that 
its  tentlike  mines  occur  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  and  are  visi- 
ble on  both  sides.  Professor  Comstock  states  that  it  is  a  very  common 
species  on  all  kinds  of  oak  at  Washington  and  records  the  insect  from 
Kirkwood    Mo. 

Walking    stick 

Diaplicromcra  femorata    Sa)' 

Green  or  brown,  sticklike  insects  sometimes  measuring,  exclusive  of  the  antennae,  x 
inches  in  length,  are  more  or  less  abundant  in  forests  of  deciduous  trees  in  early  autumn. 

This  peculiar  insect  is  a  rather  common  form,  though  it  frequentl\- 
escapes  observation  because  of  its  general  resemblance  to  a  stick.  The 
young  are  green  and  closely  mimic  the  color  of  the  surrounding  foliage, 
while  the  adults  as  they  age  and  the  foliage  turns,  change  from  the  o-reen 
to  brown  and  toward  the  end  of  the  season  mimic  brown  sticks.  On  this 
account,  in  particular,  specimens  arouse  considerable  interest  in  the  mind  of 
the  finder,  and  requests  for  identification  and  a  brief  account  of  its  life 
history  and  habits  are  not  infrequently  made. 

Early  history.  This  deliberate,  slender  insect  appears  perfectly  harm- 
less and  as  a  rule  it  causes  very  little  damage.  Occasionally  it  becomes 
excessively  abundant  and  has  been  known  to  strip  large  areas.  Prof.  C. 
V.  Riley,  in  his  report  for  the  year  1878,  gives  several  abstracts  from  pub- 
lished reports  of  about  that  date,  which  are  of  considerable  interest,,  par- 
ticularly as  they  relate  to  depredations  occurring  in  New  York  State  and 
vicinity.  Mr  G.  C.  Snow  of  Yates  county  N.  Y.,  published  in  the  New 
York  Weekly  Tribune,  Nov^  11,  1875,  the  following  : 

I  noticed  about  August  15th,  in  a  reservation  of  young  timber,  mostly 
white  oak  and  hickory,  a  few  trees  having  the  appearance  of  being  burned 


234  ^'^^^'    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

just  enough  to  kill  the  leaves.  On  closer  investigation  I  found  many  of 
these  insects  devouring  the  leaves.  Later,  I  judge  at  least  25  acres  w^ere 
completely  stripped  of  foliage  ;  as  much  so  as  if  fire  had  run  through  the 
wood  and  killed  every  tree.  They  seemed  to  have  no  choice  as  to  what 
variety  of  timber  they  attacked.  There  were  many  in  my  peach  orchard 
and  lawn.  On  single  trees,  far  removed  from  my  timber  lot,  they  were  as 
thick  as  could  well  be,  in  many  places  in  heaps.  Fences  adjoining  the  tim- 
ber were  fairly  covered  with  them.  They  have  been  known  for  years  in  this 
vicinity,  but  were  heretofore  always  considered  harmless.  From  present 
appearances  they  are  greatly  to  be  feared  as  a  scourge,  consequently  anything 
relating  to  them  will  be  read  with  great  interest.  I  hear  from  them  in 
Florida  but  not  in  such  numbers  as  here. 

The  same  year  these  peculiar  insects  were  exceedingly  abundant  and 
destructive  in  the  vicinity  of  Ferrisburg  Vt.,  as  stated  in  the  Rural  New 
Yorker  for  Nov.  7,  1874.  There  were  also  serious  injuries  to  forest 
areas  in  Pennsylvania.  The  above  accounts  relate  to  one  of  the  unusual 
outbreaks  frequently  seen  among  insects,  and  as  a  rule  this  species  may 
be  considered  comparatively  harmless. 

Description.  The  brownish,  bean-shaped  eggs,  a  little  less  than  '/16  inch 
in  length,  are  dropped  at  random  in  the  forest  and  remain  unhatched 
over  winter.  The  recently  emerged  young  are  nearly  1^  inch  long,  exclu- 
sive of  the  antennae,  and  are  then  a  pale  yellowish  green.  The  full  grown 
adults  have  a  body  length  of  about  3  inches  and  the  slender,  tapering 
antennae  extend  forward  from  the  head  about  2  inches.  The  slender,  long 
legs  are  attached  to  the  anterior  portion  of  the  body  and  measure  from 
about  i^/^  to  2  inches  in  length.  They  are  rather  easily  detached  and  as  a 
consequence  perfect  specimens  are  somewhat  rare.  The  female  is  easily 
recognized  by  her  stouter  form.  This  peculiar  insect  in  nature  has  the 
habit  of  extenoing  its  anterior  legs  and  antennae,  clinging  largely  by  the 
posterior  and  middle  legs  and  in  this  way  simulating  the  appearance  of.  a 
twig  very  closely. 

Life  history  and  habits.  The  eggs  are  dropped  at  random  among  the 
trees  and  remain  unhatched  till  the  following  spring.  The  young  appear 
sometime  during  the  month  of  May,  and  are  general  feeders,  grow  rapidly 
and  attain  maturity  in  early  fall. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  535 

Food  habits.  This  species  seems  to  have  a  preference  for  oaks,  though 
it  is  recorded  as  feeding  on  most  deciduous  trees. 

Remedies.  Being  a  leaf  feeder  it  should  be  readily  controlled  by 
thorough  spraying  with  an  arsenical  poison  whenever  such  is  advisable. 

Bibliography 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  \>.  ,?i7-2i 

Striped  hickory  caterpillar 
Dataua    aiigitsii   Gr.   &   Rb. 
Clusters  of  black,  yellow-striped   caterpillars  about  2  inches  long,  occur  on  hickory, 
walnut  and  birch. 

This  species  may  be  distinguished  from  the  more  familiar  yellow- 
necked  apple  worm,  D.  mi  nistra  Walk.,  by  the  prothoracic  shield  being 
entirely  black.  It  has  very  similar  habits,  though  its  list  of  food  plants  is 
more  restricted.  The  parent  insect  is  marked  almost  exactly  like  D. 
m  i  n  i  s  t  r  a  Walk.,   differing  in  the  dark  smoky  brown  color  throughout. 

Yellow-necked  apple  worm 

Da  tana    niinistra    Walk. 

Clusters  of  black,  yellow-necked,  yellow-s'.riped  caterjiillars  nearly  2  inches  long, 
occur  in  midsummer  on  the  twigs  of  a  variety  of  trees. 

This   species   is   well    known   in   economic   entomology  as   the   yellow-, 
necked  apple  worm  because  of  its  depredations  on  this  valuable  fruit  tree. 
It  is  however  a  general  feeder,  having  been  recorded  on  apple,  pear,  cherry, 
quince,    linden,   walnut,    hickory,    oak   of    various  species,   chestnut,   beech, 
hazel,  hornbeam,  birch,  locust  and  "feumac. 

Description.  The  full  grown  caterpillars  are  black,  about  2  inches  in 
length  with  a  yellow  thoracic  shield  and  a  series  of  four  black  lines  on  each 
side  of  the  body.  This  species  and  its  associates  feed  in  clusters  and  have 
the  peculiar  habit  of  elevating  both  extremities  when  disturbed. 

The  adult  insect  is  a  reddish  brown  moth  with  a  wing  spread  of  about 
i^  inches.      The  fore  wings  are  crossed  by  a  series  of   four  or  five  oblique 


536  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

or   curved   brown    lines,    the   outer   margrin    bein<^  dark   brown.      The  hind 
wings  are  pale  yellowish  brown. 

Life  history.  The  eggs  are  laid  in  June  and  the  larvae  are  met  with 
from  August  onwanl,  the  moths  appearing  the  following  May. 

Butternut   woolly   worm 

MonopJiadnus    caryac    Nort. 

Large,  flocculent  masses  on  the  underside  of  butternut  leaves  in  midsummer,  may 
conceal  bluish,  yellowish  white  sawfly  larvae  about  ^4  inch  long. 

This  species  is  rather  rare  and  was  brought  to  our  attention  on  account 
of  the  woolly  white  covering  of  the  caterpillars  which,  when  they  occur  in 
masses,  gives  them  a  resemblance  to  anything  else  but  insects.  This  spe- 
cies was  taken  in  August  1902,  on  butternut  at  Nassau  N.  Y.  The  larvae 
rested  so  closely  together  that  the  woolly  covering  gave  them  the  appear- 
ance of  being  a  solid  mass.  These  false  caterpillars  feed  in  company, 
devouring  the  terminal  portion  of  the  leaf,  rejecting  the  midrib  and  usually 
a  small  portion  of  the  basal  part.  Cast  skins  or  e.xuviae  were  found  on  the 
older  leaves  and  these  were  yellowish  white,  with  the  tip  of  the  mouth  parts 
and  eyes  a  dark  brown  or  nearly  black. 

Description.  The  nearly  full  grown  larvae  are  about  ^^  inch  long,  with 
the  head,  thoracic  and  terminal  abdominal  segments  pale  yellowish  white. 
The  other  body  segments  are  bluish  gray  with  a  very  narrow,  interrupted 
black  dorsal  line.  The  woolly  matter  is  excreted  from  the  conspicuous 
transverse  folds  and  appears  in  narrow  bands  about  ',,2  iuch  wide.  These 
develop  rapidly  and  on  larvae  naked  the  previous  night,  had  attained  a 
length  of  '64  inch  the  next  morning.  These  waxy  lilaments  are  pushed  out 
and  eventually  are  about  '4  inch  long,  giving  a  very  peculiar  appearance  to 
the  bearer. 

The  adult  is  a  l^lack,  red-marked  sawfly  having  a  wing  spread  of  nearly 
^  inch. 

Natural  enemies.  Numerous  pupae  of  a  species  of  Cratotechus  were 
found  on  a  leaf  near  the  larvae  of  this  sawfly,  undoubtedly  parasites  of 
this  species. 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AXD    WOODLAXD    TREES 


•ig.   H5      Ty  poph  or 
dark  jnd   light   forms, 


can  ell  us,    shuuing 
ch  enlarged  (origiiiall 


Typophorus  canellus    Pabr. 

A  small,  roundish,  brown  and  black  marked  or  black  beetle  about  '/,6  inch  long 
occurs  on  butternut,  mountain  ash  and  various  plants  in  M.ay  and  during  early  fall. 

This  species  is  a  variable  one,  as  is  illustrated  by  Dr  Horn's  key  for 
the  separation  of  14  varieties.  It  has  been  taken  b)-  Mr  Younu-  on  butter- 
nut, mountain  ash  and  such  low  plants  as 
strawberries  in  May,  and  on  the  heathlike 
aster.  Aster  ericoides,  the  last  of 
August  and  the  first  of  September.  It  eats 
irregular,  oval  or  elongate  holes  in  almost 
any  part  of  mountain  ash  leaves  and  occa- 
sionally causes  considerable  injury.  Mr 
Young  is  of  the  opinion  that  a  similar  form 
occurring  on  low  plants,  may  be  different 
from  that  met  with  on  trees,  though  at  present  he  is  not  able  to  detect  con- 
stant differences.  This  species,  according  to  Dr  Horn,  is  widelv  distributed 
over  the  continent  east  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  occurring  from  Kansas  to 
Texas,  west  through  Arizona  to  Fort  Yuma. 

Green-striped   maple   worm 

Anisota    ruhicitnda    F"abr. 

A  large,  pale  yellowish  green  larva  striped  with  darker  green,  occurs  in  midsummer 
on  maple  trees. 

This  species  is  generally  distributed  throughout  the  .State,  though 
rarely  abundant  enough  to  cause  serious  mischief.  The  late  Dr  Lintner, 
however,  records  an  instance  of  this  larva  occurring  in  large  numbers  in 
Monticello,  Sullivan  co.,  where  it  defoliated  a  number  of  soft  mapletrees. 
This  species  is  much  better  known  as  a  pest  in  the  Western  States,  where 
it  frequently  strips  the  leaves  from  large  numbers  of  maples.  It  feeds  on 
the  sugar  maple  as  well  as  the  soft  maple. 

Description.  The  larva  has  been  described  by  Dr  Riley  practically  as 
follows  : 


53« 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


The  recently  hatched  larva  is  yellow  with  a  large,  black  head,  the  spines 
forming  little  black  tubercles  of  nearly  uniform  size.  The  head  is  browner 
after  the  first  molt  and  the  spines  and  stripes  of  the  full  fed  larva  more 
apparent.  The  third  stage  is  very  like  the  fourth  or  last,  except  that  the 
caterpillar  is  smaller.  The  full  grown  larva  is  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  pale 
yellowish  green,  longitudinally  striped  above  alternately  with  eight  very 
light  yellowish  green  lines  and  seven  of  a  darker  green,  inclining  to  black, 
with  two  slender  black  spines  on  the  second  segment  behind  the  head,  and 
two  lateral  rows  of  sharper,  shorter  spines.  Head  copal  yellow  ;  abdominal 
segments  seven  and  eight  a  little  dilated  and  rose-colored  at  the  sides. 

The  moth   is  rose-colored,  with  the  fore  wings  crossed  by  a  broad,  pale 

yellow  band.      The  hind  wings  are  pale  yellow.      The  body  is  yellow  and 

the  underside  and  legs  rose-colored.     Wing  spread  about  2  inches. 

Semilooper  maple  worm 

Honioptcra    Iiinata    Drury 
A  drab  colored  caterpillar   about  lyi,  inches  long,  and  with  a  large,  orange,  dorsal 
spot  exposed  at  the  juncture  of  the  first  and  second  abdominal  segments  when  the  body- 
bends,  feeds  on  maple,  oak,  willow  and  rose. 

The  caterpillar  of  this  widely  distributed  species  is  seldom  abundant 
enough  to  cause  much  injury.  The  larva  is  about  i^/^  inches  long,  drab 
colored,  with  indistinct  markings  except  for  the  large,  orange,  dorsal  spot 
exposed  when  the  body  is  bent  at  the  juncture  of  the  first  and  second 
abdominal  segments.  On  the  eighth  abdominal  segment  there  is  a  jjair  of 
small,  brown-tipped  tubercles.  The  head  is  quite  flat,  sloping  and  irregu- 
larly marked  with  brown.  The  caterpillar  when  walking  loops  much  as 
does  a  measuring  worm  and  displays  a  marked  tendency  to  remain  (juiet 
and  rely  on  its  protective  color  to  escape  injury.  The  parent  insect  is  an 
obscurely  brown  colored  moth  having  a  wing  spread  of  about  2  inches. 
Both  the  fore  and  hind  wings  are  rather  prettily  ornamented  with  wavy 
dark  and  light  brown  bands  or  lines  interspersed  here  and  there  with 
indistinct  grayish  markings. 

The  eggs  of  this  insect  are  deposited  the  latter  part  of  April  and  full 
grown  larvae  are  met  with  in  early  June,  moths  appearing  the  latter  part  of 
the  month  and  in  early  Jidy.      Larvae  also  occur  in  August  and  .September, 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  539 

the  moths  appearing  in  the  fore  part  of  November,  some  wintering  in  the 
pupa.     There  are  probably  two  or  tliree  broods  during  a  season. 

<  Cecropia  moth 

Samia    cecropia    Linn. 

A  large,  pale  green  caterpillar  about  4  inches  long,  ornamented  with  conspicuous 
green,  blue,  yellow  and  red  tubercles,  feeds  on  the  foliage  of  a  large  number  of  trees  and 
shrubs. 

The  larva  of  this  insect  is  very  striking  in  appearance  and  were  it  at 
all  abundant  its  voracious  appetite  would  result  in  a  great  deal  of  injury. 
Ordinarily  it  is  so  rare  that  no  repressive  measures  are  necessary.  The 
giant  moth  shown  at  plate  42,  figure  2,  is  rather  common,  and  of  interest 
largely  because  of  its  immense  size.  This  insect  has  been  recorded  on 
about  50  plants  representing  some  20  genera,  the  more  important  of  which 
are  the  following  :  linden,  maples,  apple  and  pear,  cherry,  elm,  birch,  alder, 
willow  and  poplar. 

Large  maple  spanworm 
Sabulodcs    traiisz'crsata    Dru. 

A  large,  slender-bodied  spanworm  about  iV^,  inclies  long  and  marked  with  dark 
purple  brown  and  reddish  markings,  occurs  on   maples  in  July. 

This  species  is  rather  common  and  typical  of  a  large  class  of  span  or 
measuring  worms,  which  may  be  instantly  recognized  by  their  peculiar 
looping  walk  and  their  tendency  to  remain  motionless  on  twigs  when  dis- 
covered. There  are  a  great  many  species  and  almost  all  are  so  shaped  and 
colored  as  to  closely  resemble  the  twigs  on  which  they  occur. 

The  larva  of  this  species  has  the  body  thickened  behind  and  ridged  on 
the  sides.  It  is  a  dark  purple  brown  mixed  with  reddish  and  has  a  dull 
reddish  gray  crescent-shaped  spot  on  the  middle  of  the  fourth  abdominal 
segment,  behind  which  is  a  pair  of  low  kidney-shaped  tubercles,  and  a  pair 
of  dorsal  pointed  black  ones  on  the  eighth  abdominal  segment.  The 
parent  insect  is  a  yellowish  tawny  color  with  a  dark  brown  oblique  stripe 
extending  from  the  apex  of  the  fore  wings  to  the  middle  of  the  anal  margin 
of  the  hind  wings.      Wing  spread  about  2  inches. 


540  NEW    VOKK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Maple  leaf  stalk  borer 

Epinotia    claypolcana    Riley 

Small,  yellowish  caterpillars  nearly  '2  inch  long,  in  midsummer  bore  the  leaf  petioles 
of  maple  and  buckeye. 

The  work  of  this  insect  in  maple  leaf  stems  was  brouoht  to  the  notice 
of  the  late  Dr  Lintner  in  1895,  through  specimens  received  from  Con- 
cordsville  Pa.  The  first  indication  of  trouble  was  the  apparently  causeless 
dropping  of  leaves,  and  on  examination  a  small  caterpillar  was  found  boring 
within  the  portion  of  the  leaf  stalk  remaining  on  the  twigs. 

Description.  This  yellowish  borer  is  about  -  5  inch  long  with  smooth, 
minute  granulations  on  the  skin,  not  pointed  as  in  the  case  of  another  borer, 
Proteoteras  aesculana  Riley,  which  works  in  a  similar  manner. 
The  adult  is  a  small  moth  with  a  peculiar  hopping  flight.  The  fore  wings 
are  mottled  with  black  and  white  and  the  hind  ones  are  a  nearly  uniformly 
dusky  color,  slightly  spotted  with  black  near  the  tip. 

Life  history.  According  to  Professor  Claypole,  the  larvae  occur  in  the 
early  part  of  May,  and  about  the  loth  desert  the  leaf  stems  by  the  holes 
through  which  they  have  entered  and  migrate  to  the  fading  leaves  on  which 
growth  is  completed.  Transformation  to  the  pupa  occurs  within  a  rolled 
silk-lined  leaf  the  latter  part  of  May,  the  moth  appearing  about  15  days 
later.  This  species  also  works  in  the  leaf  stalks  of  the  buckeye.  The  por- 
tion traversed  by  it  shrivels,  blackens  and  is  soon  broken  off  by  the  weight 
of  the  leaf. 

The  larva  of  another  moth,  Proteoteras  aesculana  Riley, 
also  works  in  the  leaf  stalks  of  both  buckeye  and  maple  and  extends  its  tun- 
nels for  a  distance  of  about  y^  inch  to  2  inches  into  the  slender  terminal 
twigs  of  both  these  trees,  often  causing  a  pseudogall.  The  maple  leaf  stalk 
borer  seldom  or  never  bores  along  the  leaf  stem  more  than  ^  inch,  very 
rarely  enters  the  terminal  twigs  and  lives  in  the  rolled-up  leaf  after  the  first 
two  or  three  days. 

Remedial  measures.      This    insect,   where    abundant,    can    probably  be 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  54 1 

checked  by  collectings  and  burning  the  fallen  leaves.      Possibly  it  w^ould  be 
amenable  to  arsenical  sprays  were  they  applied  early  in  the  season. 

Bibliography 
1.S97     Lintner,  J.  A.     Ins.  N.  Y.     12th  Rep't,  p.  214-17 

Maple  leaf  cutter 

Incurvaria  accrifoliclla   Fitch 

Maple  leaves  with  irregular,  oval  holes  ',  ',„  to  y,o  inches  in  diameter  may  have  been 
injured  by  this  species. 

This  peculiar  leaf  feeder  is  occasionally  rather  abundant  on  maples  in 
the  eastern  part  of  New  York  State.  It  is  particularly  common  in  the 
forests,  and  in  May  1850,  according  to  Dr  Fitch,  its  work  was  so  prevalent 
as  to  attract  popular  notice.  Dr  Fletcher  of  Canada  records  an  instance  of 
severe  injury  in  1885,  stating  that  the  foliage  on  four  acres  was  almost 
entirely  consumed,  the  flat,  disklike  cases  of  the  larvae  carpeting  the  ground 
and  occurring  in  great  numbers  on  the  tree  trunks.  .Some  beeches  were 
also  attacked  after  the  maple  foliage  had  been  devoured. 

Description.  The  moth  has  a  wing  spread  of  about  y^  inch,  with  the 
fore  pair  a  brilliant  steel  blue,  sometimes  bluish  green  with  purplish  reflec- 
tions. The  hind  wings  are  a  pale  smoky  brown,  translucent,  with  pale  blue 
and  purple  reflections  and  a  pale  brown  fringe.  The  top  of  the  head  bears 
a  tuft  of  erect,  bright  orange  hairs,  the  thorax  is  a  brilliant  steel  blue  and 
the  abdomen  a  dark  satiny  brown. 

The  full  grown  larva  is  about  Y^  inch  long,  slender,  flattened,  cylindric, 
with  slight  constrictions  marking  the  segments.  It  is  a  dull  white  with  the 
head  and  three  thoracic  segments  a  pale  rusty  brown  and  an  interrupted 
broad  dorsal  stripe. 

Remedies.  This  species  can  probably  be  controlled  by  timely  spraying 
with  an  arsenical  poison. 


542 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Hylotoma   scapularis    King.  • 

Yellowisli,  black-spotted,  caterpillarlike  larvae  nearly  3-4  inch  long,  feed  on  the 
foliage  of  American  elms  in  August. 

This  species  has  been  studied  by  Mr  J.  G.  Jaclc  of  Jamaica  Plain,  and 
his  description  of  the  larvae  and  account  of  their  habits  follows  : 

The  full  grown  larvae  have  a  pretty  general  resemblance  to  those  of 
H.  pectoral  is  Leach  and  are  about  18  mm  long.  Headlight  orange 
yellow,  body  somewhat  flattish  and  light  yellowish  green  in  color.  There 
are  six  distinct  rows  of  small  closely  adjoining  black  spots  on  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  body  extending  from  the  head  to  the  anal  segment.  On  each 
of  the  fleshy  projections  on  the  sides  of  the  segments,  except  the  last,  there 
is  an  oblono-  dark  spot ;  but  these  spots  above  the  two  posterior  pair  of 
true  leo-s  appear  as  two  large  somewhat  triangular  black  blotches.  Above 
the  anal  segment  there  is  a  large  oval  shaped  black  spot.  The  legs  are 
black  on  the  outer  side,  and  the  prolegs  are  marked  by  a  dark  brown  blotch 
on  the  outer  side.  The  black  legs  and  black  blotch  on  the  anal  segment  are 
the  chief  marks  which  distinguish  this  larva  from  that  ofH.  pectoralis 
in  which  the  legs  and  anal  segment  are  yellowish.  The  cocoons  are  of  a 
dirty  white  or  light  brown  color  and  average  about  12  mm  in  length.  They 
are  composed  of  two  walls,  the  inner  being  closely,  and  the  outer  loosely 
spun. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  along  the  margins  of  the  leaves  of  the  common 
American  elm  (  U  1  m  u  s  a  m  e  r  i  c  a  n  a)  on  which  the  larvae  feed.  Young 
larvae  were  found  early  in  August  and  those  observed  attained  full  growth 
about  the  end  of  the  month.  Two  males  and  many  females  were  raised 
from  these  about -the  first  of  July  following. 

Alder  leaf  beetle 

Clirxsoincla    scalaris    Lee. 

A  brilliant,  bottle-green,  oval  beetle  about  yz  inch  long,  with  silvery  white  wing  cov- 
ers, the  latter  ornamented  with  several  conspicuous  green  spots  and  with  a  median  jagged 
stripe  of  the  same  color  down  the  back,  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  elm,  linden,  willow  and 
alder  throughout  the  season. 

This,  one  of  the  prettiest  of  our  native  beetles,  sometimes  becomes 
excessively  abundant,  and  Dr  Hagen  records  an  instance  in  1884,  when  this 
insect  was  very   abundant   on   elms   in   Cambridge,  and  in    1881    it  was  so 


IXSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  543 

numerous  at  Brunswick  Me.,  as  to  seriously  injure  lindens  on  the  campus  of 
Bowdoin  College,  according  to  Dr  Packard.  Dr  Fitch  states  that  this 
species  feeds  on  elms  throughout  the  season  and  is  also  common  on  willows. 
Description.  This  insect  has  been  described  in  its  various  stages,  by 
Dr  Packard  as  follows  : 

Egg.  Rather  large,  oval  cylindrical,  yellow,  several  together  attached 
by  one  end  ;  about  1.5  mm  in  length. 

Larva.  Body  very  thick,  curved  up  like  that  of  the  grub  of  the  Colo- 
rado potato  beetle,  being  much  swollen  behind  the  thoracic  segments,  w'hile 
the  tip  of  the  abdomen  is  curved  down.  Head  honey-yellow,  darker  over 
the  jaws  ;  antennae  bluish,  except  at  base  ;  eyes  black.  Prothoracic  shield 
blackish  in  the  young  before  the  last  molt ;  in  full  grown  individuals  not  all 
black,  but  pale,  with  four  irregularly  square  black  spots.  Body  behind 
dirty  white  with  a  row  of  dorsal  and  lateral  dusky  spots.  Legs  pale, 
spotted  -with  black  at  the  joints.  A  pair  of  mesothoracic  spiracles,  and 
eight  pairs  of  smaller  abdominal  ones.  Low  down,  on  the  sides  of  the  sec- 
ond and  third  thoracic  segments  a  curvilinear  black  spot.  Length,  8  to 
9  mm. 

Pupa.  Body  pure  white  ;  prothoracic  shield  with  long  scattered  hairs 
around  the  edge  and  in  two  groups  on  the  back  ;  antennae  curving  around 
between  the  eyes  and  jaws,  and  with  the  ends  resting  on  the  tips  of  the 
elytra.     The  insect  undoubtedly  descends  into  the  earth  to  pupate. 

Beetle.  Head,  prothorax,  and  underside  of  body  dark  coppery  green, 
with  scattered  pits.  Antennae,  palpi,  and  legs  pale  pitchy  yellow  ;  elytra 
coppery  green  and  whitish,  the  green  forming  a  broad  median  stripe,  send- 
ing prolongations  outwards  toward  the  middle  of  the  elytra,  the  first  pair 
of  branches  nearly  parallel  to  the  band,  the  second  becoming  more  and  more 
at  right  angles  to  the  band,  the  last  short  and  broad  near  the  tip  of  the 
body.  Eleven  rounded  dark  green  spots  in  the  whitish  field  ;  the  pair  near 
the  shoulders  gourd-shaped  ;  two  of  the  spots  behind  the  middle  of  the 
elytra  touching  each  other.  The  pits  or  punctures  near  the  sutures  of  the 
elytra  arranged  in  three  lines  parallel  to  the  median  line  of  union  of  the 
body  ;  elsewhere  they  are  arranged  irregularly. 

Life  history.  Dr  Packard  states  that  the  beetles  may  be  found  abroad 
from  May  to  June  and  that  a  second  brood  occurs  in  September  and  Octo- 
ber. The  grubs  hatch  from  eggs  deposited  on  the  leaves  in  the  spring, 
attaining  full  growth  toward  the  end  of  June  in  Massachusetts.  The  trans- 
formation of  the  adult  is  believed  by  Dr  Harris  to  occur  in  the  ground. 
Among  natural  enemies,  Dr  Hagen  records    Podisus    spinosus    Dall. 


544 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


as  preying  on  the  larvae  of  this  leaf  feeder.  This  species  has  an  extended  dis- 
tribution, ranging,  according  to  Linell,  from  the  East  to  Nebraska  and  Texas. 
Remedial  measures.  There  is  no  reason  why  this  species,  when  abun- 
dant, can  not  be  controlled  as  in  the  case  of  other  leaf  feeders,  by  thor- 
oughly  spraying  the   infested    foliage  with    an   arsenical   poison,  preferably 

arsenate  of  lead. 

Conotrachelus   anaglypticus    Say 

A  small,    long-snouted  weevil   about  s/g  inch   long,  with    strongly  ridged   elytra  and 

prettily  marked  with  dark   brown,  yellowish  white   and  reddish  brown   (tlie  latter  forms  a 

large  spot  near  the   anterior  lateral    margin  of  the  elytra  and   nearly  covers  the  posterior 

I'ourth)  occurs  on  elm. 

This  species  was  taken  by  Mr  Young,  at   Poughkeepsie,  June  5  and   6, 

on  slippery  elm.  The  occurrence  of  the  weevil  on  two  successive  days  on 
this  tree,  would  indicate  a  certain  attraction  for 
this  food  plant.  The  tree  had  been  stripped  of 
bark  and  the  surface  was  dry  though  the  leaves 
were  green.  Mr  Young  has  also  taken  this  species 
in  the  Adirondacks.  Say  records  taking  many 
specimens  on  a  hickory,  and  states  that  they 
oviposit  in  the  fruit.  This  species  has  been 
recorded  by  Dr  LeConte,  as  abundant  from 
Massachusetts  to  Kansas,  Georgia  and  Texas.  It 
has  been  listed  as  occurring  on  walnut  through- 
out New  Jersey,  and  Ulke  states  that  it  commonly 

occurs  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  under  moist  bark  and  on  various  bushes. 

Dr  Horn  records  it  as  common  in  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  and  Dury  has 

listed  it  from  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati. 

Violet  tip 

Polygonia    interi'ogationis    Fabr. 

A  red-headed,  black-spined  caterpillar  about  i  inch  long,  feeds  on  elm  foliage. 

This  species   is  one   of    our   common   butterflies  and    occasionally   its 

larvae    become  somewhat  abundant   and   destructive   to  elm.      It  is  easily 


r  a  c  h  e  1  li  s     an 
Urged  (original) 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PAKK    AND    WOODLAND    TREE:.  545 

controlled  by  thorough  spraying  with  an  arsenical  poison.  The  larva  is 
more  or  less  variable  in  coloration.  It  has  been  described  as  follows  by 
Professor  Fernald.  The  full  grown  larvae  "  are  about  an  iitch  and  a  half 
long,  pale  yellow,  variegated  with  brown,  with  a  yellowish  line  on  each  side 
of  the  body.  The  head  is  rust-red,  with  two  blackish,  branched  spines  at 
the  top.  The  spines  of  the  body  are  arranged  in  seven  rows,  one  along  the 
middle  of  the  back,  from  the  fourth  to  the  i  ith  segment  inclusive  and  three 
rows  on  each  side." 

This  insect,  as  do  some  of  its  allies,  hibernates  in  the  adult  and  under 
favorable  conditions  produces  two  generations.  The  butterflies  of  the  first 
brood  appear  early  in  May  and  disappear  by  the  middle  of  June.  The 
larvae  attain  their  growth  rapidly  and  appear  as  butterflies  in  fuly,  continu- 
ing on  the  wing  till  nearly  the  middle  of  August,  depositing  eggs  late  in 
July  and  during  August,  which  produce  butterflies  again  toward  the  end  of 
August.  Mr  Scudder  states  that  there  are  at  least  three  broods  in  the 
South,  and  Mr  Edwards  thinks  that  there  may  be  four  or  five  in  Florida. 

Hop  merchant 
Polygon  I  a   comma    Harr. 
A  yellowish,  spiny,  black-marked  caterpiHar  about  an  inch  long,  feeds  on  elm. 
This  species  closely  resembles  the  preceding  and  according  to  Dr  Pack- 
ard, the  larva   differs  in   being  brownish   red  anteriorly  and  white  or  pale 
yellow  behind.      It  has  been  described  by  Professor  Fernald  as  follows  : 

The  mature  larva  is  one  inch  long,  armed  with  seven  rows  of  long, 
tapering  spines  ;  one  along  the  middle  of  the  back,  from  the  third  to  the 
twelfth  segment,  inclusive,  and  three  along  each  side  ;  the  upper  row  on 
each  side  running  from  the  third  to  the  twelfth  segment ;  the  next  row  from 
the  third  to  the  thirteenth,  but  the  spine  on  the  fourth  is  below  the  row  and 
in  line  with  the  spiracle  ;  the  lower  row  extends  from  the  fifth  to  the  twelfth 
segment.  A  little  below  the  summit  of  each  spine,  from  three  to  five 
branches  start  out,  each  branch  and  spine  ending  in  a  bristle.  The  color 
varies  greatly;  some  are  black  with  yellow  bases  to  the  spines  and  a  yellow 
lateral  line  ;  others  are  nearly  white,  with  red  spots  along  the  sides. 

Its  life   history  and  habits  are  very  similar  to  the  two  preceding,  and 


546  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

when  abundant  it  can   be  controlled   in  the  same  manner.      This  species  is 

one  of    the   forms  so   well   known    as    hop   merchants,    the    hop    being  its 

favorite  food  plant. 

Gray  comma 

Polygon ui  progne    Cram. 

A  brown-headed,  yellowish  brown,  spiny  caterpillar  about  one  inch  in  length,  feeds 
on  elm. 

This  species,  according  to  Dr  Fitch,  is  the  more  common  spiny  cater- 
pillar found  on  elm.  He  states  that  it  is  white  mottled  with  gray.  It  has 
been  described  by  Professor  Fernald  as  follows  : 

The  mature  larva  is  about  one  inch  long,  buff-colored,  and  armed  with 
branching  spines  as  in  P.  comma  Harr.  Head  subcordate,  with  a  large, 
compound,  spinous  process  on  each  vertex,  the  main  stem  black,  the  branches 
black  and  yellow,  the  face  and  sides  of  the  head  thickly  covered  with  simple, 
conical,  yellowish  spines  of  various  sizes.  The  surface  of  the  body  varies 
greatly  in  color  and  markings. 

The  life  history  is  very  similar  to  the  preceding  and  it  can  be  controlled 

in  the  same  manner. 

Four-lined  sphinx 

Ceratoniia    aniyntor    Hiibn. 

A  stout,  pale  green  or  reddish  brown  larva  about  3  inches  long,  with  a  conspicuous 
caudal  horn  and  four  large  tubercular  elevations  on  the  thoracic  segments,  occurs  in  early 
September  on  elm,  beech,  linden  and  probably  ash. 

This  striking  and  to  some  disgusting  larva  is  not  uncommon  in  early 
.September,  and  on  account  of  its  peculiar  appearance  attracts  more  or  less 
notice,  though  it  is  rarely  abundant  enough  to  cause  material  injury  to  trees 
on  which  it  feeds.  The  recently  hatched  pale  green  larva  emerges  from  a 
spheric,  greenish  &^^  and  is  then  about  '/s  inch  long.  It  has  a  straight, 
brown-tipped  caudal  horn  about  half  the  length  of  the  body  and  there  are 
four  minute,  tubercular  processes  on  the  posterior  thoracic  segments. 
These  latter  structures  continue  throughout  the  different  stages  and  afford 
a  ready  means  of  identifying  the  larva  which,  when  full  grown,  ranges  from 
2-)i  to  31/j^  inches  in  length.  It  is  then  pale  green  or  reddish  brown  with  the 
head  and  body  strongly  granulated.      There  is  a  dorsal   row  of  fleshy  teeth. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


547 


one  on  each  wrinkle,  tipped  with  whitish  or  pink  and  extending  along  the 
abdo:iinal  segments.  The  two  posterior  thoracic  segments  are  each  orna- 
mented with  a  pair  of  straight  tuberculated  horns,  a  line  of  granulations 
connecting  them.  Seven  oblique  stripes  of  whitish  granulations  occur  on 
each  side,  each  reaching  from  one  segment  across  the  following  and  onto 
the  third,  the  last  stripe  extending  to  the  caudal  horn.  The  parent  insect 
is  a  magnificent  sphinx  moth  with  a  wing  expanse  of  about  5  inches.  The 
fore  wings  are  broad  with  a  large,  distinct,  round  discal  spot,  light  brown 
and  variously  marked  with  dark  brown.  The  abdomen  is  marked  with  a 
narrow,  black,  dorsal  line,  a  crenulate  black,  subdorsal  line  and  a  somewhat 
broken,  black,  lateral  line. 

Spring   canker  worm 

Palcaci'ita    vcrnata    Peck 

Dark  striped  measuring  worms  about  an  inch  long,  defoliate' apple  and  elm  trees  in 
early  spring. 

This  species  is  a  well  known  apple  pest  in  New  England  and  inflicts 
considerable  loss  in  certain  portions  of  New  York  State.  Its  original  food 
plant  is  the  elm,  and  occasionally  it  is  somewhat  injurious  to  this,  though 
most  of  the  injury  in  later  years  has  been  in  apple  orchards.  The  fall 
canker  worm,  Anisopteryx  pom  et  aria  Harr.,  is  a  closely  allied 
form  possessing  similar  habits  except  that  the  adult  is  more  likely  to 
emerge  and  deposit  its  eggs  in  the  fall,  whereas  the  spring  canker  worm 
does  not  usually  appear  till  very  early  spring.  The  eggs  of  both  hatch 
about  the  time  the  leaves  begin  to  appear,  and  where  the  pest  is  at  all 
abundant  defoliation  quickly  follows.  The  caterpillars  complete  their 
growth,  forsake  the  tree  and  transform  to  pupae  in  the  soil.  This  makes 
it  possible  to  take  advantage  of  the  wingless  condition  of  the  female  and 
injury  can  be  prevented  by  employing  a  sticky  band  in  early  spring  or  fall 
as  the  case  may  be,  or  by  thorough  spraying  with  an  arsenical  poison. 


C^g  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Ash  sphinx 
sphinx    kalniiae    Abb.   &  Sm. 
A  stout,  apple-green  caterpillar  about  3  inches  long,  with  seven  oblique  stripes  on 
each  side  and  with  a  light  blue  caudal  horn,  feeds  on  the  leaves  of>ash,  lilac  and  mountain 
laurel. 

The  parent  insect  is  a  very  handsome  hawk  moth  having  a  wing  spread 

of  about  TyYz  inclies.      It  maybe  recognized  by  its  narrow,  yellowish   brown 

fore  wings   margined  on  the  outer  part  and  posteriorly  with  brown.      The 

head  and   thorax   are   chestnut   brown  on  the  top  and  whitish  or  yellowish 

along  the  sides.      A  pair  of  light  brown  stripes  extend  down  the  back  and 

there   is  a  series  of  live  or  si.x  lateral  transverse  stripes  on  the  abdominal 

segments. 

The  full  grown  larva  is  three  inches  long  with  a  rather  small,  flat  head 
of  a  clear  apple-green  color,  yellowish  on  the  sides  and  with  a  lateral  black 
stripe.  The  body  is  apple-green  in  color,  lighter  above  and  darker  on  the 
sides.  There  are  seven  oblique  stripes  on  each  side,  confined  to  one  seg- 
ment each,  which  are  whitish  through  the  middle,  yellowish  on  the  lower 
side  and  dark  blue,  almost  black  on  the  upper  side.  The  caudal  horn  is 
light  blue  thickly  studded  with  shining  black  tubercles,  and  is  quite  curved. 
The  caudal  shield  and  anal  plate  are  yellowish  green  and  dotted  with  small, 
black,  elevated  points.  Spiracles,  pale  orange,  their  upper  portion  extend- 
ing into  the  yellow  of  the  bands.  Legs,  black  and  pearly  at  the  base. 
Prolegs  with  two  black  spots  on  the  outside  separated  by  yellow,  or 
connected  posteriorly  by  a  black  line.      Fcrnald 

Wavy  ash   sphinx 

Ceratoinia  imdulosa   Walk. 

A  variable,  light  green  caterpillar  al)out  iY\  inches  long,  with  reddish  legs  and 
caudal  horn  and  a  series  of  seven  oblique  whitish  stripes  on  each  side  of  the  body,  feeds 
on  the  foliage  of  white  and  black  ash,  lilac  and  privet. 

This  leaf  feeder  is  not  abundant  as  a  rule,  and  the  parent  moth  is  a 
magnificent  insect  having  a  wing  spread  of  nearly  four  inches.  It  is  rather 
prettily  marked  with  various  shades  of  gray  and  dark  brown  or  black,  the 
latter  in  more  or  less  wavy  lines  at  the  base  and  near  the  apex  of  the  fore 
wings.     The  young  pale  greenish  yellow  larvae  emerge  from  pale  green 


INSECTS    AFFF.CTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  549 

eggs  and  are  then  about  1/5  inch  long  with  a  large,  straight  caudal  horn 
pointing  obliquely  up  and  backward.  After  the  first  molt  the  seven  oblique 
whitish  stripes  are  visible,  and  in  the  next  stage  there  is  an  additional 
series  of  reddish  spots  along  the  longitudinal  whitish  stripe. 

Apatelodes  torrefacta  Abb.   &  Sm. 

A  pretty  yellowish  or  whitish,  long-haired  caterpillar  about  two  inches  long,  with 
three  dark  hair  pencils  along  the  median  line,  one  each  on  the  second  and  third  thoracic 
and  eighth  alidominal  segments,  occurs  in  midsummer  on  varioits  food  plants. 

This  caterpillar  is  a  rather  general  feeder,  having  been  recorded  on 
ash,  wild  cherry,  willow,  sassafras,  alder,  blackberry,  bayberry,  azalea, 
viburnum,  hazel,  ironwood  and  gall  berry.  It  is  clothed  with  long, 
yellowish  hairs  which  bend  backward  and  the  body  beneath  is  marked  with 
yellowish  white.  The  long,  yellow  hairs  part  along  the  median  line,  where 
there  are  also  a  few  short  black  hairs,  giving  a  distinct  black  marking. 
The  eggs  are  laid  the  latter  part  of  June,  hatching  early  in  July,  the 
larva  requiring  about  30  days  to  complete  its  growth.  A  parasite, 
E  r  e  m  o  t  y  1  u  s  m  a  c  r  u  r  u  s   Linn.,  has  been  reared  from  this  insect.  • 

Bibliography 
1895     Packard,  A.  S.     First  Memoir  on  the  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  100-3 

Hylotoma  macleayi  Leach 

Black-headed,  yellowish  green,  black-spotted,  fake  caterpillarlike  larvae  nearly 
^  incli  long,  feed  in  August  on  chokecherry   foliage. 

This  larva  has  been  carefully  described'  by  Mr  J.  G.  Jack  of  Jamaica 
Plain,  and  his  account  follows  : 

Full  grown  larva  from  15  to  18  mm  long.  Head  black.  Body 
tlattish;  pale  yellowish  green,  with  four  distinct  lines  of  l)lack  spots  along 
the  back  extending  from  the  head  to  the  anal  segment;  and  with  some 
minute,  less  regularly  arranged  spots  or  dots  along  the  sides  above  the 
fleshy  projections  which  characterize  larvae  of  this  genus.  Each  fleshy 
projection  bears  a  long  narrow  black  spot.  The  anal  segment  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  large  irregular   oval   black   blotch   and   is  brown  above   the 

» 1891      Psyche,  6  :  ii. 


550 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


anus.  The  legs  are  dark  brown  or  black  on  the  outer  base  and  have  a 
heavy  black  blotch  at  the  base.  The  prolegs  are  marked  on  their  outer 
side  by  a  somewhat  triangular,  black  or  very  dark  brown  spot.  The 
cocoon  is  double  walled,  the  outer  wall  being  loosely  woven  and  it  is  dull 
white  or  pale  brown  in  color,  and  is  from  12-14  mm  i"  length. 

The  larvae  were  found  in  considerable  numbers  in  the  month  of  August 

feeding  on  the  foliage  of  common   chokecherry  (P  r  u  n  u  s  v  i  r  g  i  n  i  a  n  a) 

at   Jamaica   Plain   Mass.      From  these   larvae  a  number   of   female   imagos 

were  bred  in  the  latter  part  of  the  following  May. 

Cherry  leaf  beetle 
Galeriicella  cavicollis   Lee. 

A  small  red  leaf  beetle,  about  V5  inch  long,  eats  in  midsummer  irregular  round  holes 
in  the  leaves  of  wild  cherrytrees. 

This  little  species  is  somewhat  abundant  in  the  Adirondacks  on  wild 
cherry,  and  was  repeatedly  observed  by  the  writer  in  August  1900.  It  was 
so  numerous  that  the  foliage  on  many  of  the  trees  was  badly  riddled,  and 
large  numbers  of  the  beetles  could  be  collected  with  little  trouble.  This 
species  has  also  been  observed  by  Dr  Lintner  injuring  cultivated  cherry 
trees  on  several  occasions. 

Bibliography 
1896     Lintner,  J.  A.     Ins.  N.  Y.     nth  Rep't  1895,  P-  i97~98 

Apple  tent  caterpillar 

Jlfa/acosotini  anicricaiia   Fabr. 

Web  tents  in  the  forks  of  wild  clierry  and  apple  trees  in  early  spring,  are  most  char- 
acteristic of  this  very  common  species. 

This  caterpillar  is  well  known  because  of  the  conspicuous  and  charac- 
teristic tents  or  webs  it  spins  in  the  forks  of  wild  cherry  and  apple  trees. 
The  full  grown  caterpillar  is  about  two  inches  long  and  may  be  easily  dis- 
tinguished from  the  closely  allied  forest  tent  caterpillar,  Malacosoma 
disstria  Hiibn.,  by  its  possessing  a  continuous  white  line  down  the 
middle  of  the  back,  whereas  the  forest  species  has  a  row  of  silvery  white, 
diamond-shaped   spots.      This   caterpillar   has    marked    preferences  for  the 


INSECTS   AFFECtlNG    PARK   AND   WOODLAND   TREES  55 1 

plants  named  above,  though  it  has  also  been  recorded  as  feeding  on  sugar 
maple,  shadbush,  mountain  ash,  thorn,  rose,  witch  hazel,  elm,  oak,  birch, 
willows  and  poplars.  It  is  kept  in  check  to  a  considerable  extent  by 
natural  enemies,  prominent  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  small  plant 
bug,  Podisus  placid  us  Uhl.  The  writer  has  taken  five  from  a  single 
nest  and  observed  six  or  seven  on  the  outside  of  another. 

Bibliography 
1898     Felt,  E.  P.     State  Ent.      14th  Rep  t.  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bui.  23,  p.  177-90 

Cherry  scallop  shell  moth 

Hydi'ia  undulata    Linn. 

Brown,  webbed-together  leaves  occur  on  wild  cherry  shoots  in  July  and  August. 

This  species  is  rather  common  and  attracts  notice  because  of  the  curi- 
ous way  in  which  the  cherry  leaves  are  fastened  together,  edge  to  edge, 
with  the  upper  surface  inside.  The  yellow,  black-striped  caterpillars  occur 
within  this  cavity.  It  is  seldom  abundant  enough  to  cause  material  injury 
even  to  its  comparatively  worthless  food  plant.  This  species  has  been 
recorded  on  willow  by  Dr  Packard,  though  the  larvae  presented  some 
differences  from  the  typical  form  on  cherry. 

Description.  The  full  grown  caterpillars  are  about  2,/^  inch  long  and 
have  a  dark  amber  head  and  thoracic  shield.  The  body  is  a  variable  yel- 
low, marked  as  follows :  dorsally  there  are  four  approximately  equal,  some- 
what broken  yellowish  white  lines  inclosing  brownish  yellow  lines,  and 
laterally  there  is  a  broad,  jet-black  stripe  nearly  continuous  across  the  anal 
plate,  venter  yellowish  white.  True  legs  dark  brown,  prolegs  yellowish, 
tipped  with  fuscous. 

Life  history.  The  larvae  attain  full  growth  early  in  August  or  Sep- 
tember, enter  the  soil  and  transform  to  pupae  within  slight  silk-lined 
cocoons  where  the  winter  is  passed.  The  moths  appear  the  following 
spring  and  deposit  their  eggs  in  an  irregular  cluster  on  the  lower  side  near 
the  tip   of  the  branch,   as  recorded  by   Messrs  Comstock  and  Slingerland. 


55^ 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Ugly  nest  cherry  worm 

.-Ircliips    c'cras/z'cvana    Pitch 

Yellow,  black-headed  caterpillars  about  'i  inch  long,  web  together  chokecheiry 
leaves  in  midsummer. 

This  common  species  is  not  of  much  economic  importance  because  its 
attacks  rarely  cause  material  injury,  since  they  are  so  largely  confined  to 
the  comparatively  valueless  chokecherry.  It  occasionally  feeds  on  the 
cultivated  cherry.  Dr  Lugger  states  that  this  species  is  sometimes  so 
abundant  in  Minnesota,  that  the  larvae  enclose  entire  trees  with  their 
webs.  It  is  sometimes  extremely  numerous  in  the  province  of  Quebec, 
though  rarely  causing  material  injury. 

Description.  The  full  grown  larvae  are  lemon  yellow,  clothed  with 
scanty,  fine,  yellowish  hairs,  and  have  the  head,  the  prothoracic  shield,  the 
anal  shield  and  true  legs  black,  the  mouth  parts  being  brown. 

The  moths  vary  greatly  in  size,  having  a  wing  spread  ranging  from  ■*  5 
to  i'/5  inches.  The  wings  are  broad,  the  outer  edge  being  rounded  toward 
the  base  and  straight  from  the  middle  to  the  tip.  They  are  crossed  by 
irregular,  wavy  bands,  alternately  of  bright  ocher  yellow  and  pale  leaden 
blue.  The  yellow  bands  are  varied  with  darker  spots,  the  most  conspicuous 
of  which  is  placed  on  the  outer  margin  of  the  tip,  and  from  this  spot  a 
broader  ocher  yellow  band  extends  toward  the  hind  angle  and  curves 
thence  to  the  inner  angle.  The  hind  wings  and  the  entire  under  surface 
are  pale  ocner  yellow. 

Life  history.  The  dense  web  nests  of  this  species  are  rather  common 
the  latter  part  of  June,  the  larvae  transforming  to  pupae  early  in  July 
The  interior  of  the  nest  at  this  time  contains  large  black  masses  composed 
of  larval  excrement,  among  which  the  larvae  spin  their  cocoons  and  trans- 
form to  pupae.  The  moths  emerge  during  July,  and  prior  to  the  disclosure 
of  the  adults,  the  pupae  wriggle  partly  out  of  the  nest,  so  that  after  the 
escape  of  the  insects,  empty  pupal  cases  may  be  seen  projecting  there- 
from. The  eggs  have  not  been  observed.  Professors  Comstock  and 
Slingerland  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  eggs  are  deposited  in  clusters  on  a 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


553 


twig   near  the  end  of  the   branch  and  remain  unhatched  till  the  following 
spring. 

Natural  enemies.  This  species  is  very  subject  to  the  attack  of  para- 
sites, and  we  have  bred  from  one  nest  a  number  of  specimens  of  M  a  c  r  o- 
centrus  solidaginis  Cress.  This  and  other  species  are  undoubtedly 
of  considerable  value  in  keeping  the  pest  in  control. 

Serica  sericea  111.  was  taken  on  alder  at  Karner  June  8,  1902.  It  is 
common  in  Herkimer  county  on  the  blossoms  of  wild  cherry,  visiting  these 
trees  when  in  bloom. 

Pteronus  thoracicus   Harrington 

A  greenish,  solitary  sawfly  larva  resting  on  its  venter  on  the  under  surface  of  shad- 
bush  leaves  ( A  m  e  1  a  n  c  h  i  e  r  canadensis)   may  belong  to  this  species. 

This  larva  was  met  with  by  Dr  Dyar  at  Plattsburg  N.  Y.  and  its 
various  stages  have  been  characterized  by  him  as  follows  : 

First  stage.  Head  round,  higher  than  wide,  but  not  narrowing  to 
vertex,  shining,  eye  black,  mouth  brown  ;  width  .25  mm. 

Second  stage.  Similar;  eye  surrounded  by  a  black  spot;  head  rather 
higher  ;  width  .33  mm 

Tliird  stage.  Head  almost  whitish,  pale;  width  .5  mm  ;  joint  2  small, 
making  the  head  appear  prominent.  Body  much  as  in  the  following  stages, 
but  paler. 

Fourth  stage.  As  in  the  next  stage  in  all  points,  but  a  little  paler,' 
though  darker  than  iji  the  previous  stage  ;  width  of  head  .7  mm. 

Fifth  stage.  Head  round,  smooth,  shining,  greenish  testaceous, 
prominent  ;  eye  black,  mouth  brown  ;  width  i  mm.  Thorax  a  little 
enlarged,  the  feet  spreading  widely,  not  concealed.  Abdomen  slightly 
tapering  posteriorly,  gradually  becoming  smaller  from  the  thorax  ;  feet 
present  on  joints  6-1 1  and  13  ;  segments  4-annulate,  smooth,  without  tuber- 
cles, not  shining  ;  color  pale  clear  green,  the  alimentary  canal  showing  dark 
green  or  the  surface  covered  with  a  slight  white  bloom.  Thoracic  feet 
watery  greenish  ;  abdominal  ones  short,  concolorous  with  the  pale  subventral 
region  ;  anal  plate  rounded. 

Sixth  stage.      As  before,  width  of  head  1.4  mm. 

Seventh  stage.  Head  held  forward  ;  light  testaceous,  faintly  brownish, 
smooth,  shining,  minutely  reticulated ;  eye  black,  mouth  brown  ;  width 
2  mm  ;  joint  2  depressed  anteriorly.  All  as  in  the  previous  two  stages  ; 
skin  smooth,  but  not  shining  ;  at  the  end  of  this  stage  the  larvae  fade  to  a 
whitish  color  with  a  bright  green  dorsal  band  and  enter  the  earth  without 
moltine. 


554 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Cocoon  double,  the  outer  layer  thin,  brown,  the  inner  dark  brown, 
compact,  but  not  very  hard  ;  size  4x8  mm. 

The  adult  female   is    about    '/j^    inch    in    lengtl\,    reddish    yellow    with 

darker  markings.      The  male  is  slightly  smaller,  black,  marked  with  reddish 

yellow. 

Bibliography 

1895  Dyar,  H.  G.      Ent.  Soc  Trans.  22:  307-8 

1896  Marlatt,  C.  L.     U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.  Tech.  Ser.  3,  p.  64 

Orange  dog 

Papilio  tJioas  Linn. 

A  large,  brownish  caterpillar  with  conspicuous  angular,  cream-colored  markings  on 
its  middle  and  at  its  posterior  extremity,  is  sometimes  rather  abundant  on  prickly  ash. 

This  species  is  southern  and  only  occasionally   is   it   abundant   as   far 

north    as    Albany,    though    it    is    quite   common    near    Poughkeepsie    and 

undoubtedly    more   abundant    farther    south.      Dr    Smith   states   that   only 

single  examples  occur  throughout  New  Jersey. 

Description.      The 

full  grown  caterpillar  is 
about  2^  inches  long, 
dark  brown  in  color 
with  a  conspicuous 
angular,  cream-colored 
blotch  about  the  mid- 
dle and  another  similar 
colored  area  at  the  pos- 
terior extremity.  The 
thoracic  segments  are 
slightly  swollen  and 
marked  with  several  yellowish  ocellate  spots,  so  that  when  the  head  is 
drawn  under  the  anterior  thoracic  segments  there  is  a  strong  resemblance 
to  a  mask  face.  This  caterpillar  when  irritated,  as  in  the  case  of  its  allies, 
is  capable  of  projecting  two  long,  fleshy,  orange-colored  tentacles  from  a 
fold   just  behind   the   head.     These  emit  a  very  disagreeable  odor  and  are 


Fig-   137     Orange  dog  ab. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  55 1: 

probably  of  value  in  protecting  the  insect  from  its  enemies.  The  parent 
insect  is  a  magnificent  brownish,  yellow  and  red-marked  butterfly  with  a 
wing  spread  of  over  4  inches. 

Life  history.  This  insect,  according  to  Dr  Scudder,  ranges  from  the 
northern  part  of  South  America  to  about  the  latitude  of  Albany,  and  in  the 
warmer  portions  of  its  habitat  develops  about  four  generations  and  in  the 
northern  only  two,  the  butterflies  of  the  first  appearing  in  early  June  or 
even  the  last  week  of  May,  and  those  of  the  latter  occurring  at  the  end  of 
July.  The  caterpillar  feeds  on  orange,  prickly  ash,  hoptree  and  a  number 
of  other  plants.  The  life  cycle  may  be  completed  from  within  20  to  60 
days,  dependent  largely  on  conditions.  A  number  of  eggs  are  usually 
deposited  on  a  single  bush  or  tree  and  consequently  the  work  of  the  larvae 
is  easily  detected. 

Natural  enemies.  This  species  is  subject  to  the  attack  of  several  natural 
enemies,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  a  tachina  fly,  a  small  chalcid, 
Chalcis    robusta     Cress,    and    Pteromalus    vanessae    Howard. 

Remedial  measures.      Like    most    leaf-feeding    species,    this    caterpillar 

when  unduly  abundant,  can  easily  be  checked  by  the  timely  application   of 

arsenical  poisons. 

Sour  gum  case  cutter 

Antispila    iiyssacfoliclla    Clem. 

A  smalt  leaf  miner  works  in  sour  gum  leaves  the  latter  part  of  August  and  in  early 
September,  cutting  oval  cases  therefrom  the  latter  ])art  of  that  month. 

This  species  is  occasionally  very  abundant  on  Long  Island,  and  in 
September  1893,  it  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  late  Dr  Lintner  by 
Dr  Dyar,  who  had  observed  the  work  of  this  species. 

Description.  The  larva  has  a  dark  brown  head  and  thoracic  shield,  the 
body  is  a  very  pale  green  with  dark  atoms  along  the  dorsum.  Ventral 
surface  with  a  line  of  two  black  spots.  The  adult  has  dark  brown  fore 
wings  with  greenish  reflections  and  a  bright  coppery  hue  at  the  base.  The 
hind  wings  are  a  purple  brown,  the  fringe  yellowish  gray. 

Life  history.  The  larvae  may  be  found  early  in  July,  inaking  first  a 
linear  mine   and   later  excavating  a  blotch.      The  cocoon  is  spun  within  the 


556  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

mine,  well  lined  with  silk  and  the  upper  and  lower  walls  composed  of  the 
leaf  epidermis,  is  cut  away  so  that  the  case  with  its  occupant,  drops  to  the 
ground.      It  is  then  secured  to  surrounding  objects  by  small  strands  of  silk. 

Bibliography 

1895     Lintner,  J.  A.     Ins.  N.  Y.     nth  Rep't,  p.  157-59 

Red-footed  flea  beetle 

Crepidodcra    rujipcs    Linn. 

A  red-headed,  blue  flea  beetle  about  /s  inch  long,  is  sometimes  very  abundant  on 
locust  and  apple  foliage. 

Specimens  of  this  little  flea  beetle  were  taken  from  badly  damaged 
honey  locust  foliage  at  Poughkeepsie,  May  21,  1903. 

Description.  y%  inch  long,  with  head,  antennae,  legs  and  prothorax  a 
brick-red  color,  while  the  wing  covers  are  bluish  and  plainly  marked  with 
rows  of  punctures.  The  ventral  surface  of  the  meta-  and  mesothorax  and 
abdomen  black. 

Life  history  and  habits.  This  little  insect  is  liable  to  appear  in  large 
numbers  in  early  spring,  at  which  time  its  depredations  on  locust,  apple 
and  other  fruit  trees  may  be  somewhat  serious.  Dr  Smith  states  that  in 
New  Jersey  it  also  attacks  grape. 

Distribution.  This  is  an  European  form,  according  to  Dr  Horn,  now 
widely  scattered  over  the  Atlantic  region  and  as  far  west  as  Iowa.  It  is 
probably  generally  distributed  over  this  area,  since  it  has  been  recorded 
in  a  number  of  local  lists. 

Locust  leaf  folder 

Epargyreiis    tityriis    Fabr. 

Large,  pale  green  caterpillars  about  2  inches  long,  with  a  red  neck  and  large  red  head 
and  a  yellow  spot  on  each  side  abo\'e  the  mouth,  draw  the  leaves  of  locust  together  and 
feed  by  night. 

The  caterpillar  of  this  rather  handsome  butterfl)'  is  a  somewhat  gen- 
eral feeder,  eating  freely  the  leaves  of  many  of  the  Leguminosae  and 
occasionally  being  so  abundant  in  New  Englanci  as  to  strip  the  foliage  from 
the  common  locust  and  specially  the  viscid  locust,    R  o  b  i  n  i  a  e    v  i  s  c  o  s  a, 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  557 

which  latter  Is  used  as  an  ornamental  tree.  Ordinarily  it  does  not  cause  a 
great  deal  of  injury.  The  parent  butterfly  is  a  beautiful  orange-red,  dark 
brown-marked  butterfly  with  a  wing  spread  of  about  two  inches.  The  fore 
wings  have  a  number  of  irregular  black  spots,  the  outer  margin  being  a 
dull  brown,  while  the  greater  portion  of  the  short-tailed  hind  wings  are 
dark  brown,  the  prolongations  and  posterior  margin  being  blue.  Dr  Scud- 
der  states  that  this  Insect  produces  two  generations  in  the  South  and  but  one 
In  the  North,  hibernating  In  the  chrysalis.  The  eggs  are  laid  during  June 
or  early  July,  the  caterpillars  hatching  in  the  latter  month,  and  when  quite 
small  conceal  themselves  in  the  leaf  fold,  which  is  bent  over  their  bodies 
and  secured  by  silken  threads.  As  they  increase  In  size  two  or  more  leaves 
are  fastened  together  so  as  to  form  a  leaf  case,  which  shelters  them  from 
the  weather  and  screens  them  from  the  prying  eyes  of  birds. 

Promethea   moth 

Callosaviia  pronictlica    Drury 
A  large,  delicate  bluish   white  caterpillar  with  four   large  yellow  or   red  tubercles  on. 
the  posterior  thoracic  segments  and  a  large  one  on  the  dorsum  of  the  eightli  abdominal 
segment,  feeds  on  the  foliage  of  lilac  and  a  number  of  trees  and  plants. 

This  is  another  common  species  remarkable  in  Its  larval  stage  for  the 
delicate  color,  which  so  closely  resembles  that  of  the  underside  of  a  lilac 
leaf,  that  the  caterpillars  are  difficult  to  detect.  The  full  grown  larva  is  a 
stout,  bluish  white  caterpillar  about  2^^  inches  long  and  ornamented  as 
described  above.  The  parent  insect  is  one  of  our  larger  moths  and  can  be 
easily  recognized  by  reference  to  plate  43,  fig.  4.  This  species  feeds  on  a 
number  of  trees  and  shrubs,  being  commonly  found  on  lilac,  and  occurring 
on  sassafras,  wild  cherry,  oak,  maple,  birch,  beech,  apple,  peach,  plum,  tulip, 
poplar  and  occasionally  on  pine. 

Pristiphora  sycophanta  Walsh 

A  whitish,  green  tinted  sawfly  larva  on  willow,  white  and  yellow  birch  belongs  to 
this  species. 

This'  sawfly  was  found  by  Dr  Dyar  on  the  leaves  of  white  birch  at 
Keene  Valley  N.  Y.  and  also  on  willow  and  yellow  birch  at  Jefferson  N.  H. 


558 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


The   later  stages  of  this  sawfly  have   been   characterized  by    Dr   Dyar  as 
follows  : 

Larva.  Head  whitish,  scarcely  shining,  eye  black,  mouth  brown  ;  a 
green  tint  by  transparency  ;  width  1.5  mm.  Body  smooth,  not  shining, 
faintly  4-annulated,  translucent,  leaf-green,  the  pulsating  edges  of  the  dorsal 
vessel  forming  a  geminate  white  dorsal  line,  filled  in  with  the  darker  green 
blood,  the  anal  end  usually  touched  with  crimson  ;  segmental  incisures  a 
little  folded,  forming  transverse  whitish  bands  when  the  segments  are 
retracted;  tracheal  line  evident;  thoracic  feet  clear,  moderately  spreading, 
abdominal  ones  small,  present  on  joints  6-1 1  and  13. 

Last  stage.  As  before,  but  the  head  is  shining,  with  brown  dots  ;  body 
also  more  shiny  ;  width  of  head  the  same  as  before  ;  the  larvae  form  brown 
cocoons  in  the  earth. 

The  female  is  '  j  inch  in  length,  black  marked  with  yellowish. 

Bibliography 

1895  Dyar,  H.  G.      Am.  Ent.  .Soc  Trans.    22  :3oi 

1896  Marlatt,  C.  L.     U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.  Tech.  Ser.  3,  p.  115-16 


Poplar  leaf  beetle 
Phytodccta  pallida    Linn. 
A  pale  brown,  black-spotted   beetle  about  J4  inch  long,  is  occasionally  destructive  to 
willow  and  poplar. 

This  species,  according  to  Mr  Chittenden,  ranges 
across  the  continent  from  the  White  mountains  of 
New  Hampshire  through  the  Lake  Superior  region, 
Wyoming  and  Utah  to  California  and  British  Colum- 
bia. It  has  been  observed  in  injurious  numbers  in 
Michigan,  occurring  in  early  June  in  such  abundance 
as  to  skeletonize  the  leaves  and  inflict  serious  injuries 
to  the  trees.      Its   coloration   is   more  or   less  variable, 

Fig.    138         Poplar    leaf    lieetlc, 

Phytodecta      p a  1 1  i d .i,    ^,-,j  like  othcr  leaf  feeding  Insects,  It  may  be  controllecl 

five  times  natural  size.     (After  ^  '  "' 

Chittenden,  U.S.  Dep't  Agric.    ^^^\y\^  arscnlcal  poisons. 

Bur.  For.   Bui.  46.     1904)  ^ 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  559 

Viceroy 
Basilarchia    aycliippiis    Cram. 

A  somewhat  tuberculate,  angular,  reddish  brown,  yellowisli  marked  caterpillar  i-i/i; 
inch  long,  feeds  singly  on  willow  and  poplar. 

The  parent  insect  is  a  very  striking  and  common  butterfly  in  the  Adi- 
rondacks,  having  a  wing  spread  of  about  three  inches.  It  may  be  instantly 
recognized  by  the  broad,  oblique,  white  band  extending  across  the  middle 
of  both  the  fore  and  hind  wings.  The  caterpillar  is  rather  curious  in 
appearance  and  has  a  red  or  purplish  brown  head  ornamented  with  many 
reddish  brown  tubercles.  The  thoracic  segments  are  somewhat  enlarged, 
dull  dirty  brownish  yellow  or  clay  brown  and  with  darker  markings.  The 
middle  segment  bears  a  pair  of  long,  spiny  tubercles.  The  rest  of  the 
body  is  a  dark  brown,  olive  or  dark  reddish,  tinged  in  places  with  brownish 
yellow,  occasionally  running  into  black,  and  on  the  middle  of  the  back  is 
a  large  saddle-shaped  spot  of  a  dirty  dull  cream  color,  usually  slightly 
tinged  with  green.  While  this  species  is  abundant  in  the  Adirondacks,  the 
caterpillars  are  rarely  numerous  enough  to  cause  material  injury.  It  feeds 
by  preference  on  poplars  and  willows  and  it  has  also  been  taken  on  other 
trees  such  as  apple,  plum,  cherry  and  it  is  said  to  occur  on  oak. 

Harpyia   cinerea   Walk. 

A  peculiar,  light  green,  brown-marked  caterpillar  with  a  pair  of  long,  slender, 
annulated  caudal  appendages,  occurs  on  willows  and  poplars. 

This  insect  is  interesting  largely  because  of  the  very  peculiar  cater- 
pillar which,  when  at  rest,  appears  somewhat  like  a  linear  brown  scar  on  a 
leaf.  This  peculiar  form  and  coloration  is  undoubtedly  a  protective  device. 
This  species  is  so  rare  that  it  can  not  be  considered  dangerous.  A  male  is 
represented  on  plate  44,  figure  7.  A  larva,  probably  of  this  species,  is 
illustrated  on  plate  16,  figure  10. 


c6o  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Smeared  dagger  moth 

Apatcla  oblinita  Abb.   &   Sm. 

A  black-headed,  velvety  black  caterpillar  usually  with  a  conspicuous,  somewhat 
broken,  subdorsal,  yellow  stripe  and  another  one  along  the  stigmatal  line,  occurs  in  Sep- 
tember and  October  on  poplar,  willow,  alder,  buttonbush  and  a  variety  of  deciduous  trees. 

This  caterpillar  is  very  common,  though  rarely  abundant  enough  to 
cause  material  injury,  partly  because  of  its  very  general  food  habits. 

The  full  grown  larva  has  a  black  head,  the  body  is  velvety  black  mot- 
tled with  yellow  dots  which,  along  the  subdorsal  line  coalesce  inore  or  less 
to  form  a  somewhat  broken,  subdorsal  stripe.  There  is  a  broad,  yellow, 
stigmatal  band  deeply  incised  at  the  white  spiracles.  The  tubercles  are 
black  and  bear  short  bristly  hairs.  There  is  more  or  less  variation  in 
color  ;  the  tubercles  may  be  deep  red,  or  situated  in  a  series  of  broad,  trans- 
verse, red  bands  reaching  across  to  the  spiracles  on  each  segment.  The  yel- 
low markings  may  be  much  more  apparent,  forming  a  broad  and  nearly  con- 
tinuous substigmatal  band. 

Poplar  tent  maker 
MelalopJia    iiicliisa    Hiibn. 

A  black,  yellow-striped  larva,  about  i^^  inches  long,  with  a  pair  of  large,  black 
tubercles  close  together  on  the  top  of  the  first  and  eighth  alidominal  segments,  feeds  in 
the  folded,  webbed-together  leaves  of  poplar  and  willows 

The  larva  of  this  species  is  easily  recognized  on  account  of  its  remain- 
ing in  an  enclosure  formed  of  several  leaves  fastened  together  at  the  ends 
of  the  twigs.  It  is  gregarious  in  habit  and  ordinarily  is  not  sufficiently 
abundant  to  cause  material  injury. 

Description.  The  full  grown  larva  is  about  i  ^  inches  long  with  a 
nearly  cylindric  body,  bearing  on  the  first  and  eighth  abdominal  segments 
a  pair  of  large  contiguous  black  tubercles.  The  general  color  of  the  body 
is  black,  irregularly  mottled  with  grayish  white.  There  are  four  subdorsal, 
lemon  yellow  equidistant  stripes,  a  substigmatal  line  of  the  same  color  and 
beneath,  a  broad,  lemon  yellow  or  orange  band  mottled  irregularly  with 
black  and  dark  brown  [pi.  i6,  fig.  i].  The  second  and  third  thoracic  seg- 
ments and  abdominal  segments  one  to  eight  inclusive,  bear  anteriorly  a 
rather  inconspicuous  subdorsal,  black  setaceous   tubercle  between   the   sub- 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND    WOODLAND   TREES  561 

dorsal  stripes  and  larger  supralateral  ones  on  the  middle  of  each  segment. 
There  is  a  more  or  less  indistinct  lateral,  dark  brown  or  black  line  bordered 
above  and  below  by  grayish  or  yeilowish.  The  stripes  above  and  below 
this  indistinct  line  are  lighter  and  irregularly  mottled  with  grayish  or 
yellowish.     The  true  legs  are  jet  black,  prolegs  dusky  orange  or  yellowish. 

The  moth  has  a  wing  spread  of  a  little  over  an  inch,  the  fore  and  hind 
wings  being  pale  gray,  the  latter  sparsely  marked  with  dark  brown  scales 
[pi.  16,  fig.  2]. 

Life  history.  The  eggs  of  this  species,  according  to  Riley,  occur  in 
April,  May,  July  and  August,  the  larvae  from  May  to  July  and  August  to 
September,  adults  March,  April,  May  and  July  and  August.  There  are 
evidently  tw^o  generations  annually. 

Pteronus  mendicus  Walsh 
A  yellowish,  leaf-feeding  species.     This  sawfly  larva  was  taken  on  wil- 
low in  Central  park  and  also  at   Plattsburg  by  Dr  Dyar,  who  describes  its 
method  of  oviposition  and  early  stages  as  follows  : 

Egg.  Laid  anywhere  on  the  leaf  in  semicircular  saw  cuts  just  under 
the  upper  epidermis  ;  cuts  1.5  mm  in  diameter. 

First  stage.  Head  blackish  testaceous,  shining,  eye  and  mouth  black; 
higher  than  the  body;  wndth  .3  mm.  Body  indistinctly  4-annulate,  not  very 
shining,  greenish.  Thoracic  feet  and  anal  prongs  blackish  ;  abdominal  feet 
on  joints  6-1 1  and  13. 

Second  stage.  Head  dull  testaceous,  a  blackish  longitudinal  line  at  the 
vertex,  one  upward  from  each  ocellus ;  eye  black,  mouth  brown  ;  width 
.55  mm.  Body  dull  greenish,  thoracic  feet  concolorous ;  a  faint  blackish 
tinge  above  spiracles  and  a  little  on  subventral  ridge  on  joints  2-4,  pale 
along  dorsal  line  ;  posterior  portion  of  the  body  curved  under  so  as  to  touch 
the  venter ;  anal  prongs  blackish. 

Third  stage.  Head  rounded,  flattened  before,  pale  green,  faintly 
brownish  tinged;  a  black  longitudinal  line  over  the  vertex,  reaching  top  of 
clypeus  ;  a  lateral  transverse  line  over  ocellus,  not  quite  reaching  vertex; 
mouth  brown  ;  width  .9  mm.  Body  soft,  leaf-green,  a  faint  blackish  dorsal 
and  substigmatal  shade  line  ;  venter  a  shade  paler.  Feet  small,  green  ;  anal 
prongs  blackish.  Body  scarcely  annulate,  not  shining  ;  tracheae  showing  as 
a  white  line. 

Fourth  stage.  Head  clear  green,  marked  as  before,  the  marks  clouded, 
not  so  black  as  ocelli;  an  additional  patch  at  ape.x  of  clypeus  ;  width  1.15 
mm.      Body  uniform  leaf-green,   not  shining,  except  in  the  creases  of  the 


562 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


annulets ;  feet  clear,  no  marks  ;  color  paler,  clearer  greenish  yellow  than 
before,  tracheae  very  distinct,  white  ;  annulets  very  obscure  ;  anal  prongs 
with  a  very  faint  blackish  shade,  a  few  setae  on  anal  plate. 

Cocoon.  At  first  pale  yellow,  later  brown,  opaque.  The  adult  female 
is  about  y^  of  an  inch  long,  light  yellow,  marked  with  darker  and  with 
brownish  antennae.  The  male  is  a  little  smaller,  black,  and  marked  with 
yellowish  red. 

Bibliography 

1895  Dyar,  H.  G.     Am.  Ent.  Soc  Trans.  22  :  302-3 

1896  Marlatt,  C.  L.     U.  .S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.  Tech.  Ser.  no.  3,  p.  69-70 

Pteronus  odoratus  Dyar 
This  species  lives  on  willow  and  has  been  taken  at  Ithaca  N.  Y.     The 
eggs  and  larval  stages  are  characterized  by  Dr  Dyar  as  follows : 

Eggs.  Laid  in  masses  on  the  underside  of  a  leaf,  on  the  surface  with- 
out any  saw  cuts.     The  dried,  empty  skins  measure  .8X.4  mm. 

Fii'st  larval  stage.  Head  .3  mm  wide,  rounded,  shining  black  as  in 
the  next  stage. 

Second  stage.  Larvae  eating  holes  in  the  leaf,  near  the  egg.s.  Head 
rounded,  full  at  vertex,  black  ;  width  .5  mm.  Body  held  S-shaped  ;  thoracic 
feet  blackish.  Segments  annulate  shining  greenish  yellow,  pale  ;  the  two 
rows  of  subventral  tubercles  visible,  smoky;  none  seen  dorsally.  Anal 
plate  small,  black. 

TJiird  stage.  Head  as  before;  width  .7  mm;  anal  plate  and  spines 
black.  Lateral  and  subventral  tubercles  blackish ;  subdorsal  black  spots 
faintly  indicated.  Body  light  green  ;  joints  2,  12  and  13  posteriorly  yellow- 
ish. On  approaching  a  group  of  these  larvae  on  a  tree,  their  peculiar  odor 
is  very  obvious. 

Foiu-th  stage.  As  in  the  next  stage,  except  that  the  black  markings 
are  smaller.      Width  of  head  i  mm. 

Fifth  stage..  Head  well  rounded  ;  clypeus  large,  quadrate,  smooth, 
shining  black,  the  sutures  and  antennae  honey-yellow;  width  1.4  mm. 
Body  normal  for  Nematus,  terminal  segments  somewhat  swollen.  Thoracic 
feet  large,  abdominal  ones  present  on  joints  6-1  i  and  13  (20  feet),  the  last 
pair  small.  Five  medioventral  eversible  pale  yellow  scent  glands  behind 
the  feet  on  joints  6-10.  These  function  in  the  normal  position  of  defense 
of  the  larvae  when  the  abdomen  is  held  up  in  an  S-shape.  A  black  anal 
plate  with  a  pair  of  terminal  spines.  Segments  4-5  annulate,  smooth, 
slightly  shining,  the  tubercles  obsolete  dorsally,  but  represented  laterally 
and  subventrally  by  large,  smooth,  rounded,  shining  black  prominences, 
largest  subventrally.     A  dorsal  and  subdorsal  row  of  round  black  spots  with 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  563 

irregular  edges,  four  on  each  segment  in  a  straight,  even  line,  not  shining 
like  the  subventral  tubercles.  Body  light  green;  joints  2,  12  and  13 
posteriorly  orange.  Venter  orange  tinted.  Thoracic  feet  black,  except  at 
the  joints ;  abdominal  ones  green. 

Larvae  entered  the  earth  without  molting  and  formed  thin,  elliptic 
black  cocoons  of  uniform  close  texture.      Size  6  to  7  x  2.5  to  4  mm. 

The  adult  female  of  this  species  is  nearly  j^  inch  long  ;  black,  marked 
with  dusky  and  ferruginous.  The  male  is  slightly  smaller,  black  and 
marked  with  light  yellowish,  which  is  also  the  color  of  the  venter. 

Bibliography 
1894     Dyar,  H.  G.     Can.  Ent.     26:187 
1896     Marlatt,  C.  L.     U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.  Tech.  Ser.  3,  p.  65 

Willow  flea  beetle 

Disonycha  caroliuiana   Fabr. 

A  striped,  rather  stout,  black  and  yellow  beetle  about  }{  inch  long,  occurs  in  June 
on  willow. 

This  insect  was  taken  by  us  in  small  numbers  on  willow  and  as  a  gen- 
eral thing  it  can  hardly  be  considered  injurious.  Dr  Walsh  records  rearing 
it  from  a  cecidomyid  gall,  Rhabdophaga  brassicoides,  of  the  same 
season's  growth,  and  states  that  he  captured  another  at  large  on  that  gall 
about  the  same  date.  He  also  records,  on  the  authority  of  Dr  LeConte, 
that  Say  found  this  species  in  considerable  numbers  on  the  common  elder 
(Sambucus)  and  some  other  plants,  but  he  states  that  he  failed  to  obtain 
any  specimens  on  elder  at  Rock  Island,  though  it  is  a  coinmon  plant  in  that 
section.  Dr  J.  B.  Smith  records  this  species  from  a  number  of  New  Jersey 
localities.  Mr  F.  H.  Chittenden  obtained  eggs  of  this  species  and  suc- 
ceeded in  bringing  the  insect  to  maturity  on  purslane,  though  the  larvae 
rejected  chenopodium  and  amarantus.  The  eggs  were  obtained  July  30, 
and  the  largest  larvae  had  attained  full  growth  by  Aug.  9,  and  entered  the 
earth  the  following  day.  The  remainder  buried  themselves  in  the  sand 
Aug.  II,  and  all  but  one  had  transformed  to  pupae  on  the  17th.  He  found 
the  pupal  stage  to  be  of  about  nine  days  duration.  He  has  described  the 
larva  and  pupa  as  follows  : 


564 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


The  larva  when  full  grown  is  subcylindrical  in  form,  abdominal  seg- 
ments 2  to  7  subequal  in  width,  the  others  gradually  narrowing  toward  the 
extremities.  Ground  color  either  olive  or  green,  variegated  with  red, 
forming  with  a  dark  green  mediodorsal  and  two  submedial  stripes,  seven 
longitudinal  stripes  of  alternate  green  and  red.  Sometimes  red  and 
sometimes  green  is  the  prevailing  tint.  Surface  finely  granulate,  feebly 
shining.  Aside  from  color  the  general  characters  are  much  the  same  as 
in  D.  xa  n  t  h  o  m  e  1  ae  n  a  Dalm.  .  .  Each  segment  is  produced  into  a 
transverse  row  of  10  papillae,  each  surmounted  by  a  small  black  piliferous 
wart,  and  terminating  in  a  fine  bristle.  The  first  thoracic  segment  has  an 
additional  row  of  papillae,  and  each  spiracle  is  surrounded  by  a  ring  of  black. 
Head  small,  nearly  circular,  color  shining  black  or  very  dark  brown,  triangu- 
lar space  in  middle  and  clypeus  brown.  The  posterior  end  of  the  body  termi- 
nates in  a  proleg  which  is  concoloroys  with  the  surrounding  portions  of  the 
terminal  segment.  This  is  surrounded  with  two  rows  of  black  bristles,  one 
above  and  the  other  below.  Legs  considerably  darker  than  the  neighboring 
portions ;  sutures  and  some  other  portions  marked  with  black,  last  joint 
nearly  black.      Length    10  mm,  width  3  mm. 

From  the  variability  in  color  of  the  larva  we  would  expect  a  similar 

variation  in  the  pupa.     As  with  the  larva  there  are  two  prevalent  ground 

tints;  in  one,  rose  is  the  prevailing  color;  in  the  other,  somewhat  greenish 

orange.      Probably   these   colors   represent   the  similar  colors  in   the  larva, 

rose  corresponding  to  red  and  orange  to  olive  and  green.     Aside  from  color 

the  pupa  of  this  species  closely  resembles  that  of    D.  x  a  n  t  h  o  m  e  1  a  e  n  a. 

The  pink  or  rose-colored  form  of  the  pupa  has  pearly  antennae,  elytra,  and 

legs,  while   the   orange   type   has  orange-yellow   as   the   color  of  the   same 

parts.      Length,  6-6.5  "'"'">  width,  3-3.2  mm. 

Bibliography 
1898     Chittenden,  F.  H.     U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  18  n.  s.  p.  83-84 

Spotted  willow  leaf  beetle 

Mclasonia    lappoiiica    Linn. 

A  reddish,  black-spotted  beetle  about  ]/i,  inch  long,  feeds  during  the  summer  on 
willow  leaves. 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  the  striped  cottonwood  beetle,  M  e  1  a- 
soma    scripta    Fabr.,    noticed   on   page   317,   and   it    is   stated   that  the 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND    WOODLAND   TREES 


565 


larvae  of  these  two  species  cannot  be  separated,  though  the  young  of  this 

form   appear  to   excrete   the   milky   fluid   more  freely  than    its   ally.     The 

parent    insect    may  be   recognized   by   its   red   color 

above  and  conspicuous  black  markings,  and  were   it 

not  for  its  rather  elongated,  pear-shaped  form,  it 
might  be  mistaken  for  a  lady- 
beetle.  This  insect  feeds  on 
willows  and  poplars  and  appar- 
ently has  very  similar  habits  to 
those  of  M.  scripta  Fabr. 
Mr  Chittenden  states  that  in 
some  seasons  it  is  just  as  abun- 

1  1  ...  Fig.  139  M  e  1  a  s  o  r 

dant  as  the  more  mjurious  cot-     common   new 
tonwood  leaf  beetle.     Mr  F.  \V.      '-^cd  (original) 
Hubbard  recorded  it  as  being  destructive  to  willows  at 
Lyons  N.  Y.  in  1902.      It  has  been  reported  as  gener- 
ally distributed   in    New  Jersey  by   Dr   Smith,   who   also  gives  alder  as   a 
food  plant. 

Remedial  measures.      This  species,  like  its  ally,  is  a  leaf  feeder  and  can 
be  controlled  by  a  thorough  application  of  a  poisoned  spray. 


Chittende 
Agric.  Bi 
1904) 


(After 
Dep-t 

Bui.    46. 


Melasoma  tremulae  Fabr. 

This  species  is  very  closely  allied  to   M.    scripta    Fabr. 
It   may  be   recognized   by   its  brownish,  finely  punc- 
tured elytra,    and  greenish  head  and  thora.x.      This  form 
is  exceedinglyab  undant  and  injurious  in   the   northwest- 
/W   •'       IK        ^'^'^  states  writes  Dr  Lugger,  who  adds  that  it  sometimes 
"^^  ^^fa^  V.     strips   the  leaves  from  willows  of  Minnesota  windbreaks. 
He  ranks  it  as  next  to  M.   scripta  Fabr.  in  economic 
uiae  enlarged  (original)    importauce.      This  species  was  taken  by  Mr  D.  B.  Young 
at  Newport   N.  Y.   in    1898,   where   it  was  stripping  the  leaves  from   small 
poplars  and  willows. 


566 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Chrysomela  bigsbyana  Kirby 

A  yellowish,  black-marked,   hemispheric  beetle   about   j{   inch  long  feeds  the  latter 
part  of  the  summer  on  willows  and  hard  pine. 

1  his  leaf  feeding  beetle  was  taken  on  hard  pine  at  Karner,  September 
1901,  nine    specimens   being   collected  on    the  6th,   and  two   on    the    17th. 

This  species  is  recorded  by  Walsh  as  feed- 
ing in  the  larval  stage  on  willow.  He  states  that 
the  young  resemble  the  grub  of  potato  beetle.      It 

1  .'i     IT-  l:5ody    wmte,    tmged    witn    yellow;    spiracles 

'"    '    ■    -  '•  black  with  a  white  dot  in  the  center  of  each  ;  on 

each  side  of  the  segments  2  and  3  is  a  curved 
black  dash,  the  curve  downwards  ;  cervical  shield 
concolorous,  marked  with  a  blackish  rpot  in  the 
middle  of  each  outer  edge  ;  head  yellowish  brown, 
ocelli  black,  in  two  clusters;  length  10  mm. 

Dr  J.  B.  Smith  states  that  this  species  occurs 
with  C.  m  u  1 1  i  p  u  n  c  t  a  t  a  Say,  on  maple,  willow,  and  alder,  but  that  it 
is  more  rare.  This  form  is  regarded  by  some  as  a  variety  of  C.  m  u  1- 
t  i  p  u  n  c  t  a  t  a  and  is  often  confounded  with  it,  so  that  many  references  to 
Say's  species,  in  reality  apply  to  this  form. 

Dull  red  willow  leaf  beetle 

Ga/er7iceiia  decora  Say 
This  is  one  of  our  most  abundant  leaf  beetles  and 
has  been  considered  hy  Riley  to_^be  the  most  numer- 
ous and  dangerous  among  our  willow  insects.  It 
closely  resembles  the  related,  exceedingly  destruc- 
tive elm  leaf  beetle,  Galerucella  luteola  Mull. 
Its  eggs,  according  to  Mr  Chittenden,  are  a  little 
larger,  more  brightly  colored  and  less  acuminate,  and 
the  young  larvae  are  darker  in  color  though  very  simi- 
lar. He  has  observed  this  species  on  swamp  willows 
in  central  New  York  in  great  numbers,  both  larvae  and  adults. 


Dull  red  willow  Icif 
Galerucella      d  e- 


(After  Chittenden,  U.  S.  Dep't 
Agric.  Bur.  For.   Bui.  46.    1904) 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND   WOODLAND   TREES  56/ 

Anaspis  flavipennis  Hald.  occurs  abundantly  on  willow  catkins  and 
also  on  shadbush  when  in  bloom. 

Orchestes  ephippiatus  Say  and  O.  niger  Horn,  occur  on  swamp  wil- 
lows in  Herkimer  county  in  May  and  June. 

Rhynchites  cyanellus  Lee.  was  taken  on  willow  at  North  Chatham, 
June  6,  1902. 

Elleschus   ephippiatus   Say 

A  small,  brownish,  long-snouted  beetle  thickly  clothed  with  golden  and  brownish 
pubescence,  occurs  in  considerable  numbers  on  willow  in  early  spring. 

This  species  was  met  with  by  us  May  i6,  1903,  at  Nassau,  where  it  was 
abundant  pairing  and  feeding  at  the  base  of  the  ovaries  of  willow  blossoms. 
This  insect  appears  to  be  limited  to  this  food  plant,  since  it  has  been  taken 
on  or  bred  from  this  plant  by  a  number  of  entomologists.  Dr  Walsh 
reared  this  insect  from  a  cecidomyid  gall,  R.  brassicoides,  on  Salix 
1  o  n  g  i  f  o  1  i  a,  and  Dr  Hamilton  records  it  as  common  on  willow  sprouts 
in  southwestern   Pennsylvania. 

Description.  The  beetle  may  be  recognized  from  the  following  descrip- 
tion by  Dr  LeConte. 

A  small  yellowish  brown  insect,  densely  clothed  with  yellow  pubes- 
cence, with  a  large  dark  spot  near  the  base  and  another  transverse  one 
behind  the  middle,  connected  by  a  sutural  stripe  ;  sometimes  there  is  an 
appearance  of  a  third  spot  near  the  tip  of  the  elytra. 

Dr  LeConte  states  that  this  species  might  easily  be  confused  with 
some  of  the  varieties  of  P  h  y  1 1  o  t  r  o  x  n  u  b  i  f  e  r  Lee,  and  adds  that  the 
elytra  are  less  broadly  rounded  at  the  tip  and  the  claws  are  not  simple  but 
broadly  appendiculate.  He  states  that  it  varies  greatly  in  size,  ranging  from 
.07  to  .  1 1  inch  in  length. 

Distribution.  This  species  has  an  extended  distribution.  It  has  been 
recorded  by  Dr  Dietz  from  the  Atlantic  States,  Michigan,  Georgia,  Kansas, 
New  Mexico  and  California. 


568  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Poplar  sawfly 
TricJiiocampus   viininalis    Fallen 

Orange-yellow,  black-spotted  larvae,  about  V^o  inch  long,  feed  side  by  side  on  the 
foliage  of  poplars  in  the  early  part  of  June. 

This  species  was  brought  to  notice  by  Dr  J.  A.  Lintner,  under  the 
name  of  Aulacomerus  lutescens  as  he  was  unable  to  refer  it  to 
any  described  species. 

Life  history.  He  states  that  he  found  a  number  of  the  larvae  In  the 
early  part  of  June  feeding  in  parallel  rows  side  by  side,  on  two  leaves  which 
had  been  eaten  from  the  tips,  downward.  The  scars  made  by  oviposition 
were  observed  on  the  leaf  stalks  and  on  the  leaves,  30  in  the  case  of  one, 
and  28  in  the  case  of  the  other.  He  adds  that  both  lots  were  probably 
deposited  by  one  female.  The  larvae  feed  heartily,  and  when  all  but  the 
basal  parts  had  been  eaten  on  one  leaf  it  was  abandoned  for  another.  In 
some  cases  some  of  the  larger  veins  were  left  uneaten.  The  larvae  fed  in 
company  till  mature,  though  as  they  approach  this  period,  they  separate 
into  smaller  groups  and  would  at  once  do  so  if  disturbed  by  the  removal  of 
some  from  the  leaf.  They  commenced  to  spin  irregular  cocoons  between 
the  leaves  on  which  they  had  been  feeding  June  25,  and  by  the  27th  all 
had  spun  up.  The  perfect  insects  appeared  July  13  to  18.  A  second  brood 
of  this  species  was  observed  in  August.  A  large  number  of  leaf  petioles 
bore  the  marks  of  oviposition,  the  eggs  being  placed  in  two  parallel  rows 
on  opposite  sides,  usually  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf  stalk,  the  rows 
apparently  being  made  one  after  another,  as  they  were  seldom  of  equal 
length,  and  each  for  the  most  part,  having  the  punctures  in  a  perfectly 
straight  line.  The  foliage  of  the  infested  trees  was  so  badly  eaten  that  it 
was  necessary  to  pick  off  such  infested  leaves  as  could  be  conveniently 
reached,  in  order  to  destroy  the  larvae  and  prevent  further  depredations. 
The  work  of  this  insect  was  also  observed  by  Dr  Lintner  on  other  trees 
that  same  year.  The  young  of  this  second  generation  were  not  carried  to 
maturity,  and  consequently  nothing  further  could  be  learned  regarding  its 
life  history  in  America.     This  species   is  stated  by  an  European  authority 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  569 

to  feed  in  August  and  September  on  the  underside  of  willow  and  poplar 
leaves,  the  adults  appearing  in  June. 

Description.  The  larvae  of  this  insect  have  been  described  by  Dr 
Lintner  as  follows  : 

When  near  maturity,  they  were  zAo  of  an  inch  long,  of  an  orange-yellow 
color,  with  two  rows  upon  the  back  (subdorsal)  of  12  large  irregularly 
rounded  black  spots,  measuring  in  diameter  about  y^  the  length  of  the  seg- 
ment. There  is  also  a  row  on  the  side  (stigmatal)  of  12  smaller  black  spots, 
of  which  the  2  anterior  ones  are  the  largest,  and  semicircular  in  form. 
Numerous  short  white  hairs  are  given  out  from  two  transverse  rows  of 
tubercles  on  each  segment,  the  longest  of  which  about  equals  one  half  the 
diameter  of  the  body.  The  head  is  black  superiorly  and  laterally,  with  a 
central  black  spot  in  front  surrounded  with  brown.  The  tarsal  hooks  are 
brown. 

Adult.  Head,  shining  black,  short,  broad,  not  so  wide  as  the  thorax  ; 
antennae  brown,  the  seven  long  joints  are  slender,  tapering  regularly  to  the 
last.  Thorax  black  above,  yellow  laterally  and  beneath,  except  posteriorly 
where  it  is  black.  Abdomen  yellow,  distinctly  incised,  short,  flat,  subovoid  ; 
leo-s  yellow.  Wings  yellowish  towards  the  base  and  particularly  on  the 
costa  ;  the  stigma  large,  conspicuous,  with  a  black  spot  on  its  base. 

Bibliography 

1888  Lintner,  J.  A.     Ins.  N.  Y.     4th  Rep't,  p.  44-46 

1889     Ins.  N.  Y.     7th  Rep't,  p.  223-24 

Pteronus   hudsonii    Dyar 
Black-headed,  bluish  or  leaf-green  sawfly  larvae  with  series  of  orange-yellow,  large 
blotches  on  segments  3-12  and  numerous  black  spots,  sit  on  the  edge  of  poplar  leaves. 
The  larva  has  been  described  by  Dr  Dyar  as  follows  : 
Larva.      Sitting   on  the   edge   of  a  leaf   and  thrashing  the   abdomen 
about  when  disturbed.      Head  normal,   round,   black,   sutures  paler;  width 
2.2  mm.      Thoracic  feet  moderate,  pale,  abdominal  ones  on  joints  6-1 1,  13, 
well  developed ;  short  black  anal    spines.      Body    smooth,    shining,   faintly 
3-annulate,  dorsal  vessel  yellowish  ;  color  bluish  or  leaf-green,  with  a  series 
of  orange-yellow,  large  lateral  blotches  on  joints  3-12  and  numerous  black 
spots  as  follows  :  two  transverse  rows  per  segment  above  the  spiracles,  the 
anterior  of  three  on  each  side,  the  posterior  of  four,  its  lower  (lateral)  one 
largest  ;  two  black  patches  on  the  halves  of  the  subventral  ridge,  the  lower 
posterior  one  somewhat  broken ;  on  joint  13  a  large  lateral  black  patch  and 
dorsal  suranal  blackish  cloud. 


570 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


The  adult  insect  is  a  little  over  l^  inch  in  length,  black  with  a  rusty 
yellow  abdomen. 

Bibliography 

1895  Dyar,  H.  G.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  306 

1896  Marlatt,  C.  L.     U.  S.  Uep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.  Tech.  Ser.  3,  p.  59 

Pteronus   vertebratus  Say 

A  greenish,  solitary  edge-feeding  sawfly  on  poplar  belongs  to  this  species. 

This  sawfly  larva  was  taken  by  Dr  Dyar  on  poplar  at  Plattsburg  N.  Y. 
and  its  egg  and  early  stages  have  been  described  by  him  as  follows  : 

££'£:  Laid  in  semicircular  incisions  under  the  upper  epidermis,  1.5 
mm  long. 

Second  stage.  Head  testaceous,  a  brownish  shade  up  from  the  black 
eye;  width  .65  mm.  Body  pale  yellowish,  the  food  showing  green  by 
transparency,  slightly  shining,  subannulate. 

Third  stage.  Head  as  in  the  ne.xt  stage,  but  pale  testaceous  ;  jaws 
black,  width  i  mm.      Body  the  same,  slightly  shining,  subannulate. 

Fourth  stage.  Head  greenish,  with  a  slight  honey  tinge,  large,  higher 
than  the  dorsum  ;  a  faint  blackish  shade  runs  up  not  far  from  the  black 
ocellus  which  is  surrounded  by  a  black  spot ;  mouth  brown,  a  dark  mark 
for  antennae;  width  1.4  mm.  Body  subtranslucent,  poplar  leaf-green,  not 
shining,  the  segments  folded ;  no  annulets  or  the  merest  trace.  Feet  on 
joints  6-1 1,  13;  anal  prongs  short,  brownish;  blackish  marks  at  the  base 
of  the  clear  thoracic  feet;  tracheal  line  evident,  no  tubercles. 

Fifth  stage.      The  same  with  the  same  width  of  head. 

The  adult  female  is  about  ]/^  inch  in  length,  light  yellow  marked  with 
black  or  darker  brown.  The  male  is  a  little  smaller,  black,  marked  with 
yellow,  and  with  the  entire  venter  of  the  same  color. 

Bibliography 

1895  Dyar,  H.  G.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  303 

1896  Marlatt,  C.  L.     U    S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.  Tech.  Ser.  3,  p.  68-69 

Hylotoma  pectoralis  Leach 
Yellowish,  black-spotted,  sawfly  larvae  about   ?4  inch  in   length,  with  reddish  yellow 
heads,  feed  during  August  and  early  September  on  liirches. 

This  insect  is  rarely  brought  to  the  attention  of  economic  entomolo- 
gists,  though    several   reports    of    its    occurring    in    immense    numbers    on 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  571 

birches  in  Quebec  have  been  placed  on  record.  The  larva  may  be  recog- 
nized by  its  jet-black  eyes  and  yellowish  red  head,  and  specially  by  the  six 
rows  of  conspicuous  black,  nearly  confluent  spots  down  the  back,  in  connec- 
tion with  a  lateral  row  of  elongated  ones  and  the  two  rows  of  black  spots  on 
the  underside  of  the  body  at  the  base  of  the  legs.  The  dorsal  rows  of  spots 
are  nearly  confluent,  about  three  to  each  segment,  except  on  the  last,  which 
is  naked  and  sparsely  clothed  with  rather  coarse  hairs.  This  species  feeds 
on  white  birch  in  the  neighborhood  of  Quebec  during  August  and  Septem- 
ber. Dr  Fletcher  has  recorded  this  insect  as  very  abundant  in  several 
Quebec  localities  in  1887,  they  being  present  in  myriads  in  the  eastern 
portion  of  the  province.  These  false  caterpillars  spin  cocoons  on  attaining 
full  growth,  the  adults  appearing  the  following  July  or  early  in  August  and 
deposit  eggs  for  a  subsequent  generation.  The  perfect  insect  has  black 
antennae  and  head,  with  spots  on  the  breast  and  ovipositor  blue  black,  the 
remainder  of  the  body,  excepting  the  legs  which  are  steel  blue,  being  yel- 
lowish red.  This  species  has  a  general  distribution  in  the  northeastern 
United  States  and  Canada,  and  is  probably  rather  abundant  some  seasons 
in  the  Adirondacks.  There  is  no  practical  method  of  preventing  its 
depredations,  particularly  as  birch  has  ver}'  little  commercial  value. 

Nematus   unicolor  Marlatt 

A  brown-headed,  greenish  sawfly  larva  resting  alone  on  its  venter  on  the  underside 
of  birch  leaves  belongs  to  this  species. 

This  sawfly  was  met  with  by  Dr  Dyar  on  white  birch  at   Keene  Valley 

N.  Y.      Its  larva  has  been  characterized  by  him  as  follows  : 

Larva.  Head  slightly  granular,  shagreened,  a  little  pilose,  pale  brown- 
ish, pale  around  mouth,  not  shining  ;  eye  on  a  black  spot ;  two  blackish 
shades  on  the  back  of  head  behind  the  vertex  ;  width  1.8  mm.  Thorax 
a  little  enlarged,  its  feet  spreading;  venter  flattened  ;  feet  on  joints  6-1 1 
and  13;  subventral  region  slightly  fluted  with  a  few  pale  setae;  segments 
not  very  completely  5-  to  6-annulate,  segmental  incisures  folded  ;  not 
shining,  translucent  greenish,  food  giving  a  dusky  tint  ;  subdorsally  below 
the  skin  a  series  of  emerald-green  or  pale  green  granules  and  streaks,  form- 
ing a  nearly  continuous  band,  or  even  an  evident  white  subdorsal  band  ; 
tracheal  line  evident ;  spiracles  pale.     When  mature  the  larvae  became  pale 


572  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

yellowish  with  a  bright   emerald  green  tint  on  the  thorax  and  entered  the 
ground. 

The  adult  female  is   nearly  i^  inch  in   length,  uniformly  reddish  yellow 

marked  with  brown. 

Bibliography 

1895  Dyar,  H.  G.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  308 

1896  Marlatt,  C.  L.     U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.  Tech.  Ser.  3,  p.  88 

Pteronus  latifasciatus  Cress. 

Brown-headed,  purplish,  solitary  or  partly  gregarious  sawfly  larvae  occur  on  white 
birch. 

The  larva  of  this  insect  was  met  with  by  Dr  Dyar  at   Keene  Valley 

and  his  description  is  as  follows  : 

Head  vinous  brown,  dotted  with  brown  over  the  vertex,  eye  black  ; 
width  1.6  mm.  Body  purplish  vinous  tinted,  a  metallic  red-green  shade 
over  the  dorsum,  partly  produced  by  the  food  showing  by  transparency ; 
segments  indistinctly  6-annulate,  shining,  a  lateral  black  shade  band,  scarcely 
noticeable  against  the  metallic  shade,  supplemented  by  black  patches  on  the 
folds  around  the  spiracles,  subventrally  and  on  the  bases  of  the  legs,  the 
latter  distinct  against  the  pale  purplish  subventral  color.  Feet  all  pale, 
yellowish  tinged  ;  abdominal  on  joints  6-1 1,13,  small ;  anal  plate  and  short 
prongs  black  ;  setae  minute,  seen  with  a  lens. 

The  adult  insect  is  a  dusky  black,  white-marked,  sawfly  about  J3  inch  in 

length. 

Bibliography 

1895  Dyar,  H.  G.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  1304 

1896  Marlatt,  C.  L.     U.  -S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.  Tech.  Ser.  3,  p.  50 

Amauronematus  luteotergum   Nort. 

A  black-headed,  greenish  sawfly  larva  feeding  gregariously  on  the  edges  of  alder 
leaves  belongs  to  this  species. 

This  larva  was  met  with  by  Dr  Dyar  on  alder  at  Keene  Valley  N.  Y. 
and  he  has  described  two  stages  as  follows  : 

Larva.  Head  shining  black,  sutures  of  mouth  pale  ;  width  .85  mm. 
Feet  on  joints  6-1 1  and  13;  anal  prongs  black.  Body  shining  green,  yel- 
lowish subventrally  and  on  the  legs ;  segments  obscurely  annulate,  all 
minutely  pilose,  but  no  distinct  tubercles  ;  a  blackish  subdorsal   shade-band 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  573 

and  also  blackish  on  the  two  parts  of  the  subventral  ridge.  Thoracic  feet 
and  anal  plate  shaded  with  dusky  black  ;  a  medioventral  series  of  black 
patches. 

Last  stage.  Head  shining  dark  vinous,  eye  black;  minutely  pilose; 
width  I.I  mm.  Body  shining,  sordid  greenish,  rather  dark,  shaded  more  or 
less  with  vinous,  especially  subventrally  ;  segments  obscurely  annulate, 
minutely  pilose  ;  dorsal  vessel  a  dark  band  ;  the  subventral  ridges  show  as 
blackish  elevations.  Thoracic  feet  partly,  anal  plate  and  prongs  largely 
black. 

The  female  is  about  'j^  inch  in  length,  very  robust,  black,  marked  with 

yellowish  rust-red. 

Bibliography 

1895  Dyar,  H.  G.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  •.lo^, 

1896  Marlatt,  C.  L.     U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.  Tech.  Ser.  3,  82 

Alder  flea  beetle 

Haltica  bimarginata    Say 

Deep  Prussian  blue,  rounded  flea  beetles  about  '/j  inch  long  or  dark  brown,  black- 
headed,  black-tubercled  larvae  occur  in  large  numbers  on  alder. 

This  species  is  sometimes  exceedingly  abundant  in  the  Adirondacks, 
and  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  alder  is  comparatively  valueless,  its  depre- 
dations would  result  in  considerable  loss,  as  it  is  more  or  less  abundant 
from  year  to  year.  The  ravages  by  this  beetle  have  been  recorded  by  Dr 
Harris  and  Dr  Packard  in  Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  and  Dr  Lugger 
states  that  this  species  is  sometimes  exceedingly  numerous  and  destructive 
to  willows  growing  on  the  shores  of  Minnesota  lakes. 

Description.      The  pupa  and  larva  have  been  described  by  Dr  Packard 

as  follows  : 

Larva.  The  body  is  somewhat  flattened  ;  head  scarcely  two  thirds 
as  wide  as  the  body  in  the  middle,  black,  becoming  brown  in  front  near  the 
jaws.  Body  livid  brown  above  ;  the  tubercles  black  ;  paler  beneath,  with 
three  pairs  of  black  jointed  thoracic  legs  ;  no  abdominal  legs,  but  an  anal 
prop  leg.  The  abdominal  segments  each  with  a  transverse,  oval-rounded, 
ventral,  rough  space  forming  a  series  of  creeping  tubercles ;  and  in  front  of 
each  segment  is  a  transverse,  oval,  crescentic,  chitinous  area  bearing  two 
piliferous  tubercles  ;  the  back  of  each  segment  divided  into  two  ridges, 
each  bearing  a  row  of  six  sharp   tubercles,  bearing  short  hairs ;  a  single 


574  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

ventral  row  on  each  side  of  the  ventral  plate.  Length  7-10  mm  (.28  to 
.4  inch). 

Pupa.  Body  rather  thick  white.  Antennae  passing  around  the  bent 
knees  (femero-tibial  joints)  of  the  first  and  second  pairs  of  legs,  the  ends 
scarcely  going  beyond  the  middle  of  the  body.  Elytra  with  five  or  six 
rather  deep,  longitudinal  creases.  The  salient  points  of  the  body  armed 
with  piliferous  warts.  Abdominal  tip  square  at  the  end,  with  a  stout,  black 
spine  projecting  from  each  side.      Length  6  mm  (.24  inch). 

The  parent  insect  has  a  uniform,  deep  prussian  blue  color  with  greenish 
reflections  on  the  head  and  an  elevated  line  near  the  outer  border  of  each  wing 
cover.      It  is  a  rather  stout,  rounded  flea  beetle  about  1/5  of  an  inch  long. 

Life  history.  The  larvae  are  abundant  skeletonizing  alder  foliage  in 
July  and  even  as  late  as  August  and  into  September,  though  beetles  begin 
to  predominate  in  the  latter  months.  Dr  Lintner  states  that  the  pupae  are 
normally  found  under  moss  coating  adjacent  rocks ;  hundreds  were  brought 
to  light  lying  loosely  in  the  mold  and  without  the  slightest  indication  of 
cocoon  or  cell.  They  were  about  an  inch  below  the  surface  and  distinctly 
yellow  in  color,  though  Dr  Packard  has  characterized  them  as  white. 

Distribution.  This  species  has  an  extended  distribution  according  to 
Dr  Horn,  who  states  that  it  occurs  in  the  entire  northern  portion  of  the 
continent,  as  far  south  as  Pennsylvania,  thence  westwardly,  extending  over 
the  western  plains  to  Texas  and  Arizona,  and  on  the  Pacific  slope  from 
Alaska  to  Mexico. 

Attelabus  rhois  Bohe. 

Peculiar,  thimblelike  rolls  of  leaves  on  alder,  hazel,  and  sumac,  may  be  the  work  of 
this  species. 

This  dull  reddish  beetle  has  the  body  clothed  with  a  short  yellowish 
down,  and  is  about  V5  i'lch  long.  The  figg  is  nearly  spheric  and  about  1/25 
inch  in  diameter. 

Life  history  and  habits.  The  singular,  thimblelike  rolls  of  this  weevil 
may  be  found  in  June  and  July  on  alder  and  also  on  hazel  and  sumac. 
When  about  to  lay  her  eggs,  the  female  begins  to  eat  a  slit  near  the  base 
of  the  leaf,  on  each  side  of  the  midrib  and  at  right  angles  to  it,  so  that  the 
leaf  may  be  folded  together.  Before  rolling,  she  gnaws  the  stem  nearly  off, 
so  that  the  rolled  portion  of  the  leaf  will  dry  in  perhaps  a  day  and  drop 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND    WOODLAND   TREES 


575 


with  the  wind.  The  ends  are  neatly  tucked  into  the  somewhat  tight  roll  till 
a  compact,  cylindric,  nearly  solid  mass  of  vegetation  is  formed.  Before  the 
entire  leaf  is  rolled,  she  deposits  a  single  egg,  rarely  two,  in  the  middle 
next  to  the  midrib,  where  it  lies  loosely  in  a  little  cavity.  The  egg 
hatches  in  about  a  week. 

Eight-spotted  forester 

Alypia   octomaciilata    Fabr. 

Reddish,  black-ringed  caterpillars  about  i^  inches  long,  feed  from  June  into  August 
on  Virginia  creeper  and  grapevine. 

This  rather  common  insect  is  occasionally  quite  injurious  to  Ampelopsis 
or  Virginia  creeper,  and  it  is  also  a  grapevine  pest.  The  caterpillar  is 
easily  recognized  by  the  above  characters  and  can  be  readily  controlled  by 
spraying  with  an  arsenical  poison  wherever  this  measure  is  practical.  The 
parent  insect  is  a  beautiful  black  moth  with  eight  lemon  yellow  spots  on  its 
wings,  which  latter  have  a  spread  of   13^  inches. 

Rose  beetle 
Macrodactyhis   subspiiiosiis  Fabr. 

This  familiar  species  is  a  well  known  pest  of  roses  and  needs  no  descrip- 
tion. It  is  particularly  abundant  on  sandy  soils,  where  it  sometimes  occurs 
in  immense  numbers.  Grapevines  and  rosebushes  in  particular  suffer  from 
its  depredations,  though  it  is  almost  equally  injurious  to  apple,  pear,  cherry, 
peach,  plum  and  most  other  fruit  trees  as  well  as  some  forest  trees.  A  few 
specimens  were  taken  on  hard  pine  at  Karner  in  June  1901,  and  it  was 
abundant  the  following  year  on  scrub  oak. 

There  is  probably  no  better  way  of  protecting  valuable  plants  from 
the  ravages  of  this  voracious  insect  than  by  covering  them  with  mosquito 
netting. 

Calligraphus  lunata  Fabr.  was  found  eating  wild  rose  blossoms  at 
North  Chatham  June  6,  1902. 


576 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Rosebud  worm 

Oletln'C7itcs  nimbatana   Clem. 

Greenish,  black-headed  caterpillars  about  Y^.  inch  long,  boring  in  the  buds  or  webbing 
together  leaves  of  roses,  may  belong  to  this  species. 

This  insect  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  late  Dr  Lintner  in 
March  1883,  on  account  of  its  injuries  to  rose  plants  in  greenhouses  at  Scars- 
dale,  Westchester  co.  It  is 
well  distributed  over  the  State 
and  probably  more  or  less 
common,  since  it  is  known 
as  an  annual  rose  feeder  in 
Albany. 

Description.  The  full 
grown  caterpillar  is  about  5/8 
inch  long,  a  clear  apple-green 
color,  with  the  head  and  tho- 
racic shield  dark  blackish 
brown  and  the  true  legs  a  dull 
black. 

The  parent  insect  is  a 
^^l^  brownish  gray  moth  with  the 
outer  portion  of  the  fore  wings 
and  the  under  surface  of  the 
hind  wings  lighter.  The  inner  part  of  the  fore  wings  is  dark  brown  mot- 
tled with  white,  black  and  light  purple  spots  ;  wing  spread  about  i/%  inch. 
Life  history  The  life  history  of  this  species  has  been  given  by  Dr 
Lintner  substantially  as  follows.  The  parent  insects  appear  about  the 
middle  of  April  and  deposit  their  eggs  at  night,  presumably  on  the  terminal 
leaves  of  rosebushes.  The  caterpillars  soon  hatch  and  at  once  commence 
to  draw  together  margins  and  surfaces  of  the  folded  leaf,  and  as  they 
increase  in  size  the  single  leaf  is  deserted  and  several  fastened  together  or, 
as  observed  by  Mr  Chittenden,  they  may  enter  the  unopened  buds.     The 


Fig.  144  Olethreutes  nimbatana:  a_moth  ;  ^=larva 
pupal  case  ;  (/—terminal  segment  of  pupa;  c  — rosebud  show: 
work  ; /-leaves  folded  by  larva  ;  all  twice  natural  size  except  rf,  which  i 
greatly  enlarged.  (After  Chittenden,  U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.  1901 
Bul.27,  n.  s.) 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  577 

caterpillars  feed  within  these  shelters,  (^row  rapidly  and  matwrtr  by  the  last 
week  in  May,  transforming  to  pupae  among  the  folded  or  fastened  leaves  of 
the  bush.  The  moths  of  the  second  brood  were  observed  by  Dr  Lintner  as 
early  as  [une  2.  Eggs  are  cpiickly  laid  antl  cater|jillars  of  the  second  brood 
are  soon  at  work.  The  pupal  stage  is  limited  to  about  five  days.  There 
are  two  and  possibly  three  broods  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany,  and  Mr  Chit- 
tenden states  that  in  the  District  of  Columbia  there  ma)'  be  three  or  even 
foLU'  generations  annuall)'. 

Natural  enemies.  A  single  parasite,  Eulophus  c  )■  r  i  a  d  e  s  AV'alk 
was  bred  from  this  bud  worm  by  Mr  Chittenden. 

Remedial  measures.  About  the  most  practical  way  of  controlling  this 
species  is  to  destroy  the  caterpillars  in  their  web  retreats  or  on  open  buds, 
by  pinching  off  and  burning  or  crushing  the  affected  parts. 

Bibliography 
1S99     Lintner,  J.  A.     Ins.  N.  Y.     5th  Rep't,  ji.  21.5-15 

Rose    leaf  tier 

Olftlircutts    ivanatia    Murtf. 
This  rose  leaf  insect  occurs  as  far  north  as  Michigan,  south  to  Missouri 
and   District  of  Columbia.      It  has  been   recorded   from    Pennsylvania  and 
probably   occurs   in    New    York    State.       This    species   has    been    carefully 
studieil  b)'  its  describer,  Miss  Murtfeldt. 

Description.  Larva.  Length  .5  inch,  diameter  .  i,  cylindrical,  tapering 
slightK'  in  both  directions  from  middle,  but  most  posteriorly  ;  color  dark 
green,  surface  glossy  with  two  shallow  wrinkles  to  each  segment,  spots 
minute,  blisterlike,  each  giving  rise  to  a  fine  short  hair.  A  dark  vesicular 
line  extends  along  the  dorsum,  and  on  each  side  below  the  small  dark  stig- 
mata is  a  pale  translucent  ridge  or  fold,  bearing  an  irregular  row  of  light 
hairs  more  conspicuous  here  than  elsewhere.  Head  polished,  honey-yellow 
inclining  to  olive,  with  a  few  scattered  hairs,  palpi  white,  tipped  with  crim- 
son. Cervical  shield  polished,  nearly  same  color  as  the  head,  covering  top 
of  segment  i.  Terminal  point  of  thoracic  legs  black.  Prolegs  concolorous 
with  general  surface. 

Pupa.  Enclosed  in  a  pouchlike  case  formed  from  a  portion  of  a  leaf 
foldeil  o\er  and  lined  with   silk,  elongate  oval   in   form,  \^r\  j^ointed   poste- 


c^S  ^EW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

riorly  and  of  a  bright  brown  color.  Each  of  the  abdominal  segments  is 
provided  with  two  transverse  rows  of  teeth,  the  posterior  ridge  composed 
of  minute,  close-set,  rasplike  points,  while  those  composing  the  anterior 
ridge  are  longer  and  more  scattered. 

In  disclosing  the  moth  the  chrysalis  protrudes  itself  from  its  case  for 
nearly  its  entire  length,  holding  itself  in  position  by  the  anal  hooks. 

Imago.  Alar  expanse  from  .5  to  .55.  Length  .22.  Head  and  palpi 
densely  tufted,  brown  with  a  slight  purplish  reflection,  eyes  grayish  blue, 
antennae  short.  Thorax  with  a  brown  dorsal  tuft  and  dark  blue  patagia. 
Abdomen  fuscous  shading  to  brown  above  with  a  silky  lustre  ;  front  and 
middle  legs  fuscous  inclining  to  cinerous,  hind  legs  silvery  cinerous,  tarsi 
annulated  with  pale  bufT.  Front  wings  dark  chocolate-brown  and  metallic 
blue  ;  the  latter  color  predominates  in  the  basal  third,  but  is  interrupted 
about  midway  by  an  irregular  fascia  and  some  scattered  flecks  of  brown  ; 
middle  portion  of  the  wing  mainly  brown,  but  penetrated  from  both 
apical  and  basal  sides  with  streaks  and  points  of  blue ;  on  the  outer 
third  the  blue  and  brown  colors  are  thoroughly  intermixed  in  a  somewhat 
intricate  pattern,  the  apex  being  brown  variegated  with  four  or  five  irregular, 
blue  spots,  while  the  inner  angle  is  occupied  by  a  large  oblong  blue  spot 
divided  by  an  oblique,  narrow,  brown  stripe.  The  costa  presents  in  a  strong 
light  a  succession  of  broad  and  narrow  blue  streaks  on  a  purplish  brown 
ground  and  on  the  outer  edge  is  a  narrow  border  of  the  latter  color,  while 
the  fringe  is  of  a  more  or  less  intense  blue.  Hind  wings  fuscous,  shading  to 
cinerous  at  base,  with  a  silky  lustre,  fringe  cinerous.  Under  surface  of  both 
front  and  hind  wings  fuscous,  the  former  a  shade  darker  than  the  latter  and 
displaying  a  faint  irridescence.  No  sexual  differences  except  the  smaller 
size,  the  relatively  narrower  abdomen,  and  conspicuous  anal  tuft  of  the  male. 
Murtfeldt 

Life  history.  A  considerable  proportion  of  rose  leaves  will  be  found  in 
early  spring,  with  their  tips  blackened  and  tightly  webbed  together  with 
glistening  white  silk.  An  examination  may  reveal  a  minute  larva  eating 
into  the  heart  of  the  growing  point,  not  only  blackening  and  distorting  the 
young  leaves,  but  in  many  instances  destroying  the  incipient  flower  bud. 
This  species  is  occasionally  so  abundant  in  Missouri  that  fully  20'j'o  of  the 
buds,  particularly  white  or  light  colored  varieties,  are  destroyed.  There  are 
at  least  three  successive  broods  in  a  season,  the  later  ones  attacking  plants 
in  full  leaf.  The  full  grown  larva  deserts  the  mass  of  webbed  leaves  and 
constructs  for  its  protection  a  neat  case  by  slitting  the  blade  of  a  leaf  on 


INSECTS    AFFECTINU    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  579 

both  sides   ;i   littU-    litlow   the   tip   and    folding   and   fastening   the  partially 

severed  portions  b)-  the  edges  to  the  upper  surface.      This  is  lined  inside 

with  white  silk  and  in  this  retreat  the  insect  transforms  to  a  pupa,  the  moth 

issuing  about  lo  days  later. 

Bibliography 

1880     Murtfeldt,  M.  E.     Am.  Ent.  3  :  14-15 

Cenopis  pettitana  Rob. 

A  yellowish  green,  brown  headed,  sparsely  haired  caterpillar  a  little  over  J^  inch 
long  occurs  on  oak  and  rose. 

This  is  another  rose  leaf  roller,  which  may  occasionally  be  injurious 
and  is  likely  at  any  time  to  invade  greenhouses  and  possibly  destroy  buds. 
The  adult  flies,  according  to  Dr  Lintner,  in  early  July.  The  moth  has 
been  described  by  Dr  Robinson  as  follows  : 

Palpi  pale  yelloiw  above,  ochreous  or  brownish  ochreous  beneath. 
Head  and  thora.x  above  pale  lemon-yellow,  sometimes  of  a  deeper  shade. 

Anterior  wings  very  pale  yellow  or  lemon-yellow,  shining.  Costa  in 
the  male  with  two  aggregations  of  brownish  ochreous  scales  at  basal  and 
apical  third. 

Posterior  wings  and  fringes  pure  shining  white. 

Under  surface  of  both  pairs,  and  abdomen,  above  and  beneath,  pure 
white. 

He  states  that  the  wing  spread  of  the  male  is  about  7/g  inch,  and  that 
of  the  female  ranges  from  the  same  to  about  iVg  inches.  He  gives  its 
habitat  as  western  Canada,  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  as  stated  above,  it  has  been 
recorded  from  New  York.  Dr  Dyar  lists  it  from  the  Atlantic  States.  Dr 
Robinson  states  that  this  is  a  quite  variable  species,  and  an  e.xamination  of 
specimens  from  Illinois  resulted  in  the  following  description  made  on  the 
spot  :  "  Head,  thorax  and  palpi  above,  clear  lemon-yellow,  the  latter  brown- 
ish ochreous  laterally  and  beneath.  Upper  surface  of  primaries  in  both 
sexes  lemon-yellow ;  the  costa  covered  with  brownish  ochreous  scales  to 
one  third  from  base.  Hind  wings  above  and  under  surface  of  both  pairs 
brilliant  white."  The  female  is  slightly  larger  than  the  form  described 
above. 


^SO  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Cenopis  reticulatana  Clem. 
This  rose  leaf  roller  is  abroad  in  New  York  State  in  July  and  may  be 
considered  a  form  capable  of  doing  more  or  less  damage  from  year  to  year, 
and  should  it  invade  greenhouses  is  likely  to  be  rather  injurious.  It  has 
been  recorded  by  Dr  Smith  from  New  Jersey  localities,  where  it  is  stated 
to  feed  on  rose,  geranium,  oak,  persimmon,  pear  and  maple.  Dr  Dyar  lists 
it  from  the  Atlantic  .States.  The  little  moth  has  been  described  by  Dr 
Robinson  as  follows  : 

Palpi  red,  very  long,  probosciditorm.  Head  and  thora.x  yellow  above. 
Anterior  wings  \elIow  hnel)'  reticulated  with  orange.  Costa  at  base  tinged 
with  purple.  Central  fascia  purple,  commencing  in  a  spot  on  costa  before 
the  middle  and  ending  in  the  apex  of  a  large  triangular  spot  of  the  same 
hue  on  internal  margin.  The  large  purple  costal  spot  throws  out  a  line 
which  is  forked  just  below  it,  one  branch  running  obliquely  inwardly  to  the 
triangular  spot  on  internal  margin,  the  other  outwardly  to  before  internal 
angle. 

Posterior  wings  and  fringes  very  pale  yellow.  Under  surface  of  both 
pairs  pale  straw  color,  the  anterior  pair  slightly  reflecting  the  hue  and 
markings  of  the  upper  surface. 

The  wing  expanse  has  been  given  by  Dr  Robinson  as  from  5.^  to  3/^ 
inch  in  the  male,  and  in  the  female  from  about  i^  to  7/g  inch.  This  spe- 
cies he  states  varies  greatly,  the  reticulations  sometimes  being  obsolete 
antl  the  ordinary  markings  partially  so. 

Oblique  banded  leaf  roller 

.-li-chips    rosacea iia    Harr. 

l'>ri)\vn-headed,  greenish  i  aterpillars  about  J4  incli  long,  occur  in  May  and  early 
lune  in  the  webbed  leaxes  of   a  large  number  of   trees. 

This  species  is  a  very  common  leaf  roller  and  occasionally  destructive 
to  rose  and  some  other  more  valuable  shrubs  and  trees.  It  is  an  exceed- 
ingh'  general  feeder,  ha\ing  been  bred  b\'  Mr  Cocjuillett  from  some  24 
difterent  species  of  ])lants,  including  among  others,  apple,  cherry,  lilac, 
horse-chestnut,  burr  oak,  pojjlar,  hazel  and  simiac. 

The  larvae  draw  together  the   \-ovmg  leaves   at  the  ends  of  the  limbs, 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


581 


secreting  themselves  therein  and  feed  on  the  foliage.  They  are  slender, 
pale  green  or  yellowish  green  caterpillars  sometimes  redtlish  or  brownish, 
about  j/l  inch  long,  with  the  head  and  thoracic  shield  brown  and  often  a 
green  stripe  along  the  back.  They  attain  their  growth  in  early  June, 
transform  to  pupae,  delicate  brown  moths  with  a  wing  spread  of  about  J^ 
inch  appearing  the  latter  part  of  June  or  early  in  July. 

Rose  leaf  folder 

Arcliips    rosana    Linn. 

A  dark  olive-green,  brown-headed  caterpillar  feeds  within  the  webbed-together  leaves 
of  rose  and  a  number  of  other  plants. 

This  leaf  roller  is  an  introduced  species  and  like  its  allies,  not  very  par- 
ticular as  to  its  food  plants.  It  has  been  record<-d  from  wild  rose,  apple, 
hawthorn,  raspberry,  hazel,  currant  and  gooseberry.  Both  larva  and  moth 
are  darker  than  those  of  most  of  our  native  species.  The  brownish  gray 
moth,  having  a  wing  spread  of  about  "^{^^  inch  appears  in  early  June. 

Platynota  flavedana  Clem.  This  is  another  small  rose  leaf  roller  liable 
to  cause  more  or  less  injury  outdoors  and  likely  to  invade  greenhouses,  in 
which  latter  it  may  acquire  the  bud-eating  habit. 

Walnut  curculio 
Conotrachelus  jiiglandis   Lee. 

A  curculio  very  much  resembling  the  plum  pest  though 
larger,  yi,  inch  long,  frequently  infests  walnuts  and 
butternuts. 

This  species  very  closely  resembles  the  phmi 
curculio.  It  is  about  14;  inch  in  length,  reddish 
brown  and  prettily  ornamented  with  golden  and 
silvery  hairs.  The  most  conspicuous  feature  is 
the  broad  transverse  whitish  band  on  the  posterior 
third  of  the  wing  covers.  The  curious  projec-  ^.^^  /^ 
tions  on  the  wing  covers  seen  in  the  plum  curculio 
also  occur,  and  an  examination  with  the  lens  shows  them  to  be  strongly 
ridged    and    ornamented    with  several  minor  processes. 


L-,>n.,ir.ichelus 
enlarged  loriginal) 


c82  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

This  curculio  is  the  parent  of  the  worm  frequently  occurring  in  wal- 
nuts and  butternuts,  and  the  presence  of  the  pest  is  indicated  by  a  dis- 
colored spot  on  the  green  husk.  Dr  Lugger  states  that  these  insects  fre- 
quently take  the  lion's  share  of  our  native  nuts.  Mr  Young  has  met  with 
the  insect  in  early  June  at  Poughkeepsie,  and  has  taken  it  at  Newport  N.  Y. 
Mr  Ulke  records  this  species  on  hickory  from  the  District  of  Columbia, 
and  Dr  Packard  states  that  it  has  been  taken  from  walnuts  at  Mt  Carmel  111. 

This  species  was  described  from  the  Middle  States.  It  occurs  in 
various  sections  of  New  Jersey,  breeding  in  green  butternuts  and  walnuts, 
and  has  been  listed  from  southwestern  Pennsylvania  by  Dr  Hamilton,  who 
states  that  it  is  common  on  walnut  and  hickory. 

Conotrachelus   seniculus  Lee. 

A  sniall,  long-snouted  obscure  brown-colored  weevil  about  3/,6  inch  in  length,  marked 
with  a  yellowish  white  transverse  band  on  the  posterior  third  of  the  wing  covers,  occurs 
on  butternut  and  hickory. 

This  small  species  was  taken  on  hickory  May  26  and  June  5  at  Pough- 
keepsie by  Mr  Young.  It  is  a  small,  inconspicuously  colored  species  which 
may  be  recognized  by  the  elytral  markings  given  above.  The  wing  covers 
are  rather  strongly  ridged.  Dr  LeConte  states  that  it  is  of  the  same  form 
and  size  as  C.  nenuphar  Herbst.,  and  is  distinguished  from  C.  a  f  f  i  n  i  s 
Boh.,  chiefly  by  the  broader  and  more  strongly  carinate  prothora.x  ;  by  the 
two  lines  of  pubescence  being  straight  and  meeting  at  the  front  margin,  and 
by  the  first  ventral  segment  being  less  punctured  than  the  others. 

Dr  LeConte  records  this  species  from  the  Middle  and  Western  States 
and  Texas,  and  Dr  Hamilton  states  that  it  is  not  common  in  southwestern 
Pennsylvania.  It  has  also  be;en  listed  from  the  District  of  Columbia,  from 
the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati  and  New  Jersey. 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AN'D    WOODLAND    TREES  583 

Hickory   shuck  worm 

Emirnionia    caryana    Fitch 
A  slender,  white  caterpillar  about   yk   inch  long,  mines  hickory  shucks  causing  them 
to  abort  and  fall  prematurely. 

This  little  miner  of  the  hickory  shucks  or  husks  is  very  common  in 
New  York  State  and  so  far  as  our  observations  go,  its  operations  have  been 
confined  to  the  husk  or  shuck  enveloping  the  nut.  Dr  Shimer  states  that 
in  Illinois  the  larvae  live  in  the  nut  of  the  bitternut  hickory,  Gary  a 
a  mar  a,  destroying  its  interior  and  causing  it  to  fall.  Dr  Fitch  has  placed 
on  record  the  statement  of  Louis  Potter  of  Easton  N.  Y.,  to  the  effect  that 
this  insect  was  so  numerous  in  his  section  in  1S56,  that  several  of  the 
hickory  trees  scarcely  produced  a  single  nut.  According  to  Dr  Shimer,  the 
moths  appear  the  latter  part  of  November,  hibernate  in  this  stage  and  live 
till  some  time  in  June,  when  they  deposit  eggs  on  the  young  nuts.  Dr  Fitch 
states  that  specimens  of  this  insect  were  received  by  him  from  Easton 
X.  Y.,  in  April,  with  a  letter  saying  that  the  insect  pupated  about  the  first 
of  February,  the  moth  emerging  the  latter  part  of  that  month.  Dr  Pack- 
ard records  taking  unrubbed  specimens  of  this  moth  May  20,  in  a  growth  of 
young  hickories  at  Providence.  These  two  records  seem  to  indicate  that 
some  of  the  insects  hibernate  in  the  larval  or  pupa  stage. 

Description.      The  m.oth  has  been  described  as  follows,  by  Dr  Fitch  : 

Sooty  black,  the  fore  wings  with  reflections  of  tawny  yellow,  blue  and 
purple  ;  their  outer  edge  black,  with  oblique  triangular  whitish  streaks  placed 
at  equal  distances  apart.  A  very  oblique  faint  silvery  blue  streak  extends 
inward  from  the  points  of  two  of  these  white  streaks,  namely,  the  fourth 
and  sixth  ones  from  the  tip  of  the  wing;  while  the  usual  white  spot  on  the 
inner  margin  of  the  wings  is  wanting.      Expanse  of  wings,  .6  inch. 

Acorn  weevil 

Balaniniis  iiasiciis    Say 
A  weevil,  with    a   remarkably  long   slender  curved    beak,  occurs  on  acorns  or  may  be 
bred  from  white  legless  grubs  within   them  or  other  nuts. 

This  species  was  met  with  in  small  numbers  when  collecting  in  June 
at  Karner  in    iqoi,  and  was  bred  the   following  season  from  acorns  on   the 


rg_i  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

bear  or  chestnut  scrub  oaks.  This  species  was  noticed  by  Dr  Harris  who 
states  that  it  is  one  of  the  most  common  nut  weevils  known  to  him,  and 
he  adds  tliat  it  is  very  common  in  hazehiuts,  chestnuts  and  acorns.  I)r 
I'^itch  states  that  hickory  nuts  are  seldom  affected  by  worms,  referring-  to 
this  species  or  perhaps  also  to  allied  forms,  and  adds  that  they  are  much 
more  frecpiently  met  with  in  hazelnuts,  chestnuts'and  acorns.  He  failed  to 
rear  any  of  these  insects  as  was  also  the  case  with  Dr  Harris.  Dr  Packard 
states  that  Professor  Riley  bred  this  species  from  a  lot  of  acorns  of 
()uercus  o- r  i  s  e  a,  received  from  Fort  (irant  Ariz.,  July  26,  1882,  and 
Messrs  Howard  and  Riley  record  breeding  this  species  from  a  lot  of  acorns 
from  which  B.  uniform  is  Lee.  was  obtained.  Dr  Packard  also  pub- 
lished a  note  of  Professor  Riley's  to  the  effect  that  this  species  breeds 
entirely  on  hickory  nuts,  while  Mr  Harrington  states  that  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Ottawa  Can.,  it  is  never  found  on  hickory  but  frequents  the  hazel 
almost  entirely,  being  very  numerous  on  these  bushes   in  some  years. 

Description.      This  species  has  been  described  by  Dr  Harris  as  follows: 

Its  form  is  oval,  its  ground  color  dark  brown;  it  is  clothed  with  very 
short  rust-yellow  flattened  hairs  which  more  or  less  conceal  its  original  color, 
and  are  disposed  in  spots  on  its  wing  covers.  The  snout  is  brown  and  pi)l- 
ished,  longer  than  the  whole  body,  as  slender  as  a  bristle,  of  equal  thick- 
ness from  one  end  to  another,  and  slightly  curved  ;  it  bears  the  long  elbowed 
antennae,  which  are  as  fine  as  a  hair,  just  behind  the  middle.  This  beetle 
measures  nearly  3/,^  of  an  inch  in  length,  exclusive  of  the  snout.  [Sec  pi. 
17,  fig.  19,  20] 

The  larva  or  grub  of  this  species  has  been  desribed  by  Dr  Riley  as 
yellow,  with  reddish  brown  head  and  dark  brown  mandibles. 

Life  history.  Dr  Harris  records  finding  this  species  paired  on  hazelnut 
bushes  in  July,  at  which  time  the  eggs  are  probably  laid.  He  adds  that 
others  appear  in  .September  and  October,  and  must  pass  the  winter  con- 
cealed in  some  secure  place.  Mr  Glover  states  that  there  are  said  to  be 
two  broods,  the  last  one  probably  hibernating  in  the  earth,  and  reports  Mr 
Akhurst  of  Brooklyn  as  observing  that  these  insects  sometimes  remain 
in  the  larval  condition  over  one  season.  Mr  W  H.  Patton  states  that 
the    following    species    of    Balaninus   have    been    reared    from   acorns :    B. 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXC;    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  585 

caryae    Horn,     B.    u  n  i  f  o  r  in  i  s   Lee,    B.     nasicus  Say,     B.     rectus 
Say,    and    B.    q  u  e  r  c  u  s   Horn. 

Natural  enemies.  This  species  is  apparently  exempt  from  the  attacks 
of  natural  enemies.  Messrs  Riley  and  Howard  record  the  rearing  of 
T  r  I  c  h  a  c  i  s  r  u  f  i  p  e  s  Ashm.  MS.,  from  cocoons  infested  with  this  insect, 
and  H  o  1  c  o  ce  ra  g-landu  lella  Riley  from  St  Louis  Mo.,  and  states 
that  this  is  probably  from  a  Cecidomyiid  inquiline.  It  thus  appears  that 
no  imdoubted  parasitic  enemy  has  yet  been  obtained. 

Bibliography 
1856  Fitch,  Asa.  Ins.  N.  Y.  3(i  Rep't,  p.  142-43 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     sth  Rep't,  p.  216.  327,  641 

Chestnut   weevils 

Jia/aiiniiis  prolwsa'dc2{s    Fabr.  ;    Balanhiiis    rectus  Say. 
Wormy  chestnuts   are  familiar  to  all   lovers  of  this  favorite  nut,  though  the  })arent 
insects  are  not  so  well  known  as  their  imwelcome  grubs. 

Chestnuts  are  so  seriously  infested  by  this  insect  in  some  seasons  that 
a  large  proportion  of  the  crop  is  rendered  worthless.  It  not  infrequently 
happens  that  a  lot  of  chestnuts  stored  in  some  box  or  vessel  soon  after 
gathering  are  found  a  few  weeks  later  badl\-  infested  and  sometimes  nearly 
entirely  destroyed  by  the  white  grubs  or  young  of  this  weevil.  The 
chestnut  is  a  valuable  native  nut,  and  one  which  is  apparently  capable  of 
considerable  de\elopment.  There  are  now  many  acres  in  this  and  other 
States  almost  unproductive  which  might  produce  large  crops  of  this  nut. 
It  is  stated  that  great  quantities  of  .Spanish  nuts  are  imported  yearly 
though  equally  good,  if  not  better  ones,  can  be  grown  here.  Several  indi- 
viduals are  now  engaged  in  growing  this  nut  for  the  market,  and  as  an 
illustration  of  what  has  been  done,  the  20  acres  of  bearing  paragon  trees  of 
Mr  H.  M.  Engle,  Marietta  Pa.,  may  be  mentioned.  Native  trees  were  cut 
on  a  steep  hillside  and  the  sprouts  grafted  to  this  improved  variet)-,  and  in 
about  three  years  they  began  to  bear.  The  trees  were  kept  trimmed  and 
the  ground  clear  from  underbrush,  and  it  was   stated  in   1896  that  the   land 


586  ^'E\V    VORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

yielded  more   in  value   than   an   equal   area  of  potatoes,  and   at  much  less 

expense.     The  grafting  of  an  improved  variety  on  native  stock  renders  it 

easy  in  a  few  years  to  transform  worthless  trees  to  valuable  fruit  producers. 

The  most  serious  drawbacks  are  stated  to  be  underbrush,  injury  by  insects 

and  thieves. 

Injury  by  chestnut  weevil.      The   amoiuit  of  damage  this   insect  causes 

varies  with  the  season  and   the  locality.      The  following  facts  published   by 

Dr  Lintner  give  an  idea  of  the  damage  caused  by  the  insects  : 

Mr  R.  C.  Hewson,  Penn  Yan  N.  Y.  estimates  the  annual  loss  of  native 
nuts  in  that  vicinity  at  from  5  to  lo^o  of  the  crop.  This  appears  to  be 
rather  a  conservative  estimate,  since  in  Massachusetts  as  high  as  40^  of  the 
chestnuts  in  certain  seasons  are  injured  by  these  weevils.  Sometimes  in 
New  Jersey  50^  of  the  Japanese  and  Spanish  varieties  are  ruined,  and  Dr 
Smith  cites  an  instance  in  which  the  crop  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  at 
the  Parry  Brothers  nursery.  The  loss  in  Maryland  ranges  from  10  to  25^, 
in  Delaware  from  30  to  40/r,  and  in  North  Carolina  from  10  to  50,  possibly 
averaging  about  20/0.  From  5  to  2^^  of  the  few  native  nuts  in  Michigan 
are  injured  by  the  weevils. 

Species  attacking  chestnuts.  There  are  at  least  two  species  which 
injure  chestnuts  in  this  country. 

The  large  chestnut  weevil,  13  a  1  a  n  i  n  u  s  p  r  o  b  o  s  c  i  d  e  u  s  Fabr.  may 
be  distinguished  from  other  American  species  of  this  genus,  as  stated  by 
Dr  Horn,  by  the  first  joint  of  the  antennae  being  shorter  than  the  second. 
It  is  a  beautiful  variegated  insect  with  fuscous  lines  and  spots  interspersed 
among  the  dense  ocherous  scales  on  the  thora.x  and  wing  covers.  Some 
examples  of  this  species  are  entirely  ocherous.  The  beak  of  the  female  is 
very  long,  and  ranges  from  1 1^  to  twice  the  length  of  the  body.  The 
distribution  of  this  species  has  been  given  by  Dr  Lintner  as  follows: 
Massachusetts,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  District  of  Columbia,  North 
Carolina,  West  Virginia,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Tennessee,  Middle  .States  westward. 
Other  localities  are  recorded  by  McCarthy  for  chestnut  weevils,  ,but  the 
species  are  not  indicated. 

The  smaller  chestnut  weevil,  B  a  1  a  n  i  n  u  s  rectus  Say,  has  a  wider 
recorded  distribution,  as  follows :  Canada,  Massachusetts,  New  York.    New 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  587 

Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  District  of  Columbia,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  Ohio, 
Southern  States  and  Arizona.  Besides  the  above,  chestnut  weevils  have 
been  reported  from  Delaware,  Maryland,  Georgia,  Michigan,  and  Missouri, 
but  without  having  been  referred  to  either  species.  Possibly  each  of  the 
species  may  have  a  distribution  over  the  United  States  coextensive  with 
its  chosen  food. 

The  smaller  chestnut  weevil,  B  a  1  a  n  i  n  u  s  rectus  Say  ranges  from 
about  ]'(,  to  I3  inch  in  length,  the  general  color  of  the  scales  or  hair  is  light 
brown  above,  pale  yellow  below,  and  on  the  thorax  there  is  a  dark  brown 
discal  stripe,  which  is  limited  at  the  sides,  and  divided  longitudinally  by  a 
pale  yellow  line.  The  wing  covers  are  variously  marked  with  the  same 
color.  The  beak  of  the  female  is  very  long,  being  equal  to  or  even  longer 
in  proportion  than  in  the  larger  species.  The  long  beak  and  the  long 
conical  thora.x  is  said  to  distinguish  B.  rectus  from  the  other  members  of 
the  genus.  The  male  is  not  so  readily  recognized.  "  It  has  a  shorter 
thorax,  but  it  is  still  narrowed  anteriorly  ;  this,  with  small  femoral  tooth 
oval  elytra  rapidly  narrowed  from  base,  and  a  yellowish  or  brownish  spot  of 
condensed  scales  on  each  side  of  the  central  line  of  the  metasterum 
(occasionally  obsolete),  will,  with  practice,  distinguish  it."     Hainilton 

Life  history.  The  life  history  of  these  two  species  agrees  very  closely 
so  far  as  known.  The  weevils  appear  about  the  time  the  chestnuts  bloom 
and  oviposit  in  the  young  burrs.  The  long  snout  of  the  female  is  well 
adapted  for  piercing  the  kernel,  and  one  or  more  eggs  are  then  deposited 
therein.  The  slight  injury  to  the  husk  and  nut  soon  heals,  and  there  is  no 
exterior  indication  of  the  insect's  presence.  The  holes  observed  in  wormy 
chestnuts  are  made  by  the  larvae  when  forsaking  the  nut.  The  females  are 
said  to  live  but  a  short  time,  a  week  or  two  at  the  most.  All  the  larvae  of 
this  species  enter  the  ground  in  the  autumn,  none  winter  in  the  nut,  though 
this  has  been  thought  probable  by  some  writers.  Dr  Hamilton  states  that 
the  appearance  of  the  smaller  chestnut  weevil  in  breeding  cages  was  much 
more  irregular  than  that  of  the  larger,  varying  from  June  28  to  Oct.  1.  On 
this  latter  date   he  found   in  the  cage  pupae   in   various  stages,  and  many 


588  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

larvae  or  grubs  that  would  doubtless  live  through  the  winter.  A  delay  till 
the  second  season  appears  to  be  quite  common  in  this  species,  and  is  one  of 
nature's  safeguards  against  extermination  should  there  be  an  entire  failure 
of  the  crop  in  any  one  year,  as  happens  occasionally.  This  smaller  species 
is  known  to  breed  in  chinquapin  nuts  and  acorns,  as  well  as  chestnuts  while 
the  larger  form  has  been  obtained  only  from  the  latter.  There  is  a|)pa- 
rently  no  record  of  the  larger  species  remaining  in  the  pupa  stage  till  the 
second  year,  although  it  is  probable  that  such  occurs.  Only  one  parasite, 
Urosigalphus  armatus  Ashm.  has  been  l)red  from  this  chestnut 
weevil. 

Remedial  measures.  There  is  no  practical  method  of  preventing  oxi- 
position,  unless  it  be  by  jarring  which  would  probably  prove  too  expensive 
in  most  case.s.  The  infested  nuts  should  be  destroyed  each  year  before  the 
insects  forsake  them  and  enter  the  ground.  Wormy  chestnuts  may  be 
easily  recognized  b\-  pouring  the  nuts  into  a  vessel  of  water,  antl  the  lighter 
ones  will  rise  to  the  surface  after  a  little  stirring.  The  sound  ones  should 
be  dried,  and  it  would  be  safer  to  thoroughly  treat  them  with  carbon 
bisulfid,  using  at  least  one  pound  for  each  1000  cubic  feet  of  space  and 
exposing  the  nuts  to  the  fumes  for  about  24  hours. 

Bibliography 
1897     Lintner,  J.  A.     Ins.  N.  Y.     12th  Rtp't,  p.  267-72 

FKEyHKNTKKS,    1!SIIALI.Y  IN.JlIRIOlIfS.  OF  DECIDUOUS  FOKEMT  TREES 

Rmg-legged  tree  bug 

Jirockymcna   annidata   l-abr. 
This  dark   grayish   black,  rather   thick    tree   bug  about    ^y    inch    h)ng,  may   be    taken 
from  midsummer  to  tlie  end  of  the  season  and  probably  in   early  spring,   on    \arious   trees. 

There  are  only  three  examples  in  our  collection  and  these  were  cap- 
tured from  miscellaneous  trees  ;  one,  in  particular,  probably  occurring  near 
or  on  pines. 

Description.  This  species  has  been  frequently  mentioned  in  literature, 
though  in   some   instances   it   has   probably  been    confused  with    B.  4-p  u  s- 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


589 


t  ulata   Fabr.      I\Ir  E.  P.  ^'anDuzce  of  Buffalo,  who  kindly  determined  our 

specimens,  states  that  this  species  may  be   recognized   by   the   short,  broad 

head,  truncate  at   the  apex,  with   the   apical    sinus   nearly   transverse.      The 

surface  is  hneh"  and  coarsely  punctured  antl  ornamented  in  places  b\' groups 

of  lar^^e,  black  punctures  ;   the  sides  of  the   pronotum   befi^re   the   sinus   are 

stron^h'  arcuated  and  armed  with  close  reg'ular  teeth  ;   the   second    joint    of 

the    antennae   is   much   shorter   than    the   third,  and   tlie   rostrum    is   longer, 

usualK'   reaching  the   third  ventral    segment.      He 

states    that   this   is   a  comparativeh"   rare   species, 

■which  he  has   seen    only  from   the   eastern    United 

States,  his  material  showing  a  range  from  southern 

New   York   to    Florida.      Messrs  Walsh  and  Rile\- 

record  the   insect   from   Hannibal  Mo.    in    1869,  at 

which  time  it   was   considered    beneficial.      Its  dis- 

trilnition  has   been   given  by    Uhler   as   Colorado, 

Texas  and  a  large  part  of  the  United    States  east 

of  the  Mississippi  river.      Mr  C.    H.   T.  Townsend 

lists  it  from  Kansas,  and    Professor  Osborn   states 

that   it   is  common   in    Iowa.      Dr  .Smith  also   lists 

this   insect    from    a    number    of    New    Jersey    locations    and    from    .Staten 

Island. 

Habits.  There  are  several  records  of  this  species  occurring  on  apple- 
trees  in  considerable  numbers,  and  Messrs  Riley  and  Howard  cite  a  case  in 
Virginia,  where  this  insect  attacked  a  new  growth  of  appletrees  in  the 
month  of  May.  It  is  there  known  as  the  "large  chinch  bug,"  and  many 
twigs  and  limbs  were  said  to  have  been  killed  i)y  the  insect.  These  gentle- 
men add  that  the  adults  occur  under  bark  in  midwinter,  and  that  the  eggs 
and  young  larvae  have  been  found  on  pea  vines  and  willow. 

Professor  Webster  also  records  a  case  where  this  insect  killed  the 
shoots  on  some  young  appletrees  in  May  1894,  at  Owensville  O.  This  was 
on  the  farm  of  Mr  Lowell  Rauderbush,  who  wrote  Professor  Webster  that 
he  had  carefully  watched    the  insect  in   the  summer  and  found  that  it  also 


CQO  XEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

attacked  young  plumtrees.  Professor  Webster  observed  this  species  in 
large  numbers  on  larches  near  Cincinnati,  and  on  various  fruit  trees  in 
Ohio  northward  to  Lake  Erie,  and  he  records  in  addition,  taking  the  insect 
in  Illinois  and  Indiana.  Professor  Pettit  notes  its  occurrence  in  Michigan, 
though  no  record  of  injury  is  given. 

Bibliography 
1894    Riley,  C.  V.  &  Howard,  L.  O.     Insect  Life,  7  :  47-48 
1896     Webster,  F.  M.     O.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  68,  p.  26-27 

Brochymena  quadri-pustulata  Fabr. 
This  is  a  rather  stout,  dark  gray  plant  bug  about  ^i  inch  long.  It  was 
taken  by  us  on  hard  pine  at  Karner  and  on  willow  at  Nassau,  and  occurs 
rather  commonly  from  July  to  the  end  of  the  season  and  in  March,  April 
and  May  on  various  trees  and  shrubs  in  different  sections  of  the  state.  We 
have  specimens  kindly  determined  by  Mr  E.  P.  VanDuzee  of  Buffalo  from 
the  following  New  York  localities  :  Warwick,  Nassau,  East  Greenbush, 
Karner,  Ilion,  Newport,  Ithaca,  North  Hector,  Pike,  Batavia  and  Hamburg. 
Mr  VanDuzee  has  seen  this  form  in  several  collections  under  the  name  of 
B.  an  nu  lata  Fabr.  The  distinguishing  characteristics  as  given  by  him 
are  the  ''  long  head,  narrow  and  cleft  at  the  apex,  the  rounded  anterior 
margin  of  the  humeri,  and  the  pale,  irregular  teeth  on  the  sides  of  the 
pronotum  anteriorly."  It  is  probable  that  some  of  the  records  given  under 
B.  annulata  Fabr.,  refer  to  this  insect.  This  is  probably  the  species 
we  have  met  with  in  abundance  on  appletrees,  four  or  five  being  observed 
within  a  short  distance  of  each  other,  and  we  have  also  taken  it  on  plum- 
trees,  though  no  instance  has  come  to  our  knowledge  of  serious  injury. 
This  species  is  noticed  but  rarely  in  literature,  though  Uhler  has  recorded 
it  from  Texas,  New  Mexico  and  Louisiana,  and  Dr  Smith  lists  it  from 
several  New  Jersey  localities,  adding  that  it  occurs  late  in  the  fall,  early  in 
the  spring  and  occasionally  in  winter  and  that  it  is  not  injurious. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


591 


Brochymena  arborea  Say 
This  is  a  stout,  grayish,  rosy  or  red-marked  tree  bug  about  5/g  inch   in 
length.      It   is    remarkable  for  the  serrate   and   angular  projections  of  the 
pronotum    and    the   large    toothlike    processes    of    the 
head.      We  have   taken    this  species    at    both    Nassau 
and    Lansingburg  N.  Y.,  in   the  former  locality  on   or 
near  willows,  and  in  the  latter  probably  about  growths 
of     miscellaneous    bushes.       Mr    Townsend    gives     its 
distribution    as    the    Atlantic   States,    while    Professor 
Osborn    records    it    as   common   in    Iowa.      Dr    Smith 
lists  it  from  Staten  Island  and  a  number  of  New  Jersey 
localities,  stating  that   it  is  common  about  Caldwell. 

•^  ^'~      —    Brochymenaar- 

enlarged  (original) 

Buffalo  tree  hopper 

^  Ceresa    biibalus    Fabr. 
A  grass-green,  triangular  two-horned   leaf  hopper,  about    Jg   inch    loni:,   maybe   met 
with  in  tlie  latter  part  of  the  summer  on  a  number  of  trees  and  shrubs. 

This  grotesque  little 
insect  is  a  very  common 
species  sometimes  present 
in  considerable  numbers. 
It  rarely  inflicts  much 
injury  on  forest  trees 
and  is  important  from  an 
economic  aspect  largely 
on  account  of  the  dam- 
age done  to  )oung  fruit 
trees. 

Description.  The 

^g'g'  is  about  i/t6  inch  long, 
slightly   curved,   tapering 
toward  the  outer  end  and  more  rounded  at  the  other.      It  is  a  dirty  whitish 


segment  and  ovipositor  of  female;    h,  j— terminal  segment  of  male  abdo 
(After  Marlatt,  U.  S.  Dep't  Apric.  Div.  Ent.  1897,  Cir.  23,  2d  s.) 


cq2  NEW    VOKK    STATE    MUSEUM 

color,  without  markings,  and  cylindric,  except  as  its  shape  is  modified  by 
pressure  of  the  wood  and  adjacent  eggs.  The  young  resemble  the  adults 
but  are  wingless  and  armed  along  the  dorsal  line  with  numerous  forked  or 
barbed  projections.  The  adult  is  a  green  insect,  about  3  8  inch  in  length, 
and  may  be  easily  recognized  by  the  greatly  enlarged  thorax  which  bears 
on  its  anterior  angles  lateral  ]jrojecting  horns,  as  represented  in  figure  148. 
Life  history.  The  life  history  of  this  insect  has  been  given  by  Mr 
Marlatt  substantially  as  follows  : 

The  adult  insect  de]josits  her  eggs  in  twigs 
of  various  trees,  preferably  those  of  two  or  three 
vears'  growth,  particularly  the  apple,  willow,  cot- 
tonwood,  maple  etc.  and  confines  its  operations 
in  general  to  the  upper  surface  of  the  twigs.  It 
works  more  abundantly  on  the  south  sitle  of 
the  trees  than  on  the  north,  though  in  this 
respect  the  prevailing  winds  and  other  con- 
ditions appear  to  have  an  infiuence.  The  eggs 
are  deposited  quite  as  readily  in  the  new  growth 
of  olil  trees  as  in  young  growth  though  the  dam- 
age is  much  more  noticeable  in  the  latter.  1  hey 
are  placed   in   small   compound  groups   of  from 

J'i^.   149     Twij;  of  apple  showint;:  rt^feniale  _ 

at  work; /.^rectni  egg  punctures;  c— bark  six    to    12    eggs,   each    arranged    in    two    nearly 

reversed     with    eggs    in    position,    slightly  ,.      ,      ,  if'  l-  -1 

enlarged;  rf-singie  row  of  ecgs still  more  parallel  or  slightly   curvecl  slits  exteudiiig  in  the 

enlarged  ;      ^-=wtiunds    of     two    or   three  '         _  ,        ,         , 

years'     standing    on   older    limbs.     'After  JireCtion      of     thc     twig     aljOUt    ^,6    lUCh,      aild     Sepa- 

Marlatt,  U.  S.  Dep'l   Aijric.  Div.  Ent.   1897 

cir.j3,  ^>is.i  rated  by  ys  inch  or  less  of  bark.       The  bark  is  cut 


b\-  the  ovi]K)sitor  in  such  a  way  when  depositing  the  eggs  that  the  narrow 
portion  intervening  between  the  two  incisions  is  U)ose.  This  has  a  very 
important  bearing  on  the  subse([uent  condition  of  the  wounds  mailc  by  the 
insect  in  oviposition.  The  object  is  doubtless  to  cause  a  deadening  of  the 
wood  between  the  two  rows  of  eggs,  and  thus  prevent  their  being  crushed 
or  choked  b\-  the  subsecpient  rapid  growth  of  the  twig,  and  it  is  due  to  this 
peculiarity  that  the   injury  later  assumes  such   a  serious  nature.      A   single 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


593 


incision  made  by  the  insect  would  heal  over  and  cause  little  after-damage, 
but  the  combination  of  the  two  incisions  and  the  killing  of  the  intervening 
bark  causes  it  to  adhere  to  the  wood  and  a  large  scar  is  produced,  which 
with  subsequent  years'  growth  assumes  an  oval  form,  the  dead  bark  of  the 
center  breaking  out.  Limbs  which  have  been  thickly  worked  by  the  insect 
become  very  scabby  and  rough,  are  easily  broken  off  by  the  \vind,  and  are 
very  liable  to  attack  Ijy  wood-boring  insects.  The  adults  appear  about  the 
middle  of  Jul\'  ami  become  most  numerous  during  August  and  September. 
They  begin  oxiposition  about  the  middle  of  the  former  month,  or  even 
earlier,  and  continue  till  they  are  killed  by  the  frost  of  early  winter,  some- 
times working  as  late  as  the  end  of  October.  The  number  of  eggs 
deposited  b\-  a  single  female  exceeds  loo,  and  possibly  200.  The  eggs 
remain  unchanged  or  dormant  in  the  twigs  till  the  following  spring, 
hatching  in  'Mixv  or  earl\-  in  June. 

Food  plants.  The  \oung  as  well  as  the  adults  feed  on  all  sorts  of  suc- 
culent \egetati(in,  such  as  weeds  and  garden  vegetables,  and  are  apparently 
not  particularly  fond  of  the  apple,  much  preferring  the  more  succulent 
annual  ])lants.  Mr  |.  G.  Jack  states  that  he  has  found  the  adults  feeding 
on  the  young  tender  shoots  of  the  apple  near  the  ground,  though  Dr  Mar- 
latt  states  that  after  careful  and  repeated  observations  in  an  orchard,  so 
badl\'  infested  as  to  be  nearly  ruined,  he  failed  to  find  any  indication  of  the 
insects  feeding  on  the  apple,  and  he  concludes  that  the  infestation  that 
Mr  Jack  obser\ed  must  relate  to  the  suckers  springing  from  the  base  of 
the  tree. 

Distribution.  This  insect  has  evidently  a  very  general  distribution  in 
the  Ignited  States,  since  it  has  been  recorded  from  Canada,  southward  to 
Missouri,  at  least,  and  westward  to  the  Rocky  mountains. 

Bibliography 
1897     Marlatt,  C.  L.      U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Knt.      Cir.  23,  2d  .s. 


594 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Two-marked  tree  hopper 

O  Enchcnopa  binotata   Say 

A  peculiar,  brownish,  black  tree  hopper  with  an  enormous  hornlike  projection  over 
its  liead,  occurs  in  the  fall  on  a  number  of  plants. 

This  little  insect  is  very  peculiar  on  account  of  the  enormously 
developed  prothorax,  which  makes  it  appear  as  thoutjh  it  were  the  bearer 
of  a  large  horn.  It  is  very  probable  that  this  structure  is  of  advantage, 
since  the  resting  insect  bears  a  very  close  resemblance  to  a  thorn  and  on 
this  account  is  no  doubt  overlooked  by  natural  enemies.  This  tree  hopper 
is  specially  fond  of  bittersweet,  which  it  occasionally  injures  seriously.  It 
occurs  on  this  plant  during  July  and  August  in  company  with  its  )oung,  a 
group  somewhat  resembling  a  flock  of  old  and  young  partridges  in  minia- 
ture. The  ii.'g'g  covering  of  this  insect  is  as  unique  as  the  parent.  It  is  a 
snow-white,  frothy  mass  about  s/.^  inch  long  by  y%  inch  broad,  and  an 
examination  with  a  lens  shows  that  it  is  composed  of  a  double  row  of 
numerous  small,  stringy,  transverse  masses  laid  side  by  side,  those  of  each 
row  meeting  end  to  end  along  a  somewhat  irregular  median  ridge.  See 
plate  17,  figure  15,  for  an  illustration  of  the  adult  and  plate  4q,  figure  4,  for 
a  representation  of  the  peculiar  ^'g'g  coverings. 

Description.  The  full  grown  insect  has  been  described  by  Dr  Harris 
as  nearly  ^lo  inch  long,  including  the  horn  of  the  thorax;  of  a  dusky  brown 
color,  and  with  two  yellow  spots  on  the  ridge  of  the  back.  When  seen 
sideways  it  presents  a  profile  much  like  that  of  a  bird,  the  head  and  neck  of 
which  are  represented  by  the  curved  projecting  horn  of  the  thorax.  The 
young  of  this  little  tree  hopper,  of  various  sizes,  clustered  together  on  a 
stem  of  the  waxwork,  may  be  likened  to  a  flock  of  old  and  young 
partridges.  They  appear  to  pass  through  all  their  transformations  on  the 
plant,  are  fond  of  society,  and  sit  close  together  with  their  heads  all  in  the 
same  direction.  The  eggs,  as  stated  by  Dr  Lintner,  are  arranged  in  much 
the  same  way  as  those  of  the  cicada,  inserted  through  a  single  hole,  in  two 
parallel  series  separated  by  a  small  interval.  There  are  in  each  row  from 
six  to   12   eggs,   which   partly   overlap   one    another.      They  are  elongated. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


595 


aJmost  cylindric,  of  a  delicate  green  color,  pointed  at  tht-  more  deeply 
buried  end,  and  rounded  and  of  a  yellowish  tint  at  the  opposite  extremity. 

Life  history.  The  life  history  of  this  insect  is  incompletely  known. 
The  young  were  found  by  Dr  Riley  on  the  loth  of  May  at  which  time 
after  passing  their  first  and  third  molts,  on  May  i8  and  June  5,  they  trans- 
formed to  perfect  insects  June  12.  The  young  are  described  as  being 
without  the  hornlike  projection  of  the  thorax,  and  they  appear  to  lack  the 
ability  to  hop  which  the  adults  possess,  and  from  which  they  derive  the 
common  name  of  treehoppers.  The  time  of  oviposition  is  not  known,  but  it 
is  probably  not  prior  to  the  middle  of  August  in  New  York  State,  for  on 
the  8th  of  that  month  Dr  Lintner  observed  the  mature  insects  abundantly 
on  locust,  when  none  of  the  egg  coverings  were  observed.  A  corre- 
spondent of  Dr  Lintner's  records  finding  the  egg  covering  in  the  early  part 
of  September.  We  have  found  them  in  October  and  the  insect  undoubt- 
edly winters  in  the  egg. 

Food  plants.  This  species  occurs  on  a  number  ot  plants  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  summer.  It  may  be  found  on  grape,  red  hoptree  and 
trefoil,  the  latter  its  favorite  home.  It  has  been  recorded  as  occurring  on 
the  leaves  of  the  butternut  and  locust,  and  has  been  observed  on  wisteria. 

Distribution.  This  insect  has  an  extensive  range,  having  been  recorded 
by  various  writers  from  Canada,  Massachusetts,  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Iowa,  Missouri  and  Texas. 

Bibliography 
1882     Lintner,  J.  A.     Ins.  N,  Y.  ist  Rep't,  p.  281-88 

O  Thelia  acuminata  Fabr. 
This,  one  of  the  most  grotesquely  shaped  of  our  tree 
hoppers,  is  characterized  by  the  enormous  development 
of  the  prothoracic  horn,  which  extends  nearly  vertically 
with  a  uniform  diameter  to  a  rounded  tip  5^  inch  above 
the  large  prothorax.  The  insect  is  about  '^^  inch 
length,  yellowish,   densely    mottled   with   brown   or    dark   brown,    specially 


T  h  e  1 1  I      ,  c  u  m 
enlarged  (oris;inal> 


J96 


NEW    VOKK    STATE    MUSEUM 


on  the  prothoracic  horn  |  pi.  17,  fig.  17].  A  single  specimen  was  taken  on 
scrub  oak  at  Karner  July  24,  1901,  and  Mr  E.  P.  Van  Duzee,  who  kindl\- 
identified  the  species,  states  that  it  is  a  rather  rare  form,  beiny^  met  with 
only  occasionally  in  his  own  collecting,  and  seldoni  represented  in  lots  sent 
for  identification.  It  has  been  recorded  by  various  writers  from  Pennsyl- 
vania,  Arkansas,    New    Jersey,   Massachusetts,    Michigan    and  New    York. 

Thelia  godingi  \'an  \)u/.. 
This  is  one  of  our  more  grotesquel\'  shapeel  leaf  hoppers.  It  may  be 
recognized  b)'  the  enormoush'  developed  prothorax 
which  forms  a  stout,  nearly  vertical,  rounded  horn- 
The  median  line  on  the  posterior  portion  of  the  horn 
and  on  the  top  of  the  immensely  developed  prothorax 
is  marked  by  a  lenticular  whitish  line.  The  remainder 
of  the  prothorax  is  )ellowish  l^rown  marked  with 
darker  lirown,  specially  near  the  e.\tremit\'  ot  the 
horn,  where  it  is  nearh-  black.  The  head  is  yellowish 
and  the  eyes  are  black.  This  pretty  leaf  hopper  was 
taken  in  small  numljers  on  scrul)  oak  at  Karner,  July  27,  1901. 

'■^  Telamona  monticola   babr. 

This  grotesque  little  leaf  hopper  measures  about  .vg  inch  in  length  and 
may  be  distinguished  b\-  its  yellowish  brown  color  and  the  broadly  rounded 
elevation  of  the  immensely  developed  i^rothorax.  It  is  a  very  common 
species  on  the  Virginia  cree])er  or  ampelopsis,  and  was  taken  by  the  writiT 
in  small  numbers  on  scrub  oak  at  Karner  in  July  igoi.  Dr  bitch  in  his 
catalogue  of  the  Homoptera  of  the  .State  of  New  York,  published  in  185  i, 
described  this  forin   as  T.    (j  u  e  r  c  i    and   states   that  it  occurs  on  scrub  oak. 

This  insect  has  l)een  recorded  from  Massachusetts,  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Maryland,  North  Carolina  and  Illinois  by  various  entomologists  and 
presumably  has  a  general  distribution  in  the  Eastern  States  at  least. 


INSECTS    Al-FECTIXG    PARK    AND    WOODLAXD    TREES 


597 


■^Archasia    galeata    Fabr. 

All  apple-Ljreen,  somewhat  triangular  tree  liojiper  with  an  enormously  developed 
jirothorax,  occurs  on  scrub-oaks  and  other  trees  from  midsummer  to  early  fall. 

This  species  has  the  prothorax  remarkably  developed  into  an  arched 
shield  co\erin^"  most  of  the  body  [pi.  17.  h<^.  16 1.  It  is  triano'ular  in  out- 
line, whether  viewetl  from  the  front  or  above,  and  the  membraneous  wings 
extending  from  under  the  pronotum,  are  greenish,  brownish  or  yellowish 
])r()\vn  in  color.  This  species  is  about  3g  inch  in  length,  and  was  met  with 
in  small  niuubers  on  scrub-oaks  at  Karner  in  iqoi,  specimens  being  taken 
the  latter  part  of  Jime,  during  Jidy  and  toward  the  latter  part  of  September. 
This  species  is  occasional!)'  very  abundant  and  infests  hickories  as  well  as 
oak. 

^  Cyrtolobus  fenestratus   bitch 

This  is  a  ])rettily  marked  tree  hopper  measuring  only  about  ?/,6  inch  in 
length.  It  is  triangular  in  form  when  viewed  from  almost  any  aspect,  and 
has  somewhat  the  shape  of  a  very  small  beechnut.  I  he 
prothoracic  shield  is  irregularly  banded  with  light, 
brownish   )ellow,    light    brown,    dark  brown   and    white,    (^^ 


and  the  banded  effect  is  greatly  increased  b\-  the  brown  i/ 
wing  tips.  The  e\-es  vary  in  color  from  a  yellowish  Ug  . 
white  to  dark  brown.  Three  specimens  of  this  insect  >  ri^;, 
were  taken  on  send)  oak  at  Karner  June  26,  1901.  It  has  been  recorded 
from  as  far  west  as  Colorado,  as  ranging  north  into  Canatia  and  as  occur- 
ring in  several  southeastern  states.  It  is  doubtless  a  wideh'  distributed 
form. 

C^    Jassus   olitorius    Say    was    taken    on    send)    oak    at    Karner    Aug.    20, 
1902. 

'^    Pediopsis   basilis    \'.    I),    was    abundant   at    Karner    |une   2,    1903,   on 
poplars. 

^^'  Idiocerus  suturalis  Fitch  was  taken   at   Karner  the  latter  part  of  June 
1903  in  considerable  numbers  on  poplar. 


59^ 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


v/, 


y  0 1% 


Agallia  quadripunctata  Prov.  was  abundant  at  Poughkeepsie  May  21, 
1903,  on  honey  locust. 

f)    Clastoptera  proteus  Fitch.       Larvae    and    adults    of   this    species   were 
abundant  on  Cornus  at  Kenwood  N.  Y.  July  i  i. 

Lightning  leaf  hopper 

Ornicn/s  pritinosa  Say 
This  active  little  leaf  hopper  is  a  trifle  over  14  i'lch  in  length  and  may 
be  recognized  by  its  whitish  covering  over  the 
dark  purplish  or  brownish  wings.  The  young 
insects  are  a  delicate  green  and  bear  long  floc- 
culent  masses  of  woolly  matter.  Both  young  and 
adults  are  very  active  and  occasionally  occur 
in  immense  numbers.  A  single  example  was 
taken  on  scrub  oak  at  Karner  July  19,  1901. 
It  has  been  met  with  by  the  writer  in  large 
numbers  about  ornamental  bushes  in  a  door- 
yard,  and  Mr  Young  found  it  present  in  enor. 
mous   numbers  on    a   catalpa  tree,   which  did  not  seem  to  be  injured  in  the 

slightest. 

Hawthorn  tingis 

Corytluica    arcuata  Say 

.\  small  net-veined  insect,  about  Js  inch  in  length,  may  be  found  on  the  underside 
of  Crataegus  or  thorn  and  oak  leaves  during  the  summer. 

This  species  or  one  of  its  varieties  is  quite  common  in  New  York  State 
on  oak  leaves  and  an  a.ssemblage  of  its  peculiar  egg  masses  is  an  interesting 
sight.  It  is  occasionally  al:>undant  enough  so  that  toward  the  end  of  the 
simimer  foliage  of  oaks  and  other  plants  infe.sted  become  somewhat  dry 
and   withered. 

Description.  The  insect  in  its  various  stages  has  been  described  by 
Professor  Comstock  as  follows  : 

The  eggs  of  this  insect,  which,  I  think,  have  not  been  described,  are 
smooth,  whitish,   glistening,   semitransparent  and    ovoid    in    shape.  "  Their 


cnl.irged  (orit-inall 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


599 


Fig.  154  Corythu 
arcuata,  eggs  a 
young     CAfter    Co 


average  length  is  .01  inch.  They  are  deposited  on  their  broad  end,  and 
seem  to  be  somewhat  inserted  into  the  substance  of  the  leaf;  they  are  cov- 
ered completely  by  a  brown,  sticky  substance,  which  hardens 
soon  after  oviposition.  It  adheres  so  firmly  to  the  egg, 
specially  to  the  upper  portion,  that  it  is  impossible  to  remove 
it  without  crushing  the  egg.  At  its  upper  end  this  cover- 
ing of  the  egg  is  squarely  truncate,  giving  the  whole  mass  the 
appearance  of  a  frustum  of  a  cone  with  a  porous  lid.  From 
the  funnel-shaped  summit  the  young  insect  makes  its  exit, 
and  the  round  hole  at  this  point  renders  the  empty  eggs 
readily  distinguishable  from  those  still  unhatched'  The 
eggs  are  usually  laid,  in  groups  of  from  10  to  30,  along 
both  sides  of  some  prominent  leaf  vein.  They  bear  a  much 
greater  resemblance  to  certain  forms  of  fung'i,  notably  the 
genus  Phoma,  and  to  certain  young  homopterous  galls,  than  they  do  to 
eggs  of  any  sort. 

The  immature  insect  is  of  the  same  dirty  brown  color  as 
stance  covering  the  egg,  and  but  little  darker  than  the 
withering  leaf.  It  is  of  a  broad,  flat,  oval  shape,  and 
spines  seem  to  project  from  almost  every  portion  of  its 
body.  It  looks  under  the  microscope  more  like  a  lobe  of 
a  prickly  cactus  than  anything  else  we  can  think  of.  The 
cast-off  skins  stick  to  the  leaf,  and  give  it  the  appearance 
of  being  much  more  seriously  infested  than  it  really  is. 

The  general  appearance  of  a  mature  individual  is  well 
shown  in  figure  155.      It  is  about  y^  inch  long. 

Professor  Comstock  states   that  the  species  ordinarily 
hibernates  in   the   adult  condition,    and   may   be   found   during   the   winter 
under  the  loose  bark  of  a  tree  or  under  sticks  or  stones  on  the  ^^-round. 

Bibliography 
1880     Comstock,  J.  H.     V.  S.  Dep't  Agric.  Rep't  1879,  P-  221-22 

Ciliated  tingis 

CorytJtHca  ciliata  Saj' 

Very  delicate  reticulate  winged  insects,  about  >8   inch  in  length,  mav  be  found  on 
the  foliage  of  buttonwood. 

This  species  was  brought  to  the  attention   of   Dr  Lintner  about    1888, 
and  was  noticed  briefly  in  his  report.      It  was  received  by  him   from    Prof. 


6oO  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

D.  S.  Martin  who  took  this  species  in  its  young  and  adult  condition  on  the 
leaves  of  buttonwood  or  sycamore.  The  adult  has  been  ilescribed  b)  Say 
as  follows  : 

Whitish,  reticulate  with  nervures  on  which  are  short  spines  ;  widely 
margined  ;  color  whitish  ;  thorax  with  an  inflated  carina  before,  extending 
over  the  head  ;  sides  dilated,  bullate,  a  little  elevated,  lateral  and  anterior 
margins  ciliate  with  short  spines  ;  scutel  with  the  lateral  margin  elevatetl 
and  an  acute,  highly  elevated  carina  on  the  middle  ;  hemelytra  dilated,  with 
an  inflated  carina  before  the  middle  of  each,  on  which  is  a  brown  spot  ; 
edge  ciliate  with  short  spines,  excepting  the  posterior  third  and  tip,  which 
are  unarmed,  rectilinear;  beneath  piceous-black  ;   feet  pale  yellowish. 

Length  to  tip  of  hemelytra,  3  20  of  an  inch. 

The  larva  is  spinous,  fuscous,  with  a  large  yellowish  spot  each  side  of 
the  middle,  and  before  the  middle  a  broad  yellowish  vitta.  The  species  is 
very,  pQnUTion. 

Bibliography 
1888     Lintner,  J.  A.     Ins.  N.  Y.     4th  Rep't,  p.  107-9 

Woolly  maple  leaf  aphid 
PcmpJiigHS  accrifolii  Riley 

Blackish  or  purplish,  winged,  woolly  plant  li<  e  "c  (  ur  in  large  numbers  on  the  under- 
side of  curled,  soft  maple  leaves. 

This  species  is  rarely  abundant  enough  to  excite  attention,  though 
occasionally  it  is  quite  injurious,  specially  in  the  .Southern  States.  Professor 
Johnson  has  recorded  instances  of  serious  injuries  to  soft  maples  for  several 
years  in  succession,  and  in  June  1905,  this  species  was  excessively  al)undant 
on  soft  maples  at  several  points  in  the  Hudson  valley.  It  may  be  easil)- 
recognized  by  the  large  amount  of  woolly  matter,  it  being  sometimes  nearly 
as  long  as  the  insect.  This  form  may  be  separated  from  the  closely  allied 
Pemphigus  aceris  Monell.,  which  lives  on  the  underside  of  hard  maple 
limbs,  by  the  antennae  reaching  only  to  the  wing  insertion,  whereas  in  this 
last  named  the  fourth  joint  extends  to  the  base  of  the  wings.  This  species 
is  sometimes  excessively  abundant  on  the  luiderside  of  soft  maple  foliage  in 
June  and  the  leaves  may  be  badly  curled  as  a  result.  The  insects  usually 
desert  the  trees  early  in  Jid\'  and  as  a  rule  remedial  measures  are  unnecessary. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  6o  I 

•  Birch  aphid 

Calliptcrus  hetulaecolens   Mon. 

A  delicate  yellowish  plant  louse  is  sometimes  exceedingly  abundant  in  niidsumnier 
on  the  underside  of  birch  foliage. 

1  his  little  species  is  sometimes  very  injurious  to  birches  in  the  vicinity 
of  Albany,  particularly  the  ornamental  cut-leaved  variet)-,  and  it  is  occa- 
sionally quite  destructive  in  other  portions  of  the  State,  complaints  of  its 
depredations  having-  been  received  from  Herkimer  county  and  also  in  the 
vicinity  of  Buffalo.  There  is  no  method  of  keeping  it  in  check  aside  from 
spraying  with  contact  insecticides  such  as  a  whale  oil  soap  solution  or 
kerosene  emulsion  and  ordinarily  that  is  impractical,  '^he  pest,  when 
abundant,  is  fed  on  to  a  considerable  extent  by  adults  and  larvae  of  the 
two-spotted  lady  beetle,   Adalia  bi  punctata   Linn. 

Woolly  beech  leaf  aphis 

Phyllapliis    fagi   Linn. 

Cottony  masses  occurring  on  the  underside  of  purple  beech  leaves  usually  shelter 
groujjs  of  this  plant  louse. 

This  species  is  a  common  one  on  purple  beech  in  parks,  and  sometimes 
becomes  so  abundant  as  to  cover  a  large  proportion  of  the  under  surface 
of  the  leaves  and  at  such  times  it  may  cause  considerable  injury  to  the  tree. 

Description  and  habits.  This  aphid  is  shown  clustered  on  the  under- 
side of  leaves  and  along  the  mid  ribs  and  smaller  veins  on  plate  i  i,  figures 
lo,  II.  The  adult  females  may  be  recognized  by  the  con.spicuous  cottony 
tufts  largely  concealing  the  body.  The  young  are  pale  greenish  yellow  and 
may  frequently  be  seen  nestling  among  the  hairs  so  abundant  along  the  leaf 
veins.  The  cast  skins  or  exuviae  are  snow-white,  sometimes  abundant  and 
may  then  give  a  whitish  appearance  to  the  underside  of  the  foliage.  The 
partly  grown  plant  louse  has  the  habit  of  resting  with  its  head  close  to  a 
vein,  from  which  it  is  apparently  drawing  nourishment.  The  extremity  of 
the  young  is  usually  ornamented  by  a  few  scattering  bluish,    white   fibers. 


5o2  NEW    VOKK    STATE    MUSEUM 

'Ihe  latter  become  more  abundant  as  the  insect  develops  and    eventually 
nearly  conceal  it. 

Remedial  measures.  The  flocculent  woolly  secretion  serves  to  protect 
this  species  in  a  large  measure,  from  applications  of  such  contact  insecti- 
cides as  kerosene  emulsion  or  whale  oil  soap  solution,  and  in  order  to 
ol^tain  satisfactory  results  the  spraying  must  be  done  very  thoroughly  and 
preferably  with  considerable  force. 

White   flower  cricket 
OecantliJis    nivciis  DeGeer 
This  delicate,  pale   greenish   or  white  insect  is  one  of  our  common  species  from  the 
middle  of  August  till  the  hitter  part  of  September,  when  it  occurs  on  various  plants,  shrubs 
and  trees.  • 

This  flower  cricket  is  about  Y^,  inch  in  length  and  may  be  recognized 
by  its  pale  color  and  the  usually  two  nearly  circular,  black  s|>ots  on  the 
basal  two  segments  of  the  antennae. 

This  species,  as  well  as  its  allies,  is  more  or  less  nocturnal  in 
habit,  and  though  found  on  various  plants  during  the  daytime,  it 
is  usually  comparatively  motionless,  becommg  more  active  on  the 
approach  of  night.  It  is  at  this  time,  according  to  Miss  Murt- 
feldt,  that  its  predaceous  habits  may  be  observed.  She  states 
that  as  the  twilight  deepens,  the  young  crickets  awaken  to  greater 
activity,  and  that  with  the  aid  of  a  light  they  may  be  seen  "  hurry- 
of  basal  an-  mg,  With  a  furtive,  dartmg  movement  over  the  leaves  and  stems, 
mems,  (Af-  the  head  bent  down,   the  antennae   stretched   forward,  and.  ever)- 

t**r    Beuten-  .  '*/\i  i  •  •!  i  '11 

mui.er.  Am.  scHse  apparently  on  the  alert.       A  plant  louse  is  seized  and  rapidly 

Mus.      Nat.  l-l  1 

Hist.    Hul.  devoured.      She  observed    that  unless    a    very  liberal    number  oi 
aphids    were     supplied,     none    would     be  found     in   the     jar     the 

ne.\t  morning. 

It  is  interesting  in  this  connection  to  refer  to  the  observation  of  an 
Indiana  nurseryman,  who  is  reported  by  Professor  Webster,  substantially  as 
follows :  This  gentleman  experienced  much  trouble  from  plant  lice  till 
after  he   planted  raspberries   in   his  young  orchard,  after  which  his  troubles 


underside 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  6o^ 

from  these  pests    ceased  to  a  considerable    extent,  though    the    raspberry 
plants  were  frequently  seriously  injured  from  oviposition  by  tree  crickets. 

Professor  Piper  states  that  these  crickets,  after  attaining  full  growth, 
feed  to  some  extent  on  the  tender  shoots  of  various  shrubs  and  sometimes 
do  a  little  damage  in  this  manner.  The  principal  injury,  however,  is  caused 
l)y  the  deposition  of  the  eggs  in  the  smaller  limbs  of  various  bushes  and 
trees,  where  they  remain  over  winter  and  hatch  in  June.  This  injur\  is 
particularly  marked  in  the  case  of  raspberry  and  similar  soft-stemmed 
]ilants.  These  insects  also  deposit  their  eggs  as  stated  b)'  various  writers, 
in  peach,  apple,  grape,  cherry,  oak,  elm,  hazel,  sumac  and  willow,  and  the 
observations  of  Dr  Hopkins,  now  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Ento- 
mology, convince  him  that  considerable  injury  ma\'  follow  this  act.  The 
wounds  made  by  the  tree  crickets  afford  ready  entrance  for  fungous  diseases 
or  an  opportunity  for  such  plant  lice  as  the  woolly  aphis  to  attack  the  tree 
and  serious  deformities  may  result.  Tree  crickets,  as  well  as  some  other 
insects,  suffer  to  some  extent  from  egg  parasites.  Two  species,  C  a  c  u  s 
oecanthi  Riley  M.S.  and  Baryconus  oecanthi  Riley  MS.,  have 
been  reared  from  eggs  of  this  species,  and  the  former  also  from  those  of 
().  latipennis.  Generally  speaking,  these  tree  crickets  are  beneficial, 
and  as  a  rule  they  should  not  be  destroyed,  though  occasionally  some  injury 
niay  be  caused. 

Bibliography 
1899     Murtfeldt,  Mary  E.      Insect  Life,  2  :  130-32 

KREQITKNTKKS,    IT.SIIAI.I,Y    BENEFlCI.iL,    OF   DECIDUOUS    FOREST   TREES 

Cicada  killer 

Sp/uriiis  spca'osiis  Drury 
This  handsome  black,  yellow-marked  Avasp,  with  rust-brown  wings, 
about  an  inch  in  length,  is  a  southern  form  and  ordinarily  occurs  from 
Poughkeepsie  southward,  being  more  abundant  in  New  Jersey  and  places 
having  a  similar  climate,  than  farther  north.  This  fierce,  striking  wasp 
was  rather  common  at  Karner,  only  a  few  miles  west  of  Albany,  in  the 
summer  of  1901,  at  which  time  it  was  observed  about  scrub  oaks,  evidently 


0O4 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


attracted  to  the  exudation   from   the  starting   buds,  though   in    no    instance 

was  it  detected  trying  to  capture  insects. 
This  species  received  its  common 
name  because  of  its  habit  of  preying  on 
the  cicada,  which  is  stung  into  insensi- 
bility, then  dragged  to  the  foot  of  the 
burrow,  an  egg  deposited  and  the  exca- 
vation filled.  In  due  time  the  grub 
appears,  feeds  on  its  prey  and  develops 
Fig.  157   Cicada  kiii<.r  (author  s  illustration)  intoa  vvasp.      This    luscct   lias   becu   so 

abundant  at   Poughkeepsie  as  to  occasion   complaints   because    its   numer- 
ous large  burrows  rendered  lawns  unsightly. 

Fifteen-spotted  lady  beetle 

Aiia/is  oicllata    Linn. 
This    large    rather    common    species    was    met    with   on    hard    pine   at 
Karner  in    1901,   where    it 
probably    preyed   on   plant 
lice  and  other  small  forms 
infesting   the   trees.      This 
species    was    observed    on   *^ 
several      occasions      about 
other     trees     infested     by 
])lant       lice,        particularly 
pines     where     Chermes      ,-.      ,   p.,  j ,  ^  ..    ,   ,.  v 

■  I'ig.  158     Fifteen-spotted  lady  beetle,  light  and  dark  form,  enlarged  foriKinal) 

pinicorticis    Fitch  was  abundant  and   also   in   the  vicinity  of    Nprway 
maples  infested  by  Chaitophorus    aceris  Linn. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


005 


\^ 


Neomysia  pullata  Sa\' 
This,  one  of  our  iiKjdiuni  sized  to  larj^e  lady  beetles, 
was  taken  in  small  numbers  on  hard  pine  at  Karner 
in  1901.  ()ne  specimen  was  captiu'ed  |une  4  and 
another  Jul\-  8.  The  species  may  be  recognized  by 
its  heail  being-  nearly  black,  or  with  very  few  light 
markings  on  it  and  more  specially  by  the  nearly  uni- 
form yellowish  red   or  yellowish  brown  wing  covers. 


Hyperaspis  binotata  Say 
A  minute,  black,  red-spotted  lady  beetle  less  than  ig  inch  in  length, 
was  met  with  on  scrub  oak  at  Karner,  May  14,  1902.  It  was  bred  in  some 
numbers  October  3,  1902  from  a  branch  of  scrub  oak  badly  infested  with  a 
species  of  Lecanium  found  at  North  Chatham  N.  V.  July  6.  It  probably 
preys  on  such  soft-bodied  insects  as  it  can  overcome  as  well  as  on  scale 
insects.  The  species  appears  to  be  rare  in  this  State.  It  has  been 
recorded  by  Casey  from  New  Hampshire,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Indiana, 
Wisconsin,  and  I)r  .Smith  lists  it  from  New  Jerse)',  where  it  occurs  on  pine 
trees  in  spring  and  on  willows  in  summer.  It  probably  appears  in  Dr 
Hamilton's  list  of  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  Dury's  list  of  Cincinnati 
species,  and  in  Ulke  s  list  of  forms  occurring  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
under  the  name  of  H.  signal  a  Oliv. 

Limonius  quercinus  Say.    This   beetle  was  beaten   in   June  from  scrub 
oak  at  Karner. 

Hydnocera  verticalis  Say 

A  slender,  yellow-headed,  blackish  and   \ello\vish   beetle   occurs   in    early    spring   on 
low  shrubs  and  trees. 

This     species    was     reared     from    a    larva    found     in    an    oak    gall    at 
Normanskill  near  Albany,  May  10,  1902. 


6o6  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Description.  Length  about  Vg  inch  ;  head  yellowish  ;  eyes  black  ; 
thorax  longer  than  wide,  cylindric,  black  ;  wing  covers  shorter  than  the 
abdomen,  not  meeting  at  the  suture  and  narrowed  to  the  rounded  tip  ; 
densely  punctured  and  with  a  large  yellowish  spot  extending  from  the  base 
nearly  to  the  middle  ;  legs  yellowish. 

Habits.  This  predaceous  insect  is  undoubtedly  beneficial  and  has  a 
wide  distribution  in  the  northeastern  United  States,  having  been  recorded 
from  the  vicinity  of  Buffalo  N.  Y.,  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  various 
localities  in  New  Jersey  and  from  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Hydnocera  subaenea  Spin.  This  species  was  beaten  in  June  from  both 
pine  and  scrub  oak  at  Karner. 

Paratenetus  punctatus  Sol. 
A  small,  brownish  black  beetle  about  li  inch  long,  occurs   among  dead   leaves  and 
also  in  nests  of  tent  caterpillars. 

This  small  beetle  is  rather  stout,  with  a  dark  brown  coarsely  punctured 
head  and  thorax,  coarsely  granulated  eyes,  the  thorax  with  its  lateral  mar- 
gins irregularly  serrate.  The  wing  covers  have  rather  large, 
almost  confluent  punctures  and  are  ornamented  with  a  some- 
what coarse  pubescence.  This  species  was  met  with  in  early 
June  1902  at  Kenwood  N.  Y.,  where  it  was  present  in  consider- 
able numbers  in  nests  of  the  appletree  tent  caterpillar,  M  a  1  a- 
netus  punc-  CO  som  a  ame  r  1  cana  rabr.  It  presumably  was  teedmg  on 
(o^riginair'"'*^^''  the  frass  and  cast  skins  in  the  nests,  particularly  as  it  has  been 
recorded  by  Dr  Hamilton,  as  abundant  on  dead  leaves  on  bushes.  Dr  Horn 
records  it  from  the  Middle  and  Eastern  States.  It  has  been  listed  by  Ulke, 
from  the  District  of  Columbia,  who  also  states  that  it  is  very  common  on 
dried  leaves.  Dury  records  it  from  Ohio,  .Smith  from  several  New  Jersey 
localities  and  Staten  Island,  and  it  has  been  listed  by  Zesch  and  Reinecke, 
from  the  vicinity  of  Buffalo. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  607 


Soldier  bugs :  Podisus  and  Euschistus 

Pod  is  US  placid  lis  Uhl. 
This  species  ranges  in  length  from  .?  j^  to  nearly  '^ 
inch  and  was  present  in  small  numbers  on  hard  pine  at 
Karner  in  1901,  three  specimens  being  taken  June  13  and 
two  July  9.  It  has  the  angles  of  the  prothorax  slightly 
developed,  is  yellowish  in  color,  thickly  mottled  with  reddish 


or  reddish  brown  and  with  the  anterior  and  posterior  anMes  '''^-    '^'     Podisus 

'  '^  placid  us,  enlarged 

of  the  abdominal  segments  marked  with  small  black  spots.        ^original) 

Mr  Kirkland  states  that  in  the  nearly  full  grown  young  the  head, 
thorax  and  wing  pads  are  an  intense  pitch  black,  the  abdomen  dark  red, 
margined  with  a  series  of  black  spots,  one  on  each  segment,  and  with  four 
black  spots  in  a  longitudinal  row  on  the  dorsum. 

This  insect  is  an  exceedingly  valuable  check  on  several  injurious 
species.  The  writer  in  May  1902  found  five  of  these  bugs  within  one  tent 
of  the  common  appletree  tent  caterpillar  (  M  a  1  a  c  o  s  o  m  a  a  m  e  r  i  c  a  n  a 
Fabn),  and  six  or  seven  were  observed  on  the  outside  of  another.  Several 
bugs  were  seen  with  their  beaks  inserted  in  caterpillars,  and  in  two  or  three 
instances  a  caterpillar  hung  from  the  beak  of  its  voracious  enemy.  Another 
was  observed  in  association  with  sawfly  larvae  ( Lophyrus)  on  hard  pine 
and  was  probably  preying  on  them,  since  it  did  not  hesitate  to  do  so  in 
confinement.  Young  of  this  plant  bug  were  also  taken  at  Karner  in  July 
1902  feeding  on  the  eggs  of  the  senatorial  oak  caterpillar,  Anisota 
senatoria  Abb.  &  .Sm.  In  addition  to  the  above,  Mr  Kirkland  states 
that  this  species  has  been  recorded  as  destroying  currant  worms, 
Pteronus  ribesii  Scop.,  spiny  elm  caterpillars,  Euvanessa 
antiopa  Linn.,  fall  webworms,  Hyphantria  text  or  Ham,  cater- 
pillars of  the  white  marked  tussock  moth,  Hemerocampa  1  e  u  c  o- 
stigma  Abb.  &  Sm.,  H.  definita  Pack.,  and  gipsy  moth  caterpillars, 
Porthetria  dispar   Linn. 

He  also  states  that  over-wintering  adults  appear  in  early  spring,  and 
after     feeding    about    a   fortnight    on    caterpillars   occurring   at   this  time, 


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NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


deposit  their  ei^^j^s  on  the  underside  of  leeives  or  on  twists,  50  to  60  bein^^ 
laid  by  a  single  female.  The)'  hatch  in  about  10  days  and  the  red  and 
l>lack  younu-  feed  on  the  leaves  for  about  a  week  and  then  begin  to  prey  on 
insects,  becoming  full  grown  during  July.  He  states  that  there  are 
undoubtedly  two  annual  l)roods  in  Massachusetts,  the  young  of  the  second 
maturing  in  September,  and  that  possibly  three  generations  may  appear  in 
favorable  seasons. 

This  species  has  been  recorded  from  Colorado  by  Messrs  Gillette 
and  Baker,  from  southern  Michigan  b\-  Professor  Townsend,  from 
Iowa  by  Professor  Osborn,  from  Canada  by  Mr  Saunders,  and  Dr 
.Smith  states  that  it  is  common  in  New  Jersey.  The  latter  is  true  of 
both    Massachusetts    and    New    \'ork. 


Spined  soldier  bug 

I'odisiis    iiiaculii'ditris    Say 
This  insect  is  )ellowish,  with  its  upper  surface   so   thickh'  spotted  with 
reddish  or  dark  brown  as  to  give  it  a  general  dull  brown  color.      It  is  about 
]'i  inch   in  length  and   is  remarkable  for  the   prolonged 
acute  projections  of  the  pronotum. 

Ihis  species  is  well  known  in  economic  literature 
under  the  abox'e  common  name,  while  its  scientific  name 
has  almost  universally  been  given  as  P.  spinosus 
"*  Dallas.  It  is  the  form  fretjuently  met  with  on  various 
plants  and  is  an  enemy  of  the  elm  leaf  beetle.  Imma- 
ture specimens  and  eggs  of  this  insect  were  taken  at 
li.  Karner,  .Sej).  30,  1902  by  Mr  "\'oung  who  obser\-ed  the 
vinins,  en  .T.uf.  ..r,.;,n..  fomieT  prey  1  ug  o  u  Zebra  caterp  i  1  Uirs,  Mamestra  picta 
Harris,  and  he  succeeded  in  bringing  the  insects  to  maturit)'  on  these 
caterpillars.  This  bug  is  a  \  cry  general  feeder,  having  been  recorded  by 
various  authors  as  preying  on  such  diverse  forms  as  walking  sticks,  D  i  a- 
p  h  e  r  o  m  e  r  a  f  e  m  o  r  a  t  a  Say,  asparagus  beetles,  Crioceris  asparagi 
Linn.,    Colorado    jjotato    beetles,     Doryphora     decemlineata     -Say, 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  609 

cabbage  butterfly,  Pieris  rapae  Linn.,  fall  webworm,  Hyphantria 
t  e  X  t  o  r  Ham,  white  marked  tussock  moth,  Hemerocampa  leucos- 
t  i  o-  m  a  Abb.  &  Sm.,  a  climbing  cutworm,  Carneades  scan  dens  Riley, 
cotton  worm,  Alabama  argillacea  Hbn.,  a  webworm,  Archips 
fervidana  Clem.,  codling  moth,  C  a  r  p  o  c  a  p  s  a  p  o  m  o  n  e  1 1  a  Linn., 
Gymonychus  ap  p  e  n  d  i  c  u  1  a  t  u  s  Hartig,  the  morning  glory  leaf 
cutter,  Loxostege  oblite  rails  Walk.,  and  a  sawfly,  Selandria 
bard  a  Say.  It  is  subject  to  attack  by  egg  parasites,  two  species,  T  e  1  e- 
n  o  m  u  s  p  o  d  i  s  i  Ashm.  and  Trissolcus  podisi  Ashm.,  having  been 
reared  from  its  eggs,  which  have  been  described  by  Dr  Riley  as  "  bronze- 
colored  caldron-shaped  objects,  with  a  convex  lid,  around  which  radiate  15 
or  16  white  spines."  They  are  placed  side  by  side  in  small  clusters  on 
leaves  or  other  objects.  The  young  bugs,  according  to  Riley,  are  ovoid,' 
shiny  black,  with  some  bright  crimson  about  the  abdomen,  and  when  fuh 
grown  four  yellow  spots  appear  on  the  thorax  and  the  abdomen  is  more 
yellowish.  This  author  also  states  that  the  diet  of  the  young  is  principally 
vegetarian,  though  a  young  bug  has  been  observed  to  destroy  a  grub  of  the 
Colorado  potato  beetle  four  or  five  times  its  own  size.  This  species  has 
been  taken  by  ]Mr  Bueno,  in  June,  July,  September  and  October,  in  various 
localities  about  New  York  city,  and  has  been  recorded  by  Dr  Smith,  from 
Staten  Island.  Its  distribution  has  been  given  by  Kirkland,  in  addition  to 
the  above  localities,  as  follows :  Canada,  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania, 
Maryland,  Vij-ginia,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Iowa,  Missouri 
Colorado,  Indian  Territory,  Texas  and  California.  He  states  that  it  is  said 
to  occur  generally  throughout  the  south  and  west,  and  that  it  is  rare  in 
Massachusetts.  Professor  Osborn  records  this  species  from  Williams 
Ariz. 

Bibliography 
1898     Kirkland,  A.  H.     Mass.  State  Bd  Agric.  Rep't,  p.  131-35 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Podisus  modestus  Dallas 

This  predaceous  plant  bug  measures  about  3/^  inch 
in  length,  is  a  yellowish  color,  thickly  mottled  with  red- 
dish brown,  the  wing  covers  being  bordered  anteriorly 
by  the  same  color  and  the  tips  of  the  prothoracic  angles 
margined  by  the  same.  A  single  specimen  was  taken 
li     at  Karner  on  hard  pine  Sep.  6,  1901. 

This  species  has  been  recorded  by  Mr  Uhler  from 
Dakota,  Nebraska,  Illinois,  Canada  and  the  eastern 
United  States  as  far  south  as  Georgia.  Dr  J.  B. 
Smith  states  that  it  is  not  rare  in  New  Jersey. 


Fig.  163    Podisus   mode 
enlarged    (original) 


Euschistus  fissilis  Uhler 
This  rather  large,  yellowish  green,  brown-mottled  species  measures 
about  5  8  inch  long,  and  was  taken  by  us  in  May  and  June,  on  hard  pine 
and  scrub  oak  at  Karner.  It  must  be  somewhat  common  at  times,  since 
four  were  taken  in  one  day,  and  it  probably  preys,  like  its  relatives, 
somewhat  indiscriminately  on  caterpillars  and  other  soft-bodied  insects 
occurring  on  these  trees.  This  species  is  probably  common  in  New  York 
State,  as  it  has  been  listed  from  Staten  Island  by  Smith,  and  been  taken  by 
Mr  Bueno,  from  various  localities  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York,  during  May, 
June,  July  and  August.  It  has  also  been  recorded  by  Uhler,  from 
Colorado,  Nebraska,  Illinois  and  parts  of  the  Atlantic  States.  Professor 
bsborn  states  that  it  is  common  in  Iowa,  and  lists  it  from  Tacoma,  Wash. 
Messrs  Gillette  and  Baker  record  it  from  several  Colorado  localities,  where 
it  evidently  occurs  throughout  the  season,  having  been  taken  at  Fort 
Collins  from  April  23  to  Oct.  24,  and  Dr  Smith  lists  it  from  several  places 
in  New  Jersey.  Prof.  F.  M.  Webster  observed  this  species  extracting  the 
milk  from  immature  kernels  of  wheat  in  Indiana,  and  adds  that  it  must 
inflict  considerable  damage  to  both  fall  and  spring  grain. 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXC    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  6ll 

Euschistus    variolarius    Beauv. 

This  is  a  rather  stout,  reddish  or  yellowish  gray  plant  bug  about  i^ 
inch  long,  with  the  humeral  angles  somewhat  prominent.  It  was  found  by 
us  fjuite  common  on  white  pines  at  Round  Lake  N.  Y.,  Sep.  22,  1902,  at 
which  time  it  appeared  to  be  deeply  interested  in  the  web  nests  of  an 
undetermined  tortricid  on  the  larvae  of  which  it  probably  feeds  to  a  consid- 
erable extent.  We  have  taken  this  insect  at  Karner  during  the  months  of 
May,  early  June,  September  and  October,  and  Mr  Bueno  records  its  occur- 
rence about  New  York  city  during  June,  July,  August  and  September.  It 
has  been  listed  from  Staten    Island   by  Dr  Smith.      It  is     -^  ^,^_ 

very  probable  that  this  species,  like  some  of  its  congen-  |     \m>f      (f 

ers,  feeds  in   its  early  stages  on  plants  to   some  extent  \>^^mK<£^ 

and   becomes  predaceous   and   therefore   beneficial   after        ^^^wg^^ 
attaining  some  size.      It   is  interesting  in  this  connection      §  r  \*"KW\\ 
to  note  that  Mr  F.  F.  Crevecouer  of  Onaga  Kan.,  states    /  ,     'Aji"^ fl  V 
that  the  fluid  exuded  by  this  species  caused  a  very  pain-        ij   ^m^^     '■, 
ful  sensation  on  a  sore  spot  on  his  finoer,  beine  almost        rf  ^^Wy 
like  that  of  a  burn.      The   active  character  of  this  tluid       /  \ 

has  been  observed  by  others,  and  Mr  Young  states  that  '^ll*ns."^,L^cdl^r^sn'^i°' 
in  the  case  of  the  common  Cosmopepla  earn  if  ex  Fabr.,  its  exuda- 
tion burns  the  tender  portion  of  the  lip  much  as  described  above. 

This  species,  according  to  L'hler,  occurs  in  Colorado,  Texas  and  gen- 
erally throughout  the  eastern  United  States.  It  has  been  recorded  by 
Osborn  from  Albuquerque  X.  M.,  ami  Colorado,  by  Townsend  from 
southern  Michigan,  by  Gillette  and  Baker  as  present  in  a  number  of  locali- 
ties in  Colorado  and  from  the  vicinit)-  of  Woods  Holl  Mass.  by  T.  H. 
Montgomery  jr. 

1  his  species  evidently  occurs  on  various  plants,  which  are  injured  to 
some  extent.  It  has  been  recorded  about  raspberry  bushes  (the  fruit  of 
which  it  injures  seriously")  in  gardens  b\-  Townsend,  and  on  melon  stalks 
from  July  to  September.      Professor   Webster   reports  it  as  puncturing   the 


6l2 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


skin  of  ripening  tomatoes,  numbers  being-  clustered  on  the  fruit  and  juice 
oozing  from  the  wounds,  and  states  that  the  bugs  also  attack  peaches  in  a 
similar  manner.  Professor  Garman  has  observed  serious  injury  following 
the  presence  of  this  insect  on  young  tobacco  plants,  causing  the  sudden 
wilting  of  the  leaves,  and  Mr  Crevecoeur,  mentioned  above  states,  that  it 
often  feeds  on  strawberries. 

Bibliography 
1897     Garman,  Harrison.     Ky.  Agnc.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  66,  p.  83-84 

Euschistus  tristigmus   .Say 
This  dark  brownish  plant  bug  is  about   33   inch  in  length  and  was  met 
with  by  the  writer  in  small  numbers  on  hard   pine  at  Karner,  one  specimen 
being    taken     -Sep.     18,     1901.       This   species  has    been 
described    by  Uhler    as  from    Texas,    Indian    Territory, 
Kansas,    Missouri,  and  as  ranging  from   Florida  to  New 
York.      He  states  that  the  form  with  blunt,  lateral  angles 
has  been  taken   at  Washington,    Kansas,  Canada,   Penn- 
sylvania, Maryland,  Iowa  and   New  York,  and   adds  that 
it   sometimes  occurs  in  large  numbers  during   late   sum- 
mer on  bushes  in  damp  situations.     The  species  has  been 
listed  by  Mr  Townsend  from   southern  Michigan   and  Dr 
'"'"'>  Smith  records  it  from  a  number  of  New  Jersey  localities, 

where   it   is  stated  to  be   locally  common. 

Euschistus  politus  Uhler 
This  is  one  of  the  smaller  members  of  this  genus,  being  only  about  3/g 
inch  in  length.  It  is  yellowish  and  so  thickly  spotted  with  dark  brown  as 
to  give  it  a  yellowish  brown  appearance.  The  posterior  portion  of  the 
wing  covers  are  nearly  black.  Its  head  is  short  and  the  pronotal  angles  less 
developed  than  in  other  species.  A  single  specimen  was  taken  by  us  at 
Karner,  Sep.  30,  1902.  It  probably  occurs  on  hard  pines  to  some  extent. 
Mr  Kirkland  states  that  this  rare  insect  has  occasionally  been  taken  under 
•  circumstances  which  gave  the  impression  that  it  is  predatory  in  habit.      The 


Fig.  i6s  E  u  s 


INSECTS   AFFECTIiXG    PARK    AND    WOODLAND   TREES 


613 


eggs  have  been  described  by  him  as  pearly  white,  i  mm  long  and  .8  mm 
wide,  nearly  cylindric  in  form,  with  both  extremities  flattened.  The  cap  is 
surrounded  by  a  row  of  black,  elongated,  club-shaped  spines,  and  the  surface 
of  the  egg  is  covered  with  small  blunt  spines  between  which  are  numerous 
smaller  ones.  He  has  found  the  insect  preying  on  gipsy  moth  caterpillars, 
though  he  is  inclined  to  believe  that  it  more  frequently  feeds  on  plants  than 
insects. 

Bibliography 

1897     Kirkland,  A.  H.     Mass.  State  Bd  Agric.    Rep't,  p.  58-59 
Alydus  eurinus  Say 
This  black  species,    with   red-banded  abdomen   is 
about   }<  inch   in  length,  and  on  account  of  its  slender 
form    and    peculiar    movements,    resembles  an    ant  to 
some  extent.      It  was  observed   in    small   numbers  on 
scrub  oak  at   Karner,   one  specimen  being  taken  June 
21,    1901    and  another  in   early  July  1902.      This  insect 
has    a  wide   distribution,    having    been  recorded   from 
as  far  west  as   Colorado,  south    to  Texas,   as  occurring    '''*^'  'eniar'^^dfriginri)'"" 
in   the   Eastern  States  and  ranging  north  into  Canada. 

AchoUa  multispinosa  DeG. 

This  predaceous,  spiny  hemipteron  is  one  of  our 
rather  common  though  rarely  abundant  forms.  It  is 
about  ^4  inch  long,  slender  in  shape,  and  varies  in  color 
from  light  to  dark  brown,  and  it  may  be  recognized  by 
the  prominent  spines  on  the  top  of  the  head.  The 
young  are  similar  in  appearance  to  the  adults,  though 
usually  with  the  abdominal  segments  colored  more  or 
less  deeply  with  red. 

Adults  of  this  species  were  taken  in  1901  on  hard 
pine  at  Karner  Aug.  9  and  21,  and  Sep.  6.  Immature 
specimens  of  what  probably  belong  to  this  species  were  also    taken    earlier 


Fig.    167      AchoUa      m  u  1 1  i- 
s  p  i  11  o  sa,  enlarged  (original) 


6i4 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


in  the  season,  three  less  than  half  grown  being  captured  July  8,  nine  about 
half  grown  July  19  and  two  nearly  full  grown  July  27.  This  species  is  pre- 
daceous  and  is  therefore  beneficial.  It  has  a  wide  distribution,  having  been 
recorded  from  as  far  west  as  Nebraska  and  from  a  number  of  the  Eastern 
and  Middle  States. 

Camptobrochis  grandis  Uhl. 

This  species  was  somewhat  common  on  hard   pine  at    Karner   during 

June  and  July  1901,  though  on  account  of  its  timidity  and  rapid  movements 

comparatively  few  specimens  were  taken.      The  adult  insect 

is  about  y^  inch  long,  oval   in   outline  and   inconspicuously 

marked  with  brown  and  yellowish  brown.      This  species  has 

been  recorded  by  Dr  Howard  as  sucking  the  eggs  of  the 

imported  elm  leaf  beetle,  Galerucella  luteola  Mull., 

and   it  is  very  probably  a  predaceous  form   living  on  some 

of  the  weaker  insects  infesting  the  plants  on  which  it  occurs. 

Mr  E.  P.  VanDuzee  lists  this  species  from  the  Muskoka 

lake  district  and  states   that   it    is   apparently   nocturnal    in 

habit,   since  several  were   captured   while   flying   around  a 

LrgUt " J. ""Z  scales     candle  at  cartip.      .Some  of  these   individuals,   he   states,   are 

much   enlarged   (orig-  ,  ,        i  i    •  1  ^  T 

inai)  extremely  dark,  even  approachuig  an  almost  uniform  piceous 

black.      It  has  been  listed  from  Iowa  by   Professor  Osborn,   from    Colorado 

by  Messrs  Gillette'  and  Baker,  and  probably  has  an  extended  distribution 

in  America. 

Anthrenus  castaneae  Melsh. 

An  ovnl,  black,  golden  specked  beetle  about  ^fy,  inch  in  length,  occurs  on  blossoms 
of  alder  and  cornus. 

This  species  was  taken  at  Poughkeepsie  on  cornus  blossoms  June  3, 
1903,  and  has  also  been  met  with  on  alder  blossoms  at  Newport  by  Mr 
Young.  The  insect  is  remarkable  because  of  the  triangular  shaped, 
crinkled  scales  covering  its  body,  by  which  it  may  easily  be  distinguished 
from  A.  m  u  s  e  o  r  u  m  Linn.,  with  which  it  has  probably  been  confused. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  615 

PLANT  GAI-LS   AND  GAII,  MAKEUS 

The  abnormal  growths  frequently  found  on  plants  and  known  as  insect 
galls,  excite  considerable  interest  and  have  led  to  much  speculation  as  to 
their  origin  and  manner  of  development.  The  species  producing  these 
peculiar  structures  do  not  compose  a  natural  group,  but  are  found  in  six 
orders  and  two  classes  of  the  animal  kingdom.  Certain  of  the  insects 
present  most  remarkable  features  in  their  life  histories  and  all  have  attained 
the  position  sought  by  many  of  a  higher  race,  in  that  they  secure  both  food 
and  shelter  with  little  or  no  labor. 

Development  of  galls.  Galls  produced  by  insects  or  by  the  somewhat 
closely  allied  mites,  may  be  found  on  practically  every  portion  of  the  plant. 
The  roots  are  affected  by  a  number  of  species  of  plant  lice  and  mites  ; 
trunks  or  stems  are  attacked  by  certain  4-winged  gall  flies,  beetles  or  Cole- 
optera,  2-winged  gall  flies  and  plant  lice,  while  branches,  foliage  and  iruit 
or  seeds  are  infested  by  various  species  producing  most  remarkable  and 
diverse  growths.  These  abnormal  structures  may  vary  from  the  compara- 
tively simple  galls  of  certain  plant  -lice,  which  consist  of  little  more  than  a 
folded  leaf  to  the  nearly  solid,  hard  cynipid  galls  on  stems.  The  many 
celled  bud  galls  may  be  contrasted  with  the  beautiful  fuzzy  swellings  adorn- 
ing the  stems  or  leaves  of  oaks  and  various  plants.  These  structures,  as 
previously  stated,  are  caused  by  several  insects  belonging  to  widely  sepa- 
rated groups,  and  it  is  probable  that  no  general  law  can  account  for  their 
production.  Certain  galls  like  those  of  the  Tenthredinidae  or  sawflies,  are 
probably  produced  by  the  irritation  incident  to  oviposition  or  the  presence 
of  the  egg,  since,  according  to  several  observers,  the  gall  develops  before 
the  young  hatches  from  the  egg.  The  larvae  of  the  4-winged  gall  flies  or 
Cynipidae,  are  probably  responsible  in  most  cases  for  the  development  of 
the  abnormal  growths  caused  by  this  family,  as  their  activity  results  in 
abnormal  stimulation  followed  by  excessive  cell  formation  and  the  develop- 
ment of  a  mass  of  unhealthy  tissue.  The  plant  lice  illustrate  another  and 
in  certain  ways  a  more  remarkable  method  of  development,  in  that  the 
tissues  of  the  affected  plant  grow  around  and  inclose  the  insect.     The  plant 


6l6  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

louse  establishes  herself  on  a  stem  or  leaf,  drawing  nourishment  therefrom, 
and  the  affected  tissues  shrink  away  to  some  extent,  while  those  adjacent 
bend  over  her  and  eventually  form  an  almost  complete  inclosure. 

Alternation  of  generations.  Certain  gall  insects  are  remarkable  on  this 
account.  The  Cynipids  had  long  been  a  puzzle  to  entomologists,  and  the 
classic  studies  of  Dr  Hermann  Adler  explained  many  enigmas.  Dr  Adler's 
investigations  were  largely  with  the  oak  gall  flies,  and  proved  that  a 
remarkable  alternation  of  generations  occurs  in  this  group.  He  found  that 
insects,  previously  assigned  to  separate  genera,  were  only  members  of 
different  generations,  and  in  general  his  conclusions  may  be  stated  as  fol- 
lows :  that  the  parthenogenetic  bud-inhabiting  gall  flies  are  parents  of  a 
sexual  generation  which  oviposits  on  foliage,  producing  leaf  galls,  these  in 
turn  producing  the  preceding  form.  Previous  to  Dr  Adler's  investigations, 
these  parthenogenetic  forms  had  been  supposed  to  be  asexual,  and  according 
to  him  certain  European  species  are  thus  restricted. 

The  Cynipidae  have  always  attracted  more  interest,  probably  because 
of  their  higher  organization  and  more  perfect  galls,  yet  in  complex  alterna- 
tion of  generations  they  are  far  surpassed  by  certain  plant  lice  which  produce 
six  or  seven  generations  with  marked  variations  in  structure  and  radical 
changes  of  food  plant,  as  detailed  in  the  accounts  of  H  o  r  m  a  p  h  i  s  h  a  m  a- 
m  e  1  i  d  i  s  F"itch  and  Hamamelistes  spinosus  Shim.,  to  which  the 
reader  is  referred  for  details.  It  would  not  be  at  all  surprising  if  there 
were  other  species  of  gall-inhabiting  plant  lice  presenting  almost  as  great 
diversities  in  their  life  histories. 

Gall  makers.  These,  as  previously  stated,  belong  to  very  diverse 
groups  and  the  gall-making  habit  h?,s  undoubtedly  arisen  independently  in 
each  instance. 

The  Hymenoptera  include  some  of  the  best  known  gall  makers,  notably 
the  Cynipidae  and  certain  Tenthredinidae.  The  farmer  are  small,  dark 
colored  insects  with  few  veins  in  their  four  nearly  transparent  wings. 
Their  galls  are  always  completely  closed  and  though  very  diverse  in  char- 
acter are   easily  recognized  by  exclusion,   as   a  rule.     They  contain,  when 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  6lJ 

inhabited,  footless,  comparatively  helpless  magorots.  The  Tenthredinitl 
gall  flies  are  small  creatures  with  many  veins  in  their  four  wings.  Their 
galls  are  lii<;ewise  closed,  and  when  inhabited  are  easily  recognized  by  the 
many  footed,  somewhat  cylindric  larvae  within. 

Coleopterous  larvae  produce  swellings  in  trunk  and  limb,  which  have 
been  classed  as  galls,  and  these  are  in  most  cases  due  solely  to  the 
mechanical  irritation  caused  by  the  larvae. 

The  Diptera  or  2-winged  flies,  include  several  distinct  groups  of  gall 
flies.  Certain  Trypetidae  produce  solid,  closed  galls,  the  one  on  goldenrod 
or  Solidago  being  an  excellent  example.  The  Cecidomyidae  or  gall  gnats, 
are  the  most  important  gall  makers  of  the  family,  and  deformities  may  be 
produced  by  them  in  stem,  branch,  leaf  or  fruit.  Their  galls  are  usually 
closed  and  when  inhabited  can  easily  be  recognized  by  the  character  of  the 
larva,  which  has  the  somewhat  unique  power  of  propelling  itself  some 
distance  by  bringing  the  two  extremities  together  and  then  suddenly 
extending  them.  Some  gall  flies  also  belong  to  the  Mycetophilidae,  but 
the  habit  is  abnormal  for  this  group. 

The  Hemiptera  include  a  number  of  important  gall  insects,  some  of 
which  are  quite  destructive.  The  Psyllidae  or  jumping  plant  lice,  include  a 
few  gall  insects  belonging  to  the  genus  Pachypsylla,  while  the  majority  of 
galls  referable  to  this  group  are  the  work  of  plant  lice  or  aphids  whose 
characteristics  are  well  known.  The  deformities  caused  by  these  insects, 
may  be  easily  recognized  by  the  mouth  of  the  gall  being  open,  and  when 
fresh  by  the  peculiar  inhabitants. 

The  Acarina  or  gall  mites,  produce  many  deformities  in  vegetation, 
particularly  on  leaves.  These  creatures  are  usually  pyriform  in  shape  and 
remarkable  among  mites  because  of  their  possessing  but  four  legs.  Their 
galls  are  always  open  and  are  frequently  ornamented  with  hair  growths. 
They  are  sometimes  very  abundant  on  foliage  and  occasionally  somewhat 
injurious. 

Gall  insects  display  a  marked  preference  for  certain  trees,  various 
oaks,  the  willows  and  rose-bushes  suffering  specially  from  their  attacks. 
Fortunately  this  group  is  comparatively  harmless  to  vegetation. 


6l8  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Key  for  the  separation  of  insect  galls 

Affecting  oak 
Galls  on  tivigs 

Delicate  white,  pinkish,  woolly  growths  on  twigs 

Wool  sower,  Andricus  seminator,  p.  622 

Woolly  oak  gall,  Andricus  o  p  e  r  a  t  o  r,  p.  622 

Rough,  gnarled,  scaly  swellings  on  red  oak  limbs 

Gouty  oak  gall,   Andricus  p  u  n  c  t  a  t  u  s,   p.  623 

Irregularly  rounded  gall  with  numerous  hornlike  protuberances 

Horned  oak  gall,  Andricus  c  o  r  n  i  g  e  r  u  s,  ]i.  624 

A  green  or  brown,  club-shaped  gall  on  tips  of  white  oak   twigs 

Oak  tij)  gall,   Andricus  c  1  a  v  u  1  a,  p.  624 

A  rough,  globular  gall  with  conelike  apex 

Rough  bullet  gall,   H  o  1  c  a  s  p  i  s  d  u  r  i  c  o  r  i  a,  p.  624 

Bulletlike  galls  in  clusters  on  white  oak  twigs 

Oak  bullet  gall,   H  o  1  c  a  s  p  i  s  globulus,   p.  624 

Large  uneven  galls  somewhat  resembling  a  jiotato  ia  shape,  on  white  oak  twigs 

Oak  potato  gall,  N  e  u  r  o  t  e  r  u  s  b  a  t  a  t  u  s,  p.  624 

An  irregularly  rounded  gall  on  swamp  white  oak 

Noxious  oak  gall,   N  e  u  r  o  t  e  r  u  s  n  o  x  i  o  s  u  s,  ]>.  624 

Aa  oval  gall  composed  of  wedge-shaped  lobes  on  swamp  white  oak 

Lobed  oak  gall,  C  y  n  i  p  s  s  t  r  o  b  i  1  a  n  a,  \t.  625 

Irregular  reddish  or  greenish  galls  in  clusters  on  white  oak  stems 

Oak  fig  gall,   B  i  o  r  h  i  z  a  f  o  r  t  i  c  o  r  n  i  s,  p.  626 
Galls  on  Ica'ih-s 

A  nearly  globular,  greenish  or  brown   gall 

Large  oak  apple,  A  m  p  h  i  b  o  1  i  p  s  c  o  n  f  1  u  e  n  t  u  s,  |i.  625 

Similar  to  the  above  but  with  interior  nearly  hollow 

Larger  empty  oak  apple,  A  m  p  h  i  b  o  1  i  p  s  i  n  a  n  i  s,  p.  625 

Elongate,  fusiform  galls  on  leaves  and  petioles  of  dwarf  and  scrub  oak 

Black  scrub  oak  gall,  A  m  p  h  i  b  o  1  i  p  s  i  1  i  c  i  f  o  1  i  a  e,  p.  625 

Globular,  smooth,  green  galls  ]i^  inch  in  diameter  on  red  oak 

Oak  leaf  apple,   Andricus  s  i  n  g  u  1  a  r  i  s,  p.  625 

White  or  buff-colored  woolly  masses  on  veins  of  white  oak  leaves 

Oak  wool   gall,   Andricus  Ian  a,  p.  625 

Irregular,  woody  enlargements  at  base  of  the  leaf 

Oak  leaf-stalk  gall,   Andricus  p  e  t  i  o  1  i  c  f)  I  a,  p.  625 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  619 

Small  globular  galls  on  scrub  and  post  oak 

Oak  leaf  bullet  gall,   D  r  y  o  p  h  a  n  t  a  p  o  1  i  t  a,  p.  626 
Irregular^  reddish  or  greenish  galls  in  clusters  on  leaves   and  stems  of  white    and    scrub 

oaks Oak  fig  gall,  B  i  o  r  h  i  z  a  f  o  r  t  i  c  o  r  n  i  s,  p.  626 

Somewhat  rounded,  hard,  woody,  red,  reticulate  galls 

Warty  oak  leaf  gall,  C  e  c  i  d  o  m  y  i  a  p  i  1  u  1  a  e,  p.  627 
Rounded,  oblong  or  oval  galls  with  numerous  long  spines 

Oak  hedgehog  gall,   A  c  r  a  s  p  i  s  e  r  i  n  a  c  e  i,  p.  627 
A  globular,  spiny  gall  on  dwarf  chestnut  oak 

Spiny  oak  gall,  C  y  n  i  p  s  p  r  i  n  o  i  d  e  s,  p.  627 
Clusters  of  seedlike  bodies  on  red  oak. .  .  .  Oak  leaf  seed  gall,  C  y  n  i  p  s  d  e  c  i  d  u  a,  p.  627 
Small,  brown,  buttonlike  galls  .  .  Oak  button  gall,  N  e  u  r  o  t  e  r  u  s  u  m  b  i  li  c  a  t  u  s,  p.  627 
Marginal  fold  at  base  of  leaf  serration 

Marginal  fold  gall,  C  e  c  i  d  o  m  y  i  a  e  r  u  b  e  s  c  e  n  s,  p  .  627 
Galls  on  catkins  or  fruit 

Shotlike,  white  catkin  gall Oak  flower  gall,  A  n  d  r  i  c  u  s  p  u  1  c  h  r  a  ,  p.  627 

A  globular  gall  growing  from  the  side  of  acorn  cups 

Oak  plum  gall,  A  m  p  h  i  b  o  1  i  p  s  j)  r  u  n  u  s,  p.  628 

Affecting  hickory 
Galls  on  flings 
Green  or  black  irregular  galls  on  leaf  stem  or  twigs 

Hickory  gall  aphid,  Phylloxera  c  a  r  y  a  e  c  a  u  1  i  s  ,  p.  33  i 
Galls  on  leaves 
Smooth,  green,  onion-shaped  galls  with  pointed  tip 

Hickory  seed  gall,  C:  e  c  i  d  o  m  y  i  a  c  a  r  y  a  e  c  o  1  a,  p.  628 
Diplosiscaryae,  p.  628 
Subglobular,  pubescent,  onion-shaped  gall 

Hickory  onion  gall,  C  e  c  i  d  o  m  y  i  a  h  o  1  o  t  r  i  c  h  a,  j).  628 
Rounded,  brownish,  downy  gall 

Hickory  peach  gall,  C  e  c  i  d  o  m  y  i  a  p  e  r  s  i  c  o  i  d  e  s,  p.  628 
Narrow,  cylindric,  tubelike  galls . .  Hickory  tube  gall,  C  e  c  i  d  o  m  y  i  a  t  u  b  i  c  o  1  a,  p.  628 
Flattened,  circular,  yellow  or  whitish  galls 

Hickory  button  gall,  Phylloxera  foveola,  p.  629 
Affecting  maple 
Red,  yellow-ringed  galls  in  red  maple  leaves 

Ocellate  maple  leaf  gall,  Cecidomyia  ocellaris,  p.  629 
Slender,  fusiform  galls  on  upper  surface  of  sugar  maple  leaves 

Fusiform  maple  gall,   F  r  i  o  p  h  y  e  s  a  c  e  r  i  c  o  1  a,  p.  630 


620  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Small,  hladderlike  galls  on  upjier  surface  of  soft  maple  leaves 

Bladder  maple  gall,   E  r  i  o  p  h  y  e  s  q  u  a  d  r  i  p  e  s,  p.  630 

Afffctiiii;  linden 
Sub-globular  greenish  or  whitish  galls  on  both  sides  of  leaf 

Linden   wart   gall,   Cecidomyia  v  e  r  r  u  c  i  c  o  1  a,   p.  631 
Top-shaped  galls  on  upper  surface  of  linden  leaves 

Linden  mite  gall,   E  r  i  o  p  h  y  e  s    a  b  n  o  r  m  i  s,  p.  631 

Affecting  ash 
Elongated,  greenish  or  reddish  brown  galls  on  the  leaf  midrib 

Ash  midrib  gall,  Cecidomyia   p  e  11  e  x,  p.  632 
Lobulate  green  or  brown  deformed  catkins 

Ash  flower  gall.    E  r  i  o  p  h  y  e  s  f  r  a  x  i  n  i  f  1  o  r  a,  p.  (iT,-T, 
A_ffi'cting  ctni 
Cockscomblike  structures  on  the  upper  surface  of  elm  leaves 

Cockscomb  elm  gall,  C  o  1  o  p  h  a    u  1  m  i  c  o  I  a,  ]i.  186 
Solitary,  spindle-shaped  galls  on  the  upper  surface  of  red  elm  leaves 

Red  elm  leaf  gall,   P  e  m  p  h  i  g  u  s    u  1  m  i  f  u  s  u  s,  p.  633 

Affecting  poplar 
Irregular,  subglobular  enlargements  of  the  young  twigs 

Poplar  twig  gall,  A  g  r  o  m  y  z  a   a  e  n  e  i  v  e  n  t  r  i  s,  p.  634 
Folded,  convolute  masses  of  foliage 

Vagabond  gall.  Pemphigus    v  a  g  a  b  u  n  d  u  s,  p.  635 
Oval,  somewhat  elongated  galls  on  the  leaf  i)etioles  of  Cottonwood 

Poplar  leaf  stem  gall,   Pemphigus    ]j  o  p  u  1  i  - 1  r  a  n  s  v  e  r  s  u  s,  p.  635 
Imperfect,  globular  galls  at  base  of  Cottonwood  leaves 

'  Basal  leaf  gall,    P  e  m  j)  h  i  g  u  s    p  o  p  u  1  i  c  a  u  1  i  s,  p.  636 

Affecting  wilkm's 
Galls  on  shoots 

Fusiform  apical  galls Willow   club   gall,  Rhabdophaga  rigidae,   p.  636 

Irregular  fusiform  enlargements  on  the  young  shoots 

European  willow  gall  midge,    Rhabdophaga    s  a  li  c  i  s,  p.  299 
Galls  on  leaves 

Smooth,  globular  or  slightly  oval  galls  like  a   miniature  apple,  occur  on  the  leaf  midrib 

Willow  apple  gall,   P  o  n  t  a  n  i  a    p  o  m  u  m,  p.  636 

Subspheric,  pealike,  yellowish  galls  on  the  underside  of  willow  lea\es 

P  o  n  t  a  n  i  a    p  i  s  u  m,  p.  637 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  62 1 

Smooth,  flattish,  sessile,  yellowish  green  galls  on  both  sides  of  tlie  leaf 

]'  o  n  t  a  n  i  a    d  e  s  m  o  d  i  o  i  d  e  s,  p.   638 
I'leshy,  reddish  galls  in  parallel  rows  on  either  side  of  the  midrib 

•  P  o  n  t  a  n  i  a    h  y  a  1  i  n  a,  ]i.  638 

A  conelike  deformity  on  the  tips  of  willow  shoots 

Willow  cone  gall,   R  h  a  b  d  o  p  h  a  g  a    s  t  r  o  b  i  1  o  i  d  e  s,  p.  639 
Affecting  7i  '//(■//  -hazel 
Conical,  green  or  reddish  galls  on  upper  surface  of  the  leaves 

Witch-hazel  cone   gall,   H  o  r  m  a  p  h  i  s    h  a  m  a  m  e  1  i  d  i  s,  ]).  639 
Many  spined,  green  or  reddish  bud  galls 

Spiny  witch-hazel  gall,  H  a  m  a  m  e  1  i  s  t  e  s  s  p  i  n  o  s  u  s,  p.  643  • 
Affecting   birch 
Deformed  catkins  with  enlarged,  globular  seeds 

Birch  seed  gall  midge,  O  1  i  g  o  t  r  o  p  h  u  s    b  e  t  u  1  a  e,  p.  647 
Affecting  sumac 
Pear-shaped,  round  or  reddish  galls  on  the  leaves 

Sumac  tomato  gall,  Pemphigus    r  h  o  i  s,  p.  647 
Affecting  hackl>eny 
Broadly  rounded  elevations  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaf 

Hackberry  nipple  gall,   P  a  c  h  y  p  s  y  1 1  a    c  e  1 1  i  d  i  s  -  m  a  m  m  a,  p.  647 
Affecting  rose 
A  large,  smooth,  reddish  brown  root  gall . .  Rose  root  gall,   R  h  o  d  i  t  e  s    r  a  d  i  c  u  m,  p.  647 
Fibrous,  inosslike  masses  on  rose  and  blackberry  bushes 

Rose  bedegar,    Rhodites    rosae,  p.  647 

Irregular,  spheric,  mealy  galls Mealy  rose   gall,  R  h  o  d  i  t  e  s   i  g  n  o  t  a,  p.  647 

Round  galls  covered  with  prickly  spines. .  Spiny  bullet  gall,  Rhodites  b  i  c  o  1  o  r,  p.  647 

Smooth  rounded  galls  on  twigs Globular  rose  gall,    Rhodites    g  1  o  b  u  1  u  s,  p.  647 

Elongated,  hard,  woody  galls  on  twigs 

Long  rose  gall,  Rhodites    d  i  c  h  1  o  c  e  r  u  s,  p.  648 
An  oblong  or  rounded  gall  on  wild  rose  twigs 

Knotty  rose  gall,  Rhodites   v  e  r  n  a,  p.  648 
Affecting  evergreens 
Stunted  pitch  pine  needles  with  basal  enlargement 

Pine  needle  gall  fly,    C  e  c  i  d  o  m  y  i  a   pi  n  i-r  i  g  i  d  a  e,  p.  423 
Balsam  needles  with  basal  enlargement 

Balsam  gall  midge,  C  e  c  i  d  o  m  y  i  a  b  a  1  s  a  m  i  c  o  1  a,  p.  685 


622  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Wool  sower 

Andricus  soiiinator   Harris 

A  delicate  white,  pinkish  marked  woolly  growth,  from  i  to  i '2  inches  in  diameter 
encircles  in  June  the  small  twigs  of  white  oak. 

This  abnormal  growth  is  onr  of  the  most  beautiful  things  in  nature 
when  in  its  prime.  The  delicate  creamy  white  color  is  admirably  set  off 
by  blotches  of  bright  pinkish  red,  and  the  unexpected  weight  of  the  woolly 
mass  only  adds  to  our  appreciation.  This  beautiful  gall  is  a  common 
species  in  New  York  State,  and  specimens  are  frequently  sent  to  the 
entomologist  with  inquiry  as  to  its  source  and  character.  As  the  gall  ages, 
the  white  becomes  a  light  brown  and  the  pink  a  somewhat  dark  brown,  and 
examination  of  its  structure  shows  that  it  is  composed  of  numerous  small 
seedlike  cells  with  the  spaces  between  filled  by  a  soft  hairlike  growth. 
Each  of  the  seedlike  bodies  contains  an  insect  and  from  a  specimen 
received  in  1898,  235  adults  were  reared.  The  flies  appear  in  June  or  early 
July.  The  operation  of  ^'g'g  laying  has  been  described  by  Dr  Harris 
substantially  as  follows.  He  states  that  the  female  lays  a  great  number  of 
eggs  in  ringlike  clusters  around  small  twigs  of  white  oaks,  and  that  her 
punctures  are  followed  by  the  growth  of  a  rough  or  shaggy  reddish  gall, 
sometimes  as  large  as  a  walnut.  Dr  Fitch  states  that  the  growth  from  the 
eggs  laid  by  the  midsummer  Hies  forms  a  harder  and  more  woolly  gall,  of  a 
coarser  texture  and-  duller  color,  and  that  it  resembles  a  ball  of  wool. 
These  remain  through  the  winter,  though  their  attachment  to  the  twig  is  so 
slight  that  birds  often  tear  them  oft.  The  gall  is  illustrated  on  plate  49, 
figure  I. 

The  adult  fly  has  been  described  by  Dr  Harris  as  '  ,„  inch  long,  almost 
black  or  of  the  color  of  pitch,  highly  polished,  e.\cei)t  on  the  abdomen,  with 
the  mouth  parts  and  legs  a  cinnamon  color.  Dr  I' itch  states  that  the 
female  maybe  distinguished  by  its  longer  abdomen  and  its  being  black. 

Woolly  oak  gall.  Amiriciis  operator  Osten  Sacken.  This  gall  closely 
resembles  the  beautiful  structure  produced  by  the  wool  sower,   Andricus 


'  INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  623 

seminator  Harr.  It,  when  fresh  and  growing,  consists  of  whitish 
filaments  forming  a  white  round  body  with  beautiful  pink  spots.  Within 
there  are  a  series  of  seedlike  kernels  containing  larvae.  This  gall  occurs 
on  the  young  flowering  branches  of  oaks  in  June. 

Gouty  oak  gall 

Aiidricus  punctatns    Bass. 

Rough,  hard,  woody,  gnarled  scaly  swellings  on  red  oak  limbs  and  twigs  not  over  i '/( 
inches  in  diameter,  occasionally  occur  in  immense  numbers. 

Thk  interesting  gall  insect  is  ordinarily  rare  in  the  vicinity  of  Alban)-, 
if  we  may  base  an  opinion  on  the  absence  of  earlier  records.  The  writer's 
attention  was  called  by  Dr  H.  M.  Pollock,  in  April  1902,  to  a  red  oak  at 
Loudenville  near  Albany,  which  was  very  badly  infested  with  the  galls  of 
this  species.  It  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  plate  48,  figure  4,  that  these 
unnatural  growths  are  irregular  swellings  along  the  smaller  limbs,  ranging 
in  diameter  from  less  than  y^  to  i}4  inches,  depending  on  the  size  of  the 
twig.  They  are  of  variable  length  and  frequently  several  coalesce  to  form 
an  elongated  mass  of  diseased  tissue.  The  galls  illustrated  were  inclosed 
in  a  box  and  produced  over  500  insects,  some  of  which  were  guest  flies  and 
a  few  were  probably  parasites.  These  galls  were  made  the  basis  of  an  esti- 
mate and  it  was  calculated  that  the  entire  tree  bore  20,000  and  produced 
over  500,000  insects.  The  general  character  of  the  infestation  is  well 
shown  on  plate  47. 

This  species  was  reared  Ap.  1 1  by  Mr  Bassett,  from  a  young,  thrifty 
red  oak  growing  in  the  vicinity  of  Waterbury  Ct.  Its  local  habit  is  con- 
firmed by  his  finding  galls  onl\-  on  the  one  tree.  Professor  Walsh  also 
described  what  is  probably  this  same  species,  under  .the  specific  name  of 
podagra  e,  and  he  likewise  refers  to  its  local  habits.  Both  gentlemen,  as 
well  as  ourselves,  reared  largx:  numbers  of  the  insects  without  obtaining 
males.      The  perfect  insect  has  been  described  .by  Bassett  as  follows  : 

Fe7nale.  Head  and  thorax  black,  face  pubescent,  palpi  light  brown, 
tips  darker  ;  antennae  reddish  brown  at  the  base,  gradually  deepening  to  a 
dull  dark  brown,  14  jointed.      Thorax  finely  and  beautifully  punctate  ;  three 


624  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

longitudinal  grooves,  converging  towards  the  scutellum  and  a  short  groove 
on  each  side  of  the  middle  one,  reaching  halfway  from  the  collar  to  the 
scutellum,  also  a  short,  shallow  groove  or  depression  over  the  base  of  the 
wings.  Scutellum  with  coarse,  irregular  pits  or  punctures.  Legs  reddish 
brown,  coxae  and  tips  of  tarsi  dark  brown  or  black.  Dorsal  portion  of  the 
abdomen  black,  ventral,  reddish  brown,  second  segment  has  a  few  scattered 
hairs  beneath  the  wings,  others  (except  the  first)  minutely  punctate.  Wings 
hyaline;  veins  brown,  rather  slender;  areolet  small,  distinct;  radial  area 
not  closed.      Length  .15. 

Horned  oak  gall.  Andricus  cornigcnis  Osten  Sacken.  This  irregu- 
larly rounded  gall  is  woody  with  numerous  hornlike  protuberances  through 
which  the  gall  flies  escape.  It  is  very  hard,  of  the  same  color  as  the  branch, 
is  from  ^  to  i^^  inches  in  diameter  and  contains  within  many  larval  cells. 
It  occurs  on  the  branches  of  pin  oak,  scrub  oak  and  black-jack  oak  and  is 
recorded  by  Beutenmuller  as  being  exceedingly  common  in  the  vicinity  of 
New  York  city. 

Oak  tip  gall.  Andricus  clavula  Bass.  A  green  or  brown,  club-shaped, 
hard,  woody  gall  with  a  few  leaves  growing  from  its  summit,  occurs  at  the 
tips  of  white  oak  twigs.  It  is  recorded  by  Beutenmuller  as  very  common 
about  New  York. 

Rough  bullet  gall.  Holcaspis  diiricoria  Bass.  A  globular,  rough  gall 
with  conelike  apex,  occurs  somewhat  commonly  on  scrub  and  swamp  oak. 

This  gall  resembles  the  bullet  gall  but  may  be  distinguished  by  its 
m.uch  rougher  exterior,  less  globular  form,  flattened  base,  and  tlie  apex 
extended  into  a  conelike  process.  It  occurs  rather  commonly  on  scrub  oak 
at  Karner  and  it  is  stated  by  Beutenmuller  to  be  rare  on  swamp  oak  in  the 
vicinity  of  New  York  city. 

Oak  bullet  gall.  Holcaspis  globulus  Fitch.  Bulletlike  galls  in  clusters 
of  two,  three  or  more  are  common  on  the  terminal  twigs  of  white  oak  and 
occur  also  on  the  post  and  chestnut  oaks.  This  gall  is  yellow  or  reddish  in 
summer,  turning  brown  with  the  approach  of  cold  weather,  is  corky  in 
texture  and  contains  a  larva  in  the  small  central  cell. 

Oak  potato  gall.  Neicrotcrus  batat2is  V\X.z\\.  Large,  hard,  uneven  galls 
^  inch  thick  and  two  or  three  times  as  long,  somewhat  resembling  a  potato 
in  shape,  occur  on  white  oak  twigs. 

This  peculiar  deformity  to  oak  twigs  is  abundant  on  the  branches  of 
young  trees  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York  city.  It  is  a  hard,  woody 
growth  with  the  surface  coated  with  pale  bluish  bloom  and  internally  it  has 
a  dense  corky  texture  with  numerous  larval  cells.  It  is  sometimes  quite 
injurious  on  account  of  its  deforming  young  trees. 

Noxious  oak  gall.  Ncurotcrus  noxiosus  Bass.  An  irregularly  rounded, 
hard,  woody  gall  resembling  that  of  N.  batatus  Fitch,  occurs  on  the 
terminal  twigs  of  swamp  white  oak. 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  625 

Lobed  oak  gall.  Cyniips  strobilaua  Osten  Sacken.  A  large,  oval  body 
consisting  of  a  number  of  wedge-shaped  parts  closely  packed  together  with 
their  pointed  extremities  attached  to  the  twig,  occurs  on  swamp  white  oak 
[pi.  48,  fig.  3].  Each  of  these  ^vedgelike  structures  is  hard,  corky,  and 
contains  a  larva  in  the  central  cell.      It  is  not  common. 

Large  oak  apple.  AuipJiibolips  confitieiitiis  Harr.  This  is  one  of  our 
common  oak  galls.  It  is  nearly  globular  in  shape,  greenish  or  brown  in 
color  dependent  on  its  age,  and  its  interior  is  filled  with  a  spongy  mass  in 
the  center  of  which  is  a  single  larval  cell.  This  species  is  occasionally 
quite  abundant  on  trees,  as  may  be  seen  by  reference  to  plate  50,  figure  i, 
though  it  cannot  be  considered  injurious.  Mr.  Beutenmuller  states  that  a 
certain  number  of  these  galls  produce  both  males  and  females  in  June  and 
others  females  in  October  or  the  following  spring.  These  latter  are  merely 
a  dimorphic  form. 

Larger  empty  oak  apple.  Aniphibolips  inanis  Osten  Sacken.  A 
globular  gall  closely  resembling  the  oak  or  May  apple,  A.  confluentus 
Harr.,  occurs  on  the  leaves  of  scarlet  and  red  oak.  It  is  much  like  the 
preceding  in  general  appearance,  though  considerably  smaller  and  may  be  at 
once  recognized  by  the  nearly  empty  interior,  the  small  larval  cell  being 
held  in  position  by  numerous  radiating  filaments. 

Black  scrub  oak  gall.  AmpJiibolips  Uicifoliac  Bass.  Elongate,  fusiform 
galls  tapering  at  both  ends,  with  the  apex  more  slender  and  frequently 
slightly  curved,  occurs  on  the  leaves  and  petioles  of  dwarf  and  scrub  oak. 
It  is  about  1 1^  inches  long,  half  that  in  diameter,  and  contains  an  elongated 
kernel  held  in  position  by  radiating  fibers.  It  is  green  and  soft  in  summer, 
turning  brown  and  becoming  brittle  on  the  approach  of  winter  [pi.  50, 
fig.  2]. 

Oak  leaf  apple.  Andricns  singiilarjs  Bass.  A  globular,  smooth,  green 
gall  from  J^  to  '2  inch  in  diameter,  occurs  rather  commonly  on  the  leaves 
of  red  oak.  This  gall  is  first  green  and  succulent,  turning  brown  and 
becoming  brittle  later  in  the  season.  It  contains  a  central  oblong  cell  held 
in  place  b)'  radiating  fibers. 

Oak  wool  gall.  Andricns  lana  Fitch.  The  white  or  buff-colored 
woolly  masses  composing  this  gall,  occur  on  the  underside  of  the  principal 
veins  of  white  oak  leaves.  Within  it  is  composed  of  numerous  small  larval 
cells  closely  crowded  together  and  attached  by  their  lower  ends  to  the  vein 
of  the  leaf.  It  is  recorded  by  Beutenmuller  as  common  in  the  vicinity  of 
New  York. 

Oak  leafstalk  gall.  Andricns  pctiolicola  Bass.  These  irregularly 
rounded  or  fusiform,  hard,  woody  enlargements  at  the  base  of  the  leaf  con- 
tain many  cells.  The  full  grown  galls  are  about  3/^  inch  in  diameter, 
green  in  summer,  brown  in  winter  and  common  on  several   oaks. 


626  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Oak  leaf  bullet  gall 

DryopJianta  polita  Bass. 

A  small,  globular  gall  occurs  in  numbers  in  August  and  September  on  both  surfaces 
of  the  leaves  of  scrub  and  post  oak. 

This  gall  ranges  from  about  y^  to  3/j^  inch  in  diameter,  is  at  first  pale 
green  but  sunlight  changes  it  to  red  or  reddish  brown.  It  is  found  on  the 
foliage  of  young  and  thrifty  shoots,  from  one  to  20  occurring  on  a  leaf. 
When  dry  the  shell  is  very  thin  and  brittle  and  contains  a  round  larval  cell 
held  in  a  central  position  by  radiating  branching  fibers  which  extend  to 
the  outer  shell.  The  perfect  insect  becomes  matured  in  October  and 
remains  in  the  gall  over  winter. 

Oak   fig   gall 

Biorhiza   forticornis    Walsh 

Irregular  reddish  tinted,  greenish  galls  occur  in  dense  clusters  along  the  midrib  of 
the  leaves  or  on  the  stems  of  white  and  scrub  oaks  in  midsummer. 

This  species  is  rather  common,  and  was  met  with  at  Karner  on  the 
dwarf  chestnut  oak,  O  u  e  r  c  u  s  p  r  i  n  o  i  d  e  s,  being  quite  abundant  in  lim- 
ited localities.  The  galls  on  the  young  twigs  and  leaves  are  very  pretty 
about  the  middle  of  August,  being  irregular  in  shape,  greenish  yellow  and 
tinted  with  red.  Plate  48,  figure  i,  represents  a  mass  of  forming  galls 
and  shows  the  badly  infested  shoots  as  well  as  the  foliage.  The  galls  are 
found  along  the  midrib  on  both  the  upper  and  under  surface.  The  old 
galls,  as  they  appear  on  the  dead  twig  are  represented  at  plate  48,  figure 
2.  It  will  be  seen  that  they  constitute  a  very  irregular  mass  and  look 
not  unlike  figs  closely  packed  around  a  central  stem.  The  gall  flies  emerge 
from  small  circular  holes.  This  species  was  met  with  by  Dr  Fitch  on 
thrifty  growing  white  oaks,  on  which  tree  he  stated  it  is  quite  abundant. 
His  description  of  the  formation  of  the  galls  is  as  follows  : 

The  female  pierces  the  bark  with  her  ovipositor,  and  inserts  a  number 
of  eggs  at  a-short  distance  from  each  other,  apparently  sinking  them  into 
the  wood  beneath  the  bark  causing  a  little  discoloration  and  a  spongy  spot 
runs  inward  from  the  gall  to  the  pith  of  the  limb.  These  wounds  of  the 
bark  heal  over  so  that  no  indication  of  their  presence  can  be  detected  with 
a  magnifying  glass.  A  little  smooth  round  swelling  or  elevation  on  the 
bark  soon  commences  above  the  &'3^%,  increases  in  size,  till  at  length  the  bark 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  627 

bursts,  and  small  round  granules,  the  size  of  a  pinhead,  protrude  from  the 
openings.  These  grow  more  and  more,  resembling  miniature  ciustecs  of 
grapes,  at  which  time  they  begin  to  press  on  each  other.  They  are  from  yl 
to  i^  inch  in  diameter,  and  the  outer  surface  is  covered  with  fine  short  hairs 
which  become  rubbed  off  from  the  more  e.xposed  portions.  The  larva,  lies 
in  a  small  oval  cavit)-  at  the  base  of  each  gall  or  lobe,  and  on  account  of  the 
tough,  whitish  leathery  walls,  there  is  considerable  resemblance  to  a  seed. 

Dr  Fitch  states  that  most  of  the  galls  are  perforated  before  winter, 
indicating  that  the  flies  appear  before  cold  weather.  He  adds  that  some 
clusters  may  be  found  in  winter  containing  insects,  and  these  latter  appear 
the    following  June. 

Warty  oak  leaf  gall.  Cccidomyia  pilulac  Osten  Sacken.  Somewhat 
rounded,  hard,  woody  galls  occur  commonly  on  the  leaves  of  pin,  red, 
black-jack  and  scrub  oaks.  They  appear  in  May  and  become  fully  devel- 
oped in  August  or  September,  at  which  time  they  are  bright  red  or  reddish 
brown.  These  galls  vary  greatly  in  size  and  may  be  recognized  by  the 
characteristic  reticulate  markings  [pi.  i,  fig.  i6].      ' 

Oak  hedgehog-  gall.  Acraspis  erinacci  Walsh.  A  rounded,  oblong  or 
oval  gall  covered  with  numerous  rather  long  spines,  is  attached  to^'the 
upper  side  of  the  principal  veins  of  white  oak  leaves.  This  yellowish  or 
greenish  gall  with  bright  red  spines  is  rather  common. 

Spiny  oak  gall.  Cynips prinoidcs  Beut.  This  globular  gall  about  '< 
inch  in  diameter,  covered  with  numerous  conelike  projections,  occurs  oii 
the  upper  side  of  the  leaves  of  dwarf  chestnut  oak.  It  is  green  tino-ed  with 
red  and  contains  only  one  cell. 

Oak  leaf  seed  gall.  Cynips  dccidua  Bass.  Clusters  of  seedlike  bodies 
often  30  or  40  together,  grow  from  the  underside  of  the  mid  vein  of  leaves 
of  the  red  oak.  The  larger  cells  are  smooth,  greenish  white  with  the  apex 
enlarged  and  are  about  the  size  of  grains  of  wheat. 

Oak  button  gall.  N'curotcnts  unibiiicatus  Bass.  This  small,  round, 
brown,  buttonlike  gall  occurs  in  considerable  numbers  on  the  underside  of 
swamp  white  oak  leaves.  The  galls  are  about  '  ,0  inch  in  diameter  and  are 
rather  common. 

Marginal  fold  gall.  Cccidomyia  crudescens  O.  S.  This  peculiar 
pocket-shaped,  marginal  gall  [pi.  i,  fig.  18]  occurring  in  the  angles  of  oak 
leaves,  is  somewhat  abundant  in  early  summer  on  certain  species  of  oak, 
though  rarely  injurious. 

Oak  flower  gall.  Andricus  pidchra  Bass.  The  rounded,  shotlike, 
greenish  white,  soft,  spongy  polythalamous  galls  of  this  species  were  taken 
on  catkins  of  red  oak  at   Poughkeepsie    May    20,    1903,   adults  appearing 


528  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

May  29.      This  species,  identified  by  Beutenmuller,  is  described  in  American 
Entomological  Society  Transactions,  1890,  17:73. 

Oak  plum  g-all.  Ampliibolips  pritmis  ^2\'^\.  This  globular  gall  about 
I  inch  in  diameter,  grows  from  .the  side  of  acorn  cups  of  the  black  and  red 
oak,  maturing  in  August  and  September.  It  is  a  solid,  fleshy  growth  with 
a  central  larval  cell.  The  parent  flies  appear  in  April,  according  to  l)r 
Walsh. 

Hickory  seed  gall.  Cccidoniyia  caryaccola  Osten  Sacken.  The  pale 
o-reen,  smooth,  elongate,  onion-shaped  galls  of  this  species  have  the  tip 
prolonged  into  a  point  and  are  frequently  found  in  clusters  on  the  under- 
side of  leaves  of  various  kinds  of  hickories.  Osten  Sacken  states  that  the 
galls  are  somewhat  larger  than  those  made  by  Diplosis  caryae  Osten 
Sacken,  and  that  it  occurs  through  the  summer  either  in  separate  clusters 
or  mixed  with  other  galls,  and  Beutenmuller  records  it  as  common  in  the 
vicinity  of  New  York  city  [pi.  i,  fig.  21]. 

Diplosis  caryae  O.  S.  Clusters  of  the  pale  greenish  pointed  galls  |  pi. 
I,  fig.  8],  of  this  species  are  somewhat  abundant  in  midsummer  along  the 
midrib  and  on  the  under  side  of  hickory  leaves. 

Hickory  onion  gall.  Cccidoniyia  Jiolotricha  Osten  Sacken.  A  sub- 
globular,  pubescent,  onion-shaped  gall  occurs  on  the  undersides  of  leaves  of 
shellbark  and  other  hickories.  They  sometimes  cover  the  entire  under 
surface  of  the  leaf,  producing  a  deformity  and  gradual  shriveling.  The 
gall  is  covered  with  a  pubescence,  pale  when  the  gall  is  young  and  growing, 
and  becomes  rose  color  as  it  approaches  maturity.  It  is  hollow  and  con- 
tains a  single  larva.  This  species  has  been  figured  by  Glover  and  Beuten- 
muller states  that  it  is  abundant  everywhere  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York 
city  I  pi.   I,  fig.  4]. 

Hickory  peach  gall.  Cccidomyia  pcrsicoidcs  O.  S.  This  rounded, 
brownish,  downy  gall  |  pi.  i,  fig.  9],  is  rather  common  in  midsummer  on  the 
under  siirface  of  hickory  leaves. 

Hickory  tube  gall.  Cccidomyia  tubicola  Osten  Sacken.  Narrow, 
cylindric,  tubelike  galls  occur  on  the  underside  of  the  leaves  of  different 
kinds  of  hickories.  They  are  inserted  in  a  small  protuberance,  break  off 
very  easily,  are  green  when  immature,  becoming  brown  and  blackish  when 
ripe.  They  are  hollow,  and  in  October  contain  a  whitish  larva  with  the 
breastbone  terminating  anteriorly  in  a  single  elongated  point.  These  galls 
generally  occur  in  clusters.  This  species  has  been  figured  by  Glover  and 
Beutenmuller  records  it  as  very  common  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York  city 
[pi.  I,  fig.  10 [ 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  629 

Hickory  button    gall 

Phylloxera  fovcola  Perg. 

Flattened,  circular,  greenish  yellow  or  whitish  galls  about  's  inch  in  diameter,  occur 
on  the  under  surface  of  hickory  leaves. 

These  peculiar  growths  [pi.  i,  fig.  19]  are  very  interesting  and  are 
probably  the  work  of  this  species,  though  we  were  unable  to  obtain  adults. 
This  species  has  recently  been  described  by  Mr  Pergande,  who  states  that 
it  may  possibly  be  P.  f  oveata  Shimer,  a  form  which  produces  galls  very 
similar  to  this.  These  structures  were  rather  abundant  on  hickory  leaves 
at  Nassau  in  August.  They  have  been  described  by  Mr  Pergande  as 
follows  : 

In  the  largest  and  perfectly  developed  galls  the  upper  side  is  either  of 
a  delicate  pale  red  with  the  dimple  darker  and  its  basal  circumference 
yellowish  green  ;  or  entirely  yellowish  green  with  only  the  dimple  of  a 
beautiful  pink  color.  Beneath  they  are  uniformly  yellowish  green,  often 
with  a  faint  reddish  tinge,  especially  toward  the  nipple.  On  the  other 
trees,  most  densely  covered  by  them,  they  were  less  beautiful,  with  less  red 
and  shallower  dimples.  The  walls  are  very  thin  and  paperlike  and  readily 
collapse  when  old.     All  galls  are  perfectly  smooth  on  both  sides. 

Ocellate  maple  leaf  gall 

Cccidoniyia    occllaris  Osten  Sacken 

Red  maple  leaves  are  frequently  thickly  spotted  with  circular  ocellate  spots  about  48 
ihch  in  diameter,  the  disk  being  yellow  with  the  margin  and  central  dot  cherry-red. 

This  peculiar  affection  of  maple  foliage  is  the  work  of  a  small  gnat, 
which,  judging  from  the  abundance  of  its  work,  must  be  numerous  In  the 
vicinity  of  Albany  [pi.  i,  fig.  12].  It  has  been  recorded  by  Professor  Com- 
stock  as  being  very  common  at  Ithaca  and  as  occurring  at  Washington  D.  C. 

The  tissue  inhabited  by  the  gall  Is  undoubtedly  rendered  of  little  value 
to  the  plant  and  therefore  the  foliage  is  injured  to  some  extent.  Generally 
speaking,  this  species  Is  not  injurious,  and  ordinarily  Its  work  may  be 
regarded  as  ornamental  in  character,  since  it  gives  a  decidedly  variegated 
appearance  to  the  foliage.  There  Is  no  unquestioned  record  of  the  adult 
insect  havino-  been  reared.     The   'full    grown    larva    drops    to  the  ground 


530  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

the  latter  part  of  September  and  spins    a    rude    cocoon    a    short  distance 
below  the  surface,   where   it  undergoes  its  transformations. 

Fusiform  maple  gall 
Eriopliycs  acericola  Garm. 
Slender,  fusiform   galls  are  sometimes  very  abundant  on  the  upper  surface  of  the 
leaves  of   sugar  maple. 

This  gall  is  very  slender,  about  1/5  inch  in  length  and  tapers  at  both 
extremities.  It  is  occasionally  rather  abundant  on  sugar  maple  leaves  in 
the  vicinity  of  Albany.  This  species  has  been  studied  by  Professor  Gar- 
man,  who  states  that  in  five  examples  of  this  mite  the  striae  were  counted 
and  in  three  of  them  numbered  30  and  in  the  other  two  28  and  29 
respectively.  The  prongs  of  the  featherlike  appendage  seemed  to  be  three 
The  mite  is  about  .0075  inch.  He  ha,  recorded  this  species  as  being 
abundant  in  galls  collected  in  Illinois  in  June. 

Bladder  maple  gall 

Eriopliycs  quaaripfs  Shimer 

The  small,  bladderlike  galls  of  this  species,  about  Yio  inch  in  diameter,  are  sometimes 
very  abundant  on  the  upper  surface  of  soft  maple  leaves. 

This  trouble  is  sometimes  exceedingly  prevalent  in  the  vicinity  of 
Albany,  the  galls  being  so  numerous  on  certain  trees  as  to  disfigure  a  very 
considerable  proportion  of  the  foliage.  The  galls,  according  to  Professoi 
Garman,  appear  with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves  in  spring,  as  slight  swell- 
ings of  the  parenchyma,  and  as  the  foliage  expands  they  develop  into 
top-shaped  galls  on  its  upper  surface.  The  form  varies  from  discoid  to 
more  or  less  spherical,  while  occasionally  two  are  fused  and  have  a  com- 
mon opening.  The  gall  is  at  first  of  the  same  color  as  the  leaf,  chang- 
ing later  to  dull  purple  or  green  and  afterward  becoming  the  light  green  of 
the  veins  and  veinlets,  and  later  changes  to  purplish,  drying  up  and  becom- 
ing black  at  the  end  of  the  summer.  The  outer  surface  is  smooth,  though 
the  walls  are  broadly  and  irregularly  impressed.      The  position  of  the  gall 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  63 1 

is  usually  indicated  on   the   under  surface  by  a  deep  impression  with  a  tuft 
of  white  hairs  in  the  center  [pi.  i,  fig.  iij. 

This  mite,  according  to  Professor  Garman,  has  from  37  to  42  coarse 
striae  and  is  about  .008  inch  in  length.  The  tarsal  claw  is  slightly  curved 
and  terminates  in  an  evident  knob.  The  featherlike  appendage  has  four 
pairs  of  prongs.  It  varies  in  color  from  pale  yellow  to  light  orange. 
Matured  females,  young  and  eggs  occur  in  fune. 

Linden  wart  gall 
Cccidoiiiyia  vcrriicicola  O.  S. 
This  gall  [pi.  I,  fig.  13]  is  sometimes  exceedingly  abundant  in  mid- 
summer on  linden  and  quite  variable  in  color,  being  pale  greenish  or 
whitish  when  young  and  dark  brown  or  almost  black  later  in  the  season. 
It  shows  about  equally  on  both  sides  of  the  foliage.  The  leaf  tissues  at  the 
edges  of  the  galls  weaken  as  the  season  advances,  allowing  the  latter  to 
drop  to  the  ground,  so  that  toward  the  end  of  the  summer  badly  infested 
leaves  may  be  fairly  riddled  with   irregular,  circular  holes  from  which   the 

galls  have  disappeared. 

Linden  mite  gall 

EriopJiycs  abiiorniis  Garm. 
Top-shaped  galls  about  Vw  inch  in  diameter,  are  sometimes  exceedingly  abundant  on 
the  upper  surface  of  linden  leaves. 

This  species  is  more  or  less  common  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany,  and 
occasionally  leaves  are  very  badly  affected.  The  abnormal  growth  is  pro- 
duced by  a  small  mite  which,  according  to  Professor  Garman,  differs  from 
all  Eriophyidae,  in  that  the  abdomen,  just  before  the  terminal  sucker,  is 
noticeably  enlarged.  He  describes  the  gall  as  "top-shaped,  expanding 
above  and  contracting  toward  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  into  a  neck. 
It  measures  .155  of  an  inch  in  height  and  '  10  inch  in  diameter.  The  walls 
are  deeply  infolded,  sometimes  giving  rise  to  unequal  lobes.  The  outer 
surface  is  smooth,  green  and  devoid  of  hairs.  The  cavity  of  the  gall  is 
made  unsymmetrical  by  the  deeper  impressions  of  the  wall.  The  inside 
of    the    latter  is  slightly  roughened  by  small  folds  and   is  clothed  with  long 


63- 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEL'M 


aciculatc  unicellular  hairs."      He  has  recorded  the  species  from   Wilmin^rion 

III.      |AVr  pi.  I,  fig.  14] 

Ash  midrib  gall 

Cccidoinyia  pcllex  Osten  Sacken. 

.\    peculiar,    elongated,   greenish   or   reddish   brown   gall    wrapping  itself   about   the 

midrib  and  inclosing  whitish,  footless  larvae,  is  the  work  of  this  species. 


Fig.  169     Ash  midrib  gall,   Ceci  do  niyla    p  e  1  I  >.•  v     (,.ri.;in.in 

This  insect  is  somewhat  common  in  the  Hudson  river  valley,  having 
been  observed  in  the  neighborhood  of  South  Durham  by  Mr  O.  Q.  Flint 
and  found  in  numbers  at  Poughkeepsie  by  Mr  Young.  It  also  occurs  about 
Albany,  the  galls  being  nearly  full  grown  the  latter  part  of  May  or  early  in 
June. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  633 

The  development  of  the  gall  is  interesting.  It  appears  to  be  formed 
by  the  irritation  due  to  one  or  more  larvae  on  the  upper  surface  of  the 
midrib  of  the  leaflet.  The  longer,  more  conspicuous  galls  are  inhabited  by 
a  considerable  number,  while  smaller  ones  may  contain  only  one  or  two  or 
three  larvae.  In  each  instance  it  will  be  observed  that  the  tissues  on  either 
side  of  the  midrib  and  including  it  to. some  extent,  begin  to  swell  enor- 
mously, thicken  and  gradually  close  over  the  irritating  larva.  The  fly  has 
not  been  bred,  due  to  the  rapid  withering  of  the  gall,  in  spite  of  several 
attempts  to  obtain  the  adult.  When  young,  the  gall  is  a  pale  oreen 
and  as  it  ages  it  becomes  tinged  with  brown.  It  is  thick  and  the  hyper- 
trophied  tissue  is  very  succulent  [fig.  169].  This  species  has  been  recorded 
by  Professor  Beutenmuller  from  Fort  Lee  N.  J.,  where  it  occurs  in  June. 

Red  elm  leaf  gall.  Pemphigus  nlinifusiis  Walsh.  The  solitary  spindle- 
shaped  galls  produced  by  this  plant  louse  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves 
of  the  red  elm,  are  about  an  inch  long.  This  species  is  rare  in  New  York 
State.      It  occurs  in  small  numbers  on  slippery-elm. 

Ash  flower  gall 

Eriopliycs  fra. vim' flora  n.  sp. 
The  staminate  flowers  of  white  ash  are  sometimes  very  curiously 
deformed  by  the  work  of  a  small  gall  mite,  which  appears  to  attack  them 
about  the  time  they  begin  to  develop,  and  by  the  latter  part  of  June 
peculiar  irregular  masses  of  green  tissues  are  found  on  the  flower  stem. 
An  examination  shows  that  each  mass  consists  of  a  series  of  irregular, 
fringed,  lobulated  masses  joined  one  to  the  other,  each  group  at  this  time 
ranging  from  ]^  to  about  '<  inch  in  diameter.  Later  they  become  nearly 
^  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  eventually  drying  and  remaining  on  the  trees 
over  winter,  giving  the  infested  ones  a  very  peculiar  appearance.  The 
work  of  this  mite  appears  to  be  moderately  common  in  New  York  State, 
though  it  does  not  seem  to  have  attracted  much  attention.  Specimens  of 
this  mite's  work  have  been  received  from  Brooklyn  N.  Y.  where  it  appears 
to    infest   several    trees    year  after  year,   and    we  have    also    observed    its 


5^1  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

operations   in    the   vicinity  of   Albany.      It   probably    causes  very    little    or 
no   injury. 

Poplar  twig  gall  fly 

Agroiiiyza  acncivcntris  Fallen 
This  little  fly,  kindly  identified  by  Professor  Coquillett  through  the 
courtesy  of  Dr  Howard,  produces  oval,  smooth  swellings  about  i^  inch  long 
on  one  side  of  small  poplar  twigs  [pi.  50,  fig.  3].  It  is  rather  abundant  at 
Karner,  the  insects  wintering  within  the  galls  as  larvae,  adults  appearing  in 
early  spring. 

Description.  The  parent  insect  is  a  small,  black  fly,  with  red  eyes,  less 
than  Vi  inch  long. 

The  larva  is  a  greenish  yellow  maggot  about  ^8  inch  long  with  strongly 
tridentate  jet-black  mandibles,  as  shown  in  figure  170,  and 
with  a  pair  of  spiracles  borne  on  knobbed  elevations  at  each 
extremity  of  the  body. 

The  puparium   is  oval,  less  than   '  8   inch  long,  each  seg- 

Die  ot  A  g  r  o  m  y  z  a 

aeneiven  tris,  nient  with  au   irregular,    slightly    wavy,    transverse    series    of 

much  enlarged  (orig- 

inan  chitinous  points  near  its  anterior  margin.      Posterior  e.xtrem- 

ity  terminated  by  a  pair    of  stout,  blunt,  slightly  moniliform  processes. 

Life  history.  The  young  larva  apparently  begins  operations  in  the 
green  bark,  causing  an  irrit,ation  which  results  in  the  rapid  development  of 
abnormal  tissues,  producing  a  spongy,  oval  mass  on  one  side  of  the  twig  — 
probably  hypertrophied  bast.  These  galls  vary  considerably  in  size,  rang- 
ing from  about  y%  inch  in  length  to  compound  masses  about  an  inch  long. 
The  smaller  galls  contain  a  single  larva  while  the  larger  ones  may  be 
inhabited  by  several.  The  gall  tissue  is  very  soft,  almost  cheesy  in  texture, 
very  different  from  the  ordinary  wood  fiber.  This  is  true  of  the  majority 
of  the  galls  found  in  the  spring,  which  occur  on  last  year's  growth.  A  few 
are  found  on  growth  of  the  preceding  year,  and  these  are  remarkable  for 
containing  oval,  hard  masses  of  woody  tissue  a  little  less  than  y^  inch 
long.  The  galls,  in  older  tissues,  usually  contain  several  maggots.  The 
larvae  make  rather  broad,  short  galleries  about  an  inch  long  in  a  portion 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  635 

of  the  diseased  tissues.  Fresh  excavations  are  bright  green,  showing  that 
the  dentate  mandibles  are  very  effective  tools.  The  gall  is  sometimes 
inhabited  b\"  an  undetermined  curculionid  larva. 

This  gall  insect  is  preyed  on  by  a  parasite,  determined  through  the 
courtesy  of  Dr  Howard  as  Urogaster  forbesi  Ashm.  This  gall- 
making  fly  has  been  reared  by  Professor  Webster  from  larvae  burrowino-  in 
the  roots  of  clover  and  tunneling  the  pith  of  the  common  garden  sun- 
flower, and  Mr  Pergande  has  bred  it  from  stems  of  ambrosia. 

Vagabond  gatl 

Pciiipliigus  I'agabiindiis  Walsh. 
A  peculiar  folded  convolute  mass  of  foliage  some  two  inches  in  diameter,  frequently 
occurs  on  the  tips  of  poplar  twigs. 

This  species  appears  to  be  rather  common  in  the  vicinit)-  of  Albany, 
and  the  peculiar  convolute,  greenish  galls  or  the  dry  brown  remains  of  the 
same  may  often  be  met  with  on  poplar  shoots  [pi.  51,  fig.  i]. 

This  gall  is  sometimes  very  abundant  on  the  tips  of  certain  cotton- 
woods  and  poplars,  and  according  to  Walsh  is  much  more  numerous  some 
years  than  others.  The  old  blackened  galls  hang  on  the  twigs  for  several 
seasons,  thus  giving  them  a  characteristic  appearance,  particularly  in  winter. 
The  winged  plant  lice  make  their  appearance  in  September,  and  the  green, 
shining,  hollow  gall  appears  the  following  summer.  The  skin  of  the  latter 
is  quite  thin  and  contains  a  single  wingless  plant  louse,  which  is  the  parent 
of  the  colony  subsequently  inhabiting  this  peculiar  shelter.  All  become 
winged  in  September  and  desert  the  gall. 

Poplar  leafstem  gall 
PcDipJiigus  populi-transvcrsiis  Riley 
Oval,  somewhat  elongated  galls,  with  transverse  openings,  develop  near   the  middle 
of  the  leaf  petioles  of  cottonwood  during  the  latter  part  of  the  summer. 

The  galls  are  nearly  i^  inch  long,  about  3^  inch  in  breadth,  and  of  the 
same  color  as  the  leaf  petiole.  The  mouthlike  orifice,  when  the  plant  lice 
are  mature,  gapes,  is  nearly  transverse  and  may  extend  two  thirds  the  way 


636  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

around  the  gall  thoug-h  occasionally  it  is  smaller.  The  interior  of  the 
inhabited  gall  is  crowded  with  plant  lice,  they  being  sometimes  so  abundant 
as  to  literally  stand  on  their  heads  in  attempting  to  obtain  nourishment 
from  the  succulent  walls.  The  mealy  white  powder,  cast  shriveled  skins 
and  globules  of  honeydew  are  also  characteristic  features  of  this  insect's 
retreat.  This  species  has  been  very  abundant  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany  in 
recent  years  and  was  the  occasion  of  a  brief  note  by  Dr  Lintner  in  1897. 
\_See  pi.  II,  fig.  15,  16] 

Basal  leaf  gall 
Poiiphigiis  popitlicaidis  Fitch 

Imperfect,  globular  galls  ){  to  nearly  Y^.  inch  in  diameter,  occur  in  June  at  the  base 
of  Cottonwood   leaves. 

These  little  galls  at  the  very  base  of  the  leaf  are  somewhat  irregular 
in  size  and  shape  and  otherwise  closely  resemble  the  preceding  species. 
This  insect  was  described  by  Dr  Fitch  in  1858,  at  which  time  it  was  very 
abundant  in  Albany  and  attracted  much  notice. 

Willow  club  gall 

RJiahdopliaga   rigidae  O.  S. 

Purplish,  fusiform  galls  y^  to  i   inch   in  length  are  common  on  or  near 

the  tips  of  low  willow  shoots.      This  gall   is   quite  abundant  at   Karner,  the 

large,  pale  orange  larva  wintering  in   a  central   channel   within   the  gall,  the 

flies  appearing  the  following  May. 

Willow  apple  gall 
Pontania  po»iitin   Walsh. 
A  smooth,  globular,  or  slightly  oval  rosy  cheeked  gall,  like  a  miniature  apple,  measur- 
ing from  .3  to  .55    inch   may   be  found    growing   on   one  side  of  the   midrib  of  the   leaf  of 
S  a  1  i  X    c  o  r  d  a  t  a. 

This  species  is  rather  common  in  certain  localities,  and  on  opening  the 
gall  a  pale  greenish  white  larva  with  a  pale  brown  head  may  be  found 
within.      The  gall  has  been  desribed  by  Walsh  as  follows  : 

The  gall  S.   pomum    is  found  on    Salix    cor  data   and  very  rarely 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AXD    WOODLAXD    TREES  637 

on  S.  discolor.  A  smooth,  fleshy,  sessile,  globular,  or  slightly  oval 
monothalamous  gall,  like  a  miniature  apple,  .3  to. 55  inch  diameter,  growing 
on  one  side  of  the  midrib  of  a  leaf,  and  extending  to  its  edge  or  beyond  it. 
The  principal  part  of  the  gall  projects  from  the  underside  of  the  leaf  ;  very 
rarely  it  is  bisected  by  the  leaf.  Color  greenish  yellow,  sometimes  with  a 
rosy  cheek,  especially  the  upper  surface  and  often  with  little  dots.  Fully 
mature  July  31.  An  analogous  gall  is  formed  in  Europe  on  various  willows 
by   N  e  m  a  t  u  s  g  a  1  1  i  c  o  1  a  W^estw. 

The  transformations  to  the  yellowish  red  adult  occur  within  the  gall  in 

case  of  specimens  reared  by  Walsh.      There  was  no  earth    in    the  jar  and 

some  cocoons  were  spun  between  the  galls. 

Pontania  pisum   Walsh. 

Siibspherical,  pealike,  pale  yellowish  galls  growing  on  the  underside  of  the  leaves  of 
Salix    discolor   are  the  work  of  this  species. 

This  gall-making  sawfly  is  a  common  species  in  some  sections  at  least, 
and  on  breaking  open  the  hollow  galls  a  w'hitish,  i8-footed  caterpillar  with 
a  slightly  dusky  head  and  dusky  mouth  parts  may  be  found  within. 

The  gall  has  been  described  by  Walsh  as  follows  : 

A  subspherical,  pealike,  hollow,  pale  yellowish  green  gall,  always 
growing  on  the  underside  of  the  leaf  and  almost  always  from  one  of  the 
side  veins  (in  one  case  from  the  midrib)  and  attached  to  the  leaf  by  only 
a  minute  portion  of  its  surface;  .18  to  .28  inch  in  diameter,  and  a  few, 
immature,  only  .08  inch  in  diameter.  Almost  invariably  there  is  but  one 
gall  to  the  leaf,  but  on  four  leaves  there  were  two,  and  occasionally  two 
are  confluent.  Surface  in  some  smooth  and  even,  without  pubescence  ;  in 
others  a  little  shriveled,  generally  studded  in  the  medium  sized  ones 
with  four  to  12  small,  robustly  conical  nipples,  which  in  the  larger  ones 
have  burst  into  a  scabrous  brown  scar.  Only  in  3  out  of  62  was  there  any 
rosy  cheek,  as  in  S.  p  o  m  u  m.  The  point  of  attachment  is  marked  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  leaf  by  a  brown  subhemispherical  depression. 

The  final  transformations  to  the  black  yellowish  marked  adult  occur 

in  the  grfound. 


638  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Pontania  desmodioides  Walsh 

A  smooth,  flattish,  sessile,  yellowish  green  gall  on  bolli  sides  of  the  leaf  of  Sali  x 
h  u  m  i  1  i  s  in  all  probability  belongs  to  this  species. 

The    galls    of   this   insect   were   taken    by    Mr    Pergande   at    Richfield 

Springs  on  Sep.  28,  1886,  and  it  is  probably  a  somewhat  common  species. 

The  gall  has  been  described  by  Mr  Walsh  as  follows  : 

The  gall,  is  found  on  S.  h  u  m  i  1  i  s.  It  is  smooth,  flattish,  fleshy, 
sessile,  yellowish  green,  monothalamus,  semicircular  in  general  shape  like 
the  seed  of  a  Desmodium  or  the  quarter  of  an  orange.  It  is  about  equally 
divided  between  the  two  surfaces  of  the  leaf  ;  no  rosy  cheek.  Generally 
there  is  but  one  gall  on  a  leaf;  one  leaf  was  seen  with  three  upon  it. 
Length  .23  to  .5  inches.      131  specimens.      Gall  mature  July  30. 

The  larvae  resemble  those  of  other  gall-inhabitating  species  belonging 

to    this    group,  and  when  full  grown  transform   to  the   adult   within   their 

shelters,  at  least  when  there  is  no  earth  that  can   be  conveniently  entered. 

The  parent  insect  is  about  ''5  inch  long,  dark  brown   marked   with   reddish 

brown,  and  with  the  lower  part  of  the  abdomen  and  the  legs  rust  yellow. 

Pontania  hyalina  Norton 

Fleshy,  reddish  galls  on  S  a  1  i  x  f  r  a  g  i  1  i  s,  occurring  in  two  parallel  rows  one  on 
either  side  of  the  midrib,  sometimes  touching  but  not  originating  from  the  latter,  and 
rarely  extending  to  the  edge  of  the  leaf,  may  be  those  of  this  insect. 

This  species  occurs  in  New  York  State,  the  galls  having  been  collected 

at  Richfield  Springs  by  Mr  Pergande  in   February  1886,  adults  being   bred 

from  the  same  Mar.  3  and  Ap.  27.      The  gall  and  its  arrangement  has  been 

described  by  Marlatt  as  follows  : 

Fleshy  galls,  occurring  in  two  parallel  rows,  one  on  either  side  of  the 
midrib  sometimes  touching  but  not  originating  from  the  latter,  and  rarely 
extending  to  the  edge  of  the  leaf;  sometimes  as  many  as  20  on  a  single 
leaf ;  in  other  cases  confined  to  a  row  on  one  side  of  the  leaf,  or  occa- 
sionally occurring  singly  ;  shape  irregular,  elongate  ovate,  projecting  equally 
on  both  surfaces  of  the  leaf;  length  7  to  10  mm,  the  abortive  ones  smaller. 
Color  on  upper  side  more  or  less  brownish  red  ;  beneath  white  with  slight 
purplish  tinge.  The  galls  result  from  the  punctures  of  the  females  in  the 
very  tenderest  leaves,  the  wound  closing  and  becoming  invisible. 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


639 


Willow  cone  gall 

Rhabdophaga  strohiloidcs  Walsh 

A  peculiar  conelike  deformity  on  the  tips  of  willow  shoots  is  diu-  to  the  work  of  this 
insect. 

These  interesting  galls  are  rather  common  objects  about  Albany,  and 
the  insect  presumably  has  a  wide  distribution  in  the  United  States,  though 
specific  records  of  its  occurrence  are  not  abundant. 

Description  The  gall,  a  tapering,  conelike,  terminal  growth,  is 
obviously  a  mass  of  aborted  leaves,  one  overlapping  the  other  much  as  the 
scales  of  a  pine  cone.  This  deformity  was  figured  by  Glover  in  1874,  in 
addition  to  the  description  and  illustrations  given  by  Walsh,  who  also 
figured  the  adult  fly  without  describing  it. 

Life  history.  The  parent  insects,  according  to  Walsh,  appear  in  April 
or  early  May,  and  the  gall  commences  its  growth  shortly  after  and  attains 
full  size  by  the  middle  of  June.  In  its  early"  stages  it  is  spherical  and 
enveloped  in  a  dense  mass  of  foliage,  which  gradually  falls  off  toward 
autumn,  and  by  November  the  twig 
on  which  it  occurs,  if  small,  is  killed 
at  the  tip.  At  this  time  the  larva  is 
in  the  heart  of  the  gall  inclosed  in  a 
delicate  membranous  cocoon,  where 
it  remains  till  the  following  spring, 
when  it  transforms  to  the  pupa  and 
shortly  after  the  fly  escapes. 


Witch-hazel  cone  gall 
Hormaphis  lianuiviclidis  Fitch 
Conical,  green  or  reddish  galls  occur 
in  considerable  numbers  on  the  upper  sur- 
face of  witch-hazel  leaves. 

Though      this     retnarkable     plant    Fie.  171     Hormaphis  hamamelidU:  «=galls,  natural  size 
■^  _  /—section     of    gall,    much  enlarged.     (.After  Pergande,    U.    S. 

louse   was  briefly   described   by   Dr    oep't  Agric.  Div.  Em.  Tech.  ser.  9,  iooi> 

Asa  Fitch   in  1851,   very  little  was  known  concerning  the  species  till  it  was 


640 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Studied  by  Mr  Theodore  Pergande,  who  had  been  interested  in  the  insect 
for  over  20  years,  and  in  1899  succeeded  in  completing  its  life  history. 
The  following  is  an  abstract  of  his  detailed  notice. 

The  rapidity  of  growth  depends  on  the  season.  The  galls  usually 
begin  to  appear  in  the  latitude  of  Washington  D.  C,  about  the  middle  of 
April,  attaining  full  growth  toward  the  end  of  j\Iay.  Young  stem  mothers 
hatch  a  week  or  more  before  the  leaves  appear  and   frequently  assemble   in 


li   \i^i^^ 


Fig.  172  H  or  ma  phis  ha 
twig  and  bud  with  young 
^=young  stem  mother  ;  r=a 

(After  Pergande,  U     S.   Dep 
Tech.  Ser.  9,   1901) 


enlarged. 

Fig.    173    Hormaphis    har 

n  a  m  e  1  i  d  i  s  :    iT=young   lar\ 

a;  i=pupa  : 

Div.  Ent 

t-=spring    migrant  ;     </=ant 

nna,    much    enlarged.     (Afte 

r    Pergande, 

U.S.  Dep't  Agric.DJv.  Ent 

,  Tech.  Ser.  9,  1901) 

considerable  numbers  awaiting  the  unfolding  of  the  buds.  The  plant  lice 
settle  along  the  midrib  and  the  lateral  veins  of  the  unfolding  leaves,  and 
soon  cause  a  pale  yellowish  green  discoloration  on  the  upper  surface.  The 
few  days  old  gall  appears  as  a  small  blisterlike  swelling  on  the  upper  side. 
It  develops  rapidly  and  in  May  is  quite  convex  or  slightly  conical,  with  the 
opening  on  the  under  surface  nearly  closed.  The  young  galls  are  greenish 
yellow  with  the  tip  more  or  less  purplish.  The  fully  developed  gall  is 
shown  on  plate  i,  figure  7. 

The    dormant    season   is  passed    as    a    winter    egg    deposited    on    the 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


641 


branches  of  twigs,  generally  near  the  base  of  buds  or  leaf  scars.  The  eggs 
resemble  those  of  the  common  apple  plant  louse,  Aphis  ni  a  1  i  P'abr. 
though  they  are  considerably  smaller.  The  young  stem  mother  is  but 
slightly  larger  than  the  egg  and  appears  in  the  latitude  of  Washington 
about   the   middle   of   April.      She    is   a    dull    black    color    covered   with    a 


'ig.  174  Hormaphis 
a=dorsal  view;  *-ve 
arrangement  of  pores  ; 
Kilt.  Tech.  Ser.  g,  igoi) 


1  e  1  i  d  i  s,  3d    generation,  fourth    or    final    stage: 
view;    <r=lateral   view  ,  ./—dorsal   view,    showing  the 
rid  of  body.     (After  Pergande,  U.  S.  Dep't   Agric.    Div. 


delicate,  slightly  bluish  secretion  and  ornamented  \vith  a  wa.xy  secretion  as 
shown  in  figure  172.      She  molts  three  times,  attainmg  maturity  the  middle 
of  May  and  from  then  producing  4-6  young  till  about  the  middle  of  June. 
The  second  or  winged  generation,  the  young  of  the  stem  mother,  com- 


64^ 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


plete  their  growth  within  i6  to  20  days.  They  emerge  from  the  galls  and 
migrate  to  birches  toward  the  end  of  May  or  early  in  June.  The  various 
forms  of  this  generation  are  shown  at  figure  173.  These  plant  lice  live  on 
the  underside  of  birch  leaves,  sometimes  covering  them.  Their  young  are 
met  with  in  the  vicinity  of  Washington  early  in  June,  attaining  maturity  in 
about  14  days.  This  generation  has  a  characteristic  appearance  in  its 
fourth  stage,  as  shown  in  figure  174.  It  is  remarkable  because  of  its  almost 
perfect  mimicry  of  certain  -Aleurodids.  The  insects  are  first  pale  brownisli, 
changing  gradually  to  a  dusky  or  black  color.  The  fourth  and  fifth  gen- 
erations  are  essentially  identical   with   the   third,  the   last   named   attaining 


Fig.  775  Horm  aphis  ham 
i5=dorsal  view  denuded,  sh 
gande,  U.  S.'Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.  'I'ech.  Ser.  g,  igoi) 


1  i  d  i  s,  6th  generation,  second  stage:  rt=dorsal  view  ; 
arrangement    of  pores,    much    enlarged.     (After  Per- 


maturity  about  the  middle  of  August.      It  gives  birth  to  a  si.xth  generation 
which  presents  an  entirely  different  form,  as  shown  at  figure  175. 

The  young  are  yellowish  brown  at  first,  naked,  but  soon  become  covered 
with  a  pruinose  or  bluish  white  secretion,  giving  them  a  moldy  appearance. 
Later  the  bristly  white  iridescent  wa.xy  threads  develop.  This  generation 
acquires  wings,  feeds  for  a  time  and  then  forsakes  the  birch,  migrating  back 
to  the  witch-hazel,  where  the  sexual  generation  is  developed.  This  latter 
sometimes  becomes  exceedingly  abundant.  The  general  characters  of  this 
generation  are  well  illustrated  at  figure    1 76.      Each   female   produces   from 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


643 


five  to  10  eggs  deposited  as  previously  stated,  and  thus  the  life  cycle  of  this 
extremely  interesting  form  is  completed. 


Spiny  witch-hazel  gall 

Hanianiclistcs  spinosns  Sliimer 
Many  spined,  green  or  reddish  galls  occur  on  witch-hazel  from  June  to  the  latter  part 


of  Octol)er. 


177  Hamamelistes  spinosus: 
a=winter  egg  much  magnified  ;  (^=t\vig  of 
witch-hazel  with  young  flower  buds  and 
eggs  in  position,  natural  size  (After  Per- 
gande,  U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.  Tech. 
Ser.  9,  1901) 


Fig.    .78     Hamamel  ist  e 
natural    size      (Afti 
Tech,  Ser.  9,  igoi) 


Our  knowledge  of  this  insect  is  due  alinost  entirely  to  long  continued 
patient  investigations  by  Theodore  Pergande  of  the  Bureau  of  Entomology. 


644 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  The  following  is  a  brief  abstract 
of  his  detailed  account  :  Winter  eggs  are  deposited  in  rough  places  on 
the  stems  of  witch-hazel,  from  the  middle  of  June  to  early  in  July  and 
remain  unhatched  till  the  following  May  or  June,  thus  being  dormant 
almost  1  2  months.  The  egg  is  quite  flat,  about  V125  inch  long  and  is  covered 
with  a  glistening,  hairlijce  secretion  harmonizing  well  with  the  twigs  [fig. 
177J.     The  recently  hatched  young  are  yellowish  green  and  densely  pubes- 


Fig.  179  Hamamelistes  spines  us,  3d 
generation:  rt=hibern.iting  larva  ;  ^=antenna; 
c^rostrura  or  beak ;  r/=tarsus  ;  ^=lateral 
tubercles  and  waxy  rods,  much  enlarged 
(After  Pergande,  U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div. 
Knt.  Tech.  Ser.  9,  igoi) 


Fig.  i3o  Hamamelistes  spinosus, 
3d  generation:  rt=dorsal  view  of  adult 
female;  ^-lateral  view;  r-ventral 
view;  </— antenna;  c,  y,  and  g— legs, 
much  enlarged  (After  Pergande,  U. 
S.   Dep't    Agric.   Div.    Ent.    Tech.    Ser. 


cent  or  hairy  and  almost  invariably  locate  on  the  side  of  buds  next  the  twig. 
The  irritation  caused  by  the  insect  checks  the  growth  of  the  petiole  and 
hastens  that  of  the  bud,  specially  on  the  side  opposite  the  insect,  which 
lengthens,  broadens,  curves  over  the  gall  maker  and  soon  assumes  a 
beautiful  rosy  color.  The  plant  louse  is  completely  inclosed  in  a  few  days, 
•only  a  transverse  scar  and  small  opening  where  the  insect  settled,  remain- 
ing. The  gall  is  now  globular  and  hardly  larger  than  the  original  bud.  It 
develops  rapidly  and  by  the  middle  of  June  is  about   half  grown,   chang- 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


645 


ing  from  rosy  to  a  pale  clingy  color.  The  (general  form  and  structure 
is  shown  at  figure  178  The  young  of  the  stem  mother  or  the  second 
generation  attain  maturity  early  in  July  and  commence  leaving  the  galls, 
continuing  to  issue  till  late  in  the  fall.  They  migrate  to  birches  where 
they  settle  on  the  leaves  and  each  female  produces  from  30  to  40  or  more 
young.     This,    the  third  generation,  is  peculiar  in   its  resemblance  to  the 


es  spin  OS  us,  4th  gei 
a,  dorsal  view  ;  ^—ventral  v: 
^=antenno  ;  </=eye  ;  <'=adult  female,  dorsal  viev 
/=ventral  view  ;  ^-antenna,  much  enlarged  (Aft. 
Pergaude,  U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.  Tech.  Se 

Q.   IQOlt 


■"ig.  182  H  :i  ni  ,1  m  e  1  i  s  t  e  s  s  p  i  n  o  s  u  s;  pseudogalls 
or  corrugations  on  birch  leaves,  natural  size  (Aller 
Pergande,  U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.  Tech.  Ser.  9, 


young  of  a  Lecanium  [tig.  179].  The  recently  hatched  young  are  reddish 
brown,  with  pale  yellow  legs  and  antennae  and  purplish  eyes.  They  soon 
change  to  a  brilliant  dark  metallic  blue  green.  The  adult  female  is  broadly 
oval,  deep  black,  conveN  [tig.  180].  This  insect  hibernates  on  the  birch 
twigs,  becoming  covered  with  a  wa.xy  secretion.  Activity  is  resumed  the 
middle  of  April,  when  the  females  become  full  grown  and  produce  )oung, 
the   fourth    (generation.       These   latter   are    remarkable    insects    with    their 


646 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


conspicuous  waxy  tufts  [fig.  181].  They  settle  in  folds  on  the  underside 
of  the  developing  leaves  and  produce  pseudogalls  caused  by  the  area 
between   the  veins  bulging  and  forming  ridges  or  corrugations  [fig.  182]. 

These  galls  are  reddish  brown, 
soon  changing  to  reddish  or  crim- 
-^J^^^^  son.  The  young  attain  their  growth 
by  the  end  of  April  or  early  in  May 
and  then  produce  a  fifth  generation, 
which  is  sometimes  abundant  enough 
to  seriously  injure  the  trees.  This 
latter,  on  attaining  its  development, 

1   genera-         .  i  ■  t  11 

denuded;  migrates     early     in     June     back    to 

eral    tubercle 

uch  enlarged  tlic  wltch-hazel,  whcrc  the  sexual 
generation  [fig.  183]  is  produced 
and  the  life  cycle  of  the  species  completed.  This  last  develops  rapidly, 
attaining    maturity   in   two   or    three    weeks  and   deposits    eggs    as   stated 


s,  6th  or 
^~the 
rf-la 
of  lateral  tubercle, 
(After  Pergande,  U.  S.  Dcp't  Agric.  Div.  En 
igoi) 


Fig.  184  Hamamcliste 
of  female;  rf-antenn; 
gande,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr 


^=ventral-lateral   secretory    gland, 
.  Div.  Ent.  Tech.  Ser.  9,  igoi) 


/.^antenna;  c =dorsal  vi, 
iinch  enlarged     (After  P^ 


above.     The   general  appearance  of  the  full  grown   males  and  females  is 
shown  at  figure  184. 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AND    WOODLAXD    TREES  647 

Birch  seed  gall  midge.  Oligotrophns  bdulac  ^^'innertz.  Deformed  cat- 
kins of  white  birch  produce  enlarged  seeds,  each  containing  a  reddish,  legless 
maggot. 

This  European  species  is  rather  common  about  Albany  and  is  of 
interest  because  of  the  peculiar  deformity  it  produces  in  birch  seeds.  The 
larvae  become  full  grown  early  in  October,  at  which  time  a  windowlike 
spot  is  easily  discerned  on  the  surface  of  the  seed.  The  normal  alate  or 
winged  seed  is  transformed  by  this  insect  into  a  nearly  globular  form  with 
the  alae  rudimentary. 

Sumac  tomato  gall.  Pemphigus  rhois  Fitch.  Somewhat  pear-shaped  or 
round,  reddish  galls  of  different  sizes  occur  on  sumac  leaves  in  September. 

These  galls  are  rare  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany.  They  are  quite  variable, 
round,  spheroid  in  form,  with  the  surface  uneven  and  usually  slightly 
knobby.  The  face  exposed  to  the  sun  is  normally  bright  crimson  and  the 
interior  is  sometimes  thickly  crowded  with  plant  lice.  These  galls  occur  on 
Rhus   glabra    and    R.  t  y  p  h  i  n  a.     SJScc  pi.  49,  tig.  3.] 

Hackberry  nipple  gall.  Pacliypsylla  ccltidis-niamma  Riley.  This  i^all 
is  represented  by  a  cup-shaped  depression  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf ; 
beneath  it  is  broadly  rounded  and  about  i/^  inch  in  diameter.  It  is  common 
on  hackberry. 

Rose  root  gall.  Rhoditcs  radicuin  Osten  Sacken.  This  large,  smooth, 
reddish  brown  gall  occurs  on  the  roots  of  various  wild  roses.  It  is  deeply 
incised  at  the  point  of  attachment  to  the  roots.  The  interior  is  pithy 
and   contains    numerous  cells. 

Rose  bedegar.  Rhoditcs  rosae  Linn.  Curious,  curved,  fibrous,  moss- 
like masses  occur  on  rose  and  blackberry  bushes.  This  peculiar  gall  is 
composed  of  a  mass  of  hard  cells  formed  around  a  branch  and  is  entirely 
covered  with  long,  dense,  green  filaments  forming  a  mosslike  mass  lyi 
inches  or  more  in  diameter. 

Mealy  rose  gall.  Rhoditcs  ignota  Osten  Sacken.  Irregular,  spheric 
galls  about  the  size  of  a  pea,  covered  with  a  white  mealy  substance,  are 
rather  common  on  wild  rose  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany.  Occasionally  several 
of  these  galls  coalesce,  forming  an  elongated,  irregular  mass.  Th'i  gall  is 
a  woody  one  and   contains  several  cells. 

Spiny  bullet  gall.  Rhoditcs  bicolor  Ham  Round  galls  a  third  to 
nearly  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  covered  with  prickly  spines  about  as  long  as 
the  diameter  of  the  galls,  are  common  on  twigs  of  different  kinds  of  wild 
roses.  This  gall  is  yellowish  green  sometimes  tinged  with  red  and  occurs 
in  clusters  of  two  or  more. 

Globular  rose  gall.  Rhoditcs  globulus  Beut.  A  smooth,  rounded  gall 
arising  abruptly  at  each  end  from  the  branch,  occurs  on  wild  rose  on  Staten 
Island.      It  has  a  rather  soft  corky  texture  and  contains  numerous  cells.      It 


648  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

is  more  or  less  oblong  or  almost  round  and  measures  from  3^  to  \yi  inches 
in  length,  being  about  ^  inch  in  diameter. 

Long  rose  gall.  Rhoditcs  dichloccriis  Harr.  This  elongate,  hard, 
woody  gall,  gradually  tapering  at  both  ends,  occurs  on  the  branches  of  wikl 
roses.  It  has  been  taken  on  .Staten  Island  and  Dr  .Smith  records  it  from 
New  Jersey. 

Knotty  rose  gall.  Rhoditcs  vcvna  Osten  Sacken.  This  gall,  which  is 
somewhat  allied  to  the  long  rose  gall,  R.  dichlocerus  Harr.,  occurs  on 
wild  rose.  It  is  oblong  or  rounded  and  about  '?  inch  long,  and  occasionally, 
three  or  four  galls  are  more  or  less  fused.  This  species  has  been  taken  by 
Mr  Beutenmuller  on  Staten  Island. 

LKSS  DKSTRIX'TIVK  INSKCTS  ArFECTINtl  EVERGRKEN  OK  CONIFEROUS  TREES 

Thi.s»  group,  comprising  insects  of  minor  importance  found  on  our 
evergreen  trees,  is  rather  small  because  of  the  peculiarly  close  association 
existing  between  bark  borers  and  species  found  with  them,  making  it  advis- 
able in  certain  instances  at  least,  to  notice  comparatively  unimportant  forms 
frecjuently  met  with  in  the  burrows  of  destructive  species. 

Borers  in  trunk  and  limbs 

/'///(■.  ipciies  affcctiiii; 
Large,  white,  fleshy,  flat-headed  borers  i  '  j  inches  long  occur  under  pine  bark  in  long,  nar- 
row, very  shallow  grooves  in  the  surface  of  the  wood,  transforming  to  a  dark   metallic 
grav,  flattened  beetle  i  to  1  '4  inches  long 

Larger  flat-headed  pine  borer,   C  h  a  1  c  o  p  h  o  r  a    v  i  r  g  i  n  i  e  n  s  i  s,  p.   653 
A  similar  borer  working    in   about   the    same  way  and  transforming  to  a  brilliant,   coppery 
colored,  flattened  beetle  about  Yx  inch  long 

Smaller  flat-headed  pine  borer,   Chalcophora    1  i  b  e  r  I  a,  p.    654 
A  brilliant,  sparkling,  (opper-red  beetle  a  little  over  i  'j   to  nearly   1 3/j^  inches  long  occurs 

on  pine  and  spruce (1  olden  Buprestis,    li  u  ]>  r  e  s  t  i  s   s  t  r  i  a  t  a,  p.   655 

An  obscure,  <  opper\-  r>r  black,  flattened  beetle  aliout  '  _•  im  h  long  on  ])itch  pine 

1 )  i  (   e  r  <■  a    p  u  n  c  t  u  1  a  t  a,  p.   656 
A  brass)-,  nietallii  .  flattened  beetle   about  -^s  inch    long  occurs  in  midsummer  on    pine   and 

arbor-vitae ])iccr<   a    t  u  b  e  r  c  u  1  a  t  a,  p.    656 

An   ashy  bronze   or   obscurely  bron/.e,    flattened,  metallic    beetle    from    a    little  over   'j    to 
nearly  Y^  inch  long  occurs  on  while  pine  from  midsummer  m  ()ctol)er 

I  *  i  c  e  r  c  a    t  e  n  e  b  r  o  s  a,  p.    657 

An  (il)long,  o\al,  flattened,  bronze  or  pur|)lish  beetle,  copper-crjlored  beneath  antl    '_•    inc  h 

long  o<'curs  on    hard  ]iinc C  h  r  y  s  o  b  o  t  h  r  i  s    d  e  n  1  i  p  e  s,  ]1.    6c;y 


INSF.CTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES        '  649 

A  modestly  colored,  flattened   beetle   about    3 8    inch    long   occurs   in    midsummer  on   hard 

pine  branches •   •  ■    C  h  r  y  s  o  b  o  t  h  r  i  s    f  1  o  r  i  c  o  1  a,  p.   658 

A  small,  flattened  beetle  '4  inch  long  is  abundant  on  hard  ])ine  from  June  till  September 

C  h  r  y  s  o  b  o  t  h  r  i  s    p  u  s  i  1 1  a,  p.  658 
A  large,  stout,  brownish  beetle  ij^  inches  long  breeds  in  i)ine  stumps 

Harris's  Prionus,  Tragosoma    harrisii,  p.  659 
A  lar^e,  brownish  black,  narrow  beetle  about  1  inch  long  occurs  on  pines  in  June  and  July 

Criocephalus    agrestis,  p.  659 
A  bluish,  flattened  beetle  about  '2  inch  long  occurs  in   early  s])ring  on  pines 

Blue  pine  borer,  C  a  1 1  i  d  i  11  m    a  n  t  e  n  n  a  t  u  m,  p.  660 
A  blackish  brown  beetle  '2  to  ^s  inch  long  occurs  late  in  May  on  pine 

Lesser  pine  borer,  A  s  e  m  u  m  m  oe  s  t  u  m,  p.  66 r 
A  grayish  brown,  mottled  beetle  y,6  to  }4  inch  long  occurs  on  white  pine 

A  c  a  n  t  h  o  c  i  n  u  s  o  b  s  o  1  e  t  u  s,  p.  662 
A  slender,  grayish  brown  beetle  about  ^i  inch  long  occurs  on  pine  in  July 

X  y  1  o  t  r  e  c  h  u  s   s  a  g  i  1 1  a  t  u  s,  p.   663 
A  small  beetle  'i  inch  long  with  a  dark  head  and  thorax  and   lighter  wing  covers  and 

antennae,  occurs  on  pine B  a  t  y  1  e  s  u  t  u  r  a  1  i  s,  p.  663 

A  small,  dark  brown  longicorn  ]{  inch  long  occurs  on  pine  and  willow  in  midsummer 

P  o  g  o  n  o  c  h  e  r  u  s  m  i  x  t  u  s,  p.   663 
A  black  beetle  about   J'4   inch   long  sparsely   clothed  with  white  hairs  and   downy  white 
spots  on  the  wnng  covers,  forming  two  irregular  bands,  occurs  on  pine 

H  \'  1  o  t  r  u  ]i  e  s  b  a  j  u  1  u  s,  p.   664 
A  dark  chestnut-colored   weevil   fg   inch    long   occurs    in    iMay   and   June   on   pines    or   in 

mill  yards Pales  weevil,   H  y  1  o  b  i  u  s  p  a  1  e  s,  p.   664 

A  stout,  brownish  bark   beetle    about   3,16  inch   long  occurs   under   pine   bark 

Pine  Hylurgops,   H  y  I  u  r  g  o  p  s  g  1  a  b  r  a  t  u  s,  p.   665 
A  jet-black  beetle  only  }(  inch  long  and  with  silvery  white  markings  on  the  wing  covers, 

occurs  in  midsummer  on  pines C  1  e  r  u  s  q  u  a  d  r  i  g  u  1 1  a  t  u  s,  p.  666 

S/ruif,  s/'i-i'/i-s  ajfccting 
A  conspicuous  bluish  black  horntail  about  1^4  inches  long  opcurs  on  spruce 

AVhite-horned  Urocerus,   Urocerus  albicornis,  p.  667 
A  large,  black,  4-winged  fly  an  inch  long  and  having  some   resemblance   to   a   wasp   but 
with  a  stout,  cylindric  body,  attacks  sprui'c 

Banded  horntail,  Urocerus   a  b  d  o  m  i  n  a  1  i  s,  p.    668 
A  small  horntail  with  a  blue  abdomen  and  rufous  legs  attacks  spruce  and  fir 

Blue  horntail,  P  a  u  r  >i  r  u  s  c  y  a  n  e  u  s,  p.   669 


650 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


A  somewhat  cylindric,  black  or  lirownish  beetle  about  '2  inch  long  occurs  in  midsummer 

on   spruce T  e  t  r  o  p  i  u  m   c  i  n  n  a  m  o  p  t  e  r  u  m,  p.   669 

A   black,  red-shouldered,  flattened  beetle  al)£)ut  ViS  '"ch  long  occurs  on  spruce 

P  h  y  m  a  t  o  d  e  s  d  i  m  i  d  i  a  t  u  s,  p.   669 
A  large,  handsome,  black  beetle  with  the  basal  portion  of  the   wing  covers   deep    red   and 
the  middle  antennal  joints  broadly  ringed  with  reddish 

Canadian  Leptura,  L  e  p  t  u  r  a  canadensis,]).  670 

A  cylindric   brownish   beetle  about   Yi    inch    long  and    ornamented    with    irregular,  sulfur 

yellow  bands,  occurs  on  hemlock  and  spruce.  .  X  y  1  o  t  r  e  c  h  u  s   u  n  d  u  1  a  t  u  s,  p.   671 

A   slender,  whitish,  wood-boring  grub   enters  the  wounds    of  living  trees    and    bores  deep 

into  the  sapwood  and  heartwood 

Blazed  tree  borer,  S  e  r  r  o  p  a  1  p  u  s    b  a  r  b  a  t  u  s,  p.  67 1 
A  small,  nai'row,  triangular  beetle  about  3/j6  inch  long  and  irregularly  marked  with  silvery 

white,  occurs  on  spruce  and  decaying  maple Mo  r  del  la   bo  real  is,  p.   672 

A  small,  stout,  nearly  cylindric,  brownish  bark  beetle  about  ^  inch  long  occurs  in   spruce 

bark Dryocoetes    autograph  us,  p.  672 

A  small,  yellowish  brown  to  almost  black  bark  beetle  occurs   in  spruce  bark,  particularly 

at   the  base  of  the  limbs C  ry  p  h  a  1  u  s    s  t  r  i  a  t  u  1  u  s,  p.    673 

A  minute,  black  or  brown  bark  beetle  e.xcavatcs  many  short,  radiating,  curved   galleries  in 
young  dying  red  and  black  spruce 

Spruce  wood  engraver,   P  i  t  y  o  p  h  t  h  o  r  u  s    c  a  r  i  n  i  c  e  p  s,  p.  674 
Balsam,  species  affecting 
A  large,  metallic,  flattened,  oval  beetle  about  Y^  inch  long  occurs  on  balsam  in  July 

B  u  p  r  e  s  t  i  s    m  a  c  u  1  i  v  e  n  t  r  i  s,  p.  674 
Hemlock,  species  affecting 
A  rather  slender,  somewhat  triangular  beetle  with  a  subtriangular  spot  near  the  middle  of 
the  outer  margin  of  each  wing  cover,  occurs  on  hemlock 

Leptura    subhamata,  p.   675 
Cedar,  species  affecting 
A  brownish  beetle  from  ^  to  nearly  Y^  inch  long  with  two  large,  blue  patches  at  the  base 
of  the  wing,  bores  as  a  larva  in  cedar 

Cedar  tree  borer,  Hylotrupes    ligneus,  p.  675 

Leaf  feeders 

Pine,  species  affecting 
Loose  web  nests  thickly  sprinkled  with  excrement,  occur  on  the  terminal  twigs  and  contain 
greenish  or  brownish  false  caterpillars. ..  False  pine  webworm,  Ly  da  species,  p.  676 


IXSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AXD    WOODLAND    TREES  65  I 

Loose  web  nests  with  considerable  brown  excrement  on  the  needles  of  terminal  pine  twigs 
contain   true  caterpillars Pine  web  worm,   Bent  a    m  a  1  a  n  o  g  r  a  m  m  o  s,  p.   676 

A  large,  thick,  pale  green  caterpillar,  3  to  4  inches  long  with  pale  orange  head  and  legs 
and  6  spined,  yellow  tubercles  behind  the  head,  occurs  on  white  pine  late  in  August 
and  through  September Imperial  moth,  B  a  s  i  1  o  n  a    i  m  p  e  r  i  a  1  i  s,  p.  677 

A  grass  green,  yellow  and  white  striped  caterpillar  feeds  on  pine  in  the  middle  of 
September Harris's  pine  hawk  moth,  L  a  p  a  r  a  b  o  m  b  y  c  o  i  d  e  s,  p.   679 

A  dull  red  caterpillar  banded  with  brighter  red  with  a  light  lateral  line  and  reddish  hairs 
in  clusters,  occurs  on  pine  in  late  August  and  September 

White  pine  tufted  caterpillar,  P  a  n  t  h  e  a   f  u  r  c  i  1  1  a,  p.   679 

A  dull  rusty  brown,  irregularly  white-spotted,  tlattened  caterpillar  with  series  of  grayish 
tufts  on  each  side  harmonizes  very  closely  with  the  bark 

Larch  lappet,  T  o  1  y  p  e  1  a  r  i  c  i  s,  p.  680 
A  small,  cylindric  larva  mines  the  leaves  of  various  pines 

Pine  leaf  miner,  P  a  r  a  1  e  c  h  i  a  p  i  n  i  f  o  1  i  e  1 1  a,  p.  6S1 
Peculiar  tubes  of  webbed-together  pine  needles  occur   in   midsummer  and   September  on 

white  and  probably  other  pines Pine  tube  builder,  E  u  1  i  a  p  o  1  i  t  a  n  a,  p.  681 

Short,  stout  beetles  from  '3  to  nearly  '4  inch  long  are  numerous  on  hard  pine  foliage  the 
latter  part  of  June  and  throughout  July 

Light-loving  grapevine  beetle,  A  n  o  m  a  1  a  1  u  c  i  c  o  1  a,  p.  682 
A  light  brown  beetle   less  than  yi   inch  long  is   rather  common   on    hard   pine  from    the 

latter  part  of  June  till  the  last  of  August M  e  t  a  c  h  r  o  m  a  m  a  r  g  i  n  a  li  s,  p.   682 

Spn{<-e,  speiies  affecting 
Pale  green,  false  caterpillars  feed  singly  on  spruce  the  latter  part  of  the  summer 

Spruce  sawfly,   Pteronus  integer,  p.  683 
A    red-headed,    brownish  caterpillar  about  fi   inch   long   feeds   on  young,   fresh    spruce 

*^°"'^^ Spruce  cone  worm,  D  i  o  r  y  c  t  r  i  a  r  e  n  i  c  u  1  e  11  a,  p.  6S4 

Balsam,  gall  fly  affecting 
A  small  midge  produces  an  oval  enlargement  near  the  base  of  balsam  needles 

Balsam  gall  midge,  C  e  c  i  d  o  m  y  i  a  b  a  1  s  a  m  i  o  o  1  a,  p.  685 
Sucking  insects 
Pine,  species  affecting 
A  small,  grayish  and  brown  plant  bug  s/,^  inch  long  occurs  on  hard  pine  and  other  trees 

and  shrubs False  chinch  bug,  N  y  s  i  u  s  a  n  g  u  s  t  a  t  u  s,  p.  685 

A  small,  brown  plant  bug  %  inch  long P  h  y  t  o  c  o  r  i  s    e  x  i  m  i  u  s,  p.  685 

P  i  1  o  p  h  o  r  u  s  c  r  a  s  s  i  p  e  s,  p.  686 


652  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

A  brownish,  membranous,  winged  plant  bug  a  little  over  %  inch  long 

-'  O  1  i  a  r  i  u  s  q  u  i  n  q  u  e  1  i  n  e  a  t  u  s,  p.  686 
Small,  stout,  triangular  or  rounded  bugs  producing  masses  of  frothlike  spittle  on  pines 

Spittle  insects,  several  s|jecies,  p.   686 
A  greenish  brown  leaf  hopiier  about  5  ,5  inch  long. .  S  t  i  c  t  o  c  e  p  h  a  1  a    i  n  e  r  m  i  s,  p.   687  0' 
A   small,  active,  rather   slender  plant  bug   about   ^   inch  long  with   yellowish    head  and 
prothorax  and  yellowish  red  wing  covers  occurs  on  hard  pine  in  midsummer 

Dichrooscytus    rufipennis,  p.  687 
A  light  brown,  slender  plant    Inig  aliout    '4    inch   long  with   the  thorax   variously  marked 
with  red,  jiinkish  and  light  lirown  occurs  on  hard  pine 

N  a  b  i  s    r  u  f  u  s  c  u  1  u  s,  p.   688 
A  grayish,  yellowish   or  red-marked,  elliptic  insect,  about   J2    inch   long  occurs  the   latter 

part  of  summer  on  hard  pine,  many  shrubs  and  plants  / 

G  y  p  o  n  a    o  c  t  o  1  i  n  e  a  t  a,  p.  688 
A  small,  reddish  brown,  jumping  plant  louse  y&  inch  long  abounds  on  hard  pine  the  latter 
part  of  the  season  and  in  early  spring 

Bramble  flea  louse,  T  r  i  o  z  a    t  r  i  p  u  n  c  t  a  t  a,  p.  688 
A  conspicuous  snow-white,  woolly  scale  is  sometimes  very  abundant  on  the  more  tender 
growths  of  pitch  and  southern  yellow  pine 

Woolly  pine  scale,   P  s  e  u  d  o  p  h  i  1  i  p  ]i  i  a    qua  i  n  t  a  n  c  i  i,  p.  689 
Hemlock,  species  affecting 
An  oval,  dark  gray  often  blackish   scale  with  a  lighter  margin,  occurs  on  hemlock,  pine,  fir 
and  maple Hemlock   scale,   A  s  p  i  d  i  o  t  u  s    a  b  i  e  t  i  s,  p.   690 

Frequenters  of  evergreen  or  coniferous  trees 

A  brilliantly  marked,  brick-red  and  blue  ground  beetle  about  ;'/;'  inch  long 

Lebia   g  r  a  n  d  i  s,  p.  690 
A  yellowish,  9-spotted  hemispheric  beetle  ' 

Nine-spotted  lady  beetle,  C  o  c  c  i  n  e  1  1  a    11  o  v  e  m  n  o  t  a  t  a,  p.  691 
A  yellowisli,  almost  black  banded  hemispheric  beetle 

Three-banded  lady  beetle,  C  o  c  c  i  n  e  1 1  a    t  r  i  f  a  s  c  i  a  t  a,  p.  691 
A  black  beetle  about  ^4'  inch  long  with  a  conspicuous  orange  band  containing  two  circular 
black  spots  on  the  basal  two  thirds  of  the  wing  covers 

I  p  s    s  a  n  g  u  i  n  o  1  e  n  t  u  s,  p.   69 1 
A  shining  black   beetle  about    ^'4    inch   long  with   four  irregular,  orange   markings   on   the 

wing  covers I  |i  s    q  u  a  d  r  i  g  u  1 1  a  t  u  s,  p.   692 

A  small,  snapping  beetle  less  than  fa  inch  long  with  a  light  head  and  light  yellowish  elytra 
marked  with  dark   brown C  o  r  y  m  b  i  t  e  s    p  r  o  p  o  1  a,  p.    692 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND   TREES  653 

A  small,  snapping  beetle  about  }4  inch  long  with  its  yellowish  wing  covers  thickly  marked 

with  curved,  dark  brown  or  black  lines .  .  C  o  r  y  m  b  i  t  e  s    h  i  e  r  o  g  1  y  p  h  i  c  u  s,  p.  692 

A  small,  black  clerid  with  wing  covers  marked  with  zigzag  black  and  gray  transverse  bands 

occurs  on  spruce 

Cloudy  bark  beetle  destroyer,  T  h  a  n  a  s  i  m  u  s  n  u  b  i  1  u  s,  p.  693 

A  small  beetle  3  ,6  incli  long  with  pale  yellow  irregularly  mottled  wing  covers  and  black 

head  and  thorax H  y  d  n  o  c  e  r  a    p  a  1 1  i  p  e  n  n  i  s,  p.   693 

A  jet-black,  slender  beetle  nearly  -V  ,6  inch  long  occurs  on  late  scrub  growths 

H  y  d  n  o  c  e  r  a    h  u  m  e  r  a  1  i  s    var.    c  y  a  n  e  s  c  e  n  s,  p.   693 

A  small,  variable,  somewhat  elongated,  brown  beetle  about   's  inch  long 

E  r  n  o  b  i  u  s    m  o  1  1  i  s,  p.   694 

A  greenish,  coppery,  elongate,  parallel-sided  beetle  about  '2  inch  long 

D  i  c  h  e  1  o  n  y  c  h  a    a  1  b  i  c  o  1 1  i  s,  p.   694 

A  thick,  cylindric,  brilliant  brassy,  coppery  hued,  rather  stout  beetle 

Pine  Chrysomela,   G  1  y  p  t  o  s  c  e  1  i  s    p  u  b  e  s  c  e  n  s,  p.  695 

A  stout,  yellowish  brown  beetle  a  trifle  over    li  inch  long 

C  r  y  p  t  o  c  e  p  h  a  1  u  s    s  c  h  r  e  i  b  e  r  s  i  i ,  p.   695 

A  small,  stout,  black,  red-spotted  beetle  }i  inch  long 

C  ry  p  t  GO  ep  h  alu  s    q  u  a  d  r  i  m  a  c  u  1  a  t  u  s,  p.  695 

A  small,  brown  or  blackish  lieetle,  li  inch  long,  with  lighter  transverse  bands  on  the  wing 

covers  and  a  conspicuous  pronotal  process N  o  t  o  x  u  s    b  i  f  a  s  c  i  a  t  u  s,  p.   696 

A  small,  brown,  black-marked   beetle   about    Ja   inch   long  with   a    conspicuous   pronotal 

process N  o  t  o  x  u  s    a  n  c  h  o  r  a,  p.  696, 

A  yellowish  brown,  black-dotted,  somewhat  oval  plant  bug  f/s  inch  long 

Co  en  us    d  e  1  i  u  s,  p.  697 

Delicate,  greenish  or  brownish  lace-winged  flies  with  golden  eyes,  occur  on  many  plants 

Lace-winged  flies,   Hemerobius    s  t  i  g  m  a  t  eru  s,  p.  697 

M  i  c  r  o  m  u  s    m  o  n  t  a  n  u  s,  p.  697 

Slender,  pale  green  or  greenish  white,  cricketlike  creatures 

Flower  or  tree  crickets,  several  species,  p.  698 

Larger  flat-headed  pine  borer 

Chalcophora  virginiciisis  Drury 

Large,  white,  fleshy,  flat-headed  borers  i^  inches  long  occur  under  pine  bark  in  long 
narrow,  very  shallow  grooves  in  the  surface  of  the  wood,  transforming  to  a  dark  metallic 
gray,  flattened  beetle  i  to  1^  inches  long. 

This  large,  white,  fleshy,  flat-headed  borer  about  i  )^  inches  in  length 
may  be  met  with  under  pine  bark,  where   it   inhabits  long,  narrow  and  very 


654 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


shallow  grooves  in  the  surface  of  the  wood.  The  irregular,  wavy  or  ser- 
pentine galleries  enlarge  with  the  growth  of  the  larva  and  differ  in  general 
appearance  from  the  borings  of  other  insects  inhabiting  similar  situations. 
This,  the  largest  of  the  flat-headed  pine  borers,  was  met  with  rather  com- 
monly by  the  writer  on  hard  pine  at  Karner  in  1901  from  early  in  June  to 
the  latter  part  of  September.  The  record  of  captures  is  as  follows:  June 
4,  two;  June  13,  two;  June  26,  four;  July  8,  two; 
August  9,  two  and  September  18,  one.  The  beetle 
may  be  found  resting  on  the  sunny  side  of  the  trunks 
and  branches  and  occasionally  among  the  needles  of 
the  smaller  twigs.  It  is  probably  attracted  by  light, 
since  one  was  taken  in  a  trap  lantern.  The  adult  is  a 
dark  metallic  gray  colored  beetle  measuring  from  i  to 
I  yl  inches  in  length. 

Dr  Packard  states  that  the  beetles  appear  in  the 
Northern  States  toward  the  end  of  May  and  occur 
i,.  through  the  month  of  June,  according  to  Harris,  while 
he  observed  them  in  Maine  on  pinetrees  in  the  mid- 
dle of  July.  Dr  LeConte  records  this  species  as  abundant  in  the  Middle, 
Eastern  and  Southern  States  and  adds  that  this  form  may  be  readily  distin- 
guished by  its  dull  color,  fine  punctuation  of  the  depressed  spaces  of  the 
wing  covers,  of  which  the  four  impressed  spaces  are  better  defined  than 
any  others,  and  finally  by  the  sides  of  the  thorax  being  anteriorly  rounded 
to  the  middle  and  not  at  all  angulated. 

Smaller  flat  headed  pine  borer 

ChalcopJiora  libcrta   Germ. 
This  species   may  be  distinguished   from  C.   virginiensis    Drury  by  its  smaller 
size,  it  ranging  from  about  ^  inch   in  length,  and  by  the  brilliant  coppery  color  which  is 
usually   much  more  marked  than  in  C.   virginiensis. 

It  was  taken  by  the  writer  in  relatively  small  numbers  on  hard  pine  at 
Karner  in  1901  as  follows:  June  4,  one;  June  13,  four;  September  6,  one 
and  October  3,  one.      Dr  Pitch  states  that  this  species  is  much  more  com- 


Fig.    185     C:  h  a  1  c  o  p  h  I)  r 
gin  ien  si  s,    enlarged  ( 


IXSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AXD    WOODLAND    TREES 


655 


mon  in  eastern  New  York  than  the  larger  C.  virginiensis  Drury, 
though  such  has  not  been  our  experience.  He  instances  a  small  growth  of 
young  pines,  only  a  few  rods  in  extent,  where  upwards  of  100  specimens  of 
this  beetle  were  taken  in  the  middle  of  September,  one  or  two  being  found 
on  almost  every  tree  in  the  grove,  while  only  six  of  C.  virginiensis 
Drury  were  met  with. 

This  smaller  form,  according  to  our  observation,  is  present  in  the  adult 
stage  rather  more  abundantly  late  in  the  fall  and  this 
may  be  the  reason  why  Dr  Fitch  failed  to  meet  with 
more  of  the  larger  beetles.  Dr  Fitch  states  that  he 
found  the  insects  mostly  at  the  tips  of  the  limbs, 
clinging  to  the  leaves  with  their  heads  inwards,  the 
position  in  conjunction  with  shape  and  size  giving 
them  a  close  resemblance  to  the  young  fruit  cones 
growing  ;rom  the  same  points  on  several  of  the  limbs. 
He  adds  that  they  appeared  to  be  eating  the  young 
buds,  which  are  probably  the  food  on  which  all  these 
beetles  subsist  in  the  perfect  state. 

Dr  LeConte  has  recorded  this  species  as  abundant  in  the  Middle  and 
Eastern  States  and  adds  that  it  varies  slightly  in  color,  but  is  usually 
of  a  fine  golden  copper  tint.  He  states  that  the  broadly  rounded  sides 
of  the  thorax,  the  deep  dorsal  grooves  and  the  entire  sutural  striae  are 
characteristic  of  this  species. 

Bibliography 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  p.  678-79 


ChaIcophor.al 
enlarged    (orisinall 


Golden   buprestis 

Biip7'cstis  striata   Fabr. 

A  brilliant,  sparkling,  copper-red  beetle  a  little  over  ^4  to  nearly  Vi^  inch  in  length, 
occurs  on  pine  and  spruce  trees  in  May  and  June. 

This  handsome,  flat,  metallic  beetle  was  noticed  by  Dr  Fitch  about  a  half 
century  ago.     It  appears  to  infest  the  dead  wood  of  logs  and  stumps.     The 


656 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


adults  are  said  to  feed  on  the  tender  buds  of  pine  and  spruce.  This  insect, 
according  to  Dr  Saunders,  is  a  very  handsome  beetle  from  Yio  to  7/,o  inch 
long,  of  a  coppery  red  color,  with  a  broad,  bluish  green  stripe  on  each  w'ng 
cover,  which  varies  in  brilliancy  in  different  specimens.  There  are  four 
raised,  smooth  lines  on  each  wing  cover  and  a  wide,  shallow  groove  along 
the  middle  of  the  thorax.  Both  thorax  and  wing  covers  are  pitted  with 
minute  dots.  Dr  LeConte  records  this  species  from  the  Middle  States, 
Canada  and  Lake  Superior. 

Dicerca  punctulata  .Schonherr 
An    obscure,    eoppery  or  black    bronze,   flattened    beetle    about 
Yt,  inch  long,  occurs  on  pitch  jMne. 

This  buprestid  was  rare  at  Karner  in  1901,  only  two 
specimens  being  taken,  one  in  June  and  the  other  in 
August.  Dr  Fitch  states  that  this  species  may  be 
recognized  by  the  smooth,  transverse  elevation  on  its 
front,  extending  from  eye  to  eye,  The  wing  covers  taper 
to  a  rounded,  nearly  truncate  tip. 

,      .,  .„•„,.  Dicerca  tuberculata  Chev. 

largcd  (original) 

A  brassy,  metallic  flattened  beetle  about  Ss  inch  in  length,  occurs  in  midsummer  on 
pine,  arbor-vitae  and  probably  some  other  evergreens. 

This  species  was  taken  on  arbor-vitae  July  6,  1903,  at  Big  Moose.  It 
is  a  brassy  colored  ■  species,  having  coarse,  rough,  irregular  marks.  The 
rows  of  coarse  punctures  on  its  wing  covers  are  about  equally  distant  from 
each  other  instead  of  being  in  pairs.  The  intervening  spaces  have  many 
irregular,  elevated,  black,  polished  spots,  and  the  elevated,  transverse  lines 
upon  the  front  are  interrupted  and  not  very  prominent.  LeConte  states 
that  the  terminal  segment  of  the  male  is  truncate,  emarginate,  with  tibiae 
simple,  while  in  the  female  the  last  segment  is  rounded  apically.  This 
species  has  been  recorded  from  Maine  and,  as  stated  above,  occurs  in  New 
York.      Blanchard  records  it  from  Massachusetts. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  657 

Dicerca  tenebrosa  Kirby 
An  ashy  bronze  or  obscurely  bronze,  flattened,  metallic  beetle  from  a  little  over  Y^  to 
nearly  ^  inch  long  occurs  on  white  pine  from  midsummer  to  October. 

This  insect  has  been  described  by  LeConte  as  follows  : 

Ashy  bronze  or  obscurely  bronze,  the  prothorax  dilated  on  the  sides, 
which  are  rounded  in  front,  sinuous  behind,  coarsely  punctured  ;  behind 
broadly  excavated  on  each  side,  with  apical  and  basal  shining  smooth  rugos- 
itijes  ;  a  definite  dorsal  deep  furrow  with  smooth  sides,  somewhat  interrupted 
in  the  middle  ;  elytra  densely  punctured,  with  alternate  oblong,  raised,  shin- 
ing interstitial  spaces,  prolonged  entire  to  the  apex;  length  .57  to  .75  inch. 
Male  with  the  pectus  broadly  sulcate,  villose  ;  the  intermediate  tibiae  armed 
with  an  internal  acute  tooth  ;  the  last  ventral  segment  truncate  emarginate. 
Female  with  the  pectus  smoother,  less  sulcate ;  the  last  ventral  segment 
tridentate ;   the  intermediate  tooth  obtuse,  defined  by  minute  incisions. 

LeConte  also  adds  the  following  regarding  this  species  : 

The  under  surface  is  copper-colored,  coarsely  and  densely  punctured  on 
the  sides,  abdomen  and  prosternum,  less  densely  on  the  metasternum  and 
middle  of  the  first  segment  of  the  abdomen  ;  the  divided  portions  of  the 
mesosternum  are  coarsely  and  tolerably  densely  punctured.  The  outer 
costae  of  the  thorax  are  interrupted  so  as  to  form  on  each  side  an  apical 
and  basal  callosity.  A  female  from  Newfoundland  differs  by  the  epipleurae 
being  green,  the  under  surface  of  the  prolonged  extremity  of  the  elytra 
blue,  and  by  the  incisures  betw^een  the  anal  teeth  being  more  widely 
separated. 

Beetles  belonging  to   this   species  were  taken  in  July  on  arbor-vitae  at 

Big   Moose,  and  a  specimen  found   in  June    1900,  at  Saranac    Inn.      It  is 

recorded  as  being  abundant  at   Lake  Superior,  and  according  to  Kirby,  has 

been  taken  in   latitude   65"  in   the   Rocky  mountains.      The  beetle  has  also 

been  taken  under  the  bark  of  white  pine  in  the  Adirondacks  by  Mr  George 

Hunt.      Mr    Blanchard   records  finding  it  in   Massachusetts  on  spruce  wood 

piles  and  logs  in  June  and  also  lists  it  from  New  Hampshire. 

Chrysobothris  dentipes  Germ. 
An  oblong,  oval,  flattened,  bronzed  or  purplish  beetle,  copper-colored  beneath  and 
about  Y-i  inch  long,  occurs  in  small  numbers  on  hard  pine. 

This  species  was  somewhat  rare  on  hard  pines  at  Karner  in  1901.  It 
is  similar  in  coloration  to  C.   floricola  Gory,   though   it    is  considerably 


658  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

larger  [pi.  20,  fig.  11].  Dr  Harris  states  that  this  species  issues  from  the 
trees  between  the  end  of  May  and  the  first  of  July.  It  may  be  recognized 
by  the  aid  of  the  above  characters  and  the  following:  The  thorax  is  not  so 
wide  as  the  hinder  part  of  the  body  and  its  posterior  margin  is  hollow  on 
both  sides  to  receive  the  rounded  base  of  the  wing  covers,  on  each  of 
which  there  are  three  irregular,  smooth,  elevated  lines  divided  and 
interrupted  by  large,  thickly  punctured,  impressed  spots,  two  of  which 
are  oblique.  The  larva  makes  a  slender,  winding,  serpentine  gallery 
between  the  bark  and  the  wood  of  newly  felled  trees  and  presents  the 
usual  buprestid  characters.  This  species  is  reported  as  rather  common  on 
pine  wood  and  timber  in  Massachusetts,  though  not  so  abundant  as 
C.   floricola  Gory.      It    occurs   in  Canada    and    the    northern     United 

States. 

Chrysobothris  floricola  Gory. 

A  modestly  colored,  flattened  beetle  about  fa  inch  long  occurs  in  midsummer  on 
hard  pine  branches. 

This  modestly  colored  buprestid  about  3/^  inch  long  [pi.  20,  fig.  10 1 
occurred  at  Karner  on  hard  pine  branches  and  young  needles  from  the  13th 
of  June  to  the  latter  part  of  August  1901.  It  ranges  from  Florida  through 
the  Middle  States  probably  into  Canada. 

Chrysobothris  pusilla  Lap.  &  Gory 

A  small,  flattened  beetle  '4  inch  long  is  abundant  on  hard  pine  from  June  till 
September. 

This  small  buprestid  i<^  inch  long  [pi.  20,  fig.  9],  was  very  abundant 
on  hard  pine  at  Karner  early  in  June  till  the  first  part  of  September  1901. 
The  blue  abdomen,  uncovered  when  the  insect  is  in  flight,  glistens  brightly 
in  the  sunshine.  This  is  a  common  pine  insect,  ranging  from  North 
Carolina  probably  to  Canada  and  westward  to  Wisconsin. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  659 

Harris's  Prionus 
Tragosoina  Jiarrisii  Lee. 

A  large,  stout,  brownish  beetle  about  1J4  inches  in  length,  and  closely  resembling  a 
rather  slender  prionid,  breeds  in  pine  stumps. 

This  species,  according  to  Wickham,  is  considered  by  some  writers  as 
identical  with  the  North  European  T.  depsarium  Linn.  He  character- 
izes it  as  a  curious  looking  beetle  of  elongate  form  and 
brownish  color.  The  antennae  are  slender,  the  prothorax 
small  in  comparison  with  the  elytra,  very  hairy  and  armed 
on  each  side  with  a  single  sharp  tooth,  in  front  of  which 
the  lateral  margins  are  convergent.  The  elytra  are  shining, 
distinctly  punctured  and  with  numerous  raised  lines. 

This  species  probably  ranges  across  the  continent  in 
the  more  northern  latitudes,  having  been  reported  from 
Fort  Colville  Wash.  Leng  records  it  from  Newfoundland 
to  Vancouver  and  Coney  Island.      The  state  collection  con-  rig.  ,83    Tragosoma 

harrisii,  enlarged 

tains  a  specimen  taken  by  Erastus  Corning  at  Murray  Bay,     (original) 
Province  of  Quebec,  in  July  or  August,  and  it  has  also  been  captured  in  the 
pine  forests  of  the  Adirondacks. 

Criocephalus  agrestis  Kirby 

A  large,  brownish  black,  narrow  beetle  about  i  inch  long  occurs  on  pines  in  June 
and  July,  its  white  footless  grub  boring  therein. 

The  adult  insect  is  a  large,  brownish  black,  narrow  beetle  about  i  inch 
in  length.  It  may  be  recognized  by  the  pair  of  deep  thoracic  impressions, 
the  fine  punctures  on  the  elytra  and  by  the  third  joint  of  the  hind  tarsi 
being  two  thirds  longer  than  wide,  emarginate  for  about  one  half  its  length. 
This  beetle  closely  resembles  A  s  e  m  u  m  m  o  e  s  t  u  m  Hald.,  though  twice 
as  large  and  with  longer,  more  slender  antennae.  This  species  is  evidently 
very  abundant  in  Quebec,  since  a  large  series  was  taken  at  Murray  Bay 
by   Erastus    Corning    in    July   or    August    1878.      It  occurs  in   New  York 


66o 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


State,  has  been  recorded  as  infesting-  the  roots  of  pine  and  spruce,  and  is 
evidently  widely  distributed  in  the  northern  United  States  and  Canada. 

Blue  pine  borer 

Callidiuni  antennatii))i    Newm. 
A  bluish,  flattened  beetle  about  ]2  inch  long,  is  common  in  early  spring  on  pines. 
This  pretty  borer  was  bred   in   large  numbers  from  a  young  dead  pine 
taken  at  Karner,  Ap.   17,  1903,  at  which  time  larvae,  pupae  and  adults  were 
present. 

Description.  The  beetle  may  be  easily  recognized  by  its  blue  or  violet 
color  and  black  antennae  and  legs.  It  is  about  y^  inch  long,  flattened,  eyes 
coarsely   granulate,    strongly   emarginate,    almost  divided  ;    thorax    broad, 

rounded  laterally ;  wing  covers  rather 
coarsely  corrugated.  This  species  may 
be  separated  from  the  closely  allied  C. 
janthinum  Lee,  according  to  Wick- 
ham,  by  the  impressions  on  the  thorax 
and  its  finer  punctures. 

Life  history.      The    beetles    occur   in 
early   spring,  at  which   time   they  may  be 
cut  out  of  their  burrows  or  collected  from 
pine   foliage.      The   boring    by   the  larva 
^'""^'""'^  is  somewhat  characteristic,  being  a  broad, 

wavy  channel  just  under  the  bark  and  largely  confined  to  wood  that  is 
quite  dry.  Frequently  considerable  proportions  of  the  sapwood  are  eaten 
away,  so  that  only  ridges  remain  as  illustrated  on  plate  61,  figure  3.  The 
life  cycle  is  probably  completed  in  one  year. 

Food  plants.  This  insect  is  a  common  borer  of  the  pine,  and  has  also 
been  recorded  from  red  cedar.  Dr  Walsh  was  of  the  opinion  that  the 
cedar-inhabiting  form  was  simply  a  phytophagic  variety. 

Distribution.  This  insect  probably  has  an  extended  distribution  in 
America,  since  it  has  been   recorded  in  various  local  eastern  lists,  and   from 


Fig.     189      CaUidi 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  66 1 

California,   ranging  as  far  south  at  least,  as   West  Virginia.      It  probably 
occurs  in  most  places  where  pine  grows. 

Bibliography 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     stli  Rep't,  \>.  700-1 

Lesser  pine  borer 

Ascmiciii  viocstiiDi    Hald. 

A  blackish  brown  beetle  ]A,  to  Sg  incli  long  occurs  late  in   May  on  pine. 

The  larva  of  this  species  makes  flattened,  cylindric  holes  or  mines 
which  perforate  the  trunk  of  white  pine  and  other  trees  in  all  directions. 
It  is  rather  small,  and  the  blackish  brown  beetle,  about  3^  to  5/8  inch  in 
length,  appears  late  in  May.  We  have  met  with  this  small  borer  on  hard 
and  white  pine  in  May.  Dr  Packard  states  that  this  species  appears  to 
attack  healthy  as  well  as  diseased  trees,  and  cites  several  instances  of 
injurious  work.  He  finds  that  the  exit  holes  are  usually  most  abundant  on 
the  south  side  of  the  tree  or  stump,  and  that  in  some  cases  they  are  very 
numerous,  as  many  as  10  occurring  in  a  space  of  five  square  inches.  The 
larval  gallery  is  deep,  extending  6  or  8  inches  toward  the  heart  of  the  tree, 
where  it  ends  in  an  oval  pupal  cell. 

Description.  The  larva  has  been  described  in  detail  by  Dr  Packard, 
who  states  that  it  is  about  '-2  inch  long,  and  that  the  prothorax  inclines 
downward  toward  the  head,  being  long  and  no  wider  than 
the  mesothoracic  or  metathoracic  .segments.  Abdominal 
segments  rather  broad,  and  on  the  two  hinder  thoracic 
and  first  abdominal  segments  are  transverse,  regular, 
oblong  areas  banded  by  impressed  lines.  On  segments 
two  and  four  the  callosities  are  narrower  and  pointed 
anteriorly,  on  si.x  and  seven  they  are  a  little  longer  than 
broad,  contracted  posteriorly.  Smaller  callosities  occur  on 
the  ventral  surface.  The  true  legs  are  minute,  three- 
jointed,  small  and  rather  short. 

The  pupa  is  flattened,  nearly   yi    inch   in   length,  somewhat  broad   and 


662  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUxM 

may  be  readil)'  distinguished  from  other  pupae  of  the  genus,  by  the 
short  antennae  not  extending  to  hinder  edge  of  the  metathorax,  and 
the  component  segments  being  much  shorter  than  in  other  species. 
The  two  raised,  longitudinal  lines  of  the  wing  covers  corresponding  to 
those  of  the  beetle  are  very  characteristic.  The  end  of  the  abdomen  is 
square  and  terminates  in  two  sharp,  slender,  incurved  hooks  which  are  dark 
red  at  the  tip. 

The  adult  is  a  rather  stouth,  blackish  or  very  dark  brown  beetle  from 
^  to  5,.4i  inch  in  length.  The  short  antennae  do  not  extend  to  the  hind 
edge  of  the  metathorax,  the  prothorax  is  short  with  rounded  sides,  and  the 
elytra  are  marked  by  two  conspicuous  ridges. 

Food  plants.  Dr  Hopkins  states  that  this  species  works  at  the  base  of 
dying  pine  and  spruce  trees,  hastening  their  death  and  decay.  Mr  Beuten- 
muller  records  this  species  as  occurring  upon  oak  and  grapevine  as  well  as 
pine,  spruce  and  other  conifers. 

Distribution.      We   have  taken  this  beetle   at   Nassau   and   Troy  N.  Y., 

and  it  has  been  reported  from  Buffalo   N.   Y.,    Cincinnati   O.,    southwestern 

Pennsylvania,  District  of  Columbia,  and   Dr  .Smith  states  that  the    beetles 

occur  throughout  New  Jersey,  during  May   and   June,  and  that  the   larvae 

may  be  found  in  pine. 

Bibliography 

1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  p.  697-99 

Acanthocinus  obsoletus  Oliv. 

A  grayish  brown,  mottled  beetle  5  ,6  to  )i  inch  long,  occurs  on  white  pine. 

The  female  of  this  species  is  remarkable  because  her  long  ovipositor 
extends  about  3/8  inch  beyond  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  The  delicate 
antennae  are  longer  than  the  body,  ringed  with  dull,  yellowish  white  and 
the  wing  covers  are  marked  with  obscure,  oblique,  darker  areas.  It  occurs 
in  small  numbers  during  July  and  August  on  white  pine.  This  species  has  a 
wide  distribution  in  the  northern  Atlantic  region,  according  to  Dr  LeConte. 


INSECTS   AFFECTIXG    PARK    AND    WOODLAND   TREES 


66- 


'  Xylotrechus  sagittatus  Germ. 

A  slender,  grayish  brown  beetle  about  ^  inch  long  occurs  on  pine  in  July. 

A  single  example  of  this  interesting  borer  was  taken  at  the  base  of  a 
dying  white  pine  July  26,  1901  at  Bath-on-Hudson.  Dr  Sinith  states  that 
this  species  is    generally  distributed,  though  rare  in  New  Jersey. 

Batyle  suturalis  Say 

A  small  beetle   }(  inch   long  with  a  dark   head  and  thorax  and  lighter  wing  covers 
and  antennae,  occurs  on  pine. 

This  small  longicorn,  about  '/^  inch  long,  may  be  recognized  by  its 
dark  brown  head  and  thora.x,  lighter  wing  covers  and  antennae.     The  head, 


Fig.  191      X  y  1  o 


Fig.  192     Batyle    sutur 
enlarged   (original) 


Fig.  193  Pogon  ocher- 
us  mixtus,  enlarged 
(original) 


tatus,   enlarged    (original) 

thorax  and  wing  covers  are  rather  coarsely  punctured  and  all,  as  well  as 
the  antennae,  are  clothed  with  stiff,  somewhat  sparse  hairs.  A  single  speci- 
men was  taken  on  hard  pine  at  Karner,  June  26,  1901. 

Pogonocherus  mixtus   Hald. 

A  small,  dark   brown  longicorn  about   '4  inch  long,  occurs   on   hard   pine   and  willow. 
This  beetle  has  a  nearly  black  head  and  thorax,  the  latter  with  a  con- 
spicuous spine  on  each   side   and   the  wing  covers   are    irregularly   mottled 
with    black   or  dark   brown,   brown    or  grayish.      It  is  abroad   during   June 
and  July  and  has  been  recorded  as  a  willow  borer. 


664 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Hylotrupes  bajulus   Linn. 

A  black  beetle  about  ^  inch  long,  with  a  gibbous  jjrothorax  sparsely  clothed  with 
white  hairs,  with  shallow,  confluent  punctures  and  the  elytra  with  tlouny  while  spots 
forming  two  irregular  bands,  occurs  on  pine  and  spruce. 

This  species  appears  to  be  rare  in  New  York  State,  since  we  had  no 
specimens  in  the  collection  prior  to  receiving  a  few  beetles  in  June  1904 
from  Yonkers,  where  it  was  stated  that  they  were  emerging  in  some  num- 
bers from  flooring,  presumably  spruce.  Harris  states  that  this  is  probably 
an  introduced  species,   and  that   it   is  found   in   this  country  only  near  the 

seacoast. 

Pales  weevil 

Hylobius  pales   Herbst. 

A  dark,  chestnut-colored  weevil  ^  inch  long,  occurs  in  May  and  June  on  pines  or  in 
mill  yards. 

This  beetle  [pi.  20,  fig.  8]  lives  under  the  bark  of  various  pines  and  is 
widely  distributed,  ranging  from  Florida  northward  to  Maine  and  Lake 
Superior.  It  occurs  somewhat  commonly  on  hard  pines  at  Karner  from 
June  to  the  latter  part  of  September. 

Life  history.  The  life  history  is  summarized  by  Dr  Packard  as  follows  : 
The  grubs  make  irregular  galleries  under  white  pine  bark  and  later  tra- 
verse the  sapwood,  transforming  in  autumn  in  pupal  cells  e.xcavated  in  the 
latter.  The  insects  protect  their  shelters  with  a  thick  roof  of  sawdust  or 
chips  and  sometimes  as  many  as  eight  or  10  cells  may  be  found  within  an 
area  of  four  square  inches.  The  grubs  remain  till  early  spring  in  these 
retreats,  transforming  to  [nipae  in  March,  the  beetles  appearing  in  May  or 
June.  The  eggs  are  laid  either  in  the  sides  of  the  old  burrow  or  in 
crevices  of  the  bark.  We  have  taken  adults  as  late  as  October  23  and 
it  is  probable  that  oviposition  continues  throughout  the  summer. 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXG    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  665 

Pine  Hylurgops 

Hyliti'gops  glahratiis  Zett. 

A  stout,  brownish  bark  beetle  about  3/,6  inch  in  length,  may  be  found  working 
under  pine  bark  during  early  spring  and  again  in  September. 

A  single  example  of  this  species  was  taken  by  us  at  Bath-on-Hudson, 
Sep.  26,  1901,  from  under  the  moist  bark  of  a  hard  pine  infested  with 
Rhagium  lineatum  Kirby.  The  tree  had  evidently  been  killed  by 
borers,  and  it  is  probable  that  this  species  had  a  part  in  the  destructive 
work. 

Description.  This  brownish  black  beetle  is  about  s/jg  inch  in  length. 
The  labrum  bears  a  few  golden  yellow  hairs  at  its  lower  extremity  ;  the 
prothorax  is  rounded  at  the  sides,  narrowed  anterior])-,  and 
thickly  and  somewhat  coarsely  punctured.  The  wing 
covers  are  deeply  striated,  the  striae  being  almost  a  series 
of  confluent  punctures.  The  posterior  third  of  the  elytra 
is  sparsely  clothed  with  rather  coarse,  yellowish  hairs. 
The  larva  is  a  footless,  curved,  white  grub,  according  to 
Packard. 

Life  history  and  habits.  This  borer  was  first  noticed  fig. 
b\-  l)r  Fitch,  who  records  it  as  occurring  frequently  on  pine  larged  (onginaii 
lumber  in  mill  yards  early  in  May,  and  who  characterized  it  as  the  pine 
destroying  Hylastes.  Dr  Packard  has  recorded  finding  the  beetles  under 
the  bark  of  a  white  pine  stump  at  Brunswick  Me.,  Aug.  15-20,  1881.  This 
species  has  been  met  with  by  Dr  Hopkins  of  West  Virginia,  who  states 
that  it  mines  the  green  bark  of  pines,  both  at  the  base  of  dying  trees  and 
also  in  logs  and  stumps.  He  states  that  the  adults  were  met  with  in  early 
May  (some  entering  the  bark  on  the  i8th),  and  the  latter  part  of  June, 
pupae  occurring  Oct.  4.  Eggs  were  observed  in  early  May,  young  larvae 
June  13,  and  full  grown  ones  July  14. 

Distribution.      This  species  has  been   recorded   by    Dr   LeConte,    from 


666 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Lake  Superior,  Canada  and  Ohio,  and  it  has  been  listed  by  Ulke  from   the 
District  of  Cohimbia,  where  it  occurs  on  pine. 

Bibliography 
i8go     Packard,  A.  S.      U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  p.  722-24 

Clerus  quadriguttatus  Oliv. 

A  jet-black  beetle  only  'y{  inch  long  and  Avith   silvery  white  markings  on  the  wing 
covers,  occurs  in  midsummer  on  pines. 

This,  one  of  our  smaller  beneficial  species,  is  only 
i^.  inch  in  length.  The  head,  thorax  and  posterior  por- 
tions of  the  wing  covers  are  jet-black  except  for  transverse, 
silvery  white  markings  on  the  latter ;  the  basal  portion  of 
the  wing  covers  is  reddish.  This  little  beetle  occurs  rather 
commonly  on  hard  and  probably  other  pines  infested  by 
Tomicus  or  other  borers,  on  which  it  undoubtedly  preys. 
Adults  were  taken  from  the  latter  part  of  June  throughout 
July.  It  is  a  common,  somewhat  abundant  species  in  the 
northeastern  United  States. 


quadriguttatus 
enlarged  (original) 


Rhyncolus  brunneus  Mann. 
This  rather  slender,  jet-black  beetle  about   53,   inch   in  length   occurs 
under  decaying  pine  bark.      The  head  and  thorax  taper  slightly  anteriorly, 
are  finely  punctured  and  the  wing  covers  coarsely  striated   with  series   of 
almost  confluent,  coarse  punctures. 

Synchroa  punctata  Newm. 

This  obscurely  colored,  brownish  melandryid  with  the  wing  covers 
thickly  clothed  with  a  yellowish  pubescence,  is  about  3  g  inch  long  and  has 
been  taken  under  the  bark  of  white  pine  and  maple.  Larvae  and  pupae 
were  found  by  Mr  Young  under  maple  bark  at  Ilion,  May  31,  the  beetles 
issuing  June  5. 

Scymnus  tenebrosus  Muls.  was  beaten  from  pine  at  Karner  July  27, 
1901. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  667 

Cardiophorus   gagates    Er. 
This  species  was  taken  on   pine  in  June  and  probably  lives   under  the 
bark  of  decaying  trees. 

Limonius  confusus  Lee. 

This  beetle  was  beaten  in  June  from  hard  pine  at  Karner. 

Callidium  aereum  Newm.,  jcc  p.  450. 

Leptura  zebra  Oliv.,  sfr  p.  450. 

Urographis  fasciatus  DeG.,  srr  p.  434. 

Platydema  subcostatum  Lap. 
This  insect  was  taken  under  decaying-  white  pine  bark  at  Schuylerville 
in   October. 

Eustrophus  repandus  Horn,  occurs  under  the  decaying  bark  of  white 
pine. 

Rhinomacer  pilosus  Lee.  was  taken  on  hard  pine  at  Karner,  Ap.  15. 

White-horned  Urocerus 

Uroccnts  albicornis  Fabr. 

A  conspicuous,  bluish  black  horntail  about  \)i  inches  in  length  may  be  observed 
upon  spruce,  or  its  thick,  fleshy  larvae  may  be  found  at  work  in  the  wood. 

This  species  is  a  close  ally  to  the  common  pigeon  tremex  so  frequently 
observed  on  diseased  or  dying  maples  and  elms,  and  has  similar    habits. 

Description.  The  adult  may  be  easily  recognized  on  account  of  its 
resemblance  to  the  pigeon  tremex,  p.  61,  in  connection  with  the  following 
description  by  Dr  Harris  : 

The  white-horned  Urocerus  has  white  antennae,  longer  and  more 
tapering  than  those  of  the  pigeon  tremex,  and  black  at  each  end.  The 
female  is  of  a  deep  blue  black  color,  with  an  oval  white  spot  behind  each 
eye,  and  another  on  each  side  of  the  hinder  part  of  the  abdomen.  The 
horn  on  the  tail  is  long,  and  shaped  like  the  head  of  a  lance.  The  wings 
are  smoky  brown,  and  semitransparent.  The  legs  are  black,  with  white 
joints.  The  body  measures  about  an  inch  in  length,  and  the  wings  expand 
nearly  two  inches. 


668  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Life  history  and  habits.  Adults  of  this  species  have  been  observed 
ovipositing  on  recently  sawed  spruce  lumber,  and  Dr  Hopkins  states  that  it 
attacks  spruce,  hemlock  and  fir.  This  is  one  of  the  more  common  of  our 
species  in  the  eastern  United  States,  though  it  is  far  from  abundant  and  the 
male  appears  to  be  quite  rare.  Tht?  adults  are  usually  found  during  July 
and  August  on  the  trunks  of  coniferous  trees  on  bright  days.  The  eggs 
are  deposited  in  the  wood  with  the  stout  ovipositor,  the  insects  apparently 
preferring  recently  felled  trees.  The  larvae  run  large  burrows  through  the 
trunks,  often  rendering  them  unfit  for  lumber. 

Distribution.      This  species  has  been  recorded  by  Fabricius  from   both 

North  and  South  America.      It  has  in  addition  also  been  reported  from  the 

following  localities:    New   England,    New    York,    New  Jersey,   Louisiana, 

Washington,  Ottawa  Can.,  Lake  Winnipeg,  Newfoundland  and  Northwest 

Territory.      It  has  also   been    taken   in  England,  probably  carried   there  in 

infested   lumber.      Some   allied   species  are  regarded  as  destructive  to  pine 

forests  in  Germany,  and  reports  of  considerable  injuries  to  coniferous  trees 

have  been  received  from  the   Northwest  Territory,  though  we  believe  that, 

as  a  rule,    in    this    country   comparatively  little   damage   results    from   this 

insect's  work. 

BibUography 

1897     Lintner,  J.  A.     Ins.  N.  V.      i  51I1  Rc|.'t,  ]>.  ;,;vS-4o 

Banded  horntail 

Uroccrus  abdoiiiinalis    Harr. 

A  lariif,  black,  4-\vinged  fly  an  inch  long  having  some  resemblance  to  a  wasp,  but 
with  a  stout,  cylindric  body,  attacks  spruce. 

This  species  has  smoky,  transparent  wings  and  its  larvae  have  the  gen- 
eral character  of  other  horntails.  The  different  .sexes  of  these  insects  vary 
considerably,  and  it  is  possible  that  this  species  is  the  male  of  Urocerus 
a  1  b  i  c  o  r  n  i  s    Fabr.  noticed  above. 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND    WOODLAND   TREES 


Blue  horntail 
Paururiis  cyancits    Fabr. 
A  small  horntail  conspicuous  because  of  its  blue  abdomen  and  rufous  legs  attacks 
spruce  and  fir. 

This  horntail  is  even  rarer  than  the  preceding  and  may  be  recognized 
by  its  unicolorous  antennae,  the  triangular  apical  horn  of  the  female  in 
connection  with  its  blue  abdomen  and  the  rufous  legs.  Its  habits  are 
probably  similar  to  those  of  the  foregoing  species,  and  it  has  likewise  been 
recorded  as  working  in  spruce  and  fir. 


Tetropium  cinnamopterum  Kirby 
A    somewhat   cylindric    black    or   brownish    beetle   about 
y^.  inch  long  occurs  in  July  on  spruce. 

It  may  be  recognized  by  its  jet-black  head  and 
thorax,  which  latter  is  nearly  cylindric,  though 
swollen  at  the  middle,  and  by  the  dull  brown  wing 
covers.  This  borer,  according  to  Dr  Hopkins, 
infests  the  green  bark  and  w-ood  of  injured  and 
dying  spruce  trees  in  West  Virginia.  He  states 
that  it  is  very  injurious,  since  it  hastens  the  death  of 
the  trees  and  causes  rapid  decay  of  the  wood. 
Adults  were  taken  by  him  in  March  and  July. 


enlarged  (original; 


Phymatodes  dimidiatus  Kirby 

A  black,  red-shouldered,  flattened   beetle  about  '-■  ,6  inch  in  length,  occurs  on  spruce. 

Examples  of  this  species  were  taken  on  spruce  at  Big  Moose  N.  Y., 
July  7,  1903. 

Description.  The  head,  thorax  and  posterior  portion  of  wing  covers 
black  ;  anterior  portion  of  latter  and  legs  brownish.  The  antennae  are 
slender,  about  as  long  as  the  body,  thorax  subpyriform,  swollen  anteriorly  ; 
sides  nearly  parallel,  femora  clubbed.  This  species  may  be  distinguished 
from  its  allies,  according  to  Wickham,  by    the  absence   of    narrow    cross- 


5-0  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

bands    on    the    dark     elytra,    which     are    of    a    hghter     shade     before  the 
middle. 

Life  history  and  habits.  The  beetles  have  been  met  with  in  West 
X'iroinia  the  latter  part  of  June,  b)-  Dr  Hopkins,  who 
records  this  species  as  a  borer  in  spruce  bark.  Mr 
Young-  has  known  of  this  insect  emerging  from  spruce 
sidinjT  after  it  had  been  manufactured,  and  Dr  Hamil- 
ton lists  it  as  occasional  in  southwestern  Pennsylvania, 
stating  that  the  larva  is  probably  imported  in  lumber. 

Distribution.  This  insect  is  probably  widely  dis- 
tributed in  the  northeastern  United  States,  since  it  has 
been  recorded  from  West  Virginia,  New  Jersey,  .Staten 
Island  and  Buffalo  N.  Y.,  besides  being  occasionally  found 


(original) 


in  southwestern  Pennsylvania. 


Canadian  Leptura 

Lcptura    canadensis   Fabr. 

A  large,  handsome,  black  beetle  with  the  basal  jiortion  of  the  black  wing  cases  deep 
red  and  the  middle  antennal  joints  broadly  ringed  with  reddish,  works  as  a  footless  grub 
under  spruce  and  hemlock  bark. 

This  species  is  more  or  less  common  in  hemlock,  and  according  to  Dr 
Hopkins,  the  stout,  fleshy,  round-headed  grubs  mine  the  sapwood  of  dead 
spruce  and  hemlock,  inducing  rapid  decay.  We  have  met  with  what  we 
believe  to  be  this  larva  working  in  live  hemlock  tissues,  though  this  habit 
may  be  somewhat  exceptional.  The  adult  beetle  is  a  handsome  insect 
about  3/j;  inch  in  length,  deep  black,  with  the  surface  coarsely  and  densely 
punctured.  It  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  its  allies  by  the  deep  red 
basal  portions  of  the  wing  covers  and  also  by  the  antennae  being  broadly 
ringed  with  paler  red,  the  joints  of  the  middle  being  alternately  red  and 
black.  The  beetle  may  be  met  with  in  July  and  is  rather  common  in  the 
Adirondack  reg-ion. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


671 


Xylotrechus  undulatus  Say. 

A  beautiful,  cylindric,  brownish  beetle  'about  Yi  inch  long,  and  ornamented  by 
sulfur-yellow  markings,  occurs  on  both  hemlock  and  spruce. 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  X.  c  o  1  o  n  u  s  Fabr.,  but  may  be 
separated,  according  to  Mr  Wickham,  by  the  thorax  having  an  apical  and 
basal  pubescent  band,  the  elytral  bands  being  angulated  or 
undulatory.  It  is  a  beautifully  marked  species  with  con- 
siderable sulfur-yellow  on  the  lateral  anterior  portions  of 
the  thora.x.  Specimens  were  taken  on  spruce  and  hemlock 
at  Lake  Clear  and  Big  Moose  in  early  July  1903.  Dr 
Packard  also  states  that  he  has  beaten  it  from  spruce 
at  the  end  of  July,  and  Dr  Lintner  states  that  Erastus 
Corning  jr  of  Albany,  met  with  the  insect  at  Murray  Bay 
Can.,  in  the  month  of  August,  at  which  time  they  were 
emerging  from  burrows  in  spruces. 

Distribution.  This  species  has  a  wide  distribution  in 
this  country,  since  it  has  been  recorded  from  Canada  and  the  Eastern 
States,  and  Dr  Packard  mentions  having  received  it  from  Tacoma  Wash. 
Mr  Fall  records  it  from  the  northern  portion  of  California.  This  species 
is  stated  by  Dr  Hamilton  to  be  rare  in  southwestern  Pennsylvania.  It  has 
been  recorded  from  New  Jersey  by  Dr  Smith. 

Blazed  tree   borer 

Scrropalpns  barbatiis  Schall. 

A  slender,  whitish,  wood-boring  grub  enters  the  wounds  of  living  trees  and  bores 
deep  into  the  sapwood  and  heartwood. 

The  larva  of  this  Melandryid  is  a  slender,  whitish,  wood-boring  grub, 
which  enters  wounds  on  living  trees  and  bores  deep  into  the  sapwood  and 
heartwood,  causing  rapid  decay  of  the  infested  parts.  Dr  Hopkins  states 
that  it  is  common  in  blazed  wood  on  balsam,  fir  and  spruce  trees  along 
trails  in  northwestern  Maine,  while  Dr  Smith  lists  it  from  New  Jersey  and 
states  that  it  has  been  taken  from  dry  fungus. 


6/2 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Mordella  borealis  Lee. 

A  small,  narrow,  triangular  beetle  about  3/,6  inch  in  length,  irregularly  marked  with 
silvery  white,  occurs  on  spruce  and  decaying  maple. 

This  species  may  be  recognized,  according  to  Dr  Smitli,  by 
the  short,  truncate  anal  style,  its  dull  black  color,  with  the 
thora.x,  pygidium  and  the  elytra  sprinkled  with  small,  rounded 
spots  of  silvery  pubescence;  wing  covers  with  a  narrow, 
interrupted  band,  composed  of  confluent  spots  behind  the 
middle. 

This  species  was  taken  on  dying  or  recently  killed  spruce 
at  Big  Moose  N.  Y.,  July  2,  1903,  by  Mr  Young,  and  he  has 
also  found  it  breeding  in  decaying  maple  stumps.  This  is 
essentially  a  northern  species,  and  has  been  recorded  by  Dr 
LeConte,  from  the  Northern  States.  It  is  also  listed  from 
the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati  by  Dury. 

Dryocoetes  autographus  Ratz. 
A  small,  stout,  nearly   cylindric,  brownish   bark  beetle   about    /a   inch   in  length,  may 
be  met  with  in  spruce  bark. 

This  borer  was  taken  in  considerable  numbers  under  spruce  bark  at 
Bier  Moose  N.  Y.,  July  2,  1903.  It  may  be  distinguished,  according  to  Dr 
LeConte,  from  its  allies,  by  its  larger  size  and  the  smooth  front  of  the 
strongly  punctured  prothorax.  He  records  this  species  from  Alaska, 
Canada  and  Virginia  under  pine  bark,  while  Dr  Hopkins  states  that  it 
occurs  under  green  bark  of  logs  and  stumps  of  spruce.  It  is  possible  that 
there  is  a  mistake  in  the  preceding  record.  This  species  evidently  has  a 
wide  distribution  in  the  northern  part  of  this  country,  since  it  has  been 
recorded  from  Alaska,  Hudson  Bay  Territory,  Canada,  Lake  Superior, 
Mount  Washington  N.  H.,  New  Jersey,  southwestern  Pennsylvania, 
Virginia  and  West  Virginia.  The  peculiar  structure  of  the  proventriculus 
is  illustrated  on  plate  69,  figure  9,  and  that  of  the  tibia  in  figure  118, 
page  469. 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AXD    WOODLAND   TREES 


673 


Dryocoetes  sp. 
A  species  belonging  to  tliis  genus  was  met  with  by  the  writer  Aug.  14, 
1900,  at  Saranac  Inn,  where  it  was  breeding  under  spruce  bark  in  company 
with  the  spruce  baric  borer.  Polvgraphus  rufipennis  Kirby.  The 
beetle  is  about  3/32  inch  long,  and  in  the  case  of  the  specimen  obtained,  of  a 
yellowish  brown  color.  It  is  doubtless  much  darker  in  mature  individuals 
and  its  galleries  are  larger  than  those  of  Polygraphus. 


Cryphalus  striatulus  Mann. 

A  small,  yellowish  brown  to  almost  black  bark  beetle  occurs  in  spruce  bark,  working 
particularly  at  the  base  of  limbs. 

This  species  was  taken  by  us,  working  in  spruce  bark  in  association 
with  Tomicus  balsa  meus  Lee.  The  affected  tree  was  near  water 
and  was  noticeable  because  of  its  red  foliage.  The 
trunk  was  not  injured  though  this  borer  was  work- 
ing in  some  numbers  at  the  base  of  the  limbs  and 
appeared  to  be  the  primary  cause  of  the  trouble.  This 
species  was  taken  in  August,  working  at  the  base  of  a 
small  hemlock  limb,  the  foliaire  of  which  had  becrun  to  rig.  200  Midd 

halus  str 

turn  brown.      It  was  also  observed  at  work  in  a  small    ophthorus 

r=P.puberulus;^=Phloeo- 

balsam  tree,  which  had  been  cut  several  months.  tribus  frontalis  (original) 

The  adult  is  a  light  yellowish  brown  to  almost  black  beetle  about  3/32 
inch  long.  The  prothorax  bears  a  number  of  prominent  chitinous  tubercles 
and  the  wing  covers  are  faintly  striated  with  rows  of  fine  punctures.  The 
galleries  of  this  species  are  very  irregular  and  appear  to  have  no  plan, 
consisting,  as  they  do,  of  a  series  of  interlacing  burrows,  which  often  unite 
to  form  laree  excavations  around  the  base  of  a  twie. 


674 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Spruce  wood  engraver 

Pityophtlionis  cariniccps  Lee. 

A  minute,  black  or  brown  beetle  excavates  many  short,  radiating,  curved  galleries  in 
young  dying  red  and  black  spruce. 

This  minute  form  excavates  many  short,  radiating-,  curved  galleries 
from  a  large  central  chamber,  working  in  the  bark  and  surface  of  the  wood 
of  twigs  and  branches  of  dying  trees  and  stems  of  young,  dying  red  and 
black  spruce.  This  species  ranges  from  western  Maine  to  Morgantown 
W.  Va.,  and  westward  to  Detroit  Mich.,  according  to  Dr  Hopkins.  Like 
its  allies,  it  is  of  comparatively  little  importance  because  its  attacks  are 
confined  to  dying  or  dead  trees,  mostly  limbs. 

Buprestis  maculiventris  Say. 

A  large,  metallic,  flattened,  oval  beetle  about  3-4  inch  long,  occurs  on  balsam  in  July. 
This  species  was  taken  on  balsam  at  Lake  Placid,  July  10,  1903. 
Description.  It  is  a  brassy-brown  beetle  about  ^4  inch  in  length,  and 
is  easily  distinguished,  accordmg  to  Mr  Harrington, 
by  the  reddish  yellow  ventral  spots  on  each  side  of 
the  abdominal  segments,  and  by  smaller  spots  of  the 
same  color  on  the  anterior  lateral  margin  of  the 
thorax.  The  prothorax  is  rather  coarsely,  irregularly 
punctured  and  the  wing  covers  deeply  striated 
(according  to  Harrington  frequently  rumpled ),  tips 
almost  truncate. 

Life    history.       Mr.     Harrington    states    that     this 
species    is    common    on    both    old    and   young  spruce 
ventris,  eni:irged(or,gip.ao   y^^^^  J ,^  Juue  aud  July,  aud  adds  that  he  has   had   the 
beetles  emerge  from  pine  timbers  about  the  end  of  June. 

Distribution.  I)r  LeConte  states  that  this  species  occurs  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, Lake  Superior  and  Newfoundland. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


67; 


Leptura  subhamata  Rand. 

A  rather  slender,  somewhat  triangular  beetle  with  a  subtriangular  spot  near  the 
middle  of  the  outer  margin  of  each  wing  cover,  occurs  on  hemlock. 

This  beautiful  insect  may  be  easily  recognized  by  its  yellowish  elytra 
with  a  subtriangular  spot  near  the  middle  of  the  outer  margin.  It  was 
taken  on  tamarack  at  Lake  Clear  Junction  July  8,  1903. 
The  trees  had  been  killed  by  a  fire,  and  this  species  was 
evidently  about  to  oviposit  on  them.  This  beetle  has 
been  taken  by  Mr  Harrington  on  oak  and  also  from 
a  beech  log. 

This  form  was  described  from  the  White  mountains, 
and  has  been  recorded  from  New  Jersey,  by  Dr  Smith, 
on  the  authority  of  ]\Ir  Leng.  It  is  also  listed  by  Mr 
Ulke,  from  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  six  examples 
were  taken  by  Dr  John  Hamilton,  in  southwestern 
Pennsylvania.  This,  in  connection  with  its  occurrence 
in  New  York  State,  leads  us  to  believe  that  it  is  some- 
what generally  distributed  in  the  northeastern  United  States  and  probably 
ranges  into  Canada. 

Cedar  tree  borer 
Hylotriipcs  lignats  Fabr. 

A  brownish  beetle  from  -'s  to  nearly  ]^  inch  long,  with  two  large,  blue  patches  at  the 
base  of  the  wing,  bores  in  the  larval  stage  in  cedar. 

This  species  is  common  in  northwestern  Maine,  according  to  Dr 
Hopkins,  who  states  that  its  slender,  whitish  bark  and  woodboring  grub 
excavates  winding  burrows  in  the  bark  and  surface  of  the  wood  of  living 
arbor-vitae,  causing  the  death  of  trees  and  serious  defects  in  the  wood. 
Mr  Fall  states  that  this  species  is  common  in  southern  California,  where  it 
depredates  on  pine,  and  that  a  nearly  black  variety  occurs  only  on  fir  wood 
piles  situated  in  more  or  less  shady  forests.  He  states  that  the  typical  form 
of  this  species   may  be   taken   on   pine   and   spruce  wood   piles   in   sunny 


676  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

situations.  This  beetle  may  be  recogriized  by  its  brown  head,  antennae, 
prothorax  and  legs,  while  the  wing  covers  are  mostly  a  dark  prussian  blue 
with  a  broad,  yellowish  band  near  the  apical  third,  extending  anteriorly 
along  the  margin  and  to  the  base  of  the  wing  covers  along  the  suture. 
This  insect  ranges  from  about  3/g  to  nearly  }4  inch  long. 

False   pine  webworm 
Lyda  sp. 

Loose  web  nests  thickly  sprinkled  with  excrement,  occur  on  the  terminal  twigs  and 
contain  greenish  or  brownish  false  caterpillars. 

Several  species  of  these  interesting  false  caterpillars  feed  on  both  hard 
and  soft  white  pine.  They  are  easily  recognized  by  the  conspicuous 
antennae  and  alinost  equally  developed  anal  filaments  at  the  opposite 
extremity  which,  with  the  prominent  anal  shield,  give  the  creatures  a  some- 
what two-headed  appearance.  While  the  nests  of  these  sawfly  larvae  are 
somewhat  common,  the  insects  are  rarely  abundant  enough  to  cause  serious 
damage.  Their  method  of  feeding  is  somewhat  different  from  that  of 
Benta,  in  that  there  is  more  of  a  tendency  to  eat  the  needles  off  at  a  uni- 
form level.  A  soldier  bug,  E  uschistu  s  variolarius  Beauv.,  is  rather 
common  on  the  nests  of  these  insects  in  September  and  is  probably  of 
considerable  service  in  keeping  these  leaf  feeders  in  check. 

Pine  webworm 

Bcnta  uialanogranuiios  Zell. 
Loose  web  nests,  with  considerable  brown  excrement,  on  the  needles  of  terminal  pine 
twigs,  are  very  characteristic  of  this  species. 

This  leaf  feeder  appears  to  be  a  somewhat  common  one  on  pine  in  the 
vicinity  of  Albany,  but  as  it  is  a  difficult  insect  to  rear,  it  has  been 
impossible  to  determine  its  specific  identity  beyond  question.  The  peculiar 
nests,  found  in  midsummer  and  later,  are  two  to  three  inches  long  and 
consist  of  an  irregular,  loose,  cobwebby  structure  with  brown  pellets  of 
excrement  thicklv  sprinkled  throughout  the  mass.     This  species  has  been 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  677 

observed  by  Professor  Comstock  in  Florida,  and  he  states  that  the  larvae 
on  attaining  maturity,  enter  the  ground  for  pupation. 

The  parent  moth  has  a  wing  spread  of  about  an  inch  with  the  fore 
wings  dark  brown,  nearly  black  on  the  basal  third  and  beyond  there  is  a 
broad,  light  gray  band  crossing  the  wings,  outside  of  which  is  a  dark  brown 
area  followed  by  gray.  The  hind  wings  are  a  dark  ashy  color  with  a 
silky  luster. 

The  full  grown  larva  is  about  -^  inch  long,  dark  yellowish  brown, 
paler  beneath  and  with  a  moderately  distinct  subdorsal  line  extending  from 
the  thoracic  shield  to  the  posterior  extremity.  Head,  thoracic  shield  and 
last  abdominal  segment  yellowish  brown,  more  or  less  irregularly  marked 
with  dark  brown  or  black. 

This  species  has  not,  to  our  knowledge,  caused  any  serious  injury  and 
it  is  hardly  probable  that  it  will  ever  become  dangerous.  One  of  the 
soldier  bugs,  Euschistus  variolarius  Beauv.  is  common  in  the  fall 
on  web  nests  of  Lyda  and  doubtless  preys  on  this  species  also. 

Imperial  moth 

Basiloiui  iiiipci'ialis  Drury 

A  large,  thick,  pale  green  caterpillar  3  to  4  inches  long,  with  pale  orange  head  and 
legs  and  six  spined,  yellow  tubercles  behind  the  head,  occurs  on  white  pine  needles  late 
in  August  and  through  September. 

This,  one  of  the  largest  native  caterpillars,  is  most  common  in  New 
York  State  on  white  pine  though  it  lives  on  a  considerable  variety  of  food 
plants  and  in  the  South  it  is  said  to  have  a  marked  preference  for  species 
of  oak. 

Description.  The  male  of  this  magnificent  moth  has  a  wing  spread  of 
4  inches  and  that  of  the  female  exceeds  5^  inches.  The  insects  are  light 
yellow,  spotted  and  banded  with  brownish  as  represented  on  plate  41, 
figure   I. 

The  summarized  descriptions  of  the  early  larval  stages  are  drawn 
from  Dr  Lintner's  more  extended  account.      The  recently  hatched  larva  is 


6/8  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

dull  red,  J4  inch  long,  each  segment  except  the  last  two  with  six  rows  of 
bristle-tipped  spines,  annulate  with  three  fuscous  bands.  True  legs  black. 
After  the  first  molt  the  head  is  a  shining  red  and  the  segments  reddish  in 
the  middle  shading  into  an  obscure  color  at  the  incisures.  The  spines  are 
glossy  black  with  branches  bearing  apical  white  bristles.  The  two  long 
spines  of  the  second  and  third  segments  and  the  mesal  one  of  the  iith 
about  one  fifth  the  length  of  the  bod)',  directed  slightly  forward  and 
unequally  forked.  After  the  second  molt  the  larva  is  ^ ',0  inch  long,  the 
head  dull  red  with  fuscous  mesally  and  lateralK'.  The  Ijody  is  an  umber 
brown,  lighter  at  the  incisures,  gray  dorsally  and  with  a  dark  vascular  line. 
Spines  of  second,  third  and  eleventh  segments  curved,  glossy  black  with 
yellowish  base.  The  caterpillar  after  the  third  molt  may  be  recognized  by 
the  long  white  hairs  arising  from  the  central  portions  of  the  segments,  the 
dorsal  ones  being  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  thoracic  spines,  the  lateral 
ones  shorter.  These  spines  are  honey-yellow  studded  with  conical  projec- 
tions and  each  hearing  a  short,  acute,  fuscous  spinule.  After  the  fourth 
molt  the  larva  is  1 3^^  inches  long  and  the  heretofore  cylindric  spines  are 
conic  and  armed  with  stout  spinules,  anal  plates  with  conspicuous  whitish 
granulations. 

The  nearly  full  grown  larva  is  3  to  4  inches  long,  green  with  a  reddish 
tinge  on  the  back.  The  yellowish  black  marked  head  and  anal  shield,  the 
conspicuous  spined  yellowish  tubercles  and  the  prominent  light  spiracles 
with  their  darker  margins  are  all  conspicuous  features.  This  larva  can 
easily  be  recognized  by  reference  to  plate  19,  figure   i. 

The  pupa  is  dark  mahogany  brown,  i  to  i^i  inches  long  and  subcylin- 
dric  in  form. 

Life  history.  The  moths  fiy  in  June  and  deposit  eggs,  producing  cater- 
pillars which  attain  maturity  in  September,  at  which  time  they  forsake  the 
trees  and  construct  cells  in  the  ground  and  change  to  pupae,  in  which 
condition  the  winter  is  passed. 

This  caterpillar  has  a  wide  range  of  food  plants.  It  has  been  recorded 
from  52  species  representing  15  natural  orders.     The  white  pine  appears  to 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND   WOODLAND   TREES  6/9 

be  the  favorite  in  the  North  and   a  number  of  species  of  oak  in  the  South. 

It  has  been  stated  that  in  the  vicinity  of  Germantown  Pa.,  the  larvae  of  this 

species  have  displayed  a  marked  preference  for  red  maple  foliage   in   recent 

years. 

Bibliography 

1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't  p.  771-2 
1898     Lintner,  J.  A.     Ins.  N.  V.     13th  Rep't,  p.  342-51 

Harris's  pine  hawk  moth 

Lapara  hombycoidcs  Walk. 

A  grass-green,  yellow  and  white  striped  caterpillar  feeds  on  pine  in  the  middle  of 
September,  the  moths  appearing  the  following  June. 

This  caterpillar  is  interesting  largely  because  of  its  peculiar  appear- 
ance, its  striking  color  rendering  it  inconspicuous  on  pine  needles.  The 
young  larva  is  remarkable  because  of  its  large,  high  head  terminating  in  a 
conspicuous  cone.  Just  before  the  last  molt  the  head  is  triangular,  conical, 
the  body  thick  and   stout.      It  is  then  green  with  yellowish  and  red  stripes. 

The  full  grown  larva  is  green  like  that  of  the  pine  leaves,  and  has  the 
broad,  brick-red  dorsal  stripe  wanting  on  the  prothoracic  segments  and  rep- 
resented by  patches  on  the  two  following.  This  band  is  bordered  with  a 
whitish  yellow  line.  There  is  a  lateral  straw  yellow  line  and  a  broad  white 
line  becoming  yellow  anteriorly,  below  the  spiracles.  This  larva  may  be 
easily  recognized  by  its  conspicuous  striping. 

White  pine  tufted  caterpillar 

Panthca  fur  cilia   Pack. 

A  dull  red  caterpillar  banded  with  brighter  red,  with  a  light  lateral  line  and  reddish 
hairs  in  clusters,  occurs  on  pine  during  late  August  and  in  September. 

This  species  is  not  common.     The  larva,  when  full  grown,  measures 

about    \y%    inches  in   length.      It  has  been   described  by   Dr   Packard  as 

follows  : 

The  body  is  black,  with  sparse,  dull,  light  yellow  hairs  radiating  from 
dark  or  pale  mamillae.     A  pair  of  long  prothoracic  straight  tufts  projecting 


68o  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

over  the  head,  and  a  pair  of  long  similar  erect  ones  on  the  eighth  segment. 
All  the  legs  are  reddish.  Some  of-  the  full  grown  larvae  turn  black.  The 
moth  appears  the  following  June. 

Larch   lappet 

Tolypc  laricis    Fitch 

A  dull,  rusty  brown,  irregularly  white-spotted  flattened  caterpillar  with  seiies  of 
grayish  tufts  on  each  side,  harmonizes  very  closely  with  pine  bark. 

This  caterpillar  feeds  on  pine,  hemlock,  and  larch  and  occurs  on  plum 
and  cherry.  It  is  rarely  abundant  enough  to  cause  any  injury  and  its  claim 
to  notice  in  this  connection  is  based  on  its  being  a  most  excellent  example 
of  protective  miinicry.  This  latter  is  due  to  several  causes.  In  the  first 
place  it  is  a  dull,  rusty  brown  color,  broken  by  irregular,  white  markings, 
which  give  it  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  bark  of  a  tree.  This  protective 
feature  is  further  hightened  by  the  flattened  form  of  the  caterpillar  and 
especially  by  the  grayish  tufts  of  hair  springing  from  the  large  lateral  tuber- 
cles and  extending  on  either  side  a  distance  nearly  equal  to  the  width  of 
the  caterpillar  itself.  This  curious  larva  when  at  rest  harmonizes  so  closely 
with  its  surroundings  as  to  render  its  detection  exceedingly  difficult.  This 
latter  was  nicely  exemplified  by  an  experience  of  the  late  Dr  Lintner, 
who  showed  an  entomologic  friend  (well  known  because  of  his  keen  sight 
further  sharpened  by  long  experience  in  collecting,  so  that  few  caterpillars 
could  escape  his  eyes)  a  small  twig  on  which  were  four  of  these  caterpillars, 
and  though  they  were  within  reach  of  his  extended  finger,  he  was  unable  to 
discover  them  until  their  presence  was  revealed  by  movements  as  one  after 
the  other  was  touched.  The  cocoons  of  this  interesting  species  are  equally 
difficult  to  detect.  They  are  placed  longitudinally  in  a  slight  angle  or 
depression  and  so  spun  as  to  harmonize  very  closely  with  their  surround- 
ings, even  to  the  extent  of  light  markings  of  the  bark  being  continued  on 

the  eocoon. 

Bibliography 

1882     Lintner,  J.  A.     Ins.  N.  Y.     ist  Rep't,  p.  87-99 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  '  68l 

Pine  leaf  miner 
Paralcckia  pinifoliclla  Chamb. 

A  small  cylindric  larva  mines  the  leaves  of  various  species  of  pine. 

This  small  leaf  miner  is  common  on  hard  pine  at  Karner  and  the  same 
is  undoubtedly  true  in  other  sections  of  the  State  where  this  tree  occurs. 
The  tip  of  the  leaf  and  in  many  instances  the  larger  portion  above  its  base 
is  mined,  dies  and  turns  brown  [pi.  20,  fig.  5]. 

Description.  The  moth  is  very  small,  brownish,  irregularly  gray  banded 
with  a  wing  spread  of  3  g  inch,  and  may  be  recognized  by  reference  to  plate 
20,  figure  23.  The  ^'g^g  has  been  described  as  reddish  brown,  globular, 
about  .14  mm  in  diameter.  The  larva  is  '/a  inch  long,  yellowish  brown  with 
the  head,  thoracic  shield  and  anal  plate  dark  brown. 

Life  history.  A  single  needle  apparently  affords  ample  sustenance  for 
the  development  of  the  larva,  which  enters  near  the  middle  of  the  leaf  and 
burrows  toward  the  end,  and  then,  reversing  its  course,  proceeds  toward  the 
base.  The  borings  are  pushed  out  at  the  point  of  entrance.  Professor 
Comstock  states  that  there  are  certainly  two  and  possibly  three  genera- 
tions annually. 

Natural  enemies.  This  leaf  miner  is  subject  to  attack  by  a  number  of 
parasites,  notably  several  minute  Chalcids  and  a  small  Tachina  fly. 

Bibliography 
1880     Comstock,  J.  H.     U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.      Rep't  1879,  P-  -38-41 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  p.  793-97 
1903     Felt,  E.  P.     For.  Fish  &  Game  Com.     7th  Rep't,  p.  509-10 

Pine  tube   builder 

Eitlia-  politana   Haw. 

Peculiar  tubes  of  webbed-together  pine  needles  occur  in  midsummer  and  in 
September  on  white  and  probably  other  pines. 

This  insect  is  rarely  abundant  and  is  worthy  of  notice  largely  because 
of  the  peculiar  tubes  it  constructs  among  the  pine  needles.  These  consist 
of  about  15  needles,  which  are  bound  together  by  silken  threads,   and  the 


582  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

terminal  third  eaten  off.  Dr  Packard  states  that  there  appears  to  be  two 
broods,  full  grown  larvae  ha\ing  been  observed  by  him  the  latter  part  of 
September,  in  tubes  from  which  the  terminal  portions  of  the  needles  were 
not  eaten.  He  was  of  the  opinion  that  this  was  prevented  b)-  the  approach 
of  cold  weather.      The  typical  short  tubes  are  found  in  midsummer. 

Description.  The  maker  of  these  tubes  is  a  pale  green  larva  about 
j4  inch  long.  The  head  is  a  light  brown  color  with  darker,  somewhat 
reddish  patches  on  each  side.  It  is  very  active,  escaping  from  the  tube  and 
dropping  by  a  thread  when  disturbed.  The  pupa  is  found  inclosed  in  a 
slight  web  within  the  tube. 

The  head,  thorax  and  fore  wings  of  the  parent  insect  are  a  dull  rust- 
red  color,  the  latter  with  two  oblique  paler  bands ;  one  a  little  before 
the  middle  and  the  other  beyond  parallel  to  it,  crossing  the  wings.  The 
hind  wings  and  the  upper  side  of  the  abdomen  are  silky  gray.  Wing 
spread  half  an  inch. 

This  is  a  widely  distributed  form,  as  Dr  Dyar  has  listed  it  from 
Europe  and  the  north  Atlantic  States. 

Light-loving  grapevine  beetle 

Auoinala  lucicola   P'abr. 

A  short,  stout  beetle  from  ,' i  to  nearly  Y-z  inch  long,  is  abundant  on  hard  pine 
foliage  the  latter  part  of  Jvuie  and  throughout  July. 

This  beetle  [pi.  20,  fig.  12,  13,  14]  is  more  commonly  known  as  a  grape 
feeder,  though  its  presence  in  large  numbers  on  hard  pines  would  also  indi- 
cate that  it  is  able  to  subsist  on  the  pine.  Its  presence  may  be  merely 
incidental,  as  soil  conditions  at  Karner  N.  Y.  are  unusually  favorable  for 
the  larvae. 

Metachroma  marginalis  Crotch 

A  light  brown  beetle  less  than  ]i  inch  long  is  rather  common  on  hard  pine  in 
midsummer. 

This  light  brown  beetle  occurs  rather  commonly  on  hard  pine  from 
the  latter  part  of  June  till  the  last  of  August.      It  does  not  appear  to  be 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  68;: 

injurious  to  the  tree,  though  usually  taken  at  the  base 
of  the  needles.  This  species  probably  has  an  exten- 
sive range,  as  it  has  been  recorded  from  North  Caro- 
lina and  Kansas.      The  larva  are  probably  root  feeders. 

Spruce    sawfly 

Ptcroiuis  ijitcgcr  Say 

Pale  green,  false  caterpillars  feed  singly  on  spruce  the  latter 
part  of  the  summer.  Fig.    203     .m  e  t  a  c  h  ro  m  a 

m.Trginalis,        enlarged 

This  species  is  stated  by  Dr  Packard  to  be  com-  (original) 
mon  over  the  Northern  States  and  may  at  times  prove  obnoxious.  It  occurs 
on  spruce  in  Maine  during  the  latter  part  of  the  summer  and  feeds  singly, 
not  being  gregarious  as  in  the  case  of  many  species.  He  states  that  pos- 
sibly the  fly  appears  in  the  fall,  though  probably  it  winters  in  the  cocoon 
and  may  be  found  abroad  in  the  early  part  of  June.  The  larva  and  its 
cocoon   have   been   described  by  Dr  Packard  as  follows  '  : 

Larva.  The  body  is  long,  broader  than  the  head  ;  pale  pea  green  ;  of 
the  color  of  the  leaves  of  the  spruce  among  which  it  feeds.  The  head  is 
smooth,  of  the  same  color  as  the  body,  with  a  dark  patch  extending  upward 
behind  each  eye.  Body  not  spotted,  but  with  a  dorsal  dark  green  stripe, 
bordered  on  each  side  with  whitish  glaucous  green.  Along  the  body  is  a 
lateral  conspicuous  broad  white  stripe,  the  stripe  much  scalloped  below. 
Body  beneath  and  abdominal  legs  uniformly  green  ;  thpracic  legs  pale 
honey  yellow,  except  at  base.      Length  1 7  mm. 

Cocoon.  Of  the  usual  oval  cylindrical  form  ;  of  a  pale  horn  color, 
of  the  usual  density,  the  walls  being  opaque.  Length  13  mm;  diameter 
4  mm. 

The  adult  sawfly  is  about  ^  inch  long,  yellow  with  black  or  dark 
brown  markings,  except  on  the  sides  and  venter  of  the  abdomen,  which  are 
a  greenish  tinge. 

Bibliography 
1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  p.  838-39 
1896     Marlatt,  C.  L.      U.  S.  Dep't  Agric.  Div.  Ent.  Tech.  Ser.  3,  p.  69 

'Possibly  the  larva  of  another  species.  Dyar  records  Pteronus  integer  Say 
as  an  oak  feeder.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.     189S.     6:122. 


684  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Spruce  cone  worm 

Diowctria   rciiiciilclla   Grote 

A  red-headed,  brownish  caterpillar  about  f 8  inch  long,  feeds  on  young  fresh  spruce 
cones,  surrounding  them  with  a  mass  of  webbed  excreta. 

This  species  was  brought  to  our  attention  by  the  receipt  of  a  large 
number  of  infested  cones  collected  in  the  Adirondacks.  The  attack, 
according  to  Dr  Packard,  is  usually  confined  to  the  young  cones,  into  which 
the  larvae  bore  and  mine  in  different  directions,  excavating  galleries  in  the 
interior  and  separating  the  scales  from  the  axis  of  the  cone.  The  cater- 
pillar may  mine  one  cone  and  then  pass  into  an  adjoining  one,  spinning  a 
rude  silken  passage  between  the  two.  Occasionally  a  bunch  of  three  or 
four  cones  is  tied  together  with  silken  threads,  in  which  latter  masses  of 
castings  or  excrement  become  entangled. 

Description.      The  larva  has  been  described  by  Dr  Packard  as  follows  : 

Head  and  prothoracic  shield  deep  amber  brown ;  the  body  reddish 
carneous  or  amber  brown,  with  a  livid  hue  ;  a  faint,  dark  dorsal,  and  a 
broader,  subdorsal  line ;  piliferous  warts  distinct ;  each  segment  divided 
into  a  longer  anterior  and  shorter,  narrower,  posterior  section,  bearing  two 
dorsal  piliferous  warts,  besides  a  lateral  one. 

Length  s/jg  inch. 

The  parent  insect  has  its  fore  wings  ornamented  with  light  and  dark 
gray.  There  is  a  broad  basal  light  patch  and  before  the  middle  of  the  wing 
a  white  zigzag  line  and  near  the  outer  margin  another  white  zigzag  line 
with  a  dark  border.      Wing  expanse  about  34!  inch. 

This  is  considered  by  Ragonot  to  be  a  synonym  of  the  closely  allied 
D.  d  e  c  u  r  i  e  1  1  a  Hiibn.,  a  form  which  feeds  both  on  firs  and  pines,  and  it 
is  possible  that  the  species  under  description  has  similar  food  habits. 
There  is  no  practical  method  of  preventing  its  depredations,  were  it  desir- 
able,   other   than    collecting    and  burning  the  infested   cones  before  their 

inhabitants  have  escaped. 

Bibliography 

1890     Packard,  A.  S.     U.  S.  Ent.  Com.     5th  Rep't,  p.  854-56 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


685 


Balsam  gall  midge 

Cccidouiyia   balsaniicola   Lintn. 

A  small  midge  produces  an  oval  enlargement  near  the  base  of  balsam  needles. 

This  insect  was  first  brought  to  the  late  Dr  Lintner's  attention  in  1886, 
because  of  its  abundance  on  balsam  fir  in  Adirondack  localities.  It  does 
not  appear  to  occur  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany,  though  it  has  been  taken  at 
Shelbourne  N.  H.,  and  specimens  of  what  appears  to  be  the  same  insect, 
were  received  by  Dr  Lintner  from  North  Carolina,  where  they  infested  the 
southern  balsam,  Abies  fraseri.  Occasionally  this  insect  is  so  abun- 
dant as  to  give  a  peculiar  nodose  appearance  to  affected  trees,  at  which 
times  as  many  as  three  quarters  of  all  the  leaves  may  be  infested.  The 
larvae  are  inactive,  hardly  move  and  show  no  disposition  to  feed.  Badly 
infested  trees  lose  a  considerable  portion  of  their  foliage  in  December,  all 
the  galls  dropping.     The  adult  has  not  been  reared  so  far  as  known. 

False  chinch  bug 

Nysiiis  angusfatus   Uhler 

A  small,  grayish  and  brown  plant  bug  '  ,6  inch  long 
occurs  on  a  variety  of  plants. 

This  species  is  best  known  on  account 
of  its  being  confused  with  that  notorious  enemy 
of  the  farmer,  the  chinch  bug,  B  1  i  s  s  u  s  1  e  u- 
copterus  Say.  It  is  a  general  feeder,  occur- 
ring on  such  diverse  plants  as  appletrees,  hard 
pines,  grapevines,  potato  vines,  turnips  and 
radishes. 

Phytocoris  eximius  Reut. 

This  is  an   inconspicuous,  brownish  marked 
Capsid  (fig.  204),  a  little  less  than  y^  of  an  inch      '^  '°^      iLged  (original)' 
long.     It  occurred  somewhat  sparingly  on  hard  pine  at  Karner  in  Septem- 
ber, 1901. 


686 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Fig.  205     O  I  1  1  r  u  s 


Pilophorus  crassipes  Uhl. 
This  small,  brown  plant  bug  [pi.  20,  fig.   15],  only  about    i/^   inch  long, 
occurs  rather  commonly  on  hard  pine  in  midsummer. 

Oliarus  quinquelineatus   Say 

This  brownish,  membraneous  winged  plant 
bug  a  little  over  '^  inch  in  length  occurred  in 
midsummer  on  hard  pine.  It  was  taken  in  1901 
at  Karner  as  follows  :  Jul)'  8,  two  ;  fuly  19,  two  ; 
[uly  27,  one  and  Aug.  8,  one. 

Spittle  insects 

Masses  of  frothlike  sjiittle  on  pines  indicate  the  pres- 
ence Ijeneath  of  small  stout,  triangular  or  rounded  bugs. 

Several  of  these  interesting  forms  are  briefly 
noticed  below. 

O  Saratoga  spittle  insect,  A  p  h  r  o  p  h  o  r  a  s  a  r  a  t  o  g  e  n  s  i  s  Fitch. 
This  spittle  insect  may  be  recognized  by  its  uniform  brownish  color 
variegated  with  very  light  brown  or  yellow.  It  is  about  j  ,s  inch  long  and 
more  slender  than  A.  parallela  .Say.  Adults  occur  from  the  latter  part 
of  June  to  the  last  of  September. 

6  Parallel  spittle  insect,  A  p  h  r  o  p  h  o  r  a  parallela  Say.  This  spit- 
tle insect  is  somewhat  common  on  hard  [Mue  at  Karner,  adults  occurring 
during  July.  It  is  about  '2  inch  long  and  may  be  easily  recognized  by  the 
whitish  spot  in  the  center  of  each  wing  cover  and  by  the  smooth,  whitish 
line  along  the  dorsum  of  the  head  and   prothora.x   [pi.    20,  fig.  22  [ 

r  Quadrangular  spittle  insect,  A  p  h  r  o  p  h  o  r  a  q  u  a  d  r  a  n  g  u  1  a  r  i  s 
Say.  This  small,  rather  prettily  oblique-banded  spittle  insect  ]\  inch  long, 
occurs  in  small  numbers  on  hard  pine  in  August  and  September. 

>  Pine  clastoptera,  Clastoptera  pini  Fitch.  This  species,  described 
by  Dr  F"itch,  is  a  stout,  oval,  blackish  tree  hopper  '/e  inch  long.  Head  pale 
yellow,  margined  anteriorly  with  black  ;  thorax  sculptured  transversely 
and    ornamented   with    a    pale   yellow   anterior   band.       Wing   covers   with 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  6Sj 

a  broad,  clear,  white  margin  outwardly,  broken  by  black  behind  the  micJdle 

and  with  a  shining  black  dot  near  the  tip.      Legs  and  ventral  surface  yellow. 

The  young    of    this   little  species   occur  on    pines    about    June    i,    in 

this  State.      They  are  enveloped   in   frothy  masses    among  the    terminals, 

and  about  this  time  they  are   J^.   inch  in   length,  and  have 

a    small    shiny    black     head     and     thorax,    with    the    body 

broad,   flattened,  and  flesh  color,  or  sometimes  brick-red,  as 

described  by  Miss  Wolsey,  of  Matteawan. 

S    Obtuse    clastoptera,     Clastoptera    obtusa    Say. 

This   little  spittle  insect  occurred  in  small  numbers  on  hard 

pine  at    Karner,    the   young  being  located  at   the  base   of 

leaf  petioles.      Adults  were  taken  from  June  13  to  19.      They  ^ig- ^oo  clastoptera 

are  from  ys  to  3/15  inches  long  and  irregularly  marked-  with    (""g'nai) 

brown,  yellowish    brown  and    yellowish    white.      It    is    remarkable    for    its 

obtuse  form. 

-  Stictocephala  inermis  Fabr. 

A  greenish  brown  leaf  hopper  about  =  ,6  inch  long,  occurs  on  hard  pine  in  midsummer. 

This  species  has  somewhat  the  shape  of  a  beechnut  and  is  not  marked 

by  any  excessively  developed  processes.      It  was  present   in  small  numbers 

on  hard  pine  during  July   1901.      This   tree   hopper   probably   has   a   wide 

distribution  as  it  has  been  recorded  from  a  number  of  eastern  and  several 

western  States. 

Dichrooscytus  rufipennis  P  all. 

A  small,  active,  rather  slender  plant  bug  about  }{  inch  long  with  yellowish  head  and 
prothorax  and  yellowish  red  wing  covers  occurs  on  hard  pine  in  midsummer. 

This  is  a  small,  active,  rather  slender  plant  bug,  measuring  about 
^  inch  in  length.  The  head  and  prothorax  are  yellowish  and  the  yellowish 
red  wing  covers  are  bordered  by  the  same.  This  species  was  met  with  by 
the  writer  in  small  numbers  on  hard  pine  at  Karner  in  1901.  It  is  quite 
agile  and  but  few  specimens  were  captured,  the  numbers  and  dates  being 
as  follows:  one  on  June  13,  two  on  the  26th  and  two  July  8.  The  species 
has  been  listed  from  New  Jersey  by  Dr  Smith  and  Douglas  ct  Scott' 
■1865  British  Hemiptera,  p.  478. 


688 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Fig.  207       N  a  I)  i  s     r  u 
larked  Cori 


redorcl   the   beating    of    specimens   from    P  i  n  u  s  s  y  1  v  e  s  t  r  i  s    in   several 
English  localities. 

Nabis  rufusculus  Rent. 

A  light  brown,  slender  plant  bug  about  %  inch  long 
with  the  thorax  variously  marked  with  red,  pinkish  and 
light  brown  occurs  on  hard  pine. 

This  slender  plant  bug  y^  inch  long  occurred 
in  small  numbers  on  hard  pine  at  Karner  in 
1901.  It  is  slender,  widening  gradually  to  the 
posterior  third  of  the  wing  covers.  The  black 
eyes  and  the  brilliant  carmine  ocelli  are  con- 
spicuous. The  thorax  is  variously  marked 
with  red,  pinkish  and  light  brown  and  the  wing 
covers  have  a  pinkish  shade   mottled   with   light 

brown,  the  membrane   fuscous.      It  undoubtedly  preys  on   various   species 

frequenting  pines  and  other  trees. 

Gypona  octolineata  Say 

A  grayish,  yellowish  or  red-marked  elliptic  insect  about  %  inch  long,  occurs  the 
latter  part  of  feummer  on  hard  pine,  many  shrubs  and  plants. 

Specimens  of  this  insect  were  taken  on  hard  pine  at  Karner,  Sep.  18, 
1 901.  This  variable  form  presents  marked  differences;  some  individuals 
have  eight  reddish  or  rosy  lines,  while  others  have  yellowish  lines  on  the 
thorax,  and  with  the  wing  veins  and  margins  similarly  ornamented.  It  has 
a  wide  distribution,  having  been  recorded  from  Colorado,  Missouri  and 
several  localities  in  New  Jersey. 

Eutettix  strobi  Fitch  is  common  on  pines  in  May. 

Bramble  flea  louse 

Trioza  tvipinictata  Fitch 

A  small,  reddish  brown,  jumping  plant  louse  }i  inch  long,  abounds  on  hard  pine  the 
latter  part  of  the  season  and  in  early  spring. 

This  species  is  very  abundant  on  hard  pines  at  Karner  and  its  presence 
on  these  trees  has  also   been  recorded  from  Canada  and  Florida.      It  occurs 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK   AND    WOODLAND   TREES  689 

on  blackberry,  which  may  prove  to  be  its  normal  food  plant.     The  following 
paragraph  is  a  summary  of  Mr  Sirrine's  biological  account  of  this  insect  : 

Life  history.  Last  stage  nymphs  were  taken 
Sep.  12  on  blackberry  and  the  first  adults  were 
seen  Sep.  29  and  by  Oct.  15  all  had  transformed. 
The  light  yellow  eggs  are  deposited  in  June  and 
July  on  blackberry,  maturity  being  attained  in 
September  or  October,  the  adults  hibernating  in 
sheltered  places. 

Description.  The  perfect  insect  is  about  j/s 
inch  long  with  the  wings  deeply  tinged  with  brown  '^'  '"  ilrgedVrig'ina"" "'"'"''  "" 
along  the  veins  and  the  entire  body  a  yellowish  brown  color  except  the 
darker  eyes.  The  young  are  nearly  pure  white,  ranging  to  a  greenish 
white  and  when  seen  by  the  unaided  eye,  resemble  leaf  mites  or  the  young 
of  spiders  moie  than  plant  lice. 

Bibliography 

1896     Sirrine,  F.  A.     N.  Y.  Agrir.  Exp.  Sta.     14th  Rep't,  p.  19-23 

Woolly  pine  scale 

Pseiidophilippta  quaint ancii  Ckll. 

A  conspicuous  snow-white,  woolly  scale  is  sometimes  very  abundant  on  the  more 
tender  growths  of  pitch  and  southern  yellow  pine  [pi.  51,  fig.  3]. 

Examples  of  what  are  presumably  this  species  were  received  from 
Orange  county,  New  York,  and  Pike  Pa.,  where  the  insect  was  extremely 
abundant  on  thousands  of  young  pitch  pine.  It  may  be  at  once  recognized 
by  the  thick  woolly  masses  at  the  base  of  the  pine  needles,  the  woolly  cov- 
ering being  conspicuous  and  easily  detected  at  some  distance.  This  scale 
is  known  to  the  natives  as  "  bleeding  pitch"  and  "pitch  pine  wool."  The 
twigs  turn  brown  and  become  brittle  soon  after  the  scales  drop  off.  The 
attack  was  confined  largely  to  trees  less  than  14  feet  in  hight.  The  pest 
was  not  observed  on  white  pine,  hemlock,  spruce  or  larch  in  the  infested 
region.     This  species  was  found  in  1897  by  Prof.  A.  L.  Quaintance  at  Lake 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


City  Fla.,  where  it  was  very  abundant  and  generally  distributed  on  branches 
and  young  trees  of  Pin  us  a  u  s  t  r  a  1  i  s.  He  states  that  the  insects 
secrete  an  abundance  of  honeydew  in  which  a  black  fungus  develops. 


Hemlock  scale 

Aspidiotiis  abicfis  Schr. 

An  oval,  dark  gray,  often  blackish  scale  with  a  lighter  margin  and  sometimes  with  a 
bluish,  brownish  or  purple  tinge,  occurs  on  hemlock,  pine,  fir  and  maple  foliage. 

This  species  is  reported  by  Professor  Comstock  as  being  rather  com- 
mon on  the  lower  surface  of  hemlock  leaves  at  Ithaca,  and  has  been  found 
by  us  in  small  nuinbers  on  hard  pine  leaves  at  Karner.  It  is  an  European 
species,  which  has  been  reported  in  this  country  from  Maine,  Massachusetts, 
New  York,  New  Jersey  and  Georgia.  The  female  scale  has  been  described 
by  Professor  Comstock  as  follows  : 

The  scale  of  the  female  is  i"ather  elongated,  with  its  sides  parallel  and 
ends  rounded.  The  exuviae  are  nearly  central,  and  are  covered  with  secre- 
tion. The  color  of  the  scale  is  dark  gray,  often  approaching  black,  with 
the  margin  lighter,  and  sometimes  with  a  bluish,  brownish,  or  purplish 
tinge.      In  many  specimens  of  the  fully  formed  scale,  the  part  covering  the 

^  exuviae  is  more  or  less  distinct,  appearing  like  a  small 

"""^"^Cf^^lSr  '   ".^      scale  with  a  light  margin  superimposed  upon   a  larger 
\-'^™ifc~»f  scale.      Length  .08  to  .12  inches. 

Labia   grandis   Hentz 

This  brilliantly  marked  ground  beetle  about  -'8  inch  in  length 
may  be  recognized  by  its  brick-red  head  and  thorax  and  bluish, 
deeply  striated  wing  covers. 

It  is  well  known  as  an  enemy  of  the  potato  beetle, 
and     was    taken    in    small    numbers    on    hard    pine  at 

rig.209    Lebia   grandis,  .  ...  1       o  r, 

much  enhirged  (original I  Kamerm  I QO I ,  ouc  specimeu  being  captured  hep.  i8. 
It  probably  preys  on  some  of  the  more  defenseless  forms  infesting  these 
trees. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAXD    TREES 


Nine-spotted  lady  beetle 
Coccinclla    iiovciniiotata    Ilerbst. 

A  hemisplieric,  yellowish,  nine-shotted  beetle. 

This  little  lady  beetle  is  one  of  our  more  common  species  and  is  some- 
what abundant  on  hard  pines  at  Karner  from  [iih-  to 
September.  The  insect  is  a  well  known  species  and 
may  be  easily  recognized  by  the  accompanying  illustra- 
tion. It  appears  to  be  one  of  the  more  effective  species, 
in  controlling  plant  lice,  since  it  is  quite  commonl)-  met 
with  on  trees  infested  by  these  little  insects,  and  is 
probably  an  efficient  check  on  those  living  on  pine.  Fig.  210   c 

This  species  has   been   recorded   by  Mr  Crotch  from    (original) 
the  Atlantic  reeion,  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 


Three-banded  lady  beetle 
Coccinclla    trifasciata    Linn. 
A  yellowish,  almost  black-banded,  hemispheric  beetle. 

This  medium  to  small  sized  lady  beetle  is  sometimes 
rather  abundant.  It  is  easily  recognized  by  the  transverse 
black  spots,  which  give  it  the  appearance  of  being  three- 
banded,  hence  its  specific  name.  This  little  insect  was  met 
with  in  small  nimibers  on  hard  pine  at  Karner,  one  being 
taken  Aug.  9  and  two  Sep.  6,  igoi.  It  undoubtedly 
preys  on  the  plant  lice  infesting  this  tree.  This  beetle 
has  a  very  wide  distribution,  having  been  recorded  by  Mr 
Crotch  from  Lake  Superior,  Oregon,  Siberia  and   Lapland. 

Ips  sanguinolentus  Oliv. 

.V  black  beetle  about   '4  inch  long   with   a  conspicuous  orange  band  containing  two 
circular  black  spots  on  the  basal   two   thirds  of  the  wing  covers. 

This  species  has  a  general  resemblance  to  Ips  quadrlguttatus 
Fabr.,  and  possesses   similar  habits.      It   lueasures  about  Y^  inch  in  length, 


692 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


and  may  be  recognized  by  the  large  reddish  orange 
markings  on  each  wing  cover  in  the  center  of  which 
is  a  jet-black,  nearly  circular  spot. 

Ips  quadriguttatus  Fabr. 

A    shining    black    beetle    about     //    inch    long    with    four 
irregular,  orange  markings  on  the  wing  covers. 

This    shining    black    beetle    with    four    irregular 

orange  markings  on  the  wing  covers,  is  from  s/jg  to  s/,^ 

inch  long  and  occurs  in  the  galleries   of  various  wood 

Fig.     212       1  ]j  s      -^  .1  iL  •.;  u  i  n  o-  ,         -  .  .     .  '     ,  . 

lentus,  enlarged  (original)    boTers,  particularly  those  moist  with   exuding  sap.      It 
feeds   on    decaying  fruit,  corn  on    the  ear,  seed  after 
it  has  been  planted  and  has  been   taken   in  the   fall  on 
oak  and  hard  pine  at  Karner. 

Corymbites  propola  Lee. 

A  small,  snapping  beetle  less  than  3 a   inch  long  with  a  light 
head  and  light  yellowish  elytra  marked  with  dark  brown. 

This  little  snapping  beetle  is  less  than  3/s  inch  in 
length  and  may   be  recognized  by  its  light  head  and 
the   light   yellowish    elytra    marked  with  dark    brown.        ■ 
This  species  was  met  with  in  small  numbers   on  hard     tat  us,  enlarged  (original) 

pine  at  Karner,  one  specimen  being  taken  June  4  and 
two  June  13,  1 90 1.  It  has  been  recorded  from  Lake 
Superior,  Eagle  Harbor,  and  is  also  found  in  western 
New  York  as  stated  by  Dr  LeConte. 

Corymbites  hieroglyphicus  Say 

A  small,  snapping  beetle  about  yi  inch  long  with  its  yellowish 
wing  covers  marked  with  curved,  dark  brown  or  black  lines. 

This  peculiar  snapping  beetle,  about  }4  inch  long 
with  dark  brown  head  and  thorax  and  yellowish  wing 
covers  marked   with   curved,   dark  brcwn    or   black    lines,   occurs  on    hard 


Fig.  214  Co  ry  m 
hieroglyphic 
larged  (original) 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  693 

pines  in  June  and  July.  This  somewhat  rare  species  has  been  recorded 
from  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  and 
Dr  LeConte  gives  its  distribution  as  Lake  Superior,  Ohio  and  Maine  and 
states  that  it  is  not  rare. 

Cloudy  bark  beetle  destroyer 

T/ianasiiinis  inibilus  Kl. 

A  small,  black  clerid  with  wing  covers  marked  with  zigzag  black  and  gray  transverse 
bands  occurs  on  spruce. 

The  adults  of  this  beneficial  clerid  feed  on  the  spruce  destroying  bark 
beetle,  Dendroctonus  piceaperda  Hopk.,  and  associated  species. 
The  larvae  of  this  predaceous  form  prey  on  the  young  and  pupae  of  bark 
beetles  in  their  galleries.  This  very  beneficial  species  resembles  an  ant  in 
appearance.  It  may  be  recognized  by  its  black  head,  by  the  middle  portion 
of  the  body  being  red  and  the  wing  covers  marked  with  zigzag  black  and 
gray  transverse  bands. 

Hydnocera  pallipennis  Say 

A  small  beetle  3/16  inch  long  with  pale  yellow,  irregularly  mottled  wing  covers  and 
black  head  and  thorax. 

This  is  a  small  beetle  about  'il^t  inch  in  length.  It  has  a  black  head 
and  thorax,  and  the  wing  covers  are  a  pale  yellow  and  irregularly  mottled 
with  brown.  A  single  specimen  was  taken  July  19,  1901,  on  hard  pine  at 
Karner.  It  has  been  recorded  by  Dr  Smith  as  generally  distributed  and 
not  rare  in  New  Jersey. 

Hydnocera  humeralis  Say,  van  cyanescens   Lee. 

A  jet-black,  slender  beetle  nearly  3/,(;  inch  in  length,  may  be  taken  on  low  shrub 
growths  in  midsummer. 

E-xamples  of  this  species  were  taken  on  hard  pine  at  Karner  July  2, 
1902. 

Description.  This  beetle  is  about  3/i6  inch  in  length,  black  in  color, 
except  that  the  head  and  thorax  have  dark  grayish  reflections  in  certain 
lights.     Eyes  large,  prominent ;  thorax  broader  than  long,  subcylindric,  with 


694 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


lateral,    rounded    tuberosities.       Wing    covers    rather    coarsely,    irregularly 
punctured,  rounded  at  the  apex  and  diverging. 

Habits  and  distribution.  This  predaceous  species  appears  to  be  com- 
mon in  midsummer  on  late  shrubs,  and  is  probably  generally  distributed 
in  the  northeastern  United  States,  having  been  recorded  from  the  vicinity 
of  Buffalo  N.  Y.,  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  various  localities  in  New 
Jersey  and  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Ernobius  mollis  Linn. 

A  small,  variable,  somewhat  elongated,  brown  beetle  about  }-i  inch  long  occurs  on 
hard  pines  in  June  and  July. 

This  common  European  species  introduced  about  1865,  is  a  common 
form  on  hard  pines  in  midsummer.  It  is  recorded  as  generally  distributed 
in  New  Jersey  though  not  common.  Its  allies,  E.  granulatus  Lee. 
and  E.   luteipennis    Lee.   have  been  taken  on  pines  in  New  Jersey. 


Dichelonycha  albicollis  Burm. 

A  greenish,  coppery,  elongate,  parallel-sided  beetle  about  J2  inch 
in  length,  occurs  rather  sparsely  on  hard  [jine  in  midsummer. 

This  species  was  taken  in  midsummer  in  rather  small 
numbers  at  Karner,  where  it  occurred  at  the  base  of 
hard  pine  needles.  Specimens  were  captured  at  intervals 
throughout  June  and  early  July  1901,  and  also  the  fol- 
lowing season.  Dr  Fitch '  states  that  it  becomes  quite 
common  on  pines  about  the  middle  of  May,  eating  the 
foliage  and  continuing  for  about  a  month.  Its  distribu- 
tion has  been  given  by  Dr  Horn  as  the  Middle  States  and 
Canada,  and  it  has  been  recorded  from  several  localities  in 


enlarged  (original) 


New  Jersey  by  Dr  Smith. 


'  1858  Fitch,  Asa.     Ins.  N.  Y.     4th  Rep't,  p.  61. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


695 


Pine  chrysomela 

G/vpiosicIis  pnlu-siciis    Fabr. 

Thick,  cylindric,  brilliant,  brassy,  coppery  Iiued,  rather  stout  beetles  occur  on  hard 
pine  foliage  in  May  and  June. 

This  species  ranges  from  2/^  to  5  15  inch  in  length  [pi.  20,  fig.  7].  It 
was  common  on  hard  pines  at  Karner  in  June  1901,  and  occurred  through- 
out May,  June  and  early  July  the  following  year.  This  insect  ranges  from 
the  Middle  States  to  North  Carolina  and  has  been  recorded  from  Oregon. 
It  appears  to  be  a  rather  characteristic  spruce  and  pine  beetle,  judging 
from  accessible  records. 

Cryptocephalus  schreibersii  Suffr. 

A  stout,  yellowish  brown  beetle  a  trifle  over   }i   inch  long  occurs 
on  hard  pine. 

This  stout  yellowish  brown   beetle,   only  a  trifle   over 

^8    inch    in   length,   was    taken   in   small  numbers  on   hard 

pines    at    Karner    in     September.     This   species   has  been 

recorded  by  Dr  LeConte,  from  Massachusetts  and  Georgia, 

and    Dr  Smith    reports   it   from  several    localities   in   New 

Jersey,  and  states  that  it  occurs  on  hard  pine  leaves. 

Cryptocephalus  quadrimaculatus  Say 

A  small,  stout,  black,  red-spotted   beetle   }i   inch   long  occurs  on 
hard  pines  in  midsummer. 

This  species  was  taken  through  June  and  in  early  July 
1 90 1,  and  the  latter  part  of  June    1902,  on  both  scrub   oak 
Fig  217  cryptoceph- and   hard  pine  at   Karner.       It    has   also  been   listed   from 
irus.YnLrge'.rrorig-  Ncw  Jcrscy  tea  (C  e  a  n  o  t  h  u  s  a  m  e  r  i  c  a  n  a)   and  also  on 
Rubus.      Little  is  known  of  its  life  history. 


696  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Notoxus  bifasciatus  Lee. 

A  small,  brown  or  blackisli  beetle  with  lighter  transverse  bands  on  the  wing  covers 
and  a  conspicuous  pronotal  process. 

This  small  beetle  only  about  yi  inch  long,  was  exceedingly  common  on 
hard  pine  at  Karner  during  the  latter  part  of  June  and  early  July  1902.  It 
could  have  been  taken  by  thousands,  if  desired.  This  species, 
like  its  ally,  N.  anchora  Hentz,  has  the  peculiar  hornlike 
process  on  the  prothorax,  only  in  this  case  it  is  distinctly 
spatulate  at  the  tip.  The  elytra  are  dark  brown  or  black 
with  two  transverse  bands,  the  anterior  one  always  being 
interrupted  at  the  suture. 

This  species,  according  to   Dr   Horn,   occurs  everywhere 

Fig.  ;i8  N  o  t  o  .V  u  s from  Canada  to  Arizona,  westward  to  the   Rocky  mountains. 

larged (original)'       It  is  Stated    by    Dr    Smith    to    be    locally    common,   and   Dr 

Hamilton   records  it    as  abundant  in  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  along  the 

river  shore  on  herbage,  willow  etc. 

Notoxus  anchora  Hentz 

A  small  brown,  black-marked  beetle  about  }i  inch  in  length,  may  be  met   with   on 
hard  ])ine  and  various  shrubs  and  herbs  during  the  summer. 

Members  of  this  genus  are  remarkable  for  the  enormous  hornlike 
projection  on  the  prothorax.  This  species  is  somewhat  variable,  though 
Dr  Horn  states  that  the  inarkings  are  rather  constant. 
There  is  usually  a  more  or  less  crescentic  black  band 
on  each  wing  cover  at  the  apical  third.  These  join  at 
the  suture  and  extend  forward,  becoming  broader  at 
base.  Near  the  side  margin,  just  behind  the  humeri, 
there  is  a  short  stripe  of  varying  size,  sometimes 
wanting.      This  species  is  widely  distributed,  though   it 

Fig.  219    Notoxus  .1  n  c 

has  not  been  observed  in  Arizona  or  the  Pacific  States.  enlarged  (original) 

It  appears  in  most  of  the  local  lists,    except    in   that    for    the    District    of 

Columbia,  and  is  usually  recorded  as  rather  scarce.      Large  numbers  of  this 


INSECTS    AFFECTIXC    PARK    AND    WOODLAXD    TREES 


697 


species   have   been   sent  to   us   by   a  correspondent,   who   took   them   from 
about  the  roots  of  wheat  plants. 

Coenus  delius  Say 

A  yellowish  brown,  black-dotted,  somewhat  oval  plant 
bug  fi  inch  long. 

This  yellowish  brown,  black-dotted,  somewhat 
oval  plant  bug,  measuring  about  3^  inch  in 
length,  was  taken  at  Karner  on  hard  pine  in  jj 
1901.  The  species  has  a  wide  range,  it  having 
been  listed  from  Colorado,  New  Jersey,  Iowa, 
and  Professor  Uhler  records  it  from  as  far  south 
as  Texas  and  as  occurring  in  Massachusetts,  New 
York  and  other  states. 

Lace-winged  fly 

Hcvicrobijis  stigniatcriis   Fitch 
Delicate  greenish  or  brownish   lace-winged  flies  with  golden   eyes,  occur  on   many 
plants,  their  flattened  long-jawed  ferocious  larvae  devouring  plant  lice. 

These  flies  are  rather  well  known  both  as  adults  and  larvae.  The 
above  named  species  was  found  in  small  numbers  on  hard  pine  at  Karner. 
It  appears  to  be  a  common  species  according  to  Dr  Fitch,  in  the  Northern 
and  Western  States.  The  general  appearance  of  a  lace-winged  fly  is  shown 
at  plate  20,  figure  18.  The  peculiar  spheric  cocoon  is  illustrated  at  i8a  of 
the  same  plate  and  the  singular  stalked  eggs  at  i8b.  The  young  aphis 
lions  are  very  bloodthirsty,  even  attacking  smaller  larvae  of  their  own 
species  as  well  as  destroying  many  aphids. 

Micromus  montanus  Hag. 
This  grayish  brown,  lace-winged  fly  i^  inch  long  with  a  wing  spread  of 
^  inch  occurs  in  September  on  hard  pine.      The  veins  are  prettily  marked 
with  irregular  alternating  light  and  brown  spaces.      This  beneficial  species 
has  been  recorded  from  Massachusetts  and  the  White  mountains. 


698  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Pine  tree  cricket 

Occantlius  piiii  Beutm. 
This  flower  cricket  was   taken  by  the  writer  on  hard  pine  at  Karner  in 
1901  as   follows;    luly  27,  four;  Aug.  21,  four,  and   Sep.  6,  one.      Immature 
specimens  of  what  probably  belong-  to  the  same  species  were  taken,   one  on 
July  8,  and  two  on  the  19th.  « 

This  insect  has  been  described  by  Mr  Beutenmuller  as  follows  : 
Head  and  antennae  testaceous,  the  latter  becoming  darker  towards  the 
tip  ;  first  two  joints  with  four  black  marks  ;  the  inner  mark  on  the  first  joint 
long  and   straight,  the  outer  oblique  ;  those  on  the'  second  joint 

JaI       parallel;  eyes  black  ;  thorax   testaceous  with  a  longitudinal   line 
n       on  each    side    above  ;  anterior  pairs  of  legs  testaceous  ;  posterior 
J,      femora  green,  tibiae  testaceous;  body  beneath  black  with  the  sides 
1\     yellowish  green  ;  body  above  blackish  with  a  green  stripe  along 
\     the  back  ;  elytra  transparent,  with  grass-green  veins  ;  hind  wings 
slightly  protruding  beyond  the  elytra;  veins  also  green. 

The  female  is  somewhat  paler  than  the  male,  and  the  wings 
Fig.  22,     oe-  extend  a  little  more  beyond  the  elytra  ;  ovipositor  dark  testaceous, 
■^  •''"■  i' "==  tip  black.      Average  length   from  head  to  tip  of  wing   covers,  14 

pini,   Tinder        ^  ,  ,  "^  •   ?  i 

side  of  basal  mui  ;  body,  12  mm  ;  width,  4.5  mm. 

ments  '(After  He  states  that  it  may  be  easily  distinguished  from  O.  n  i  g  r  i- 

Am.  miI^nIi.' c  o  r  n  i  s  Walk.,    by  the  grass-green  color  of  the  wings  and  the 

testaceous  head  and  thorax  and  the  marks  on   the  basal   joints  of 

the  antennae.      He  adds  that  it  lives  only  on  pinetrees  and  usually  on   the 

high   branches.      It   has  been  recorded  from   Riverton    N.  J.,  by  Dr  Smith 

and  probably  occurs  in  other  pine  sections  of  the  state. 

Bibliography 

1894     Beutenmuller,  William.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  6:271 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  699 

Black-horned  tree  cricket 

Occanthiis   nigriconiis    W'alker 
This  tree  cricket  may  be  recognized  by  its  dark  or  nearly  black  antennae,  the  black 
markings  on  the  basal  joints  as  illustrated  in  figure  222,  and  by  the  rufous  and  dark  mark- 
ings upon  the  head  and  abdomen.     It  is  somewhat  Aariable  in  coloring,  though  possessing 
a  characteristic  appearance. 

This  species  occurred  in  small  numbers  on  hard  pine  at  Karner  in  igoi, 
and  was  as  abundant  as  any  other  species  of  this  genus  in  that  section. 
Adults  were  taken  in  August  and  September,  and  the  species  is  undoubt- 
edly of  some  benefit  to  trees  because  of  its  predaceous  habits, 
though  shrubs,  particularly  those  with  soft  wood,  may  be 
injured  to  a  considerable  extent  by  the  deposition  of  eggs. 
This  insect  was  noticed  by  Dr  Fitch  in  1856,  who  states  that 
it  is  almost  as  common  as  the  snowy  tree  cricket  (Oecan- 
thus  niveus  DeG.),  and  who  treated  of  it  under  the  name 
of  O.   fasciatus    DeGeer.      This  species  occurs  from  the  lat-  ^'s-  23.  oeca„. 

thusnigri- 

ter  part  of  July  till   frost,   along  roadsides  and  in   open   fields      ""--i^.  ""der- 
accordmg  to  Mr  Beutenmuller,  who  considers  it  one  of  the  most     »""=''"='i      "s- 

ments  (After  Beu- 

common  m  the   vicinity   of  New  York   city.      Professor   Bruner     "=""■""=■•.    An>. 

Mus.   Nat.    Hist. 

states  that  it  is  almost  as  abundant  in  Nebraska  as  the  snowy  ""'■  's-*' 
tree  cricket,  and  that  it  is  a  frequenter  of  meadows  and  may  be  found 
among  weeds  and  grasses,  depositing  eggs  as  a  rule,  in  weed  stems.  Pro- 
fessor Lugger  considers  it  a  very  common  form  in  Minnesota.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  that  it  occurs  in  Mississippi,  Avhere  Mr  W.  H.  Ashmead 
detected  a  small  parasite,  Antigaster  mira  bills  Walsh  ovipositing 
in  the  cricket's  eggs. 

Bibliography 
1894     Beutenmuller,  Wm.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  6:  270 

Four-spotted  tree  cricket 

Oecanthtis  quadripunctatits  Beutm. 
This  species  occurs  in  small  numbers  during  early  fall  on  hard  pine  at 
Karner.      It  has  been  recorded  from  Ithaca,  Staten  Island  and  a  number  of 


yoo 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


New  Jersey  localities.      It  may  be  recognized  by  aid  of  the  figure  and  the 
following  description  by  INIr  Beutenmuller. 

Head  and  antennae  testaceous,  the  latter  becoming  darker 

fijl  towards  the  tip  ;  first   two  joints   with   four   black   marks;  the 

I  inner   mark   on    the    first    joint    long    and    straight,   the   outer 

oblique;  those  on  the  second  joint  parallel  ;  eyes  black;  thorax 
testaceous  with  a  longitudinal  line  on  each  side  above;  anterior 
pairs  of  legs  testaceous  ;  posterior  femora  green,  tibia  testaceous  ; 
body  beneath  black  with  the  sides  yellowish  green  ;  body  above 
blackish  with  a  green  stripe  along  the  back  ;  elytra  transparent, 
"":  with  grass-green  veins  ;  hind  wing  slightly  protruding  beyond 
,„'„'.  the   elytra;  veins  also  green. 

'^"1  The  female  is    somewhat  paler   than    the  male,   and    the 

Beu-  wings  extend  a  little  more  beyond  the  elytra  ;  ovipositor  dark 
Am.  testaceous,  tip  black.  Average  length  from  head  to  tip  of  wing 
^'"'  covers,  14  mm;  body,  12  mm;  width,  4.5  mm. 


ennal 
its(Afte 


Mus.    N.1 
Bui.  '94) 


SUPPLEMENTAL    BIBLIOGRAPHIC    AND    DESCRIPTIVE 
CATALOGUE 

The  following  list  comprises  a  large  number  of  species  which  have  been  observed 
upon  various  shade  and  forest  trees.  These  insects  are  very  rarely  abundant  enough 
to  cause  any  material  injury,  yet  their  identification  is  necessary  if  one  would  be 
certain  that  he  has  not  some  more  destructive  form.  References  are  given  to 
records  of  food  habits  and  also  to  descriptions  of  immature  stages.  These  latter 
will  prove  of  great  value  to  all  working  entomologists,  since  it  will  enable  them  to 
ascertain  readily  whether  a  certain  caterpillar  has  been  described  or  not.  The  more 
striking  larval  characters  have  been  included  because  they  will  assist  in  eliminating 
many  species,  and  thus  save  much  labor  in  referring  to  the  literature.  Many  refer- 
ences are  given  to  Packard's  well  known  Insects  I?ijurious  to  Forest  and  Shade 
Trees,  fifth  report  of  the  United  States  Entomological  Commission.  These  are  so 
numerous  that  in  the  interest  of  brevity,  the  name  of  the  author  is  given  in  abbre- 
viated form,  followed  by  the  page  whenever  the  volume  contains  more  than  a  record 
of  food  habits.  We  have  endeavored  to  select  the  best  available  larval  description, 
and,  as  a  rule,  food  plant  records  compiled  from  other  authors  follow  the  reference. 

OAK    BORERS 

Synchita  obscura  Horn,  red  oak.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  225 

Cucujus  clavipes  Fabr.,  hickory,  maple,   locust,    buckeye,  gum.     Hamilton.     Can. 

Ent.    18 :  27.      Linden 
Sandalus  petrophya  Knoch,  white  oak.     Psyche,  4  :  203 
Melasis  pectinicornis  Mels.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  245 
Athous  cucullatus  Say.  Pack. 

Coelostethus  notatus  Say.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.     31  :  187 
Elater  sayi  Lee.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  248 
Elater  nigricollis  Herbst.  Pack. 
Buprestis  rufipes  Oliv.,  beech.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  254 
Dicerca  asperata  Lap.  &  Gory.  Pack.     Hickory 
Chrysobothris  scitula  Gory,  in  white  oak  bark.     Pack.     p.  69 
Agrilus  obsoletoguttatus  Gory.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.     18:317.     Beech 
Agrilus  interruptus  Lee.     Ent.  Am.     5  :  32 
Agrilus  acutipennis  Mann.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.     18:307 
Cinyra  gracilipes  Mels.,  white  oak.     Ent.  Am.     5  :  30 
Xenorhipis  brendeli  Lee.     Ent.  Am.     5:31 

Mastogenius  subcyaneus  Lee.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  256.     Hop  hornbeam 
Bostrichus  bicornis  Web.,  under  bark.     Pack.     p.  92 
Dinoderus  punctatus  Say.  Pack. 

Lucanus  dama  Thunb.     Can.  Ent.     13:118.     Willow 
Ceruchus  piceus  Web.     Decaying  oak,  black  cherry 

Parandra  brunnea  Fabr.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.     3  :  96.     Beech,  linden,  wild  cherry 
Hymenorus  obscurus  Say.  Wickham.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.     4:  121 
Hymenorus  communis  Lee.  Pack. 
Androchirus  fuscipes  Mels.  Pack. 
Dendroides  canadensis  Latr.  Pack. 
Smodicum  cucujiforme  Say,  beech,  hackberry.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.     4:  74 


702  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Phymatodes  varius  Fabr.,  black  oak,  Pack.     p.  76.      HTckory 

Dryobius   sexfasciatus  Say.      1  .,ck.     p.  227.     Beech,  ehn,  maple 

Romaleum   rufulum  Hald.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  287 

Elaphidion   inerme  Xcwm.,  orange.     N.  Y.  Ent.  .Soc.  Jour.     4:75 

Elaphidion   scopubescens  Lee,  white  oak.     U.  S.  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  iS,  n.  s.     p.  41 

Elaphidion   mucronatum  Fabr.,  hackberry.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.     4:75 

Elaphidion   unicolor  Rand.,  redbud.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  288 

Curius  dentatus   Newm.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  288 

Tragidion  coquus   Linn.  var.  fulvipenne  Say.   Pack.     p.  91 

Purpuricenus   humeralis  Fabr.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.     4:76.     Maple 

Microclytus  gazellula  Hald.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.     4:77 

Cacoplia  pullata  Hald.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.     4:78 

Cyrtinus  pygmaeus  Hald.,  hickory,  box  elder,  locust.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  293 

Goes  debilis  Lee,  white  oak,  chestnut.     Pack.     p.  82.     Hickory 

Goes  tessellata  Hald.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.     4:78 

Acanthoderes    quadrigibbus     Say,    oak   twigs.      Pack.     p.  91.      Hickory,    beech, 

hackberry 
Leptostylus  parvus  Lee.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.     22  :  369.     Box  elder 
Typocerus   zebratus  P^abr.,  white  oak.     Wickham.     Can.  Ent.     29:188 
Leptura  nitens  Forst.  Wickham.     Can.  Ent.     29:192 
Ataxia  crypta  Say,  hackberry,  box  elder.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour."   4:80 
Cryptorhynchus  minutissimus  Lee.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  353 
Cryptorhynchus   ferratus  Say.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,      i  :  83 

Cryptorhynchus  bisignatus  Say.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.      1:83.     Chestnut,  beech 
Cryptorhynchus   tristis  Lee.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,      i  :  83 
Copturodes   quercus  Say.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  354 
Copturodes  longulus  Lee.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  354 
Zygomicros  minutus  Lee.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  354 
Pityopthorus   querciperda  Schwz.,  oak  bark.      Pack.     p.  93 
Pityopthorus  fagi  Hop.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  362 
Pityopthorus  frontalis  Hop.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  362 
Hypothenemus  aveccae  Horning.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  362 
Hypothenemus  erectus  Lee.     Pack.     Hickory 
Stephanoderus  dissimilis  Zimm.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  362 
Xyleborus  pubescens    Zimm.,    butternut,    chestnut,   magnolia,    cherry.     Ins.    N.  J. 

P-  3'''.^ 
Micracis  opacicollis  Lee.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  363 
Thysanoes  quercus   Plop.,  chestnut.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  363 
Corthylus  columbianus  Hop.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.     3  :  104 

OAK    LEAF   FEEDERS 

Sawfly   larvae 

Periclista  albicollis  Nort.,   greenish  ;   conical   tubercles  ;  white  oak.     Dyar.     N.  Y. 

Ent.  Soc.  Jour.     6  :  130 
Periclista  media  Nort.",  green  ;  white  oak.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.     6:  132 
Periclista  purpuridorsum  Dyar,  greenish  white,  thorax  greenish  ;   white  oak.     N.  Y. 

Ent.  Soc.  Jour.     6  :  i  30 
PericHsta  subtruncata  Dyar,   smooth   wa.xy  greenish  ;  black  oak.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc. 

Jour.     6 :  132 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


703 


Periclista  emarginata   MacGill.,  pale  spined,  green.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.   Soc.  Jour. 

6:131 
Isodyctium  infrequens   Dyar,    white   spined,    green ;  white    oak.     N.   Y.    Ent.    Soc. 

Jour.      6  :  135 
Isodyctium  subgregarium   Dyar,  black  spined,  green  ;  white  oak.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc. 

Jour.      6:134 
Isodyctium  murtfeldtiae   Dyar,   green,   spined  ;  black   oak.     N.  Y.  Ent.    Soc.   Jour. 

6:  135 
Nematus   chloreus  Nort.,  whitish  green.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.     6:  123 
Pteronus  integer  Say,  green,  dark  behind  eye.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.    6:122 
Pteronus  quercus  Marlatt,  yellowish  or  dark  green.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour. 

6:  122 
Hemichroa  albidovariata  Nort.,  brown,   black   spots   laterally.     Dyar.      N.  Y.   Ent. 

.Soc.  Jour.     6:125 
Hemichroa  fraternalis  Nort.,  greenish,  with  dark  lateral  band.     Dyar.     N.  Y.   Ent. 

Soc.  Jour.     6  :  124 
Hemichroa  phytophagica  Dyar,  green.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.     6:  125 
Monophadnus  dilutus  Cress.,  pale  green,  S/g  in.     Pack.     p.  206 
Monostegia  quercusalbae  Nort.,  pale  green.     Pack.     p.  205 
Monostegia  quercuscoccineae  Dyar,  vi'hite,  black  oak.     Can.  Ent.     26:42 

Beetles 

Brachys  aeruginosa  Gory.     Ent.  Am.     5  :  32.     Beech. 

Dichelonycha  fuscula  Lee.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.     27  :  283 

Lachnosterna  quercus  Knoch.     Pack. 

Systena  taeniata  Sa\-.     Pack. 

Chlamys  plicata   Fabr.,  yellow  case-bearer,  '^  in.     Pack.     p.  205.     Sycamore,  hazel, 

birch,  alder,  sweet  fern,  blackberry 
Bassareus   detritus  Oliv.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.     2:263 
Cryptocephalus   mutabilis   Mels.,  hazel.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  302 
Cryptocephalus  guttulatus  Oliv.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.     22  :  370 
Metachroma  laevicollis  Cress.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  305 
Metachroma  pallida  Say.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  305.     Poplar 
Metachroma  quercata  Fabr.,  scrub  oak.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  305 
Xanthonia  decemnotata  Say.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.     22  :  370 

Xanthonia   villosula   Melsh.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  370.     Hickory,  hazel,  poplar 
Odontota   nervosa  Panz.,  miner,  elm.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.      13th    Rep't,  p.  61.     Linden 
Xylopinus  saperdoides  Oliv.  Pack. 
Strongylium  terminatum  Say.  Pack. 
Eugnamptus  angustatus  Herbst.,  hickory,  sycamore,  butternut,  chestnut.    Ins.  N.J. 

P-  339 
Rhynchites  aeratus  Say,  scrub  oak.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  339 
Attelabus  nigripes  Lee,  scrub  oak.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  340 
Pterocolus  ovatus  Fabr.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,     i  :  37 
Piazorhinus  pictus  Lee.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.     22  :  376 
Piazorhinus  scutellaris  Say,  hickory.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,     i  :8i 
Laemosaccus  plagiatus  Fabr.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.     1:82.     Hickory 
Balaninus  uniformis  Lee.  Pack. 
Balaninus  quercus  Horn.   Pack. 


704 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Caterpillars 

Papilio  glaucus  Linn.   var.  turnus  Linn.,  green,  yellow   and  black  marked,  13/5  in.; 

asli,  linden,  tulip,   sassafras,  apple,  quince,  plum,  thorn,  poplar,  birch,  alder.     Am. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Bui.     5  :  244 
Basilarchia  archippus  Cram.,  whitish  or  olive-green,  mottled,  horned  ;  plum,  willow, 

poplar.     French.     Butt.  East.  U.  S.     p.  212 
Basilarchia  astyanax   Fabr.,  greenish   yellow,  tuberculate.     Pack.     p.    128.     Horn- 
beam, huckleberry,  gooseberry,  apple,  plum,  cherry,  thorn 
Thecla  edwardsii  Saund.,  dark  green.     Pack.     p.  130 
Thecla  calanus   Hiibn..  }'ello\vish   or  green,  white   haired,  y^   in. :  hickory,  walnut, 

butternut,  chestnut,  thorn.     Beut.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Bui.   5:278 
Thecla  liparops   Boisd.  &  Lee,  green,  brown  humped,  ^  in. ;  chestnut,  apple,  plum, 

ciierry,  thorn,  willow,  holly.      Beut.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Bui.   5  :  279 
Thanaos  brizo   Boisd.  &  Lee,  scrub  oak.     Pack.     p.  131 
Thanaos  juvenalis  Fabr.,  green,  yellow  lined  and  dotted,  i  in.     Beut.     Am.   Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.  Bui.   5  :  301 
Anisota  virginiensis  Dru.,  yellow,  rosy  striped,  prickly,  2^4  •"■    Pack.     Nat.  Acad. 

Sci.   Mem.  9 :  102 
Haploa  clymene  Brown.  Pack. 
Charadra  deridens  Guen.,  white,  with  tufts  of  silky  white  hair;  elm,  birch.     Sm.  & 

Dyar.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  125 
Apatela  afflicta  Gr.,  brown,  with  black  dorsal  stripe.    Sm.  &  Dyar.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

Proc.   21  :  127 
Apatela  brumosa  Guen.,  olive-green,  yellowish,  banded.     Sm.  &  Dyar.      U.  S.  Nat. 

Mus.  Proc.  21  :  117.     Hickory,  witch-hazel,  plum,  willow,  birch 
Apatela  hamamelis  Guen.,  brown,  blackish  dorsal   stripe;  horse-chestnut,  chestnut, 

birch.     Sm.  &  Dyar.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  :  14.1 
Apatela  lobeliae  Guen.,  gray,  yellow  marked,  y^  in.     Pack.     p.  168.     Cherry 
Apatela  modica  Walk.,   brown   shaded,   blackish.     Sm.  &  Dyar.     U.  S.  Nat.   Mus. 

Proc.  21 :  139 
Apatela  ovata  Grote,  brown,  yellow  marked  ;  chestnut,  beech,  birch.     Sm.  &  Dyar. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.   21  :  135 
Pyrophila     pyramidoides    Guen.,   green,  white    dotted,    i^j   in.;    hickory,    walnut, 

chestnut,  maple,  box  elder,  linden,  apple,  cherry,  lilac,  willow,  poplar.     Beut.    Am. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Bui.  16:452.     Hazel 
Rhynchagrotis  alternata  Gr.,  dark  brown,  white  lined.     Dyar.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash. 

Proc.  4:316.     Hickory 
Psaphidia    thaxterianus  Grote,  brown,  green  tinted,  with  creamy  patches ;  white 

oak.     Dyar.      N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  9  :  84 
Peridroma  margaritosa    Haw.  var.   saucia  Hiibn.,  mottled,   gray,   i^    in.     Pack. 

P-  '73 
Mamestra  atlantica  Grote,  greenish  or  brown,  \'ij'(,  in.     Fletcher  &  Gibson.     Can. 

Ent.  34:279 
Graphiphora  alia  Guen.,  whitish,  red    marked.     Pack.     p.   172.     Hickory,  sassafras, 

birch 
Crocigrapha  normani  Grote.     Can.  Ent.  23  :  36 
Jodia  rufago   Hiibn.,  yellow,  black  marked.     Pack.     p.  172 
Calymnia  orina  Guen.,  whitish  green,  ^10  in.    Beut.    Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Bui.  16:457 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  705 

Scopelosoma  devia  Grote,   dark   green,  gray   or  blackish,    with   dark  dorsal    band, 

I '4  in.     Thaxter.     Can.  Ent.    16:33 
Scopelosoma  morrisoni  Grote,  black,  greenish,  bluish  white  marks,  i)/,  in.     Thaxter. 

Can.  Ent.    16  :  30 
Scopelosoma  sidus  Guen.,   dark  olive-green,   purplish   markings,  i  |/j^    in.     Thaxter. 

Can.    Ent.    16:33.      Hickory,  apple,  wild  cherry,  peach 
Scopelosoma  tristig'mata   Grote,   dark    olive-green,    orange    yellow     lined,    iji    in. 

Th.ixter.      Can.  Ent.    16:33 
Scopelosoma  walkeri  Grote,  velvety  black,  purplish  white  lined,  i ':(  in.     Thaxter. 

Can.  Ent.    16:31 
Scolecocampa    liburna    Geyer,    black    headed,     whitish,    brown    spotted,    1=5    in.; 

chestnut.      Edw.  &  Elliot.     Papilio,  3:  134 
Catocala  amasia  Abb.  &  Sm.  Pack.     p.  175  . 

Catocala  amica   Hiibn.,   slender,    greenish    yellow,    black    marked,    i  'ij.'     in.     Pack. 

p.  174  _ 

Catocala  coccinata  Grote,  dark  gray,  black  marked,  i]/,  in.  Coq.  Papilio,  i  :  56 
Catocala  epione  Drury,  reddish  gray,  bluish  marbled.  Pack.  p.  178.  Hickory 
Catocala   fratercula   Gr.   &    Rob.,  gray,  black  spotted,  white  marked,    i->4in.     Coq. 

Papilio,  1  :  7 
Catocala  ilia  Cram.,  greenish  gray,  blue,  gray  marked.     Pack.     p.  177 
Catocala  lacrymosa  Guen.,  walnut.     Pack.     p.  178.     Black  walnut 
Catocala  polygama  Guen.,  ash-gray,  dark  marked,  2^/2  in.     Pack.     p.    179.     Thorn 
Catocala  similis  Edw.,  greenish  gray.     Pack.     p.  175  . 

Catocala  ultronia  Hiibn.,  dull  grayish  brown,   lYio  i'l-     Pack.     p.  176 
Catocala  vidua  Abb.  &  Sm.,  greenish  gray,  black  marked.     Pack.     p.  178.     Hickory, 

black  walnut,  locust,  willow 
Panapoda  rufimargo   Hubn.,  dark  green,   yellow  marked,    iss    in.      Pack.      p.   172. 

Wild  cherry 
Zanclognatha  protumnusalis  Walk.  Pack. 
Palthis  asopialis  Guen.  Pack. 
Hyperaeschra  georgica  H.-S.,  green,  white  lined,  red  dotted,  i  ]i  in.      Pack.     Monogr. 

Bombycine  Moths,  p.  153 
Lophodonta  angulosa  Abb.  &  Sm.,  green,  white  lined,  white  dotted.    Pack.   Monogr. 

Bombycine  Moths,  p.  147 
Heterocampa  manteo    Dbldy.,  green,   purple  and   white   marked,    i  \^   in.  ;  walnut, 

linden,  apple,  hawthorn,   birch,   persimmon.     Pack.     Monogr.  Bombycine   Moths, 

p.  224 
Heterocampa  obliqua   Pack.,  gray  headed,  white   or  green,   many   brownish  dots. 

Pack.      Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  242 
Heterocampa  umbrata  Walk.,  green,  white  marked,  1^4  in.     Pack.     Monogr.  Bom- 
bycine Moths,  p.  249.     Hickory,  black  walnut,  hornbeam,  birch 
lanassa  lignicolor  Walk.,  green,  brown  marked  ;  hump  on  first  abdominal  segment, 

i?8  in.;  beech,  birch.     Pack.     Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  190.     Chestnut 
Schizura    ipomoeae    Dbldy.,   brown,   green   marked ;  humps  on    first,    fifth,   eighth 

abdominal    segments,    i'^   in.;  elm,  maple,  honey-locust,  birch.     Pack.     Monogr. 

Bombycine  Moths,  p.  194.     Witch-hazel,  linden 
Schizura  unicornis  Abb.  &  Sm.,  lilac,  light   marked  larva;  hump  on  first  and  eighth 

abdominal  segments;  sides  of  thora.x  green,  \]/^    in.;  hickory,  blackberry,  winter- 
berry,  elm,   apple,  plum,  thorn,   dogwood,  rose,  willow,  birch,  alder   and    probably 

hazel,  locust,  cherry,  poplar,  holly.     Pack.  Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  203 


-06  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Fentonia  marthesia  Cram.,  green,  yellow  and  red  marked,  long  tailed,  3^  in. ;  beech. 

Pack.      Monogr.  Bomb\-cinc  Moths,  p.  257 
Pseudothyatira  cymatophoroides  Gucn.,   yellowish   brown,   white    marked,  ij/^   in. 

Pack.     p.  167 
Alsophila  pometaria    Harr.,  green,   white  lined   spanworm.      Dyar.    Psyche,  9:262 

Hickory,  hop-hornbeam 
Tephroclystis    miserulata    Grote,    green,    brown    marked,    3^'    in.      Pack.     p.    190. 

Tamarack,  cedar,  juniper 
Epirrita    dilutata    Denis   &   Schiff.,   dirty    green,   red    spotted     spanworm.       Pack. 

P-  233 
Eustroma    diversilineata    HQbn.,   dark    brown,    reddish    tinted     spanworm.     Pack. 

p.  \S<).      Elm,  woodbine 
Mesoleuca  gratulata  Walk.  Dyar.     Psyche,  10:  191 
Nemoria    subcroceata  Walk.,    brownish,    white    specked,    tubercidate    spanworm. 

Dyar.      Psyche,  8  :  3S6 
Aplodes  mimosaria  Guen.,  dingy  brown  spanworm  with  curved  lateral  appendages. 

Pack.     p.  189 
Orthofidonia  vestaliata  Guen.,  hornbeam,  apple.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  445 
Paraphia  subatomaria  Wood  var.  unipuncta  Haw.,  gray,  black  marked  spanworm, 

lYio  in.      Pack.     p.  185.     Elm 
Cingilia  catenaria  Drury,  yellow,  black,  brown  marked  spanworm.     Dyar.     Psyche, 

9:250.     General  feeder.     Hazel,  pine,  juniper 
Plagodis  fervidaria  H.-S.,  pale  yellowish,   black  marked   spanworm,  i^i  in.     Pack. 

p.  186.     Beech,  ash,  cherry,  birch,  spruce 
Therina  athasiaria  Walk.,  greenish,  black  marked,  orange  shaded  spanworm.     Dyar. 

Psyche,  9  :  10.      Pine 
Therina  endropiaria  Gr.    &    Rob.,  whitish,  black  marked  spanworm,  i.^s  in.     Pack. 

p.  186.      Chestnut,  hornbeam 
Euchlaena  johnsonaria  Fitch,  cherry.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  450 

Euchlaena  pectinaria  Denis  &  Schiff.,  large,  gray  spanworm.     Pack.     p.  184.     Poplar 
Metanema  quercivoraria  Guen.,  pale  green,  red  marked  spanworm.     Pack.     p.  182. 

Elm,  willow,  poplar 
Metanema  textrinaria  Gr.  &  Rob.,  red  headed,  green  and  red  marked  humped  span- 
worm.      Pack.     Monogr.  Geometrid  Moths,     p.  508 
Nola  ovilla  Giote,  hairy,  white,  black  marked.     Dyar.     Psyche,  7:  137 
Roeselia  minuscula  Zell.  var.  phylla   Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  6:43 
Lacosoma  chiridota  Grote,   greenish,  yellow  lined,   brown    marked.     Dyar.     N.  Y. 

Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  8  :  180 
Cicinnus  melsheimeri  Harr.,  brown  or  pale  brown  case-bearer.     Pack.      p.  142 

S/nj^  caterpillars 

Euclea  chloris  H.-S.,  greenish,  salmon  lined.  Y^  in. ;  hickory,  bayberry,  chestnut, 
elm,  linden,  wild  plum,  wild  cherry,     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.   5:61 

Euclea  delphinii  Boisd.,  green,  yellow  marked,  red  horned  ;  chestnut,  beech,  bay- 
berry,  honey-locust,  wild  cherry,  sour  gum.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.   5  :  57 

Adoneta  spinuloides  H.-S.,  green,  purple  dorsally ;  a  red  and  a  shorter  yellow 
horn,  2/5  in. ;  chestnut,  beech,  witch-hazel,  bayberry,  locust,  linden,  plum,  wild 
cherry,  sour  gum,  willow,  birch.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.   5  :9 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  707 

Prolimacodes  scapha  Harr.,  green  mottled,  brown  or  yellow,  -/^  in. ;  hickory,  chest- 
nut, hop-hornbeam,  witch-hazel,   bayberry,  maple,  linden,  wild  cherry,  sweet  gum, 

birch.      Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:  172 
Natada  nasoni  Grote,  green,   subdorsal   reddish    spots,    i^    in. ;  hickor\-,    chestnut, 

beech,  ironwood.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.   7:61 
Packardia    geminata    Pack.,  whitish  green,  white   lined,  Ys  in-     Dyar.     Can.    Ent. 

23 : 277 
Packardia  elegans   Pack.,  green,  yellowish   and   dark   spotted,   Jj  in.     Dyar.     Can. 

Ent.   23  :277 
Heterogenea    shurtleffii  Pack.,  greenish,  red  spotted  ;    chestnut,    beech,    ironwood, 

locust.      Dyar.      N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  6:241 
Kronaea  minuta  Reak.,  green,  red  lined.  Pack.     p.  150.     Cliestnut 
Cochlidion   biguttata   Pack.,  whitish  green,  yellow  lined,  yi  in.     Dyar.     N.  Y.   Ent. 

Soc.  Jour.    5  :  168 
Tortricidia  testacea  Pack.,   green  ;  crimson,  yellow   marked,    '3    in.  ;  wild    cherry, 

birch.      Ins.  N.  J.     p.  487.     Linden 
Tortricidia  pallida   H.-S.,  green,  red  or  purple  marked,  '3    in.  ;  sycamore,  chestnut, 

witch-hazel,  bayberry,  maple,  cherry,  willow  birch.     Dyar.     N.  Y.    Ent.  Soc.  Jour. 

4:167 

Leaf  rollers 

Exartema  inornatanum  Clem.,  white  oak.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10 :  30 
Tmetocera  ocellana  Schiff.,  brown  headed,  light  brown,  )<  in. ;  laurel  oak.      Fitch. 

3d  Rep't,  p.  27 
Cenopis  reticulatana  Clem.,  osage  orange,   maple,  pear,  persimmon.     Pack.     p.    194 
Cenopis  diluticostana  Wlsm.,  cultivated  cherry.     Pack.     p.  194 
Archips  grisea   Robs.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:  13 
Archips  setniferana  Walk.  Pack.     p.  192.     Hickory,  box  elder 
Pandemis  limitata  Robs.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  .10:  14 
Tortrix  albicomana  Clem.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:  iS.     Rose 
Eulia  velutinana  Walk.,  maple,  balsim.     Pack.     p.  196 
Aristotelia  rubidella   Clem.,  green,   purple   striped   and   dotted.     Murt.     Can.   Ent. 

6:222 
Telphusa  quercinigracella  Chamb.,  black  marked,  yellowish  ;  black  oak.     Can.  Ent. 

4:  171 
Telphusa  querciella  Chamb.,  brown  headed,  whitish,  purple  spotted.     Clem.     Can. 

Ent.  4 :  128 
Recurvaria    quercivorella     Chamb.,    white,    red    spotted ;     in    silken    tube.      Clem. 

Can.  Ent.  4:  173 
Trypanisma    prudens    Clem.,  ovoid  larva  beneath  web  on    under    surface    of    leaf. 

Tineina  N.  A.     p.  126 
Epithectis  gallaegenitella  Clem.,  in  spongy  gall  tissues.     Tineina  N.  A.     p.  243 
Ypsolophus  ligulellus  Hubn.,  striped,  white  and  black,  6/10  in.     Pack.     p.  202 
Ypsolophus  quercicellus   Chamb.,  grayish   or   greenish,  reddish   tinged,  i    in.     Can. 

Ent.  4: --3 
Aristotelia  rubidella  Clem.  Pack. 
Gelechia  bicostomaculella  Chamb.,  yellowish  ;  head  and  thorax  dark  brown.    Clem. 

Can.  Ent.  4  :  207 
Paralechia  cristifasciella  Chamb.,  dark  green,  red  banded.     Pack.     U,  S.  Div.  Ent. 

Bui.  32:56 


7o8 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Gelechia  vernella    Murt.,   gray  :  purple   or  red  lined   larva,   laurel   oak.     Can.   Ent. 

13  :  244 
Stenoma  schlaegeri  Zell.,  flattened,  pale  green,  ji  in.     Pack.     p.  197 
Cryptolechia  quercicella  Clem.,   brown  headed,   greenish,  black  marked,  yi   in. ;  in 

leafy  nest.      U.  S.  Div.  Ent.  Bui.   13:27 
Machimia  tentoriferella  Clem.,  large   headed,  green  tapering  larva  under  web  near 

midrib,  hickory  and  wild  cherry.      Tineina  N.  A.     p.  148 
Euclemensia  bassettella  Clem.  Pack. 

Lnr/  miners 
Coleophora  querciella  Clem.,  dark  brown,  pistol-shaped  case.     Tineina  N.  A.     p.  168 
Nepticula  anguinella   Clem.,   linear,   serpentine   mine   full  of  black   frass.     Tineina 

N.  A.     p.  175  .  , 

Nepticula    saginella    Clem.,   transparent,    medium,    serpentine ;    central    frass    line. 

Tineina  N.  A.     p.  175 
Nepticula   quercipulchella  Chamb.  Pack. 
Nepticula  quercicastanella  Chamb.  Pack. 
Nepticula  platea   Clem.,    mine    moderate,    winding,    scattered    frass    line.      Tineina 

N.  A.     p.  175 
LithocoUetes  albanotella    Chamb.,  tentiform    mine   on   under    surface.     Cin.  Quar. 

Jour.  Sci.   2  :  102 
LithocoUetes  aeriferella  Clem.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  5 :  187 
LithocoUetes   argentifimbriella  Clem.,  tentiform,   marginal   mine    under  folded   leaf 

edge.      Chamb.      Cin.  Guar.  Jour.  Sci.  2  :  103 
LithocoUetes  blancardella    Eabr.,  mine  on   underside  near  midrib.     Clem.     Tineina 

N.  A.      p.   141.      Wild  cherry,  thorn 
LithocoUetes  bethuniella  Chamb.  Pack. 
LithocoUetes  bifasciella   Chamb.  Pack. 

LithocoUetes  basistrigella  Clem.,  blister  mine,  under  surface.     Tineina  N.  A.     p.  70 
LithocoUetes  cincinnatiella  Chamb.  P.syche.     2  :  83 
LithocoUetes  fasciella   Walsm.,  oval,  flat,  upper  surface,  later  corrugated  in  middle. 

Chamb.      Cin.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci.  2:  103 
LithocoUetes   hageni   Frey  &  Boll.  Pack. 
LithocoUetes   obstrictella  Clem.,  cylindric,  yellow  larva  in  mine,  under  surface,  black 

oak.     Tineina  N.  A.     p.  74 
LithocoUetes  quercialbeUa  Fitch.,    marginal    mine,    under    surface.     Chamb.     Cin. 

Quar.  Jour.  Sci.   2:  102 
LithocoUetes   tubifereUa  Clem.,  serpentine  frass-lined  tract,  upper  surface.     Tineina 

N.  A.     p.    140 
Coriscium  albinatella  Chamb.  Pack. 
Tischeria   fuscomarginella  Chamb.,  marginal   mine   below  under  curled  edge.     Cin. 

Quar.  Jour.  Sci.  2:110 
Tischeria  pruinosella  Chamb.  Pack. 
Tischeria  badiiella  Chamb.,   whitish   blotch   mine,  upper  surface.     Cin.  Quar.  Jour. 

-Sci.  2  :  109 
Tischeria  citrinipenneUa  Clem.,  white,  blotch  mine,  upper   surface.     Tineina   X.  A. 

p.  82.      Ash 
Coptotriche  zelleriella  Clem.,  white  or   brown   blotch  mine,  upper  surface.     Tineina 

N.  A.     p.  Si 
Argyresthia  austerella  Zell.,  chestnut,     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  481 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND    WOODLAND   TREES 


709 


Sucking    insects 
'^Thelia  univittata    Harr.,  brown,  white-lined    tree  hopper,  i-^^  in.,  on   twigs.     Pack, 
p.  98 

Aphids  or  plant   lice 
Lachnus  quercifoliae  Fitch.     Pack. 

Schizoneura  querci  Fitch,  black  aphids,  's  in.     Pack.     p.  212 
Chaitophorus  spinosus  Oestl.,  orange  or  yellow  aphid,  '],,  in.     Pack.     p.  213 
Callipterus  bellus  Walsh.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  104 

Callipterus  discolor  Mon.,  dark  rose  colored  aphid.     Pack.     p.  210 
Callipterus  hyalinus  Mon.     Ins.  N.   J.     p.  104 
Callipterus  punctatus  Mon.  Pack.     p.  210 

Callipterus  quercifolii  Thorn.,  brownish  aphid  with  annulate  antennae.     Pack.    p.  211 
Aphis  quercifoliae  Walsh.,  pale  greenish  aphid.     Pack.     p.  209. 

Scale  i/isccls 
Eulecanium  antennatum  Sign.  Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  181 
Eulecanium  lymani  King,  P"ern.     Coccidae,  p.  190 

Eulecanium  quercitronis  P'itch,  - 10  in.  ;  black  oak.     Pack.     p.  98.     Ironwood 
Eulecanium  querciferc  Fitch,  -^,0  in.     Pack.     p.  98 
Kermes  andrei  King,  brown,  hemispheric;  white  oak.     Psyche,  9  :  22 
Kermes  perryi  King,  scrub  oak.     Psyche,  g:  81 
Kermes  pettiti  Ehrh.,  brown,  hemispheric.     King.     Psyche,  9:81 
Kermes  kingii  Ckll.,  red  oak.     Fern.    Coccidae,  p.  63 

Kermes  nivalis  King  &  Ckll.,  brown,  hemispheric ;  white  oak.     King.     Psyche,  9:80 
Kermes  pubescens  Bogue.  Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  64 
Kermes  quercus  Linn.  Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  64 
Eriococcus  quercus  Comst.  F"ern.     Coccidae,  p.  78 
Sphaerococcus  sylvestris  Ckll.,  white  oak.     Can.  Ent.  30:326 
Chrysomphalus  obscurus  Comst.,  hickory.     Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  291 

Acorn  feeders 

Holcocera  glandulella  Riley,  yellow  or  grayish  white  larva.     Chittenden.     U.  S.  Div. 

Ent.  Bui.  44  :  38 
Melissopus  latiferreanus  WIsm.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:34 

OAK   OALLS 

Acorn  galls 

Andricus  operator  O.  S.  form   operatola   Riley  &  Bass.,  five  or  six  galls  in  aborted 

acorns.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  26:315 
Andricus  perditor  Bass.,  galled  acorns  exude  a  liquid.    Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  26:  313 

Twig  galls  and  others 

Andricus  seminosus  Bass.,  subconic,  apical,  'i  to  i  in.    Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  17:76 

Andricus  gibbosus  Prov.     Nat.  Can.  12:2.32 

Andricus  obtusilobae  Bass.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  26:  ;i6 


y\0  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Amphibolips  caroliniensis  Bass.,   coarsely    reticulated    oak    apple.     Am.   Ent.   Soc. 

Trans.   17  :  85 
Neuroterus   exiguus  Bass.,  aments  enlarged,  nodular.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  26:333 
Neuroterus  crassitelus  Prov.     Nat.  Can.   12:232 
Neuroterus   dubia  Bass.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.   26:335 

Cecidomyia   majulis  O.  S.,  green  or  reddish  blister  gall.    Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  3  :  53 
Cecidomyia  niveipila  O.    S.,    pubescent    folded    rib   gall.     Diptera   N.  A.  i  :  199 
Cecidomyia  symmetrica  O.  S.,  small,   globular,   hard,  red.     Diptera  N.  A.  i  :  200 
Phylloxera  rileyi  Licht.,  circular,  yellow  spot  on  underside.     Pack.     p.  208 

WHITE   OAK 

Root  gall 
Biorhiza  nigra  Eitch.     Nox.  Ins.  N.  Y.  5:2 

Twig  galls 

Andricus  ?  indistinctus  Bass.,  globular,  broad  base,  ^g  in.  diameter.     Am.  Ent.  Soc. 

Trans.   17:81 
Andricus  tuber   Fitch,    irregular  swellings  thrice   the   size  of  the   twig.     Nox.   Ins. 

N.  Y.  5 : 26 
Amphibolips  badius  Bass.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  26:323 

Dryophanta  radicola  Ashm.,  yellow,  fig-shaped,  clustered.     Insect  Galls  Ind.    p.  836 
Dryophanta   pallipes  Bass.,  apical  enlargement  with    threadlike   appendages.     Am. 

Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  26:327 
Cynips  juglans  O.  S.,  round  gall,  3/4  to  i  in.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  i  :255 
Biorhiza  loxaulis  Maj-r.,  woody  knots  at  base  of  young  shoots.     Can.  Ent.  13:76 

Bud  galls 
Dryophanta  clarkei  Bass.,  round,  smooth,  diameter  3  jf^  in.     Am.   Ent.   Soc.  Trans. 

■7:69  _ 

Neuroterus  minutus  Bass.,  greatly  enlarged  petioles  without  leaf.     Can.  Ent.   13:96 
Cynips  vesicula  Bass.,  smooth,  brown,  central.     Can.  Ent.  13:97 

Leaf  galls 
Andricus  cicatricula  Bass.,  polythalamous,  conical,  midrib,  yi  to   'a  in.     Am.   Ent. 

Soc.  Trans.  17  :  80 
Andricus  flocci  Walsh,  oval,  1/5  to  3^  in.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  2 :  482 
Andricus  foliaformis  Gill.,  warty,   leafy  growth   on   underside   of  midrib.     Psyche, 

5:214 
Andricus  fusiformis  O.  S.,  fusiform,  pedicellate,  1/5    in.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.    i  :6i 
Andricus  futilis  O.  S.,  spheric,  on  both  sides,  '4  in.      Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  i  :  63 
Andricus  utriculus  Bass.,  globular,  green  or  purplish,  Yt  in.     Can.  Ent.  13:78 
Neuroterus  exiguissimus  Bass.,  woolly,  midrib   gall,   .03   in.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans. 

26:332 
Neuroterus  pallipes  Bass.,   small,  hairy  on    stem  or  midrib.     Am.   Ent.   Soc.  Trans. 

17:89 
Neuroterus  perminimus  Bass.,  pustulate,  abundant.     Am.  Ent.   Soc.    Trans.   26:332 
Neuroterus  majalis  Bass.,  green,  '4  to  i  in.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  3:683 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND    WOODLAND   TREES 


711 


Neuroterus  consimilis    Bass.,  woody,    polythalamous,  3/j;    in.     Am    Ent    Soc    Trans 

-6:, ^35 
Piiilonix  fulvicollis  Fitch.     Nox.  Ins.  N.  ¥.5:3 

Philonix  gillettei  Bass.,  oval,  tufted,  pimply,  .15  in.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans,  --e  •  -^--^ 
Philonix  nigricollis  Fitch.     Nox.  Ins.  N.  Y.  5  :  3  ~    ' ''"' 

Biorhiza  rubinus  Gill.,  subglobular  ros)^ ;  underside,  y^  i"-     Psyche,  5:215 
Acraspis  niger  Gill.,    small,    brown,   globular,   pubescent ;   underside    of  leaf.     Gill. 

Ent.  Am.  6  :  23 
Phylloxera  querceti    Perg.,    many    small,    yellow    spots    along    veins  ;    other    oaks. 

Davenport  Acad.  Sci.  Proc.  9:  263 
Phylloxera  rileyi   Riley,   yellowish,  circular  spots   on  post  oak.     Perg.     Davenport 

Acad.  Sci.  Proc.  9:  261 

SWAMP   OAK 

Twig  galls 
Holcaspis  bassetti  Gill.,  irregular,  massed.     Psyche,  5:215 
Neuroterus   distortus  Bass.,  leafy  polythalamous  gall,  jA  in.     Am.  Ent    Soc    Trans 

26:336  _ 

Neuroterus  noxiosus    Bass.,   large   terminal    or    subterminal    swellincrs.      Can    Ent 

13: 108 

Bud  galls 
Andricus  ashmeadii  Bass.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  26:320 
Andricus  incertus  Bass.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  26:  317 
AmphiboHps  melanocera  Ashm.,    globular    bud    axil   gall.     Am.   Ent.   Soc.  Trans. 

12  :  299 

Leaf  galls 
Andricus  capsulus  Bass.,  pedicellate,  marginal,  }i  in.     Can.   Ent.    13:  loi 
Andricus  ignotus  Bass.,  oval,  sessile  galls  on  midrib  and  veins.     Can.  Ent.  13:  106 
Cynips  floccosa  Bass.,  many,  small,  hairy;  under  surface.     Can.  Ent.  13:  in 
Cynips  nigricens  Gill.,  clustered,  cone-shaped;  under  surface.     Psyche,  5:217 

POST    OAK 

Twig  gall 
Dryophanta  longicornis  Bass.,  apical  enlargement.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  26:327 

Leaf  galls 
Andricus  pattoni  Bass.,  clustered  woolly  galls  along  mid  vein.     Can.  Ent.  13:98 
Andricus  pruinosus  Bass.,  round,  thin,  '/,  to  Vb  in.     Am.    Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  26:311 
Andricus  quinqueseptum    Ashm.,    globular    petiole    galls.     Am.    Ent.    Soc.    Trans. 

12:299 
Andricus  tubicola  O.  S.,  yellow  tubular,  red   spined,    '3   in.      Ent.   Soc.   Phila.    Proc. 

I  :  60 
Holcaspis  centricola  O.  S.,  globular,  silky  white,  i,^  in.      Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  i  :  58 
Neuroterus  irregularis  O.    S.,   flattened,  yellow  galls,  i',  in.     Ent.  Soc.   Phila    Proc 

1:65 
Neuroterus  verrucarum  O.  S.,  round,  pubescent,  'io  in.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  i  :  62 


712 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


RED    OAK 

Twig  galls 
Amphibolips  formosa  Bass.,  elongate,  oval,  ,'4  to  i  in.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  3  :  679 

Bud   gall 
Amphibolips  cookii  Gill.,  subglobular,  acuminate,  i  in.     Psyche,  5  :  220 

Leaf  galls 
Andricus  femoratus  Ashm.,  globular,  central,  supported   cell,  diameter  .3    in.     Am. 

Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  14:  141 
Andricus  modestus  O.  S.,  hard,    irregular,  green   galls.      Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  i  165 
Andricus  piperoides   Bass.,  pubescent,  clustered    midrib   gall,  diameter  'g   to   }s   in. 

Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  26:314 
Amphibolips  coelebs  O.  S.,  fusiform,  pale  green,  i  in.     Ent.    Soc.    Phila.  Proc.  i  :  60 
Amphibolips  sculpta  Bass.,  globular,   whitish,  %  to   i^{   in.      Ent.   Soc.   Phila.   Proc. 

2:324 
Dryophanta  liberaecellulae  Gill.,  globular,  fuzzy,  }i  in.     Gill.     Ent.  Am.  6:24 
Dryophanta  papula   Bass.,  many  sharp   points   on   upper  surface  of  thickened  por- 
tions ;  scarlet  oak.     Gill.     Psyche,  5  :  187 
Dryophanta  pedunculata    Bass.,    stemmed,    ovate,    curved  ;  scarlet    oak.     Am.   Ent. 
Soc.  Trans.  17  172 

SCARLET    OAK 

Ament    gall 
Neuroterus  pallidus  Bass.,   clustered,  woody   colored   galls.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans. 
1 7  :  88 

Leaf  galls 

Andricus  pusulatoides   Bass.,   blisterlike,   apical,   diameter    }4,   by  '5  in.     Am.    Ent. 

Soc.  Trans.    17:74 
Andricus  saccularius   Bass.,  pouch   galls   on    underside,  diameter  Yio  in.     Am.  Ent. 

Soc.  Trans.  17:  76 

CHESTNUT   OAK 

Twig  galls 
Neuroterus  rileyi   Bass.,  irregular  swellings  on  twig.     Am.  Ent.  3  :  153 

SWAMP   CHESTNUT  OAK 

Leaf  gall 
Andricus  papillatus  O.  .S.,  rounded,  '  6  in.,  with  reddish   aureole.      Ent.  Soc.   Phila. 
Proc.  I  :  64 

AVILLOW   O.VK 

Twig  gall 
Amphibolips  phellos  O.  S..  rounded  swellings,  '3  in.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  i  :  70 

•  QUERCUS   MONTANA 

Leaf  gall 
Biorhiza  hirta  Bass.,  round,  on  veins,  '-4  in.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  3:687 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  713 

BLACK    OAK 

Twig  gall 
Andricus  scitula  Bass.,  subconical,  3^  to  i^  in.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  3  :  683 

Leaf  galls 
Callirhytis  tumifica  O.  S.,  midrib  swellings.      Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  4:356 
Neuroterus  favosus    Bass.,   flattened   polythalamous,    }^   to    i    in.     Am.    Ent.    Soc. 

Trans.   17  :  S7 
Neuroterus  pigra  Bass.,  irregular  midrib  swellings ;  beneath.     Can.  Ent.  13:105 

BLACK   JACK   OAK  GALLS 

Andricus  operator  O.  S.,  round,   woolly,   seedlike   grains   within.     Ent.  Soc.   Phila. 

Proc.  I  :  256 
Andricus  nigrae  O.  S.,  elongate  midrib  swellings.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  i  :  66 

BUR   0.\K 

Leaf  galls 
Neuroterus  flavipes  Gill.,  hard,  woody,  midrib  swelling,  i}(  in.    Gill.    Ent.  Am.  6:21 
Neuroterus  vernus  Gill.,  enlarged  petioles  or  swollen  catkins.    Gill.     Ent.  Am.  6:22 
Neuroterus  nigrum  Gill.,  clustered,  pimplelike,  '/12  in.     Psyche,  5  :2i8 
Philonix  villosus  Gill.,  globular;   underside  of  midrib,  S/jg  in.     Psyche,  5  :2i8 
Philonix  macrocarpae  Bass.,  oval,  faceted  ;  lateral   veins  beneath.     Am.    Ent.   Soc. 

Trans.  17  :  84 
Eriophyes  querci  Garm.,  green,  yellowish  gall,  '  10  to  V'5  in.     Pack.     p.  213 

SCRUB   OAK 

Twig    galls 
Andricus  similis   Bass.,  clavate,  apical.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.   3  :  685 
Andricus  ventricosus    Bass.,  truncate,  cone-shaped,   y^    to   ^g    in.     Ent.  Soc.   Phila. 

Proc.  3  :  681 
Cynips  rugosa  Bass.,  round,  sessile  galls,  yi    to    }^  in.   diameter.     Can.  Ent.  13:  100 

Ament  gall 
Dryophanta  clarkei  Bass.,  black,  polythalamous,  .08  in.    Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  17:79 

Bud  galls 
Andricus  patiens  Bass.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  26:312 
Holcaspis  fasciata  Bass.,  apical  clusters,  mottled  or  banded.     Am.  Ent.  .Soc.  Trans. 

26:328 
Amphibolips  verna  Bass.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  26:321 

Neuroterus  affinis  Bass.,  round,  thin,  partly  hidden  by  bud  scales.    Can.  Ent.  13  :  103 
Neuroterus  corrugis  Bass.     Can.  Ent.  13:  109 

Dryophanta  gemula  Bass.,  early  acornlike,  "[o  '"•     Can.  Ent.  13:  104 
Dryophanta  parvula  Bass.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  26 :  326 

Leaf  gall 
Andricus  ostensackenii  Bass.,  round,  greenish  yellow.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  2  :  327 


7H 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


CHINQUAPIN   OAK 

Bud  galls 
Cynips  frondosa  Bass.,  Conical,  's  in.      Cat.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  3:688 
Andricus  pulchellus  Bass.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  26:314 
Dryophanta  corrugis  liass.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  17:71 

TIUKKY    SCRUB  OAK    GALL 

Andricus  quercifoliae   Ashm.,   globular,    succulent ;    loose   kernel.     Am.    Ent.   Soc. 
Trans.  12  :  299 

PIN   OAK 

Leaf  gall 
Andricus  palustris  O.  S.,  globular,  hollow,   I3  in.      Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  i  :  62 

GUEST   FLIES 

Synergus  albipes  Walsh.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  2:496 

Synergus  carnpanula  O.  S.,  in  gall  of  Holcaspis  globulus    Fitch.     Ent.  Soc. 

Phila.  Proc.  4:  376 
Synergus  dimorphus  O.  S.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  4:  376 
Synergus  laeviventris  O.  S.,  in  oak  apple.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.   Proc.  i  :  57 
Synergus  lignicolor  O.  S.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  i  :252 
Synergus  mendax  Walsh,    bred    from    galls  of    Andricus    p  o  d  a  g  r  a  e    Walsh. 

Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  2:498 
Synergus  oneratus  Harr.,  bred   from  gall  of  Andricus    globulus.     Ent.  Soc. 

Phila.  Proc.  2  :  49S 
Synergus    rhoditiformis   Walsh,  in  galls  of    Andricus    podagrae.      Ent.   Soc. 

Phila.  Proc.  2  :  499 
Ceroptres  arbos    Fitch,  C.  tuber  Fitch,   guests   of    Andricus    clavula    Bass. 

No.K.  Ins.  N.  Y.  5  :  29 
Ceroptres  petiolicola  O.  S.,  bred   from  gall  of  Andricus    p  c  t  i  o  1  i  c  o  1  a.      Ent. 

Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  I  :  67 
Ceroptres  ficus    P'itch,    guest    of    Biorhiza    forticornis    Walsh.     Nox.    Ins. 

N.  Y.  5 : 32 
Ceroptres   inermis  Walsh,  in   gall  of  Cecidomyia   pilulae  Walsh.      Ent.  Soc. 

Phila.  Proc.    2  :  498 
Ceroptres  obtusilobae  Ashm.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  12:300 

PARA.SITES 

Acraspis  pezomachoides  O.  S.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  i  1250 

Anacharis  subcompressa  Prov.    Nat.  Can.  12:237 

Ibalia  anceps  Say.     Compl.  Wr.  i  :2i8 

Ibalia  maculipennis  Hald.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Proc.  3:  127 

Eucoila  stigmata  Say.     Compl.  Wr.  2:  717 

Eucoila  impatiens  Say.     Compl.  Wr.  2:717 

Eucoila  pedata  Say.     Compl.  Wr.  2:717 

Eucoila  mellipes  Say.     Compl.  Wr.  2:718 

Figites  impatiens  Say.     Compl.  W'r.  2:718 

Figites  chinquapin  Fitch.     Nox.  Ins.  N.  Y.  5  :40 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 


715 


Periclistis  futilis  O.  S.,  in  A  n  d  r  i  c  u  s    f  u  t  i  1  i  s  gall.      Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Pioc.  i  :  64 

Onychia  armatus  Say.     Compl.  Wr.  2:716 

Onychia  quinquelineata  Say.     Compl.  Wr.  2:716 

Aegilips  obtusilobae  O.    S.,  from  globular  galls,  u'  in.     Ent.  Soc.  I'hila.  Proc.  1  :  68 

HICKORY    BOKERS 

Agrilus  egenus  Gory.   Pack.     p.  291.     Locust 

Anthaxia  aeneogaster  Lap.     Hopk.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  32  :  182 

Anthaxia  viridifrons  Gory,  twig  borer,  yc,  in.     Pack.     p.  292.      Elm 

Acraaeodera  culta  Web.     Hopk.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  32:  1S3 

Pachyscelus  purpureus  Say.     Ent.  Am.  5  :  32 

Hadrobregmus  errans  Melsh.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  365 

Trichodesma   klagesi  Fall.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  31  :  173 

Heterachthes  quadrimaculatus  Newm.     Pack.     p.  293 

Phyton  pallidum  Say.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  3  :  97.     Redbud 

Molorchus    bimaculatus    Say.    Pack.       p.     293.     Walnut,    ash,     maple,  shad   bush, 

dogwooil 
Stenosphenus  notatus  Oliv.     Can.  Ent.  20:66 

Neoclytus   scutellaris  Oliv.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  368.     Elm,  grape 
Neoclytus   luscus  Lee.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:77 
Clytanthus   ruricola  Oliv.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:77 
Clytanthus  albofasciatus  Lap.  Pack.     p.  292.     Grape 
Tillomorpha  geminata  Hald.   Pack.     p.  294.     White  oak 
Centrodera  picta  Hald.     Lis.  N.  J.     p.  291 
Goes  oculata  Lee,  oak.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:78 
Acanthoderes  quadrigibbus   Say,    oak,    beech,    hackberry,    box    elder.     Ent.    Soc. 

Wash.  Proc.  3  :  99 
Leptostylus   biustus  Lee,  oi-ange.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:79 
Liopus  alpha   Say  var.  cinereus  Lee.  Pack.     p.  291.     Locust 
Liopus  crassulus  Lee.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  23:  122 
Lepturges  facetus  Say.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22:369.     Juniper 
Ecyrus  dasycerus  Say.   Pack.     p.  292.     Locust,  tulip,  redbud 
Eupogonius  vestitus  Say.   Pack.     p.  292.     Walnut,  chestnut,  dogwood 
Dysphaga  tenuipes  Hald.  Pack.     p.  291.     Oak,  walnut,  redbud 
Auletes  ater  Lee.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  375.     Sweet  fern 
Otidocephalus   chevrolatii  Horn.,  elm,  hazel,  grape.      N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  142 
Otidocephalus  myrmex  Herbst.,  hazel,  grape.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  142 
Anthonomus  suturalis  Lee.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     14th  Rep't,  p.  50 
Conotrachelus  elegans  Say.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,      i  :  82 
Conotrachelus  nenuphar  Plerbst.  Pack. 
Cryptorhynchus  fallax  Lee.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  83 
Cryptorhynchus   obliquus  Say.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :83 
Acoptus  suturalis  Lee.   Pack.     p.  297.     Beech,  hornbeam 
Hypothenemus  crudiae  Panz.,  oak.     Lis.  N.  J.     p.  362 

Hypothenemus  dissimilis  Zimm.     Hopk.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  31 :  133 
Xylocleptes   decipiens  Lee.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  2  :  394 
Micracis   suturalis    Lcc.,  oak,    black   walnut,  prickly  ash,   white   ash,   black   locust, 

sassafras,  willow,  redbud.      Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  2  :  394 
Micracis  aculeata  Lee.     Can.  Ent.  23:65 


7l6  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Thysanoes  fimbricornis  Lee.   Pack.     p.  293 

Acrobasis  caryae  Grote,  gieenisli,  brown  spotted  caterpillar,  sparse  white  hairs,  ^ 

in.,  in  twigs.      Papilio,  1:13 
Acrobasis  angusella  Grote,  in  leaf  steni.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  17:  121 

HHKOIiY 

Leaf  feeders 

0 

Odontophyes  aviingrata  Dyar,  solitary,, footless,  dung-mimickintj  larva;  butternut. 

Psyche,  8:212 
Isodyctium  caryicolum  Djar,  light  green  larva,  dorsal  line  darker.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc. 

Jour.  6:  I35  ,  . 

Macrophya  externa   Say,   sordid,   pinkish,   wa.Ken   larva  with    darker  dorsal    band. 

Dyar.      Can.  Ent.  30:  173 
Acordulecera   dorsalis  Say,  colorless  larva,  head  pale  or  black  ;  oak.     Dyar.     N.  Y. 

Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  5  :  199 
Dichelonycha  elongata  F"abr.,  oak,  beech,   elm,  hazel.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     14th   Rep't. 

p.  43.      Willow,  birch,  alder,  pine 
Lachnosterna   hirticula  Knoch.,  bur  oak.     Ky.  Agr.  E.xp.  Sta.     Bui.  120,  p.  76 
Bassareus  mammifer  Newm.,  ha7,el.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  301 
Tymnes  violaceus    Horn.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22:370 
Phyllotreta  picta  .Say.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.- 316 

Eugnamptus  collaris  Fabr.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  36.     Scrub  oak,  butternut 
Rhynchites  aeratus  Say.     Can.  Ent.    23:21 

Caterpillars 
Apatela  innotata    Guen.,    gray,    brown,  yellow    and    black  spotted.     Sm.  &   Dyar. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  :74  ' 

Apatela  funeralis  Gr.  &  Rob.,  sooty  black,  white  patches,  \i\,  in.  ;  elm,  apple,  birch. 

Sm.  &  Dyar.      U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  :  101 
Baileya  dormitans  Guen.     Can.  Ent.  23:35 
Prodsnia  commelinae  Abb.  &  Sm.  Pack. 
Mamestra  detracta   Walk.,    pale  yellowish,   marbled,   red    brown  ;  oak   bud  feeder. 

Dyar.  Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  4:  319 
Catocala  angusi  Grote.  Pack.  p.  305 
Catocala  Judith  Streck,  greenish  black,  lighter   reticulations,  1^4  in.     Dodge.     Can. 

Ent.  11:  224 
Catocala  fiebilis    Grote,    gray,  green   tinted,    black    dotted,   white    marked,   2'_'    in. 

Kellicott.      Papilio,  1  :  141 
Catocala  habilis  Grote,   dark   or   light   striped,  whitish   ventrally,  2    in.     Kellicott. 

Ent.  Am.  2  :  46.      Walnut 
Catocala  insolabilis   Guen.   Pack.     p.  304 

Catocala  obscura  Streck,  dark  gray,  black  marked,  2  in.     Pack.     p.  305 
Catocala  palaeogama   Guen.,    reddish,    dark   striped,    23/j^   in.     I-"rench.     Can.    Ent. 

20:  loS.      Black  walnut,  chestnut 
Catocala  robinsonii  Grote.   Pack.  p.  303 
Catocala  serena  Edw.   Pack.     p.  303 
Heterocampa   subrotata    Haw.,    green,  black  and  brown   marked,  2%    in.  ;   maple, 

witch-hazel,  dogwood,  birch.     Dyar.     Ent.  Am.  6:209 
Schizura  leptinoides  Grote,  pale  brown,  darker  mottled,  tuberculate,  2'/  in.     Dyar. 

Ent.  Am.  6:  230.     Black  walnut 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND   TREES  717 

Olene   leucophaea  Abb.   &   Sm.,  black  headed,  whitish,  hairy  ;  bhick  hair  tufts  and 

pencils;   oak.     Dyar.     Psyche,  7 :  135.     Persimmon 
Cochlidion  y-inversa  Pack.,  greenish  slug  caterpillar.     Dyar  &  Morton.     N.  Y.  Ent. 

Soc.  Jour.  3  :  151-57.      Blue  beech 
Tortricidia     flexuosa    Grote,    yellowish    and    green    slug    caterpillar,    dorsal     mark 

variable,  75  in.  ;   oak,  chestnut,   hazel,  wild   cherry.     Dyar.     N.  V.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour. 

6 :  94  '  ^ 

Exartema  versicoloranum  Clem.  Pack,     p-  313 
Epagoge   caryae  Robs.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  io:2i' 
Archips  infumatana  Zell.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10 :  1 1 
Eulia  juglandana  Fern.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:  15.     Walnut 
Ypsolophus   caryaefoliellus   Chamb.,  red    headed,  green,  white  striped,  ^.^  in.     Can. 

Ent.  4:  224 

Leaf  miners 

Coptodisca   lucifluella  Clem.,  brown   headed,  green,  black   spot^ed.     Tineina  N.  A. 

P-  U3 
Gelechia  caryaevorella  Pack.     Pack.     p.  3*14 
Coleophora    caryaefoliella   Clem.,    dark    brown,    cylindric    cas^e    bearer ;    dogwood. 

Tineina  N.  .\.     p.  i6f') 
Nepticula  caryaefoliella  Clem.,  pale  green  with  brownish  head.     Pack.     p.  315 
Lithocolletes  caryaefoliella  Clem.,  black  or  brownish.    Pack.    p.  334.     Black  walnut, 

butternut 
Lithocolletes   celtifoliella   Chamb.,   yellowish   larva;  tent   mine    on    under  surface. 
Can.  Ent.  3  :  129 

Leaf  sucking    insects 
Nezara  pennsylvanica  Dc  Gr.,  green,  black  marked  bug,  3/5  in.     Pack.     p.  326 
^   Cyrtolobus  vau  Say,  butternut.      Ent.  Soc.  Ont.      13th  Rep't,  p.  ■]•/ 
C' Telamona  fasciata  Fitch,  yellowish,  black  marked  tree  hopper,  V5  ''i-     Pack.     p.  325 
■^  Ceresa  brevicornis    Fitch,   yellowish,    brown   marked,    horned    tree    hopper,    '^    in. 
„       Pack.     p.  325  ■ 

'^  Microcentrus   caryae  Fitch,  dull  brown,  yellowish  tree  hopper,  ^  in.     Pack.     p.  324 
C  Cixius  coloepium    Fitch,   black  tree  hopper,    wings   brown,   banded,  Vs  in.       Pack. 

p.  326 
0  Cixius  cinctifrons  Fitch,  white,  brown   marked  tree  hopper,  ^5  in.     Pack.     p.  325 
<£   Diedrocephala  coccinea  Forst.,  yellow  leaf   hopjjer,  wings  green,  red   stripecl,   )i  in. 
Pack.     p.  324 
''  Otiocerus  amyotii  Fitch,  yellow,  brown  marked  tree  hopper,  ':(  in.     Pack.   p.  326 
V  Phlepsius   irroratus  Say,  white,  black  marked  leaf  hopper,  \{  in.     Pack.     p.  324 

Apliids 

Monellia  caryella  Fitch,  pale  yellow.      Pack.     p.  323 

Lachnus  caryae  Harr.,  black,  bluish  white,  '/^  in.     Pack.     p.  299.     Walnut 
Schizoneura  caryae   P'itch,  cottony  aphids,  %  in.     Pack.     p.  298.     Black  walnut 
Callipterus  caryae  Mon.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  104.     Black  walnut 

Scale  insects 
Chionaspis  caryae  Cooley.  Fern.    Coccidae,  p.  214 
Aspidiotus  uvae  Comst.,  grapevine.     Fern.    Coccidae,  p.  280 
Eulecanium  pyri  Schr.,  white  pine.     Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  194 
Eulecanium  caryarum  Ckll.     Can.  Ent.  30:293 


7l8  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Galls 

Cecidomyia  cynipsea  O.  S.,  round,  hard,  midrib  gall,  3^  in.  Diptera  N.  A.  i  :  193 
Cecidomyia  sanguinolenta  O.  S.,  conical,  red,  .15  in.  high.  Diptera  N.  A.  1  :  192 
Cecidomyia    cossae  Shim.     Cat.  N.  A.  Diptera.     p.  159 

Cecidomyia  nucicola  O.  .S.,  larva  in  deformed  husks.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  3:53 
Cecidomyia   caryae   O.   S.,   subghjbular,    seedlike,   nippled,  .05    to   .10  in.      Diptera 

N.  A.  I  :  191 
Cecidomyia  glutinosa  O.  S.,  larvae  beneath  leaves,  no  gall.     Diptera  N.  A.  i  :  193 
Phylloxera  conica  Shim.,  depressed  leaf  gall.     Pack.     p.  323 
Phylloxera  caryaevenae   Fitch,  keellike  plates  in  leaf  veins.     Pack.     p.  322 
Phylloxera  caryae-semen  Walsh,  minute,  subglobular  galls.     Pack.     p.  322 
Phylloxera  caryae-ren  Riley,  reniform  galls  on  petiole.     Pack.     p.  323 
Phylloxera  caryae-septum  Shim.  var.  perforans  Perg.,  single  galls  close  to  midrib. 

Perg.      Davenport   Acad.  Sci.  Proc.  9:  193 
Phylloxera  caryae-fallax  Walsh,  conical,  crowded  on  upper  surface.     Pack.     p.  323 
Phylloxera    caryae-globuli    Walsh,    hemispheric,    on    upper  surface,   %    in..    Pack. 

P-  322 
Phylloxera  caryae-gummosa   Riley,  stemmed,  globular  galls.     Pack.     p.  323 
Phylloxera  caryae-avellana   Riley,   yellowish    or   greenish,    pink    pubescent    galls. 

Perg.      Davenport   Acad.  Sci.  Proc.  9:228 
Phylloxera  caryae-foliae  Fitch.     Davenport  Acad.  Sci.  Proc.  9 :  194 
Phylloxera  deplanata  Perg.,  reddish  or  greenish  yellow,  conical  below.     Davenport 

Acad.  Sci.  Proc.  9  :  205 
Phylloxera  depressa  Shim.,  depressed,  fringed  leaf  gall.      Pack.     p.  323 
Phylloxera  forcata  Shim.,  minute,  seedlike  gall.     Pack.     p.  322 
Phylloxera  foveola  Perg.,  red  tinted,  yellowish  green,  thin   walled  gall.     Davenport 

Acad.  Sci.  Proc.  9  :  200 
Phylloxera  foveata   Shim.,    resembles    preceding.      Davenport    Acad.     Sci.     Proc. 

9:209 
Phylloxera  globosum  Shim.,  greenish,  subglobose  galls;  under  surface.     Davenport 

Acad.  Sci.  Proc.  9:236b 
Phylloxera  intermedia    Perg.,   intergrade  of  c-se  p  t  u  m    and    p  i  c  t  a.     Davenport 

Acad.  Sci.  Proc.  9:  199 
Phylloxera  picta  Pei'g.,   smaller   than    c -septum;   flattened.       Davenport     Acad. 

Sci.  Proc.  9  :  197 
Phylloxera   pilosula    Perg.,  pilose,   light   green,  flattened   above;  convex,  and   with 

nipple  below.      Davenport  Acad.  Sci.  Proc.  9:203 
Phylloxera  perniciosa  Perg.,  conical  galls;  both   surfaces.     Davenport    Acad.   Sci. 

Proc.  9  :  25  I 
Phylloxera   rimosalis    Perg.,    large    yellowish    gall  ;    terminal     leaves.      Davenport 

Acad.  .Sci.  Proc.  9:  217 
Phylloxera   spinosa  Shim.,  irregular,  spinose  galls  on  petiole.     Pack.     p.  322 
Phylloxera    spinuloida    Perg.,    more    globular    than    those    of    P.  c  a  r  y  a  e  c  a  u  1  i  s 

P'itch,    vv'ith    numerous   irregular,    radiating,    low    ridges   on    petiole    and    midrib. 

Davenport  Acad.  Sci.  Proc.  9:247 
Phylloxera   subelliptica   Shim.,  elongate,  nutlikc  petiole   galls.     Perg.     Davenport 

Acad.  .Sci.  Proc.  g  :  250 
Phylloxera   symmetrica   Perg.,  flattened,  greenish  ;  on   under   surface.     Davenport 

Acad.  Sci.  Proc.  9:230 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  7IQ 

SYCAMORE 

Leaf  feeders 

Halisidota  harrisii  Walsh,  yellow,  haireti  larva  with  orange   and  wliitc   hair  pencils 

Dyar.      Psyche,  6:162 
Misogada  unicolor    Pack.,    green,  yellow   lined,  red    marked,  humped  larva.     Pack. 

Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  254.     Maple. 
Ancylis  platanana  Clem.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:  50 
Nepticula  platanella  Clem.,  pale  green  ;  blotched  mine.     Pack.     p.  644 
Nepticula  clemensella  Chamb.  Pack. 
Nepticula  maximella  Chamb.  Pack. 
Gelechia  albisparsella  Chamb.  Pack. 
Lachnus  platanicola  Riley.  Pack. 
Corythuca  ciliata  Say.  Pack.     Willow 

liUTTOXBUSH 

Leaf  feeders 
Siobla  excavata   Nort.,   leaden  black   sawfly  larva.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.   Soc.   Jour. 

5:  190 
Centrinus  lineicoUis  Lee.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  85 
Ampelophaga    versicolor   Ham,   yellowish    green    or    green,    white    lined,    horned 

larva,  2\i    to  3  in.     Hulst.     Can.  Ent.  10:64 

WALNUT 

Leaf  feeders 
Bassareus  mammifer  Newm.,  hickory.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  370.     Locust 
Anthonomus  profundus  Lee.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  376.     Thorn 
Catocala  neogama  Sm.   &  Abb.,  wood-brown,    striped    larva.     Dodge.     Can.  Ent. 

33:299      .       . 
Catocala    piatrix    Grote,    pale    gray    larva,    27jo    in.     Dodge.      Can.    Ent.    ^3:299. 

Hickory,  persimmon 
Mineola  juglandis  Le  B.,  dark  green  case  bearer  in  leaflets.     Pack.     p.  311.     Hickory 

Scale  insects 
Eulecanium  pruinosum  Coq.,  ash,  birch,  laurel.     Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  193 
Aspidiotus  juglans-regiae  Comst.,   maple,   locust,  plum,    cherry.     Fern.     Coccidae, 

p.  265 
Eulecanium  juglandis  Bouche,  plum.     Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  189 
Aulacaspis  pentagona  Targ.  Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  234 

BI,.4LfK  •WALNUT 

Insects 
Acrobasis  demotella  Grote,  twig  borer.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  17:  122 
Allorhina  nitida  Linn.,  greenish,  stout  beetle  in  bark.     Pack.     p.  329 
Magdalis  inconspicua  Horn.     Hopk.     W.  Va.  Agric.  E.xp.  Sta.     Bui.  32  :  205 


720 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Leaf  faeders 
Attelabus  analis   III.,  black,  red   marked,  leaf-rolling  weevil,  J/j^    in.     Pack.     p.   335. 

Sumac 
Cressonia  juglandis  Abb.  &  Sm.,  bluish  green,  horned  caterpillar.     Pack.     p.  330 
Catocala  subnata  Grote.  Pack.     p.  333 

Allotria  elonyrnpha  Hiibn.,  gray  white  with  rose  tints.     Pack.     p.  331.     Tupelo 
Bomolocha  madefactalis    Guen.,    slender,    green,    white,    subdorsal    striped     larva. 

Dyar.      Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  4:  329 
Aplodes  bistriaria  Hiibn.,  pale  brown  spanworm  ;  two  thoracic  tubercles  ;   four  large 

flaps   on    median    rings  ;  one  on  end  of  body.     Pack.     Monogr.  Geometrid   Moths. 

p.  388 
Coptodisca  juglandiella  Chamb.,  leaf  miner.     Pack.     p.  335 
Gracilaria   juglandiella    Chamb.,   mines  under  surface,    then    lives   in   curled   part. 

Can.  Ent.  4  :  29 
Gracilaria  blandella  Clem.,  black   larva   in   serpentine  mine  on  upper  surface.     Can. 

Ent.  5:14 
Nepticula  juglandifoliella  Clem.,  pale  green  dipteroid  larva.     Pack.     p.  334 

Gall  mite 
Acarus  caulis  Walsh,   red   or   brown   petiole   or   leaf   vein   gall.     Ins.  Galls  of  Ind. 
p.  859 

BUTTKRNUT 

Pests 
Eriocampa   juglandis    Fitch,  woolly,   greenish   or   gray   larva.      Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent. 

.Soc.  Juur.  5  :  200 
Eugnamptus  angustatus  Hbst.  Pack. 

Diacrisia  virginica  P'abr.,  stout,  hairy,  yellowish  larva.     Pack.     p.  340.     Oak 
C  Carynota   mera  Say,  greenish  gray,  subconical  tree  hopper,  ^-^  in.     Pack.     p.  342 
Corythuca  arcuata  Say,  small  lace  bug,  'fj  in.     Pack.     p.  342 

Eulecanium  juglandifex    Fitch,    hemispheric,    brown  or    black   scale,    '  ;  in.      Pack. 
P-  33^ 

CHESTNl'T 

Borers 
Agrilus  vittaticollis    Rand.,  chokecherry,  thorn,   shadbush,   mountain    laurel.     Ent. 

Am.  5:32 
Leptostylus  coUaris  Hald.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  3  :  100 
Distenia  undata  Oliv.,  hickory,  hornbeam.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:  jj 
Liopus  variegatus    Hald.     N.   Y.    Ent.    Soc.   Jour.  .4:79.     Hackberry,   maple,  box 

elder,  locust 
Leptura  cordifera  Oliv.    Psyche,  4:204 
Cryptorhynchus  obteiitus   Ilbst.,  hickory,   maple.     U.  .S.   Div.   Ent.     Bui.    7,   n.    s. 

p.  71 
Magdalis   salicis  Morn.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :43.     Butternut 
Dryocoetes  granicollis  Lee.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  363 
Platypus   compositus    Say,  black   oak,   sugar   maple,   basswobd,  magnolia,  red  elm, 

beech,  wild  cherry.      W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  31  :  127 
Platypus  quadridentatus  Oliv.,  pin  holes;  oak.    W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  .Sta.    Bui.  31  :  127 
Xyl^borus  pubescens  Zimm.,  white   oak,   jack  oak,   black   oak,  buckeye,    magnolia, 

basswood,  honey-locust.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  31?  137 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  72  I 

Silvanus  bidentatus  Fabr.,  light  brown,  flat,  1^^  in.,  under  dead  bark.     Pack.    p.  344. 

Elm 
Hydnocera  unifasciata  Say.     Ent.  Am.  6:  155 
Stenopsis  argenteomaculatus  Harr.,  large,  naked  caterpillar.     Pack.    p.  346.     Oak, 

maple,  willow,  poplar,  alder 

Leaf  feeders 
Cercopeus  chrysorhoeus  Say.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  341 

Plocamus  hispidulus  Lee.     U.  S.  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  7,  n.  s.     p.  72.     Locust 
Apatela  lithospila  Grote,  green,  whitish    frosted  larva;  oak,  hickory.     Sm.  &  Dyar. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21"  :98 
Deptalia  insularia  Guen.     U.  S.  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  32:55 
Euchlaena  obtusaria    Hiibn.,  slate-colored,  marbled   with  livid,   spanworm,  i  j^  in. 

Pack.     p.  347 
Tetracis  crocallata   Guen.,  brown,   black  marked   spanworm,  i   in.     Pack.     p.   347. 

Sumac,  spicebush 
Abbotana  clemataria  Abb.  &  Sm.,  brown   mottled,  tuberculate   spanworm,  with  lat- 
eral fingerlike  processes  on  third  segment.     Dyar.     Psyche,  9:  142.     Elm,  sassafras, 

willow 
Eurycyttarus  confederata  Gr.  &  Rob.  Pack. 
Sisyrosea  textula  H.-S.,  green,  yellow  lined,  red  marked  slug  caterpillar,  7^  in. ;  oak, 

hickory,  beech,  hop-hornbeam,  bayberry,  elm,  maple,  linden,  plum,  cherry.     Dyar. 

N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:  185 

Leaf  miners 

Nepticula  castaneaefoliella   Chamb.,   lin(*r,   crooked    mine ;  upper  surface.     Cinn. 

Quar.  Jour.   Sci.  2:117 
Nepticula  latifasciella  Chamb.  Pack.     p.  349 
Bucculatrix  trifasciella    Clem.  Pack.     p.  349 
LithocoUetes  castaneaeella   Chamb.,   blister  mine   on   upper  surface ;  oak.     Cinn. 

Quar.  Jour.  Sci.  2:  104 
Tischeria  castaneaeella  Chamb.,  larger  than  T.    z  e  1 1  e  r  i  e  1 1  a.     Cinn.  Quar.  Jour. 

Sci.  2:111.     Oak 
Tischeria  tinctoriella  Chamb.,  white   blotch  mine;  with   short   zigzag  purple  line, 

black  oak.     Cinn.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci.  2  :  108 

Sucking  insects 
Atymna  inornata   Say,  triangular,  light  green,  j'ellowish   tree  hopper,  %  in.     Pack. 

;        P-   350 

Atymna  castanea  Fitch,  triangular,  black,  green  marked  tree  hopper,  14.'  in.     Pack. 

P-  350 
Callipterus  castanea  Fitch,  yellowish,  black  marked  aphid,  'iq  in.     Pack.     p.  350 

BEECH 

Borers 

Anamorphus  pusillus  Zimm.,  on  beech  fungi.     Cinn.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  Jour.  20:251 
Tenebrioides  corticahs  Mels.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     27th  Rep't,  p.  70 
Rhizophagus  dimidiatus  Mann.,  under  dead  bark 

Bostrichus  bicornis  Web.,  elm,  apple.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.    Bui.  32:  189 
Chrysobothris  sexsignata  Say,  birch.     U.  S.  Div.  Ent.    Bui.  7,  n.  s.     p.  71.     Pine 


722 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Eucrada  humeralis  Mels.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     27th  Rep't,  p.  71 

Corymbites  cruciatus  Linn.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     27th  Rep't,  p.  70 

Elater  discoideus  Fabr.     In.s.  N.  J.     p.  248 

Perothops  mucida  Gyll.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  252 

Chalcophora  campestris  Say,  sycamore,  maple,  tulip.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  253 

Platycerus  quercus  Web.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     27th  Rep't,  p.  72 

Platycerus  depressus  Lee.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     27th  Rep't,  p.  72 

Dryobius  sexfasciatus  Say.  Pack. 

Cyrtophorus    verrucosus   Oliv.     N.  Y.    Ent.  Soc.   Jour.  4:77.      Oak,    linden,  wild 

cherry 
Hoplosia  nubila  Lee,  basswood  twigs.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  23:  134 
Toxotus  schaumii  Lee.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     27th  Rep't,  p.  Ji 
Lepturges  signatus  Lee,  red  bud.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  3:  loi.     Sumac 
Xylotrechus  quadrimaculatus  Hald.     Ent.   Soc.  Ont.     27th    Rep't,    p.  73.     Black 

alder 
Pelecotoma  flavipes  Mels.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     27th  Rep't,  p.  74 
Phloeophagus  minor  Horn.  Pack. 
Scolytus   fagi  Walsh.  Pack.     Hackberry 
Xyleborus  obesus  Lee.  Pack. 

Euchaetes  echidna  Lee.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :85 
Choragus  sayi  Lee.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  88 

Leaf  feeders 

Hyperitis  amicaria    IL-S.,  brownish,    white  spotted  larva,  i}^    in.     U.  S.   Div.   Ent. 

Bui.   13:28.      (3ak,  beech,  hornbeam,  alder 
Isochaetes  beutenmulleri  Hy.  Ed.,  pale  green  larva ;  oak.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc. 

Jour.  7  :  208 
Exartema  fagigemmaeanum  Chamb.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.   10:29 
Venusia  comptaria  Walk.     Ent.  Am.   3  :  50.     Birch,  alder 

Sucking  insect 
Pemphigus  imbricator  Fitch,  on  underside  of  twigs.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  20:  301 

HOP-HOKN15KAM 

Leaf  feeders 

Pteronus  ostryae    Marlt.,   green   larva,    brown   on    folds.     Dyar.     N.   Y.    Ent.   Soc. 

Jour.  5  :  26 
Cecidomyia  pudibunda  O.  S.,  larvae  in  red  leaf  fold.     Diptera  N.  A.  i  :  202 
Coptodisca  ostryaefoliella  Clem.,  leaf  miner.     Pack.     p.  648 
Coleophora  ostryae   Clem.,   brown,  flattened  case  ;  parallel  edges.     Tineina   N.  A., 

p.  167 
Nepticula  ostryaefoliella  Clem.,  narrow,  contorted,  frass-lined  mine.     Tineina  N.  A. 

p.   172 
Nepticula  virginiella  Clem.,  slender,  long  mine;  scattered  frass  particles.     Tineina 

N.  A.     p.  172 
Lithocolletes    ostryaefoliella    Clem.,    marginal    mine   becoming  corrugated.     Pack. 

p.  649 
Lithocolletes  tritaeniella  Chamb.     Pack. 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND   WOODLAND   TREES  723 

Lithocolletes  obscuricostella  Clem.  Tineina  N.  A.  p.  71 
Chrysopeleia  ostryaeella  Chamb.  Pack. 

HORNBEAM    Oil    lUONTVOOD 

Leaf  feeders 

Pteronus  carpini  Mark.,  dull  green,  yellow  blotched  larva.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  See. 

Jour.  6:  121 
Psylla  carpini  Fitch.  Pack. 

HOP   TREE 

Leaf  miner 

Nepticula    pteliaeella    Chamb.,  blotch    mine    in    very    long,  tortuous,  linear    mine. 
Psyche,  3: 137 

HAZEI, 

Borers 

Agrilus  arcuatus  Say  van  coryli  Horn.     Am.  £nt.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  364 
Dichelonycha  subvittata  Lee.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans,  27  :  282 

Leaf  feeders 

Apatela    falcula    Grote,    dark    brown,  green    marked,  spined    larva,    1%    in.     Pack. 

P-  ^^37 
Exartema  permundanum  Clem.,  black  headed,  greenish  larva,  y^  in.      Papilio,  3  :  102 

Exartema  corylanum  F"ern.  Pack. 

Eulia  ministrana  Linn.,  green  larva.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.   10:  15 

Lithocolletes    corylisella    Chamb.,    blotch    mine;    upper   surface.     Pack.     p.    641. 

Hornbeam 
Nepticula  corylifoliella  Clem.,  long,  winding,  narrow  mine.     Pack.     p.  639 
Coleophora    corylifoliella    Clem.,    case    irregular,    cylindric,    compressed,    toothed. 

Tineina  N.  A.     p.  166 
Anacampsis    tristrigella    Wlsm.,    pale    greenish,  black    marked    leaf    roller,   '^  ifj  in. 

Pack.     p.  639 
Ypsolophus  trinotellus  Coq.,  dark  brown,  white  marked   leaf  roller,   -^^   in.      Pack. 

p.  640 
Depressaria  groteella  Rob.,  green,  dark  marked  leaf  roller,  i/s  in.     Pack.     p.  639 
Menesta  tortriciformella  Clem.  Pack. 

Affecting   nuts 
Balaninus  obtusus  Blanch.  Pack. 

WITCH-HAZEL 

Borers 

Hydnocera  longicollis  Ziegl.     Ent.  Am.  6:155 
Mycetochares  nigerrima  Casey,  under  dead  bark 

Leaf  feeders 

Luperodes  meraca  Say.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  2  :  264 

Scopelosoma  moffatiana  Grote.  white,  yellow  banded  larva,  i}4  in-     Parsall.      Ent. 
Am.  4: 59 


724 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Celama   triquetrana  Fitch,  pale  yellow  larva,  darker  dorsally,  ]/>  in.     Dyar.     Insect 

Life,  3  :  62 
Exartema  footianum  Fern.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:31 
Olethreutes  niveiguttana  Grote,  sassafras.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:  36 
Gelechia  hamameliella  Clem.,  pale  green  leaf  roller  in  tube.     Pack.     p.  668 
Gracilaria  alchimiella  Scop.,  pale  green  leaf  roller  in  cones.     Pack.     p.  668.     Maple 

LIQUinAMBAR 

Leaf  feeders 
Paectes  delineata  Guen.,  yellowish  green,  yellow  marked,  y^  in.     Dyar.     Can.  Ent. 

3': -7 
Paectes    pygmaea    Hiibn.,    yellowish    green,  yellow    marked,   %  in.      Edw. -Elliott. 

Papilio,  3:  135 

ELM 

Borers 

Anthaxia  viridicornis  Say.  Pack.     p.  229.     Hickory,  willow 
Eupogonius  subarmatus  Lee.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  369 
Leptura  emarginata  Fabr.,  ^ippery  elm.     Psyche,  4:204 
Trichodesma  gibbosa  Say.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  365 

Leaf  feeders 

Monocesta  coryli  Say.,  hazel,  red  elm.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.  13th  Rep't,  p.  59 

Cotalpa  lanigera  Linn.,  oak,  hickory,  poplar.     Pack.     p.  274 

Haltica  chalybea  111.  Pack.     p.  237 

Cryptocephalus  quadruplex  Newm.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  302 

Plocetes  ulmi  Lee.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :8i 

Caterpillars 

Deilephila    lineata    Fabr.,    greenish,  black    and    red,  horned,   3  in.     Pack.     p.  271. 

Apple,  plum,  rose 
Smerinthus  jamaicensis  Dru.,  bluish  green,  yellow  lined,  horned,  2'  5  in. ;  oak,  hazel, 

hornbt.'am,  ash,  apple,  plum,  cherry,  willow,  poplar,  birch.     Beut.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc. 

Jour,  g  :  89 
Paonias  excaecatus  Abb.  &  Sm.,  green,  yellow  marked,  horned,  2.21  in. ;  oak,  hazel, 

ash,  linden,   apple,  plum,  cherry,   willow,   poplar,   birch.     Beut.     Am.   Mus.    Nat. 

Hist.     Bui.  7  :  314 
Utetheisa  bella  Linn.,  deep  buff,  black  marked,  i  J/(  in.     Pack.     p.  257 
Apatela  grisea  Walk.,  green,  brownish,    humped,    ^    in.     Pack.     p.    272.     Apple, 

willow 
Apatela  interrupta  Guen.,  purplish  with  long,   reddish  hairs,  humped,   i    in. :   oak, 

apple,  birch.     Sm.  &  Dyar.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.   21  :  79 
Apatela    morula    Grote    &    Rob.,    greenish    brown,  humped,  2  in.     Pack.     p.    272. 

Linden 
Apatela  vinnula  Grote.  green,  brown    tubercles,   i   in.     Sm.   &   Dyar.     U.    S.    Nat. 

Mus.  Proc.  21  :  93 
Bomolocha    abalienalis    Walk.,  green,    white    striped ;  slippery    elm.     Dyar.     Can. 

Ent.  23:157 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  725 

Datana    contracta    Walk.,    black,    yellow    striped,    2';    in.     Pack.     p.    266.     Oak, 

hickory,  chestnut 
Nerice     bidentata     Walk.,    greenish,    irregular,    dorsal     serrations,     i  \     in.     Pack. 

Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  171 
Heterocampa  bilineata  Pack.,  green,  white  and  yellow  lined,  red    marked,  1%  in.; 

beech.    Pack.      Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  218 
Opheroptera  boreata   Hubn.,  maple.     Ent.  Am.  3:49 
Olene  plagiata   Walk.  Pack.     Linden 
Euchoeca  albifera   \\'alk.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  441 
Mesoleuca  intermediata  Guen.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  441 
Percnoptilota  fluviata  Hubn,     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  441 

Selidosema  umbrosarium  Guen..  horsechestnut,  hemlock.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  447 
Episimus  argutanus  Clem.,  witch-hazel,  black  thorn,  sumac.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans. 

10:45 
Ennomos  magnarius  Guen.,  dark  green,  reddish  mottled,  4I3  in. ;  hickory,  chestnut, 

maple,  linden.      Beat.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  3  :  137 
Ennomos  subsignarius  Hubn.,  dull  colored.  7^  in. ;  hickory,  chestnut,  maple,  linden. 

Pack.     p.  232 
Canarsia  ulmiarrosorella  Clem.,  green  ;  on   upper   surface.     Kv.   Agric.    Exp.   Sta. 

Bui.  84,  p.  72 
Hulstea  undulatella  Clem.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  17:187 
Lithocolletes  argentinotella  Clem.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  5  :  190.     Oak 
LithocoUetes  ulmella  Chamb.,   irregular  blotch  mine   in   upper  surface.     Can.   Ent. 

3:  149 

Sucking  insects,  etc. 

'Typhlocyba  tricincta  Fitch,  pale  yellowish,  dark  banded  leaf  hopper.     Pack.     p.  281 
Lachnus  ulmi  Linn.  Pack. 

Aspidiotus  ulmi  John.,  catalpa.     Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  280 
Eulecanium  canadense   Ckll.,   white  oak,  hickorv,  maple,  peach.     Fern.     Coccidae, 

p.  182 
Eulecanium  caryae   Fitch,  hickory,  red  cherry,  willow.     Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  183 
Eulecanium  cockerelli   Hunter,  oak,   walnut,  pear,  plum,  peach,  sweet   fern.     Fern. 

Coccidae,  p.  185 
Eriophyes  ulmi  Garm.,  small,  slender  gall,  Yio  in.     Pack.     p.  281 

H.\CKBEKRY 

Borers 
Agrilus  fallax  Say.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  32:  184 
Urographis  triangulifer  Hald.  Pack.     p.  610 
Phloeotribus  frontalis  Oliv.  Pack.     Mulberry 
Scolytus  muticus  Say.  Pack. 
Micracis  rudis  Lee.  Pack. 
Proteoteras  aesculanum  Riley.     Pack.     p.  609.     Maple 

Leaf  feeders 

Chlorippe  celtis  Bd.  &  Lee,  green,  horns  at  both  ends,  i  in.     Pack.     p.  602 
Chlorippe  clyton   Bd.    &   Lee,    greenish;    foliate,    cephalic    spines,    \}i    in.     Pack, 
p.  604.     Wild  plum 


726  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Hypatus  bachmani  Kirt.,  green,  yellow  striped,  i  in.     Bent.  Am.   Mus.   Nat.   Hist. 

Bui.  5  :  277 
Sphinx  drupiferarum  Abb.  &  Sm.,  green  and  white,  horned,   3.5  in.     Bent.     Am. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  7:300 
Apatela  rubricoma  Guen.,  greenish  ;  blackish   dorsal   bands;    12/5  in.     Sm.  &   Dyar. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  142 
Salebria  celtidella  Hulst.,  pale  green,  striped,  5/5  in.  ;  in  leaf  fold.     Beut.     Can.  Ent. 

22:  17 
Megalopyge  opercularis  Abb.  &  Sm.     Pack.     p.  609 

Leaf  galls 

Pachypsylla  celtidis-asteriscus  Riley,  blisterlike  gall ;  upper  surface.    Pack.    p.  618 
Pachypsylla  celtidis-cucurbita  Riley,  greenish    yellow,    pyriform ;    under    surface ; 

1/16  in.      Pack.     p.  621 
Pachypsylla  celtidis-gemma  Riley,  budlike  twig  gall.     Pack.     p.  618 
Pachypsylla  celtidis-globulus    Riley,    globular,    pyriform ;    under   surface ;  1/16  in. 

Pack.     p.  621 
Pachypsylla  celtidis-pubescens    Riley,   subglobular,  hairy;  under  surface;   1/12  in. 

Pack.     p.  620 
Pachypsylla  celtidis-vesiculum   Riley,  blisterlike  ;   under  surface.     Pack.  p.  618 
Pachypsylla    celtidis-umbilicus    Riley,   circular,    buttonlike ;    green,    woody,  1/5  in. 

Pack.     p.  619 
Pachypsylla  venusta  O.  S.,  subglobular,  on  petiole.     Pack.     p.  617 

MULBERRY 

Borers 

Hetoemis  cinerea  Oliv.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:78.     Walnut 
Dorcaschema  wildii  Uhler.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4  :  78.     Osage  orange 
Dorcaschema  alternatum  Say.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:78.     Orange 

OSAGE    ORANGE 

Insects 

Hormiscus  saltator  Lee.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  87 
Eulecanium  maclurarum  Ckll.     Can.  Ent.  30:294 

ASH 

Borers 

Tylonotus  bimaculatus   Hald.     Pack.     p.  543.     Hickory,  black  walnut,  tulip,  birch 
Gnathotricus  asperulus  Lee.  Pack. 

Leaf  feeders 

Monophadnus  bardus  Say,   whitish,   gray   tinged.     Dvar.     Am.    Ent.    Soc.    Trans. 

22 : 308 
AUantus  annularis  Nort.,  green,  dark  dorsal   line.     Osborn.      Ent.  Soc.  Ont.      15th 

Rep't,  p.  32 
Thysanocnemus  fraxini  Lee.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :8i 
Psomus  pohtus  Csy.,  common  on  sprouts.     Cinn.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  Jour.  20:256 


INSECTS    AFFFXTIXG    PARK    AND    WOODLAXD    TREES  727 

Sphinx  chersis   Hubn.,   greenish,  yellow    marked,    horned,   3'+   in.     Pack.     p.   546. 

Lilac 
Sphinx  gordius  Syoll.,  green,  carmine   striped,  23/5  in.;  apple,  huckleberry,  myrica. 

Beut.      X.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  9:87 
Chlaenogramma  jasminearum   Boisd.,  green,  six  oblique  white  stripes,  3  in.     Beut. 

Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  7:306 
Diacrisia  latipennis  Stretch,  dark  brown  larva.      Dyar.     Ent.  News,  2:115 
Apatelodes  angelica  Grote,  gray,  black  lined  larva ;    lilac.     Pack.     Monogr.   Bom- 

bycine  Moths,  p.  103 
Coriscium  cuculipennellum  Iliibn.,  yellowish  green  miner  in  leafy  cone.     Ent.  News, 

6 :  log.     Privet 

Sucking  insects 
Neoforus  petitii  Uhler.  Pack. 

Pemphigus  fraxinifolii  Riley,  green  and  black  aphid,  Vie  in.     Pack.     p.  552 
Trionymus  americanus  Ckll.  Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  96 

MAPLE 

Borers 

Oryssus  sayi  Westw.,  black,  white  marked,  wasplike.     Pack.     p.  383 

Oryssus  terminalis  Newm.  Pack.     p.  383 

Acamptus  rigidus  Lee,  soft  maple.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:  122 

Leptura  proxima  Say.     Can.  Ent.  29:  192 

Pyrochroa  femoralis  Lee.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     17th  Rep't,  p.  32 

Enchodes  sericea  Hald.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     17th  Rep't,  p.  32 

Leaf  feeders 
Platycerus  quercus  Web.,  bud  eater.     Pack.     p.  392 

Caterpillars 

Cyaniris  ladon  Cram.,  green  and  brown.     French.   Butt.     East.  U.  S.     p.  291.     Wild 

cherry,  dogwood,  viburnum 
Philosamia  cynthia  Drury,  green,  blue  and  yellow  tubercled  ;  2 1<  in. ;  general  feeder. 

Beut.      Ent.  Am.  6:216 
Apatela  retardata  Walk.,  whitish,  rfd  banded.     Sm.  &  Dyar.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc. 

21 : 145 
Noctua  c-nigrum  Linn.  Pack. 
Morrisonia  confusa   Hiibn.,  white,  crimson    spotted  ;  oak,    hickory,    apple,    willow, 

birch.      Dyar.      Insect  Life,  3  :  63 
Bomolocha  baltimoralis  Guen.,  pale  green,  Y^  in.     Pack.     p.  407 

Heterocampa  biundata  Walk.,  green, 'brown  marked,  i3<  in.;  hickory,  beech,  witch- 
hazel,  cherry,  dogwood,  willow,  birch.     Pack.     Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  235 
Heterocampa  guttivitta  Walk.,   green,  yellow    and    purple    marked,    i  >^    in.;  oak, 

chestnut,  beech,  apple,  viburnum.     Pack.     Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  230 
Tolype  velleda  StolL,  bluish  gray,  white  lined,  2I/2   in.,  lateral  haired  tufts,  2V<  in.; 

oak,  elm,  cherry,  lilac.      Pack.     p.  165 
Heterophleps  triguttaria  H.-S.,  bluish  green,  light  lined  spanworm.     Pack.     Monogr. 

Geometrid  Moths,  p.  194 


728  XEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Psysostegania    pustularia    Guen.,    bluish    green,    light    striped    spanworm,    yi    in. 

Harrington.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.      17th  Rep't,  p.  27 
Lycia  cognataria  Guen.,  brown,  black  specked  spanworm,    i'a    in.     Pack.     p.  638. 

Elm,  hazel,  honey-locust,  willow,  larch 
Eutrapela    alciphearia   Walk.,  brown,  gray  marked,  angulate  spanworm.      Psyche, 

8:395 
Eutrapela  kentaria  Grote,  oak,  beech,  linden,  birch.     Pack.     p.  405 
Euchlaena  serrata  Dru.,  brown  mottled,  black  marked,  spined  spanworm.     Psyche, 

9:  130 
Phigalia  titea  Cram.,  elm,  birch.      Ent.  Am.  3:49 
Anagoga  pulveraria  Linn.,  gray,  black  marked,  humped  spanworm.     Pack.     p.  638. 

Beech,  hazel,  willow 
Azelina  ancetaria  Hiibn.     Ent.  Am.  3:47.     Cherry 

Sisyrosea  inornata  Gr.  &  Rob.,  elliptic,  flattened,  green,  red  and  yellow  slug  cater- 
pillar; hickory,  wild  cherry.     Dyar.     Can.  Ent.  21  -.yy 
Lithacodes    fasciola    H.-S.,    yellowish    green,    white    slug    caterpillar,    J^    in. ;  oak, 

hickory,  chestnut,  beech,  hop-hornbeam,  linden,  cherry,  dogwood,  birch.     Dyar. 

N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  5  :  i 
Platynota  flavedana  Clem.,  sassafras,  rose.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:22 
Pandemis  lamprosana  Rob.  Pack.     p.  408 

Lithocolletes  aceriella  Clem.,  brown  headed,  yellowish  miner.     Pack.     p.  409 
LithocoUetes  clemensella  Chamb.,    mine    and    larva    closely    resembles  that  of  L. 

lucidicostella  Clem.     Can.  Ent.  11:91 
Lithocolletes  lucidicostella  Clem.,  brown  headed,  pale  green  miner.     Pack.     p.  410 
Incurvaria  acerifoliella  Fitch,  round  holes  in  leaves.     Fitch.     2d  Rep't,  p.  269 

Leaf  mutilators 

Megachile  optiva  Cress.,  leaf  cutter.     Pack.     p.  410 

Cecidomyia  aceris  Shim.,  larvae  in  curled,  contorted  leaves.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans. 
I  :28i 

Sucking  insects 

Lygus  monachus   Uhler.   Pack.     p.  420.     Alder 

Poecilocapsus  goniphorus  Say.  Pack. 

Psylla  annulata  F"itch.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     17th  Rep't,  p.  33 

Pemphigus  aceris  Mon.,  aphid  on  underside  of  limbs.     Can.  Ent.  14:  16 

Aleurodes  aceris  Forbes,  white,  chocolate  marked,  54o  i'^-     Pack.     p.  422 

Aspidiotus  comstockii  John.  Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  254 

Aspidiotus  rapax    Comst.,    walnut,    willow,    birch,    cottonwood.     Fern.     Coccidae, 

p.  276 
Eulecanium  cerasifex  Fitch,  oak,  ash,    apple,    pear,    plum,    cherry,    peach.      Fern. 

Coccidae.  p.    I  84 
Chrysomphalus  tenebricosus  Comst.  Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  294 

BOX   ELDEK 

Insects 
Xylina  grotei  Riley.   Pack. 

Gracilaria  negundella  Chamb.,  leaf  roller.     Psyche,  3:66 
Cecidomyia  negundinis  Gill.,  terminal  bud  gall.     Psyche,  5  :  392 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  720 

Chaitophorus  negundinis  Thorn.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  104 
Pulvinaria  acericola  Walsh  &  Riley.   Pack. 

BUBNINC;   BUSH 

Insect 
Aphis  rumicis  Linn.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  20:298.     Euonymus 

PBICKLY  A.SH 

Insects 
Liopus  fascicularis  Harr.  Pack.     p.  659 

Catapastus  conspersus  Lee.     Cinn.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.Jour.  20:255 
Papilio   thoas  Linn.     Cram.,   dark   brown,  white   banded   caterpillar;  2   in. ;  orange 
poplar,  hop  tree.     Beut.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  5:245 

HONEY-LOCUST 

Bark  beetle 
Ptinidium  lineatum  Lee,  under  decaying  bark.    Cinn.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  Jour.  20:251 

Leaf  feeders 

Caterpillars 

Schizura  ipomoeae  Dougl.,  brown,  green  and  white  marked,  humped,  \]A  in.     Pack. 

Mem.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  194 
Heteropacha  rileyana  Harv.  Pack. 
Tlascala  reductella  Walk.,  greenish  yellow,  brown,  yellow  marked  leaf  roller    ig  in 

Pack.     p.  652  '  '         ' 

Catocala  innubens  Guen.,  dull  white,  obscurely  striped,  2'^;  in.     French.     Can.  Ent. 

20:170.      Black  walnut 
Catocala  illecta  Walk.,   black   and    white   banded,    2    in.     Beut.     N.    Y.    Ent.    Soc. 

Jour.  9  :  189 
Catocala    minuta    Edw.,   brownish,    light    striped;    broad,    white    patches,    Mi    in. 

Dodge.     Can.  Ent.  33  :  222 
Adelocephala  bicolor  Harr.,  yellow.,  carmine,  white  and  blue  banded,  i  in.  •  coffee 

tree.      Pack.      Mem.  Nat.  Acad.  Sci.  9 :  65 
Mompha  gleditschiaeella  Chamb.     Psyche,  3:66 
Agnippe  biscolorella  Chamb.   Pack. 
Helice  pallidochrella  Chamb.   Pack. 

Leaf  gall 
Cecidomyia  gleditschiae  O.  S.,  larvae  in  folded  leaflets.     Ins.   Galls  of  Ind.    p.  839 

Scale  insect 
Aspidiotus  ancylus  Putn.     Psyche,  9:403 

LOCUST  OB  BLACK  LOCUST 

Borers 
Agrilus  egenus  Gory.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  32:  184 
Agrilus  otiosus  Say.     Pack.     p.  367 
Agrilus  politus  Say.     Psyche,  4 :  203.     Willow 


730 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Ino  reclusa  Lee.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  2:73 

Liopus  variegatus  Hald.,  under  bark  (Joutel) 

Liopus  fascicularis   Harr.,  prickly  ash.      N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:79 

Leaf  feeders 

Pteronus  trilineatus   Nort.,  brown  headed,  green  sawfly  larva,  -'5  in.     Pack.     p.  369. 

Willow 
Pachybrachys  atomarius  Melsh.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  32 :  199 
Myochrous  denticoUis  Say.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  32  :  199 
Colaspis  brunnea   Fabr.     Hopk.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  32 :  199 
Nodonota  tristis  Oliv.      Hopk.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  32  :  200 
Nodonota  puncticollis  Say,  sumac.     Hopk.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  32  :  200 
Phyllechthrus   gentilis  Lee.     Hopk.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  32:201 
Crepidodera  aesculi   Dury,  buckeye.     Cinn.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  Jour.  20:253 
Coptocycla  significa   Hbst.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  32:202 
Apion  nigrum    Hbst.      N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  40 
Apion  rostrum  Say.      Pack.     p.  367.     Sweet  fern 
Copturus  binotatus  Lee,  oak,  sumac.     N.Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  83 
Anthribus  cornutus   Say.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  88 

Cecidomyia   robiniae    Hald.,  whitish  maggot  in  folded  leaflets.     Pack.     p.  368 
Dasyneura  pseudacaciae   I-'itch,  \\hitish  maggots  in  leaflets.     Pack.     p.  368 
Macrobasis  unicolor  Kirby.     Pack.     p.  371 
Ptosima   gibbicollis  Say.      Ins.  N.  J.     p.  256.     Redbud 
Anomoea  laticlavia   Forst.      Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  2  :  262 
Euparthenos  nubilis   Hiibn.,  brown,  dark  spotted  larva.     Pack.     p.  370 
Dasylophia  anguina  Abb.  &  Sm.,  red  headed,  lilac,  yellowish  and  black  lined  larva; 

black    tipped    tubercle    on    eighth    abdominal     segment,    2    in.     Pack.      Monogr. 

Bombycine  Moths,  p.  174 
Sciagraphia  heliothidata    Guen.,   green,    white    lined    spanworm.     Dyar.     Psyche, 

9:203 
Salebria  contatella  Grote,  pale  green,  striped,  7^  in.     Beut.     Can.  Ent.  22:  16 
Epagoge  sulfureana  Clem.,  yellowish   green   larva,  5/3  in.     Pack.     p.  362.     Willow, 

pine 
Gelechia  pseudoacaciella    Chamb.,   green    larva    with    reddish    head,  -^5  in.       Pack. 

P-  363 
Depressaria   robiniella  Pack.,  green,  black  headed.     Pack.     p.  364 
Chrysopeleia  purpuriella  Chamb.  Psyche,  3  :  64 
Gracilaria  lespedezaefoliella   Clem.,  yellow    blotch   mine,  upper  surface.     Cotton. 

Ohio  Dep't  Agric.      Bui.  7,  p.  37 
Recurvaria  robiniella  Fitch,   pale   green,  whitish  or  yellowish.     I'itch.     5th  Rep't, 

P-55 
Lithocolletes  robiniella  Clem.,  white  blister  mine,  under  surface.     Fitch.     5th  Rep't, 

p.  56 
Lithocolletes  morrisella  Fitch.     5th  Rep't,  p.  58 
Lithocolletes  ostensackenella  Fitch.     5th  Rep't,  p.  58 
Lithocolletes  uhlerella  Fitch.     5th  Rep't,  p.  58 
Xylestia  pruniramiella  Clem.   Pack. 
Spermophagus  robiniae    Sch.  Pack. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  73 1 

REDBUD 

Insects 

Rhopalophora  longipes  Say.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  3:97 
Bruchus  mimus  Say.   Psyche,  4  :  204 

•  BASSWOOD   OR  LIXDEN 

Bark  insects 

Silvanus  planatus  Germ.     Can.  Ent.  18:66 
Tenebrioides  americana  Kirby.     Can.  Ent.  18:66 
Tetratoma  truncorum  Lee.     Can.  Ent.  18:67 
Xyletinus  lugubris  Lee.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     34th  Rep't,  p.  61 
Orchesia  castanea  Melsh.     Can.  Ent.  18  :  67.     Birch  fungi 
Eustrophus  bicolor  Say.     Can.  Ent.  18:67 
Allandrus  bifasciatus  Lee.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  366 

Leaf  feeders 

Monophadnus  tiliae  Nort.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     34th  Rep't,  p.  59 

Chrysomela  pnirsa  Stal.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     34th  Rep't,  p.  52 

Odontota  quadrata   Fabr.,   oak,  hornbeam,  ciierry,   juneberry,   white  birch.     Beut. 

Ent.  Am.  6:  17S 
Rhabdopterus  picipes  Oliv.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  305  .t   a-   it        c 

EUida  caniplaga  Walk.,  whitish  green,  yellow  lined,  •*  5  m.      Dyar.   N.  \  .  Ent.  Soc. 

Jour.   10  :  143 
Xylina  bethunei  Gr.  &  Rob.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     34th  Rep't,  p.  54 
Catocala  cerogama  Guen.,  ash-gray,  black  specked.     Dyar.     Can.  Ent.  26:21 
Erannis    tiliaria    Harr.,    yellow,    black    marked    spanworm.     Pack.      p.    475.     Oak, 

hickory,  elm,  apple,  pear  ■         r>     1 

Pantogr'apha  limata  Gr.    &    Rob.,    green,  brown    spotted  leaf  roller,    i    in.     lack. 

Coleophora  tiliaefoliella  Clem.,  dark  brown  larva  ;  pistol-shaped  case.  Pack.  p.  478 
Lithocolletes  lucetiella  Clem.,  greenish,  brown  headed  leaf  miner.  Pack.  p.  478 
Lithocolletes  tiliacella  Chamb.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     34th  Rep't,  p.  58 

Galls 

Cecidomyia  citrina  O.  S.,  young  terminal  buds  deformed.     Pack. 

Sciara  tilicola  O.  S.,  peaiike  swelling  on  stem  near  origin  of  last  two  leaves.     Pack. 

Sucking    insects 
Gargaphia  tiliae  Walsh.  Pack. 
Drepanosiphum  tiliae  Koch.   Pack. 
Lachnus  longistigma  Mon.  Pack. 

Aspidiotus  diffinis  Newst.,  lilac.     Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  257 
Pulvinaria  tiliae  Kg.  &  Ckll.,  woolly  bark  louse.     Psyche,  8 :  286 


732 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


TIILIP   TREE 

Borers 


Acanthoderes  morrisii  Uhlcr.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:78.     Sour  gum 
Himatium  conicum  Lee.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  1  :  87 

Leaf  insects  » 

Cecidomyia  liriodendri  O.  S.,  brown  spots  with  yellow  or  greenish  aureole.     Diptera 

N.  A.  I :202 
Cecidomyia  tulipiferae  O.  S.,  midrib  swelling  of  leaf.     Diptera  N.  A.  i  :  202 
Callosamia  angulifera  Walk.,  greenish,  black    marked,   red    and    yellow    tubercled 

larva,  2jA  in.  ;  sassafras,  wild  cherry;     Beut.     Ent.  Am.  5:200 
Polychrosis  botrana  Schiff.,  greenish  or  purplish,  naked    larva,   ji  in.     Am.    Ent. 

Soc.  Trans.  10:  28 
Phyllocnistis    liriodendronella    Clem.,    broad,    very    long,    linear,    contorted    mine  ; 

underside  ;  brownish  frass  line.     Tineina  N.  A.     p.  220 

Tulip  aphid 
Nectarophora  liriodendri  Mon.  Pack. 

SASSArKA.S 

Borers 
Oberea  ruficollis  Fabr.,  girdler.     Can.  Ent.  28  :  247.     Sumac 
Corthylus  punctatissimus  Zimm.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.  Bnl.  31  :  127 

Leaf  feeders 

Prionomerus  calceatus  Say,  larval  leaf  miner.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  350 

Papilio  troilus  Linn.,  green,  blue   spotted,  yellow  banded  larva,  134  ''i. ;  spicebush. 

Beut.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  5  :  243.     Wild  plum 
Gonodontis  hypochraria  H.-S.,  rust-red,  black  lined  larva.     Dyar.     Ent.  News,  5:61. 

Persimmon 
Gracilaria  sassafrasella  Chamb.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  481 

Scale  insect 
Eulecanium  lintneri  Ckll.  &  Benn.     Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  189 

PLUM,   AVILD 

Leaf  feeders 

Pteronus  thoracicus   llarr.,   whitish   green,  banded    larva.     Dyar.     Am.    Ent.  Soc. 

Trans.  22  :  307 
Incisalia  irus  Godt.,  slug-shaped,   yellowish  green   and   reddish    brown  lined  larva, 

^  in.;  huckleberry.     Beut.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  5:280 

Sucking  insects 

Pediopsis  trimaculata  Fitch.     Ent.  Am.  5  :  172 
Aphis  cerasicolens  Fitch.  Pack. 
Aphis    cerasifoliae  Fitch.   I'ack. 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   PARK   AND    WOODLAND   TREES  733 

CHERRY,  WII.I> 

Borers 
Sanninoidea  exitiosa  Say,  white,  naked  caterpillar  at  base  of  trunk.     Pack.     p.  521 

Leaf  feeders 

Lyda  fasciata   Nort.,  yellowish,  black  tipped  webworms.     Pack.     p.  524 
Eriocampoides  limacina  Retz.,  slug-like,  slimy  larva.     Harrington.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont. 

15th  Rcp't,  p.  69 
Pseudanthonomus  crataegi  Walsh,  wild  thorn.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  376 
Galerucella   rufosanguinea  Say.     Pack.     p.  529 
Epicaerus   imbricatus  Say.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc-  Jour,  i  :  38 
Rhyncolus  brunneus   Mann.  Pack. 

Phloeophagus   apionides   Horn.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  87.     Birch 
Paonias  myops   Abb.    &   Sm.,  green,  yellow  marked,  horned   larva.     Psyche,  5  :  266. 

Wild  plum,  thorn 
Strymon  titus    Fabr.,  sluglike,  dull  green,  pink  or  rose  patched  larva,  ^4  in. ;  plum. 

Beut.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  5:281 
Chamyris  cerintha  Treits.,  purplish,  white  lined  larva.     Dyar.     Psyche,  8  :  349 
Apatela  furcifera   Guen.,  black,  red   striped   larva.     Sm.  &  Dyar.      U.  S.  Nat.   Mus. 

Proc.  21  :  85 
Apatela  radcliffei  Harv.,  black,  yellowish  lined  larva.     Sm.  &  Dyar.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

Proc.  21  :  107 
Plagodis  phlogosaria  Guen.     Ent.  Am.  3  :  48 
Cymatophora  pustularia  Hiibn.,  reddish,  white  lined,  black  dotted  spanworm,  i  in. 

Kellicott.     Can.  Ent.  17:32 
Synelys  ennucleata  Guen.,  brown,  black  marked  spanworm  ;  multiannulate  segments. 

Dyar.      Psyche,  9:165 
Tortrix  pallorana  Robs.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:  17 
Alceris  logiana   Schiff.   Pack. 
Mineola  indigenella   Zell.,  brown  or  green   larva  ;  apple,  crab   apple,  quince,  plum, 

peach.      Hulst.      Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  17:130 
Coleophora   pruniella   Clem.,  case  flattened,  deeply  notched  distally.     Pack.     p.  528 
Nepticula   prunifoliella  Clem.  Pack.     p.  527 
Nepticula   serotinaeella  Chamb.,  mine   narrow,  linear,  much  convoluted,  filled  with 

frass.      Can.  Ent.  5:126 

Gall  insects 

Cecidomyia  serotinae  O.  S.,  enlarged  terminal  buds  on  young  shoots.     Am.  Ent. 

Soc.  Trans.  3  :  346 
Acarus  serotinae   Beut..  pouchlike  galls  on  upper  surface,  5/5  in.     Ins.  Galls  of  Ind. 

p.  858 

MOCNTAIN  ASH 

Insects 

Euzophera  semifuneralis  Walk.,  mining  under  bark.     Kellicott.     Can.  Ent.  23  :  250 
Apatela  clarescens  Guen.,  green  or  greenish  brown,  reddish  purple  striped  cater- 
pillar;  apple,  wild  cherry.     Sm.  &  Dyar.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  :  123 
Venusia  cambrica  Curtis,  spanworm.     Pack.     Monogr.  Geometrid  Moths,  p.  86 


734  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

SHADBUSH    OR   JUNEBEKRY    ( AMEtANCHIER) 

Leaf  feeders 

Schizocerus  prunivorus  Marlt.,  green  larva,  blotched  with  yellow  subventrally  ;  wild 

cherrw      Dyar.      N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  5:23 
Nyctobia  limitata  Walk.     Ent.  Am.  3:49 
Ornix  quadripunctella  Clem.,  greenish,  black  dotted  larva  in  mine  on  upi:)er  surface. 

Tineina  N.  A.     p.  177 
Nepticula  amelanchierella  Clem.,  broad,  contorted,  irregular  mine  with  broad,  frass 

line.     Tineina  N.  A.     p.  174 

Scale  insect 

Hulecanium  kansasense   Hunter,  ledbud.     Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  189 

WILD   THORN 

Borers 
Saperda  cretata  Newm.     N.  Y.  State  Mus.     Bui.  74,  p.  50 
Xylotrechus  convergens  Lee.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:76 

Fruit   insects 
Tachypterus  quadrigibbus  Say.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22 :  376 
Conotrachelus  crataegi  Walsh.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  376 
Conotrachelus  naso  Lee.  Pack. 
Conotrachelus  posticatus  Boh.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  82 

Leaf  feeders 

Anthonomus  decipiens  Lee.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  80 

Nothus  varians   (Jliv.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22 :  373 

Tymnes  metasternalis  Cr.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  305 

Stethobaris  tubulatus  Say.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  377 

Limnobaris  calva  Lee.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  377 

Anthonomopsis  mixtus  Lee.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  376 

Apion  herculaneum  Smith.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  39 

Catocala  polygama  Guen.  var.  crataegi  Saund.,  gray-black,  red  marked    larva,  \j4 

in.      Pack.      p.   532 
Nacophora    quernaria    Abb.  &  .Sm.,  slate-gray  spanworni    with    tubercle    on    third 

thoracic  and   seventh  abdominal    segments.     Pack.     RIonogr.    Geometrid    Moths, 

p.  412 
Uranotes  melinus   lliibn.  Pack. 
Enarmonia  prunivora  Walsh.  Pack. 
Coptodisca  splendoriferella    Clem.,  linear,  frass-lined    mine,  expanding  to  a  small 

transparent  blotch.      Tineina  N.  A.      p.  105.     Wild  cherry. 
Nepticula  crataegifoliella  Clem.,  thick,  bright  green  larva.     Pack.     p.  534 
Ornix  inusitatumella  Chamb.,  nearly  circular,  blister  mine  on  upper  surface.     Can. 

Ent.  5:48 
Ornix  crataegifoliella  Clem.,  brownish,  greenish  white  leaf  miner.     Pack.     p.  534 
Tischeria  malifoliella  Clem.,  brown,  trumpet-shaped  mine,  upper  surface.      Pack. 

Leaf  gall 

Cecidomyia  bedeguar  Walsh.,  subglobular,  midrib  gall,  ■<  in.     Can.  Ent.  i  :  79 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND     WOdDLAND     TREES  735 

Sucking  insects 
Melinna  pumila  Uhler,  willow.     Ent.  Am.  3:69 
Nectargphora  crataegi  Moncll.   Pack. 
Schizoneura  crataegi  Oest.  Pack. 
Phenacoccus  dearnessi  King.  Feni.     Coccidae,  p.  91 
Chionaspis  furfura  Fitch  van  fulva  King,  scurfy  white  scale.     King.     Psyche,  8  :  334 

PERSI>niOX 

Insects 

Olethreutes  malachitana  Zell.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:33 
Artace  punctistriga  Walk.     Can.  Ent.  23:35 
Brachystylus  acutus  Say.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  341 
Aphis  diospyri  Thorn.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  103 

PAWPAW 

Leaf  feeder 

Iphidicles  ajax  Linn.,  gray  or  green  larva  ;  white,  black  and  yellow  bands.      French- 
Butterflies  East.  U.  S.     p.  84 

TREE  OF  BCEAl'EN 

Leaf  feeders 
Atteva  aurea  Fitch,  dark   olive-brown,   white   lined   larva,   Ji  in.     Riley.      1st   Mo. 
Rep't,  p.  151 

SWEET   GUM 

Leaf  miner 
Phyllocnistis  liquidambarisella  Chamb.,  indistinct,  long,  tortuous  mine  on  upper 
surface.     Cinn.  Guar.  Jour.  Sqi.  Proc.  2:  106 

SOUR   GUM  OR   PEFPEKIDGE   TREE   INSECTS 

Callichroma  splendidum  Lee.     Can.  Ent.  24  :  38 
Nepticula  nyssaeella  Clem.  Pack. 

Phylloxera  nyssae   Perg.,  woolly  aphid   in  bark  crevices.     Davenport.     Acad.  Sci. 
Proc.  Q :  269 

CATALPA 

Leaf  feeders 

Ceratomia  catalpae  Bois.,  black  dorsal  band,  black   and  yellow   lined  larva,   3   in. 

Koebele.     Bklyn  Ent.  Soc.     Bui.  4:20 
Cecidomyia  catalpae  Comst.,  abnormally  brown  maggoty  pods.     Pack.     p.  666 

ROSE 

Leaf  feeders 

Emphytus  cinctus  L.,  banded,  curled  larva.     Riley.     Insect  Life,  5=9   . 
Cladius  pectinicornis  Fourcr.,  greenish,  bristly  larva.     Riley.     Insect  Life,  5  : 9 
Monostegia  rosae   Harr.,  greenish,  sluglike  larva,  >-<  in.     Insect  Life,  5  :  10 
Trichius  piger   Fabr.     U.  S.  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  27,  n.  s.     p.  100 
Nodonota  puncticoUis  Say.     U.  S.  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  7,  n.  s.     p.  60 


736  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Deilephila  galii  Rott..  dark  green,   yellow   spotted   larva,  3    in.     Beut.     Am.   Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  7:  286 
Schizura  mustelina  Pack.,  dark  brown,  gray  mottled  and  green  larva, -t/^  in.     French 

Can.  Ent.  18  :92 
Chloridea  virescens  Fabr.,  Olive-green,  yellow  lined,   'g   in-     U.  S.  Div.  Ent.      Bui. 

27,  n.  s.     p.  loi 
Nepticula  rosaefoliella  Clem.,  mine  verj'  serpentine,  frequently  marginal,  moderately 

broad,  filled  with  black  frass.     Tineina  N.  A.     p.  176 
Coleophora  rosaefoliella    Clem.,  brown,  cylindric,   hooked    case.      Tineina   N.    A. 

p.  251 
Coleophora  rosacella  Clem.,  dark  red,  compressed,  cylindric,  serrate  case.     Tineina 

N.  A.     p.  251 

Rose  scale 

Eulecanium  rosae  King.     Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  196 

Rose  galls 

Rhodites  multispinosa  Gill.,  reddish  brown,  spined,  knotlike  excrescence  on  young 

shoots.      Ent.  Am.  6:  25 
Rhodites  lenticularis  Bass.,   lentil-shaped   leaf   gall  on  both   surfaces,  ]  io  in.     Am. 

Ent.  See.  Trans.  17  :  59 
Rhodites  nebulosus  Bass.,  globular,  hollow  leaf  gall.  ?',f,  in.,  on  under  surface.    Am. 

Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  17:63 
Periclistis  sylvestris  O.  S.,  guest   fly  from  gall  of    Rhodites    radicum.      Ent. 

-Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  4:  366 
Periclistis  semipiceus  Harr.,  guest  in  rose  root  gall.     Ins.  Inj.  Veg.     p.  436 

DOGAVOOD 

Borers 
Agrilus  lecontei  Saund.     Psyche,  4:203 
Psenocerus  supernotatus  Say.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:78 
Anthonomus  corvulus  Lee.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :8i 

Leaf  feeders 

Harpiphorus  versicolor  Nort.,  shining,  blue-gray  larva,  marked  with  leaden  black. 

Dyar.     N.  Y.  I'^nt.  Soc.  Jour.  5  :22 
Harpiphorus  tarsatus  Say,  olivaceous   black   larva,  i    in.     Dyar.     N.  Y.    Ent.   Soc. 

Jour.  5  :  21 
Euthyatira    pudens    Guen.,    semitransparent,    whitish    flecked    caterpillar.     Dyar. 

Can.  Ent.  21  :  209 
Ancylis  cornifoliana  Riley.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:51 
Antispila  cornifoliella  Clem.,   fat,   white   larva   living  first   in    linear,  then  a   blotch 

mine.      Psyche,  3  :  149 

Gall 
Cecidomyia  clavula   Beut.,  capitate,  apical  twig  gall.     Ins.  Galls  Ind.     p.  841 

Sucking  insects 

Eulecanium  tarsale  Sign.     Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  197 
Chionaspis  corni  Cooley.     Fern.     Coccidae,  p.  215 


IXSECTS    AFFECTIN'G    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES 

Aphis  cornifoliae  Fitch.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  20:^99 
Schizoneura  corni  Fabr.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  105 


737 


SlJMAf 

Borers 
Pogonocherus  penicellatus  Lee.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui    xo  ■  ,q- 
Cryptorhynchus    obliquus     Sav,    bores    sumac    roots.     W.    Va     Acrric     Fx-n      Sta 
Bui.  32:206  '='  -^P-    ^^^• 

Pityophthorus  consimilis  I.ec.     \V.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  31  :  i  ^o 

Leaf  feeders 
Coscinoptera  dorainicana   Fabr.,  oak,  sassafras,  apple,  plum.     Ent   Am   6-  17; 
Orthaltica  copalina  Fabr.     Lint.     5th  Rep't.  p.  271  '     ' 

Blepharida  rhois  Forst.     Ent.  Am.  6:177 

Pyrrhia  umbra  var.  exprimens  Walk.,  locust.     Can.  Ent.  ■^x-t.G 
Marasmalus  inficita  Walk.     Can.  Ent.  23  :  36  '  ^ 

Marasmalus  ventilator  Grote.     Can.  Ent.  23  :  ^,6 
Datana  perspicua  Gr.  &  Rob.,  black  headed,  yellow,  red  striped  larva,  i  V,'  in.     Pack 

Monogr.  Kombycine  Moths,  p.  117 
Amorbia  humerosana  Clem.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:  ly.     Pine   spicebush 
Schreckensteinia  erythriella  Clem.,   dark   green,  deeplv    incised  'larva ;  middle  of 

segments  produced  dorsally.     Tineina  N.  A.     p.  132 

Sucking  insects 

Pulvinaria  maclurae  Kenn.,  osage  orange.     Fern.     Coccidae,    p.  135 
Calophya  nigripennis  Riley.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  6 :  244  ' 

ELDER 

Insects 

Tenthredo  atroviolacea  Nort.,  dark  slaty,  blue-black,  shining  larva.  Dvar  N  Y 
hnt.  hoc.  Jour.  5  :  192  .      •         •      • 

Macrophya  trisyllaba  Say,  black  mottled,  white  larva.  Dvar  N  Y  Ent  So- 
J our.  5  :  192  ■  .         ^. 

Desmocerus  pailiatus  Forst.     X.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:77 

LILAC 

Leaf  feeders 

^  xTh"!'""^  r,""  ^"'^''■'  ^"■''^  ^'^''''  b'"*^  banded,  4  in.  Beut.  Am.  Mus. 
Aat.  Hist.     Bui.  7:300.     Fringe  tree 

"hu'mo'"d "!  -  '"'^'f^'fy  ^^'^")V  ^^""^^  ^'''"^'"^'  y^"«"-  b'-vn  and  black  marked, 
humped,  1.4  m.      Goodhue.      Can.  Ent.  iS  :  58.      Honeysuckle,  holly 

PIIIVET 

Leaf  feeder 
Diaphania  quadristigmalis  Guen.,  pale  yellow  to  bluish  green  larva.  V,  in.     Insect 


738  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

FRINGE    TREE 

Leaf  feeder 
Periclista  chionanthi  Murtfeldt  (M.  S.),  yellowish    larva;   broken    subdorsal    black 
shade.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  6:  132 

\aBURNTJM 

Leaf  feeders 

Macrophya  bilineata  MacGill.,  whitish  translucent ;  body  segments  scvcn-annulated 

with  minute  black  setae   on   second  and  fourth  annulets.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc. 

Jour.  5:19 
Macrophya  mixta  MacGill.,  head  reddish,  body  waxy  greenish.     D)'ar.     N.  Y.  Ent. 

Soc.  Jour.  5  :  19 
Hemaris  thysbe    Fabr.,    whitish    green,  yellow    and    white  spotted  larva,    i^    in.; 

honeysuckle,  snowberry.     Beut.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  7:277.     Plum,  thorn 
Ampelophaga  choerilus  Cramer,  pale  green,  dark  lined  larva,  white  marked,    '5  in. 

Beut.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  7  :  291.     Sour  gum 
Diphthera  fallax   H.-S.,  flat,  velvety  green  larva  with  narrow,  dorsal  and  subdorsal 

pale  lines.      Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  7 :  67 
Schizura    badia    Pack.,    green,    brown    and    yellow    marked    larva,    i '/    in.       Pack. 

Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  208 
Calledapteryx  dryopterata  Gr.,  translucent  white  larva,    slightly   greenish.      Dyar. 

Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  4:414 
Platynota  sentana  Clem.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:23 
Cpleophora  viburniella  Clem.,  brownish,  irregular  alate  case.     Tineina  N.  A.     p.  167 

BATBERRV 

Insects 

Acrobasis  comptoniella   Hulst.,  green    larva  with  four  rows  of  black   spots.     Am. 

Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  17:  125 
Racheospila  lixaria  Guen.     Ent.  Am.  3  :  72 

Auletes  cassandrae  Lee,  sweet  fern.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  36 
Triachus  atomus  Suff.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  2  :  263 

BLITEBKRRY 

Leaf  feeders 

Paonias  astylus  Dru.,  pale    green,  yellow    lined,    horned    larva ;  low    huckleberry, 

Rosaceae  Fern.     Sphing.  N.  E.,  p.  76 
Anarta  cordigera  Thunb.,  reddish  brown  and  white  larva.     Staint.      Brit.  Butterflies 

&  Moths,  I  :  293 
Eudemis  vacciniana  Pack.,  brown   or  black  headed,  greenish  larva.      Pack.     Guide, 

P-  339 
Cymatophora  pustularia  Hiibn.,  reddish,  white  and  black  lined  spanworm.     Staint. 

Brit.  Butterflies  &  Moths,  2:62 
Macaria  praeatomata  Haworth,  green,  dark  green  lined  spanworm.     Pack.    Monogr. 

Geometrid  Moths,  p.  291 
Alceris  minuta  Rob.,  red   or  yellow  headed,  green    larva,   yi    in.      Pack.     Bui.    12, 

U.  S.  Div.  Ent.     p.  18 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  739 

Scale  insect 
Eulecanium  kingii  Ckll.  Fern.     Coccidac,  p.  189 

HUCK1.KHKBRV 

Leaf  feeder 
Datana  drexelii  Edw.,  black,  yellow  lined  hirva,  2 '4' in.     Pack.     Monoi,n-.  l^ombycine 
Moths,  p.  112.     Witch-hazel,  linden 

ANDKO>EEI>A 

Leaf  feeder 

Datana  major  Grote    &    Rob.,   black,   stout,   broken    yellow   or   white   lined   larva. 
Psyche,  5:415 

sorAw-HicKLKBERRY  (Vacciniiuii   staniineuni) 

Leaf  feeder 

Datana  palmii  Beut.,  stout,  black,  yellow  lined  larva.     U\ar.      V.nt.  Am.  6:  129 

AZ.4LEA 

Leaf  feeder 

Amauronematus  azaliae  Marlt.,  shining,  green  solitary  saw  fly  larva.     Dyar.     X.  Y. 
Ent.  Soc.  jour.  5  :  2/ 

SHKKP   l.iUREL 

Pseudanthonomus   incipiens  Dietz.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  1  :  So 

IXKBKRKY   (Ilex   glabra) 

Leaf  feeder 

Dolba  hylaeus  Dru.,  green,  pink  and  yellow  marked,  horned  larva,  2';(  in.     Psyche, 
5  :  267 

\VHITE    ALDKR 

Leaf  feeders 

Nola   clethrae    Uyar,  bluish  ashen  larva.     Can.  Ent.  31  :62 

Pyrausta  thestialis  Walk.,  brown  headed,  greenish  white  larva.     Beut.     Can.    Ent. 
20:  15 

VIRGINIA    CREEPER 

Leaf  feeders 

Adoxus  obscurus  Linn.     Ent.  Am.  6:  176 

Ampeloglypter  ater  Lee.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  85 

Ampelophaga   myron  Cram.,   green,  yellow  dotted   larva,  2   in.     Beut.     Am.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.      Bui.  7  :  292 
Pholus   achemon   Dru.,  green   to   brown,  brown    lined,   horned   larva,    3    in.     Beut. 

Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  7:289 
Pholus    pandorus   Hiibn.,    pale   green   larva  with    oval,   cream-colored   spots.    3    in. 

Beut.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  7  :  288 
Sphecodina  abbotii  Swains,  chocolate-brown,  narrow,  transverse  lined  larva,  2.21  in. 

Beut.      Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  7 :  283.     Thorn 


740  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Amphion   nessus  Cr.,  chocolate-brown,  checkered,  black,  lionied  larva,  23^'  in.   Beut. 

Am.  Mils.  Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  7:  282 
Triptogfon   lugubris  Linn.,  pale  green,  dark  green  and  vellow  marked  larva,  2.41  in. 

Beut.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  7:281 
Deidamia  inscriptum    Harr.,  greenish,  yellow  marked,  horned  larva,  2'a    in.     Soule. 

Psyche,  7:317 
Euthisanotia    grata    Fabr.,   red    headed,    bluish,    orange    and   black   banded  larva, 

T  'i  in.     Saund.     Ins.  Inj.  Fruits,     p.  258 
Acoloithus  falsarius   Clem.,  bluish   black,  orange  and    black    marked    larva,   i.^   in. 

Glover.     U.  S.  Com.  of  Agric.  Rep't  1870,  p.  8i 
Phyllocnistis     ampelopsiella     Chamb.,     narrow,     much     convoluted,     linear     mine 

resembling  white  blotch  on  under  surface.     Cinn.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci.  2  :  107 
Antispila  ampelopsiella  Chamb.,  fat,  white  larva  living  first  in  linear,  then  a  blotch 

mine.      Psyche,  3:  149 

Tree   hopper 

Telamona  ampelopsidis  Harr.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     13th  Rep't,  p.  78 

POISOX   IVY 

Insects 
Corymbites   hamatus  Say.     Psyche,  4:203 

Leaf  feeders 
Pachybrachys  tridens  Melsh.  F.nt.  Am.  6:  175 
Epipaschia   superatalis  Clem.,  orange,    black  and    blue   lined  larva.     Dyar.     N.  Y 

Fnl.  .Soc.  Jour.  12:  249 
Epipaschia  zelleri  Grote,  yellow,  gray  and   black  lined  larva.     Dyar.     N.  Y.   Ent. 

Soc.  Jour.  12  :  250 
Lithocolletes  guttifinitella  Clem.,   broad,    tortuous   niinc  on  upper  surface.     Pack. 

J).  665.      Horsechestnut 

,SMII>AX 

Leaf  feeders 

Mitotna  damon  Cram.,  green,  red  spotted  larva.     French.-     Butterflies  East.  U.  S. 

p.  268.      Red  cedar 
Phiprosopus  callitrichoides  Grote,  mahogany-red  larva,  i  in.      Daecke.     N.  Y.  Ent. 

Soc.  Jour.  II  :  105 
Phyllocnistis    smilacisella    Chamb.,    linear,  white  frass-liiud    mine  ;    upper    surface. 

Cinn.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci.  2:  107 

Sucking   insects 

Proleucoptera  smilaciella  Busck.     N.  V.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  8:244 

Chrysomphalus  smilacis  Comst.  F'ern.     Coccidae,  p.  294 

Lachnus   smilacis  Auct.,  purplish  gray,  cottony  aphid,  sometimes  very  abundant 

HONKYSUfKLK 

Borers 

Hypothenemus  erectus  Lee.     \V.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  31 :  133 
Hypothenemus  eruditus  Westw.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  31  :  132 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND   TREES  741 

Leaf  feeders 
Hemaris  diffinis  Boisd.  van  axillaris  Gr.  &  Rob.,  pale  green  larva.     Jewett.     Bklyn 

Ent.  Soc.      Bui.  4:17 
Homohadena  badistriga  Grote.     Can.  Ent.  23:35 

TRUMPET   VIJTE 

Leaf  feeder 
Sphinx  plebeia  Fabr.,  olive-pink,   olive-marked,  horned  larva ;  flesh-colored  dots  in 
transverse  rows,  23,5  in.     Beut.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  3  :  58 

BITTERSWEET 

Leaf  feeder 

Zelleria  celastrusella   Kearf.,  leaf-green  larva  with  darker  dorsal  line,  2/5  in.     N.  Y. 
Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  1 1  :  i  50 

Borers 

Agrilus   politus  Say.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  364.     Locust 

Smodicum  cucujiforme  Say.     Psyche,  4 :  203.     Hackberry 

Mecas  inornata  Say,  poplar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:81 

Olethreutes   capreana  Hubn.,  bright  green  larva  in   willow  shoots.     Staint.     Brit. 

Butterflies  &  Moths,  2  :  194 
Marmara  salictella  Clem.,  extremely  long,   narrow  mine  under  delicate  cuticle  of 

twigs.     Tineina  N.  A.     p.  212 

Leaf  feeders 

Cladius   isomera   Ham,   black    spotted    larva.     Harrington.      Ent.    Soc.  Ont.      15th 

Rep't,  p.  66 
Priophorus  irregularis  Dyar,  whitish   larva  with  two   irregular  transverse   rows  of 

warts.      N.  V.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  8  :  28 
Pristiphora   sycophanta  Walsh.   Pack. 
Pontania  pallicornis  Nort.,  transparent  green  sawfly  larva.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc. 

Jour.  5  :  196 
Pteronus  mendicus  Walsh,  leaf-green   not  shining  sawfly  larva.     Dyar.     Am.    Ent. 

Soc.  Trans.  22  :  302 
Pteronus  odoratus  Dyar,  light  green,  segments  2,  12,  13  orange  posteriorlv.     Can. 

Ent.  26:  187 
Amauronematus    similis    Marlt.,    solitary    translucent,    light    green    sawfly    lar\a; 

subdorsal  line  white.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  5  :  27 
Amauronematus   oregonensis  Marlt..  solitary    whitish    green,  pilose  sawfly   larva; 

addorsal  and  stigmatal  lines  white.      Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  5:26 
Amauronematus  fur  Walsh.  Pack. 
Pachynematus   gregarious   Marlt.,    whitish,    black    streaked  slug-like  larva.     Dyar. 

X.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  5:29 
Dolerus  arvensis   Say,  steel-blue  sawfly  frequents  buds.     Pack.     p.  587 
Dolerus  bicolor   Beauv.,  brownish  yellow  sawfly  frequents  buds.     Pack.     p.  588 
Litargus  tetraspilotus  Lee.  Pack. 
Orsodachna  atra  Ahr.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  2:262 


742  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Chrysomela   multiguttata    Stal,   liazcl,    elm,    linden,    alder.     Ent.    Soc.    Ont.      nth 

Rep't,  p.  58 
Chrysomela  philadelphica   Linn,  van  spireae  Say.  Pack.     p.  590 
Pachybrachys  livens  Lee.     Ent.  Am.  6:  175 

Pachybrachys  tridens  Mels.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     13th  Rep't,  p.  56.     Sumac 
Galerucella  tuberculata  Say.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22:371 
Hoplia  trifasciata  Say.  Pack. 

Phyllodecta   vulgatissima  Linn.,  poplar.     Ent.  Am.  6:  176 
Crepidodera    helxines  Linn.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  ;i2:20[.     Wild  cherry, 

thorn,  [)oplar 
Gastroidea  cyanea   Mel.sh.     VV.  Va.  A^jric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  32  :  200 
Nodonota   tristis   Oliv.     l^ick.     p.  587 
Macratria   murina  Fabr.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  333 
Rhynchites   cyanellus  Lee.     Can.  Ent.  23:21 

Apion  segnipes   Say.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  39.     I'robably  visits  flowers 
Lepyrus  geminatus  Say.     Can.  Ent.  23  :  23 
Acalyptus   carpini    Hcrbst.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  -.4^ 

Dorytomus   squamosus   Lee.     Pack.     (A  n  t  h  o  n  o  m  u  s    t  e  s  s  e  1 1  a  t  u  s    Walsh) 
Orchestes   niger   Horn.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :8r 
Orchestes   pallicornis  Say.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :8i 
Orchestes   salicis   Linn.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :8i 
Orchestes   rufipes   Lee.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :8i 
Elleschus  bipunctatus  Linn.,  poplar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :8i 
Phloeophagus  minor  Horn.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  87.     Beech,  elm,  ash,  birch 
Anthonomus   sycophanta  Walsh,  gall  feeder.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  80 
Eurymus  interior  Scudd.,  greenish  fuscous,  with  black  points.     Scudd.       Butterflies 

East.  U.  S.  &  Can.     p.  1105 
Polygonia   faunus    I^dw.,   brownish   yellow,  white   spined   caterpillar,  I'jin.      Beut. 

Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.      Bui.  5:265.     Gooseberry,  birch,  alder 
Aglais  milberti   Godt.,  spiny,  black  larva  ;  whitish    tubercles.      Scudd.      Butterflies 

East.  U.  -S.  &  Can.     p.  420 
Basilarchia   arthemis   Dru.,   green,   reddish   or  whitish    patched  larva,  i- ,0  in. ;  elm, 

linden,  poplar,  birch.      French.     Butterflies  East.  U.  S.     p.  208 
Thecla  acadica   Edw.,  green,  oblique  striped,  greenish  yellow   larva.     Saund.     Can. 

Ent.  I  :95 
Thanaos  icelus  Lintn.,  red  headed,  greenish,   white  lined  larva,  3/5  in.     Edw.     Can. 

Ent.  17:98.     Hazel,  poplar 
Thanaos  persius  Scudd.,  green,  yellowish  lined,  white  dotted  larva,  i    in. ;  poplar. 

Beut.      Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  5  :  300 
Sphinx  luscitiosa  Clem.,    green,   white  lined,    horned  larva,    2^   in.     Dyar.      Ent. 

Am.  5  :  189 
Marumba  modesta   Harr.,  green,  granulated,  horned  larva  with  white  points,   3  in.  ; 

poplar.      Beut.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.      Bui.  7:312 
Ecpantheria  deflorata  Fabr.,  locust.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  398 
Apatela  lanceolaria  Grote,  green,  black  lined  larva.     Sm.  &  Abb.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

Proc.  21  :  171 
Apatela  connecta  Gr.,  dark  green,  broad,  yellow  lined  larva.     Sm.  &    Dyar.      U.  S. 

Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  :  115 
Apatela  dactylina    Grote,   black,  yellowish   and    brown   haired  larva  ;  birch,  alder. 

Sm.  &  Dyar      U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  :5i 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  743 

Apatela  oblinita  Sm.  &  Abb.,  velvety  black,    yellow    dotted,    liaii\'    larva;    alder. 

Sin.  &  Dyar.      U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  :  169.     Hazel 
Apatela   impressa   Walk.,  velvety  black,  reddish  striped  larva  ;  hazel.     Sm.  &  Dyar. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  :  159 
Arsilonche   albovenosa  Goeze,  black,  yellow  striped  and  dotted  larva.     Sm.  &  Dyar. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  :  175 
Calocampa   curvimacula  Morr.,  light  brown,   white  striped  larva.      Dyar.     Psyche, 

8:356 
Scoliopteryx    libatrix  Linn.,  pale  green,  yellow  lined  larva.     Pack.     p.  569 
Catocala   parta   Guen.,   fawn-colored,  black  or  brown   marked  larva,  24/5  in.     Pack. 

p.  570.      Poplar 
Catocala   relicta  Walk.,  dark  greenish,  black  marked,  humped  larva,  2^8  in.      Clark. 

Can.  Ent.  20:  \~.     Poplar,  birch 
Catocala   cara   Guen.,  gray,  brown  marked,  horned  larva.     Pack.     p.  464.     Poplar 
Catocala   concumbens  Walk.,  brown,  black  marked   larva,  2-2 j/j  in.     Pack.     p.  570 
Catocala  briseis    Edw.     Can.  Ent.  23  :  36 
Catocala  grynea   Cram.,  silver  gray,  reddish,  yellowish  white  marked    larva,  2]4   in. 

Bklyn.  Ent.  Soc.     Bui.  4:22 
Catocala  babayaga  St  reck.     Pack.     p.  570 
Homoptera   minerea   Guen.     Can.  Ent.  23  :  36 
Homoptera    lunata   Dm.   var.   edusa    Dru.,  dark  gray   larva   with   orange    patches, 

2/5  in.      Beut.      N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  9:  192 
Melalopha    brucei   Hy.   Edw.,   black  headed,  purplish,    white   haired    larva.      Pack. 

Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  137 
Harpyia   borealis  Boisd.,  red  headed,  yellow,  brown  marked,  long  tailed  larva,  i'-^  in. 

Pack.      Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  264.     Wild  cherry,  poplar 
Schizura    concinna   Abb.  &  Sm.,  black  and  white  lined,  reddish,  red    humped  larva, 

\ '4  in.      Pack.      Monogr.  Bombycine  moths,  p.  212,  general   feeder 
Schizura   semirufescens   Walk.,  white  headed,  brown  and  yellow  marked  larva  with 

conspicuous  dorsal  processes   on    1st,  5th,   and   8th   abdominal   segments,    1 'j  in.; 

beech,  maple,  apple,  poplar,  birch.     Pack.     Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  210 
Cerura    occidentalis    Lint.,  green,  purple  marked,  long   tailed    larva,  i  '^    in.      Pack. 

Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  26<S 
Cerura   scitiscripta  Walk.,  greenish,   purple   marked,  long   tailed   larva,    i    in.  ;   wild 

cherry,  poplar.      Pack.      Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  276 
Ectropis   crepuscularia   Dennis  &  Schiff.,  brown  headed,  green,  white  marked  span- 
worm.      Pack.      p.  371.      Maple,  poplar,  alder 
Hydriomena   sordidata  Fabr.,  depressed,  brown,  black  and  white  marked  spanworm. 

Pack.      Monogr.  Geometrid  Moths,  p.  96 
Deilinia     erythremaria    Guen.,    green,    white    striped     spanworm.     Dyar.     Psyche, 

10 :  195.      Poplar 
Deilinia  variolaria  Guen.,  green,  pink  tinted  or  lined  spanworm,  ^s  in-     Pack.     p.  572 
Eustroma     testata    Linn.,  gray    brown,   white  striped    spanworm ;    poplar,    birch. 

Pack.      Monogr.  Geometrid  Moths,  p.  i.?2 
Cleora  cribrataria   Guen.,  poplar.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  447 
Cleora    larvarla   Guen.,   reddish,   green   tinted,   black   and  white   dotted  spanworm. 

Beth.      Can.  Ent.  6  :  32.     Wild  cherry 
Cleora   pampinaria   Guen.,  yellowish  green,    brown   and    black    marked    spanworm, 
I  in.      Pack.     p.  571.     Ash,  maple,  honey-locust 


744  ^'^^^    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Euclea    delphinii   Boisd.  var.   paenulata   Clem.,   brown,    orange   marked    slug   cater- 
pillar,  '1.  in.      Pack.     p.  563 
Phlyctaenia   helvalis  Walk.,  black  headed,  green  larva,  ^  in.    Pack.     p.  467.     Poplar 
Meroptera   pravella  Grote,  green,  light  and  dark  green   striped  larva,  -A,  in.     U.   S. 

Div.  Ent.  Bui.   13:23 
Epinotia  augustana  Hiibn.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:47 

Alceris  ferrugana  Schiff.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:  8.     Oak,  beech,  birch  in  Europe 
Alceris  logiana  Schiff.  var.  viburnana  Clem.     Pack.     p.  576 
Alceris   schalleriana   Linn.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:8  (European  record) 
Alceris   effractana   Fro.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:5 
Alceris   permutana   Dup.,  green,  dark  marked  larva,  i/^  in.      Pack.     p.  575.      Rose  in 

Europe 
Alceris    hastiana    Linn.,    pale    green    larva    between    willow    leaves.     Staiiit.     Brit. 

Butterflies  &  Moths,  2  :  233.     Spruce  in  Europe 
Phalonia   dorsimaculana  Rob.  Staint.     Brit.   Butterflies  &  Moths,  2:191 
Gracilaria  salicifolielia  Chamb.,  mines  upper  surface  in  August.     Can.  Ent.  4  :  25 
Gracilaria  stigmatella  Fabr.,  greenish  yellow  larva,  \{^  in.,  in   linear  or   blotch  mine 

or  in  roll  at  tip  of  leaf.     Can.  Ent.  13  :  25 
Coptodisca   saliciella  Chamb.,  yellowish   larva   in   spatulate   mine.     Psyche,  3  :  147. 

Wild  cherry 
Proleucoptera  albella  Chamb.     Pack.     p.  579.     Poplar 
Batrachedra   praeangusta    Haw.     Pack.     p.  584 

Nepticula   fuscotibiella  Clem.,  mining  under  surface.     Chamb.     Psyche,  3  :  136 
Lithocolletes  salicifolielia   Clem.,    mine   on    under   surface,    usually   near    base  and 

along  edge  of  leaf.     Tineina  N.  A.     p.  169 

Sucking  insects 

i  -     Evacanthus  acuminatus  P'abr.   Pack. 
C  Pediopsis  viridis  P'itch.     Ent.  Am.  5  :  170 

Cladobius   salicti    Harr.,  black,  red  legged,  ',12  in.     Pack.     p.  592 

Cladobius   flocculosus  Weed.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  20:300 

Cladobius   salicis  L.     Am.  Ent.  .Soc.  Trans.  20:300 

Chaitophorus   nigrae   Oest.,  dark  brown  aphid,  Yf,  in.     Pack.     p.  593 

Chaitophorus  viminalis    Mon.,  black,  yellow  marked  aphid, '/'lO  in.     Pack.     p.  S92 

Lachnus   salicellis   Fitch.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  105 

Lachnus   dentatus  LeB..  dark,  black  spotted  aphid  on  stems,  Ve  in.     Pack.     p.  592 

Siphocoryne    salicis   Mon.,  dark  or  green  with  dark  markings,  i^  in.     Pack.     p.  593 

Aphis   salicicola   Thom.  Pack. 

Scale  insects 

Chionaspis  ortholobis   Comst.     P'ern.     Coccidae,  p.    221.     Butternut,  honey-locust, 

poplar,  Cottonwood 
Chionaspis  salicis-nigrae   Walsh.,    tulip    tree,    dogwood,  poplar.     Fern.     Coccidae, 

p.  225 
Hulecanium  capreae   Linn.,  linden,  plum,  poplar,     hern.     Coccidae,  p.  183 

Frequenter 
Psocus  rufus  Walsh.  Pack. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  745 

IVFLLOW   <iALLS 

Twig  galls 

Euura  orbifealis  Noit.,  enlarged,  lateral,  monothalamous  bud  gall.      Ent.  Soc.   Phila. 

Proc.  6:  250 
Huura   nodus  Walsh,  smooth  twig  enlargement,  one  fourth   to   twice   normal   diam- 
eter.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  6:253 
Euura  ovum  Walsh,  oval,  monothalamous  twig  gall,  on  one   side.     Ent.   Soc.   Phila. 

Proc.  6:251 
Cecidomyia   cornuta    Walsh,    larva    bores   stems  affected   by    C.    b  r  a  s  s  i  c  o  i  d  e  s. 

Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  3:625 
Cecidomyia  coryloides  Walsh,   large,  monothalamous,   apical  ;  resembling  a   bunch 

of  hazelnuts.      Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  3  :  588 
Cecidomyia   hordeoides  Walsh,  resembles  four  rowed  barley,  twig   not   enlarged  as 

in  C.    t  r  i  t  i  c  o  i  d  e  s.      Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  3  :  599 
Cecidomyia  nodulus  W'alsh,   smaller,   though   similar    to   C.    b  a  t  a  t  u  s.   but   mono- 
thalamous.     Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  3  :  599 
Cecidomyia   triticoides  Walsh,  polythalamous,    woodv,    resemblijig    a  wheat  head, 

%~i  14;  in.      Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  3  :  598 
Rhabdophaga   batatas   Wal.sh,  irregular  polythalamous  swelling.      Ent.   Soc.   Phila. 

Proc.  3  :  601 
Rhabdophaga    rhodoides    Walsh,    monothalamous   roselike    galls    at    ti|)   of    tuigs. 

Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  3  :  586 
Rhabdophaga   siliqua  Walsh,    monothalamous    solitary    oval,    apical    woody    gall, 

y^-i    in.      Ins.  Galls  Ind.     p.  840 

Leaf  galls 
Pontania  borealis   Marlt.,    solitary,    smooth,    reddish,    pyriform,    l^   in.,   ^   below. 

Dyar.      N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  6:121 
Pontania  consors   Mark.,    gregarious,   hairy,  spheric,   near   leaf  base,  ',    in.     Dyar. 

N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  6:121 
Pontania  gracilis  Marlt.,  green,  spheric  gall,  equally  on  both  surfaces.     Dyar.     N.  Y. 

Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  5  :  197 
Pontania  terminalis   Marlt.,  green   swelling   on   upper  surface.     Dyar.     N.  Y.    Ent. 

Soc.  Jour.  5  :  24 
Rhabdophaga  brassicoides  Walsh,  bunches  of  .oval,   monothalamous,   sessile  galls, 

^i--'i  i"-      F.nt.  Sue.  Phila.  Proc.  3  :  577 
Rhabdophaga  gnaphaloides   Walsh,  apical,   solitary,  subspherical,    '^-'j    in.      Ent. 

Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  3  :  5S3 
Rhabdophaga    strobiliscus   \\'alsh,   pine   cone-shaped    gall.      Ent.   .Soc.   Phila.  Proc. 

3:582 
Cecidomyia  verruca  Walsh,   small,    monothalamous,  irregularly  spheric   gall.      Ent. 

Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  3:606 
Phylloxera  salicicola  Perg.,  woolly  aphids   in    bark  crevices  and  leaf  buds.     Da\en- 

port.     Acad.  Sci.  Proc.  9:267 
Eriophyes  salicicola  Garm.,  longitudinal  leaf  folds.     Pack.     p.  595 
Acarus  aenigma  \Valsh,  polythalamous,  irregular,  spheroidal,  almost  sessile  mass  of 

bud  or  leaf  tissues,  '3-1'  10  'H-     E'lt.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  3:608 
Acarus  semen  Walsh,  small,  roughened,  greenish  yellow,  mostly  on  upper  surface. 

Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  3:606 


^46  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Iiiquiliiics 

Cecidomyia    albovittata    Walsh,    in    various    leafy,    tip    galls,    R.    strobiloides 

Walsh,  etc.      X.Am.  Diptera,  p.  159 
Cecidomyia  annulipes  Walsh,    in   galls   of    R.    strobiloides  Walsh.      Ent.   See. 

I'hila.  Proc.  3  :  629 
Cecidomyia  atricornis   Walsh,   in   galls  of    R.   strobiloides    Walsli.     N.     Am. 

Diptera,  p.  I  59 
Cecidomyia  atrocularis   Walsh,   in    galls   of    R.    strobiliscus    Walsh.     N.  Am. 

Diptera,  p.  159 
Cecidomyia   orbitalis  W'alsli.  in  various  willow  galls.     N.  Am.  Diptera,  p.  160 
Lestodiplosis   septem-maculata    Walsh,  in    galls  of    R.    brassicoides    Walsh. 

Ent.  Soc.  Phila.   Proc.  3:630 
Lestodiplosis   decem-maculata    Walsh,     in    galls    of    R.    strobiloides    Walsh. 

Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Proc.  3:631 
Epinotia  saliciana  Clem.,  larva  in  willow  galls.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:47 
Epinotia  salicicolana  Clem.,  larva  in  willow  galls.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:47 
Enarmonia  gallaesaliciana  Riley,  larva  in  willow  galls.     Pack.     p.  576 
Aristotelia  salicifungiella  Clem.,  larva  mines  willow  cabbage  gall.     Tineina  N.  A. 

p.  262 
Batrachedra  salicipomonella  Clem.,  white,  black  banded  larva  in  willow  gall,  ->8  in. 

Pack,      p.  5S2.      poplar 

POPLAK 

Borers 
Eros  aurora  Herbst.  Pack. 
Dicerca  prolongata  Lee.     Ent.  Am.  5  :  29 
Agrilus  granulatus  Say.  Pack.     p.  443 
Poecilonota  cyanipes  Say.     Ent.  Am.  5  :  30 

Plectrodera  scalator  Fabr.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  23:  112.     Willovv 
Hyperplatys    aspersus    Say,    hickory,     chestnut,    cottonwood.      N.    Y.    Ent.    Soc. 

Jour.  4:79 
Zeugophora  varians  Cr.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  370 
Saperda  moesta  Lee.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  23  :  151 

Oberea  tripunctata  Swed.  van  mandarina  Fabr.     N.  V.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:81 
Dorytomus  mucidus  Say.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,    i  :4i.     Pine 
Memythrus  dollii  Neum.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  471 

Leaf  feeders 

Pontania  populi   Mark.,  whitish  larva    with    two   dusky    brown,   corneous   patches. 

Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  5  :  24 
Pontania  robusta  Marlt.,  pale  emerald-green  larva.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.   Soc.   Jour. 

5:  195 
Pteronus   hudsonii    Dyar,  bluish   green,    orange-yellow   blotciied   larva.     Am.    Ent. 

Soc.  Trans.  22  :  306 
Pteronus    lombardae    Marlt.,   larva  indistinguishable   from    P.   v  e  n  t  r  a  1  i  s.     Dyar. 

N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  5:25 
Camponiscus  americana  Marlt.,  whitish  green  dorsaliy,  not  shining;  at  rest,  spirally 

curled.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  5  :  23 
Cryptocephalus  leucomelas  Suffr.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  302 


IXSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AXD    WOODLAND    TREES  747 

Chrysomela  conjuncta  Rog.,  gregarious,  black  larvae,  ^  in.     Pack.     p.  470. 

Wollastonia  quercicola  Boh.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  87 

Raphia  frater  Grote,    bluish    green,   yellow   and    red   marked   larva,    i}^    in.      Pack. 

p.  462.      Willow 
Apatela  distans  Grote,  black,  pale  yellow  haired  larva  ;   willow,  birch,  alder.     Sni.  & 

Dyar.      U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  :"  161 
Apatela  leporina  Linn.,  thick,  long,  yellowish   hair,  i-f's   in.     Pack.     p.  461.     Birch. 
Apatela  lepusculina  Gucn.,  yellow  larva;   5  black  hair  pencils.     Saund.     Ent.   Soc. 

OiU.      14th  Rep't,  p.  24 
Apatela  noctivaga  Grote,  black  mottled,   red  banded  larva.     Sm.  &   Dyar.      L  .   .S. 

Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  :  156 
Apatela  populi  Riley,  yellowish,  hairy  larva  with  black  hair  pencils.     Pack.     p.  433 
Apatela  sperata  Grote,  pinkish  or  carmine,  brown   mottled,   blackish   larva ;  alder. 

Sm.  &  Dyar.      U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  :  154 
Catocala  amatrix   Hiibn.,  gray  or  flesh-colored,   black  spotted   larva,    3   in.     Pack. 

p.  465 
Catocala  unijuga  Walk.,  gray,  white  marked  larva,  2'  5  in.     Pack.     p.  463 
Catocala  meskei  Grote,  light  drab,  brown  banded  larva,  2'/i  in.     Pack.     p.  462 
Plathypena  scabra  Fabr.     U.  S.  Div.  Ent.  Bui.  32:55 
Melalopha  albosigma  Fitch,  yellow,  gray  lined  larva,    t '4    in.     Pack.     N.  Y.   Ent. 

Soc.  Jour.  I  :  2j.     Willow 
Melalopha  apicalis   Walk.,  light  brown  or   grayish   larva   with   yellowish  tubercles, 

I "/(  in.      Pack.    Monogr.   Bombycine   Moths,  p.  125.     Willow 
Melalopha  strigosa  Grote,  black   headed,  yellow  and   purple   striped   larva.     Dyar. 

Psyche,  7 :  424 
Gluphisia   septentrionalis  Walk.,  green,  pink   marked   larva,  i '4  in.;  willow,   birch. 

Pack.      Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  90.      Elm,  sweet  gum 
Pheosia   dimidiata   U.S.,  reddish,   slate   gray,  black  horned  larva,    i  V^  in. :    willow. 

Pack.      Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  158 
Hyperaeschra  Stragula  Grote,  a  slate   or  lilac   colored,  brown   and  golden  marked 
larva  with  humps  on  the  2d,  3d  and  8th  abdominal  segments,  2  in.  ;  willow.     Pack. 
Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  165 
Harpyia  scolopendrina   Boisd.,   red   headed,   yellowish,  purple   marked,  long  tailed 

larva.      Pack.      Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  270 
Epimecis  virginaria  Cram.,  red  headed,  yellowish,  bluish  green    marked   spanworm. 

Pack.      Monogr.  Geometrid  Moths,  p.  443 
Lycia  ursaria  Walk.,  drab    or  dingy  purple    spanworm,  2-2 1<    in.     Pack.     p.    445. 

Elm.  wild  chcrr\- 
Metanema  inatomaria  Guen.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  45' 
Anacampsis  rhoifructella  Clem.,  green,  black  .spotted  or  brown,  dark  marked  larva, 

5/8   in.      Pack.     p.  468.     Sumac 
Gracilaria  stigmatella  Fabr.,  willow.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:  192 
Ancylis  tineana   Hiibn.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:52 
Coleophora   cinerella  Chamb.     U.  S.  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  32  :  56 
Phyllocnistis  populiella  Chamb.,  tortuous  winding  mine  with  central  indistinct  frass 

line.     Cinn.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci.  2:  106 
Lithocolletes  populiella  Chamb.   Pack.     p.  468 

Proleucoptera    albella    Chamb.,   conspicuous   mine    in   silver-leaved    and   lombardy 
poplars,  separates  the  two  cuticles.     Can.  Ent.  3  :  24 


748  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Sucking  insects 
Chaitophorus  candicans  Koch.  Pack. 
Chaitophorus  populifoliae  Fitch,  chestnut-brown,  black  marked  aphid,  1/5  in.     Pack. 

P-  471 
Chaitophorus  popuhcola  Thorn.     Pack.     p.  434 

Pemphigus  popularius  Fitch,  brown,  green,  black  marked  aphid,  'a  in.     Pack.     p.  472 
Pemphigus  populi-globuli   P"itch,  basal,  globular  leaf  galls.     Pack.     p.  472 
Pemphigus  populimonilis  Riley.  Pack. 
Pemphigus  populiramulorum  Riley.  Pack. 

Phemphigus  populi-venae   F'itch,  yellow  mid  vein  galls.     Pack.     p.  472 
Pemphigus    pseudobyrsa  Walsh.  Pack. 
Phylloxera  popularia  Perg.,    in    green   deserted  galls  of    Pemphigus    p  o  p  u  1  i- 

c  a  u  1  i  s    Fitch.     Davenport.     Acad.  Sci.  Proc.  9  :  266 
Phylloxera  prolifera  Oestl.,  occurs    in  deserted   galls  of    Pemphigus    p  o  p  u  1  i- 

caulis    F"itch.     Perg.     Davenport.     Acad.  Sci.  Proc.  9 :  265 

BIKCH 

Borers 

Campylus  denticornis  Kirby.     Pack.     p.  485 
Gracilia  minuta  Fabr.     Wickham.     Can.  Ent.  29:  no 
Rhinosimus  viridiaeneus  Rand.,  under  birch  bark 
Liodes  basalis  Lee,  on  woody  fungus 
Liodes  globosa  Lee,  on  woody  fungus 
Dorcatoma  setulosum  Lee,  on  woody  fun.gus 
Orchesia  gracilis  Melsh.,  fungi 

Leaf  feeders 
Croesus  latitarsus  Nort..   blue   black  larva;  cherry.     Harrington.     Ent.  .Soc.  Ont. 

1 5th  Rep't,  p.  67 
Hylotoma  coerulea   Nort.,    larva   indistinguishable    from    H.    pectoral  is   Leach. 

Dyar.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  309 
Pristiphora.    tibialis    Nort.,   translucent,    leaf-green,    shining   larva;     willow,    yellow 

birch.      Dyar.      Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  301 
Strongylogaster  pinguis  Nort.,  not  shining,  yellowish  olivaceous  larva  ;  oak,  linden. 

Dyar.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  311 
Tenthredo  cressonii  Kirb\',   whitish    green    to  yellowish    green    translucent    larva. 

Dyar.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  312 
Tenthredo  remota  MacGill.^ whitish  translucent  larva,  appearing  yellowish  green. 

Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  5  :  19 
Taxonus  multicolor    Nort.,   translucent  wa.xy    tinged    vinous   and   tar-brown   laiva. 

Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  309 
Pteronus  ?  lateralis  Nort.,  dark,  slightly  shining  green  larva.    Am.  Pint.  Soc.  Trans. 

22  ;  307 
Pteronus  latifasciatus  Cress.,  purplish  vinous  tinted  larva.     Dyar.     Am.   Ent.  Soc. 

Trans.  22  :  304 
Pteronus  pinguidorsum  Dyar,  translucent  green  larva.    Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  303 
Pteronus  hyalinus  Marlt.     U.  S.  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  3,  t.  s.     p.  6^ 
Syneta  ferruginea  Germ.  Pack. 
Aphrastus  taeniatus  Gyll.  Pack. 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  749 

Strophosomus  coryli  Fabr.     N.  Y.  Eiit.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  42 

Orchestes  betuleti  Horn.     N.  V.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  1  :  Si 

Apion  walshii  Smith.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  -.40 

Eugonia  j-album    Bd.-Lec,   light    green,   reddish    and   black,   bri.stled    larva,   2  in. ; 

paper  birch.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.     Bui.  5:266;  willow,  poplar 
Drepana  arcuata  Walk.,  green,  vellow  and  brown  marked   lar\a.      Beut.     ILnt.  Am. 

5  :  3« 
Lophodonta  ferruginea  Pack.,  green,  white  lined  larva;   rctldish  dorsal   line  on  13th 

segment.     Pack.     Monogr.  Bombycine  Moths,  p.  150 
Apatela  superans  Guen.,  soft  green  larva;  narrow,  yellow  subdorsal  lined  ;   mountain 

<ish,  apple.      Sm.  &  Dyar.      U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21:119 
Apatela  betulae   Riley,  dull  olivaceous  brown,  black  and  white  haired  larva,  iy>  in. 

Sm.  &  Dyar.     U.  S.'Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  :75 
Apatela  impleta  Walk.,  black  and  white  mottled  larva  ;  oak,  walnut,  elm,  ash,  maple, 

linden,  apple,  cherry,  willow,  poplar.     Sm.  &  Dyar.     U.  -S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  :  152 
Apatela  xyliniformis    Guen.,   blackish   or   gray,   fineh'   strigose,    red    banded  larva. 

Sm.  ^K:  Dyar.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  :  166' 
Euplexia  lucipara  Linn.,  green,  white  marked  larva,  12/5  in-     Pack.     p.  497 
Olene  leucophaea  Abb.  &  Sm.  var.  basiflava  Pack.     Can.  Ent.  23  :  34 
Cosymbia  lumenaria  Hiibn.,  green,  white  marked  larva,  25  in.     Pack.     p.  501 
Demas  propinquilinea  Grote,  white   larva  with    red  or  black  pencil  on  joint  3  ;  oak, 

w.dnut,  beech,  maple.     Sm.  &  Dyar.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  :  20 
Falcaria  bilineata  Pack.,   rusty  brown   larva,  '^6  in.     Dyar.     N.  Y.  Ent.   Soc.  Jour. 

2  :  I  oS 
Mesoleuca  ruficillata  Guen.     Ent.  .-\m.  3:49 
Ectropis  crepuscularia  Denis  &  .Schiff.  Pack. 
Oreta  rosea  Wall^.   Pack.     Viburnum 
Oreta  irrorata    I'ack.   Pack. 
Priocycla  armataria   H.-S.,  black  spanworm,  'j  in.;  maple,   birch,  currant.     Saund. 

Can.  Ent.  3  :  1  30 
Rheumaptera  hastata  Linn.,  black  or  brownish  black,  black  spotted,  black  and  white 

marked  spanworm  ;  sweet  gale.      Pack.      Monogr.  Geometric!  Moths,  p.  164 
Metrocampa  praegrandaria   Guen.,  green    headed,  brown,  dark   spotted  spanworm. 

Dyar.      Psyche,  10:  190.     Oak,  hornbeam,  elm,  linden,  willow,  poplar 
Brephos  infans  Mosch.  Pack. 

Depressaria  betulella  Busck.     U.  S.  Nat.  ^hls.  Proc.  24:746 
Moodna  pelviculella  Hulst.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  17:  194 
Acrobasis  betulella  Hulst.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  17:  125 
Eucosma  transmissana  Walk.   Pack. 
Eucosma  solicitana  Walk.   Pack. 

Eucosma  similana  Hiibn.,  hazel  (in  Europe).     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:42 
Exartema  zellerianum  Fern.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:29 
Alceris  ferrugana  Schiff.   Pack. 
Alceris  niveana  P"abr.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:6 

Sucking  insects 

Bythoscopus  fenestratus  Fitch.   Pack. 
Eutettix  seminudus  Say.  Pack. 
-Corythuca  juglandis  Fitch.   Pack. 


--co  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Calaphis  betulella  Walsh.   Pack. 

Hormaphis  papyraceae  Oest.  Pack. 

Eulecanium  websteri  King.   Fern.     Cocciclae,  p.  198 

AXDER 

Borers 

Dicerca  pugionata  Germ.     Ent.  Am.  5  :  30.     Oak,  maple 
Tetrops  canescens  Lee.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  23  :  157 
Eupristocerus  cogitans  Web.     Ent.  Am.  5  :  32 

Leaf  feeders 

Kaliosysphinga  dohrnii  Tisch.,  slender,  whitish   leaf-mining  larva,    Vii-}^  in-     Slin- 

gerland.     Cornell  Univ.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  233  :  58 
Amauronematus  luteotergum  Nort.,  shining  green  larva,  yellowish  beneath.     Dyar. 

Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  304 
Poecilostoma    inferentia    Nort.,   smooth,   shining,    pale    green   larva.     Dyar.     Am. 

Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  308 
Pteronus  corylus  Cress.,  slender,  dark   green  larva.     Dyar.     Am.    Ent.   .Soc.  Trans. 

22  :  306 
Pteronus  marlattii  Dyar,  shining  green  brown  larva.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  22  :  305 
Calligrapha  scalaris  Lee,  white,    red  headed,  humped  larva,  ]:^  in.     Pack.     p.  635. 

Wild  plum 
Monachus  saponatus  Fabr.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     13th  Rcp't,  p.  36 
Papilio  rutulus  Boisd.   Pack.     p.  625 
Apatela  hastulifera   Abb.  &  Sm.,  black,  dark  brown,  haired   larva,  1-  5  in.     .Sm.   & 

Dyar.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  21  147.     Linden 
Mesoleuca  truncata   llufn.     Ent.  Am.  3:50 

Hemichroa  americana  Prov.,  yellowish  larva.     Dyar.     Can.   Ent.  25  :  244 
Sabulodes  arcasaria  Walk.,    dark  brown,  silver-marked  spanworm  ;    5th  abdominal 

segment  with  double  hump;    \y^  in.     Pack.     p.  628 
Telphusa  belangerella   Chamb.,  amber-colored    leaf   roller,  with   long  caudal   hairs, 

%  in.     U.  S.  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  13:25 
Acrobasis  rubrifasciella  Pack.,  brown,  pinkish  larva,  'i  in.      Hulst.     Am.  Ent.   Soc. 

Trans.   17:124.      Hickory 
Gelechia  corylisella  Chamb.,  dull  whitish  larva,  ^4  in.     Pack.     p.  635 
Lithocolletes  auronitens  Frey  &  Boll.   Pack. 

Aphid 
Lachnus  alnifoiiae  Pitch.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  105 

Bud   gall 

Dasyneura  serrulatae   O.    S.,  deformed   terminal,  greenish   or   brown,  \\  ith  whitish 
efflorescence.     Ent.  Soc.  Wash.  Proc.  2  :  388 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND    TREES  75  I 


PINE 

1 

Borers 

Urocerus  flavicornis  Fabr.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     36th  Rtp't,  p.  60 

Chalcophora  fortis  Lee.  Pack.     p.  680 

Buprestis  consularis  Gory.     Ent.  Am.  5  :  30 

Buprestis  lineata  Fabr.  Pack.     p.  683 

Buprestis  sulcicoUis   Lee.     Ent.  Am.  5  :  30 

Buprestis  ultramarina  Say.   Pack.     p.  682 

Melanophila  aeneola  Mels.     Ent.  Am.  5:31 

Chrysobothris  blanchardi   Horn.     Ent.  Am.  5:31 

Chrysobothris  harrisii   Hentz.  Pack.     p.  680 

Chrysobothris  trinervia   Kirby,  spruce.     Ent.  Am.  5:31 

Pityobius  anguinus   Lee,  in  pine  woods,  pi'obably  also  on  licmlocks 

Laricobius  erichsoni   Rosen.     Ent.  Am.  6:155 

Actenodes  acornis  Say.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  255 

Prionus  pocularis   Dalm.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:74 

Caliidium  janthinum   Lcc.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:75 

Romaleum  simplicicoUis  Hald.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  287 

Euderces  pini  Oliv.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:77 

Neoclytus  muricatulus  Kirby.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:76 

Atimia  confusa  Say.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:77.     Cedar 

Leptostylus  commixtus   Hald.     Pack.     p.  697.     Locust 

Leptostylus  sexguttatus  Say.     Wickham.     Can.  Ent.  29  :  20S 

Acanthocinus  nodosus  Fabr.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  23:  132 

Eupogonius  tomentosus   Hald.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:  80.     Hickory 

Eupogonius  pinivora  Fitch.  Pack.     p.  696 

Pytho  niger  Kirby,  black  spruce.     W.  Va.  Agric.  E.xp.  Sta.      Hnl.  32:204 

Podapion  galUcola  Riley.     N.  Y.  Ent.   Soc.  Jour.  1  :  40 

Pachylobius  picivorus  Germ.  Pack.     p.  727 

Hylobius  confusus  Kirby.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     33d  Rep't,  p.  117 

Hypomolyx  pinicola  Coup.    Pack.     p.  726 

Magdalis  lecontei  Horn.     Can.  Ent.  23:24 

MagdaHs  hispoides  Lee.     Ent.  Am.  6:  170 

Copturodes  longulus  Lee.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  .Sta.     Bui.  56:441 

Cossonus  concinnus  Boh.     Ent.  Am.  6:  172 

Cossonus  corticola  Say.     Ent.  Am.  6:  172.     Spruce 

Cossonus  crenatus  Horn.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  87 

Cossonus  piniphilus  Boh.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  87 

Monarthrum  fasciatum  Say,  oak,  hickory,  beech,  hemlock.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  361 

Gnathotrichus  retusus  Lee.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  31  :  128 

Pityophthorus  coniperda  Schwarz.     Ent.  Soc.  Ont.     33d  Rep't,  p.  117 

Pityophthorus  pullus  Zimm.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  362 

Pityophthorus  puHcarius  Zimm.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  362 

Pityophthorus  annectens  Lee.  Pack.     p.  715 

Pityophthorus  confinis  Lee.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  31  :  130 

Pityophthorus  cribripennis  Eich.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  56 :  442 

Pityophthorus  hirticeps  Lee.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc.  25  :  56 

Pityophthorus  lautus  Eich.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  31:131 


y~^2  NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Pityophthorus  plagiatus  Lee.     W.  Va.  Agiic.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  31  :  129 

Pityophthorus  puberulus  I,ec.     Ins.  \.  J.     p.  362 

Pityophthorus   pulchellus  Eich.,  spruce.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  .Sta.      Hul.  56  :  442 

Pityogenes  plagiatus  Lee.     W.  Va.  Agiic.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  56:447 

Pityogenes  sparsus   Lee.     VV.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  56:446 

Xyleborus  fuscatus  Eich.,  oak,  hickory,  chestnut.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  363 

Xyloterus  scabricoIHs  Lee.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  56:444 

Tomicus  avulsus  Eich.      W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  31  :  139 

Dryocoetes  affaber  Mann.     Can.  Ent.  23  :  26.     Spruce 

Dendroctonus   pusillus  Gyll.     Insect  Life,  5:  187.     Spruce 

Dendroctonus  simplex  Lee.     Can.  Ent.  23  :  27 

Hylastes  porculus  Ehr.   Pack.     p.  724 

Hylastes,  tenuis  Zimm.     \V.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Rul.  56:449 

Dryophthorus  americanus  Bedel.     Ent.  Am.  6;  172 

Dioryctria  abietella  Denis  &  Schiff.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  17:  135 

In  dead  wood  or  under  bark 

Mycetophagus  pini  Zeigl.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  229 

Melanotus  cribulosus  Lee.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  250 

Melanotus  leonardi  Lee.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  250 

Corymbites  vernalis  Hentz.   P.syche,  4:  203 

Ernobius   tenuicornis  Lee.  Pack.     p.  727 

Ernobius  luteipennis  Lee.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  267 

Ernobius  granulatus  Lee.     In.s.  N.  L     P-  267 

Helops  aereus  Germ.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  324 

Aradus   cinnamomeus  Panz.     N.  Y.  Ent.  See.  Jour.  13  :  38 

Leaf  feeders 

Lophyrus   fabricii   Leach,  greenish,   opaepie  white   larva,  with  quadrate    black  spots. 

Dyar.      N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  5  :  200 
Lophyrus  pini-rigidae    Nort.,    yellowish,    black    spotted,     false     caterpillar.      Pack. 

!'■   759 
Lophyrus  pinetum  Nort.,  larva  with  "  22  feet  —  6  true,  14  abdominal  prolegs,  and   2 
anal.      The  body  wliitc,  with  2  dorsal  and  2  lateral  rows  of  quadrate  black  spots  — 
the  former  running  together.      The   head   and    true    legs    shining   black.      Length, 
about  ^^  inch."      Kirkpatrick.     Ohio  Farmer.  Nov.  24,  i86o(l<"rom  transcript  sup- 
plied by  the  editors).     Str  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  2:328-29. 
Chrysomela  philadelphica  Lin.  Pack.     p.  801.     Willow 
Pachybrachys  femoratus  Oliv.     Ent.  Am.  6:175 
Tachygonus  lecontei  Gyll.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  354.     Oak 
Scythropus  elegans  Coup.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour,  i  :  39.     Spruce 
Cecidomyia  inopis  O.  .S.,  resinous  cocoon  on  scrub  pine  leaves.     Diptera  N.  A.  i  :  196 
Incisalia  niphon  lliibn.,  slug-shaped,  green,  yellow  striped  larva,  ^4  in.     Heut.     .Am. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.      Hul.  5:280.      Juniper 
Citheronia   sepulchralis  Gr.  &  Rob.,  brown,  horned,  red   marked    larva,  4  in.      Pack. 

P-  77- 
Platagrotis  condita  Guen.     Can.  Ent.  23:35 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    PARK   AND    WOODLAND   TREES  753 

Pheocyma  lunifera  Hiibn.,  brown,  black  marked,  i->8  in.     Pack.     p.  Tj6 

Therina  pellucidaria  Gr.   &   Rob.,   span  worm,   whitish,  black  marked  head  :  body 

greenish,  brown  and  black  lined.     Dyar.     Psyche,  9:21 
Eufidonia  notataria    Walk.,  green,  white  striped   spanworm,    i    in.     Pack.     p.   782. 

Tamarack,  hemlock 
Nepytia  semiclusaria   Walk.,   whitish,    black    marked    spanworm,    i-i  Jg    in.     Pack. 

p.  781.     Spruce,  fir,  tamarack,  hemlock 
Macaria  praeatomata    Haw.   van   bisignata    Walk.,    red    headed,  green    sixinworm, 

-'4  in.      Pack.      p.  780.      Birch,  fir 
Caripeta  angustiorata   Walk.,   grayish    brown,  marbled    spanworm,    i  '^    in.      Pack. 

P-  779 
Paraphia    subatomaria    Wood,    brown    spanworm;    June.     Pack.     p.  77S.     Beech, 

linden,  birch,  alder,  spruce,  fir 
Melanolophia  canadaria   Guen.,  pine,  spruce,  tamarack,   hemlock,  sweet    gale.      Ins. 

N.  J.     p.  448 
Alceris  ferrugana  Schiff.,  red  or  brown   headed,  green,  red  tinted  leaf  roller.     Pack. 

p.   790 
Lapara  coniferarum   Abb.    &  .Sm.,   yellowish   green,  white  lined   larva,  3  in.     Pern. 

Sphing.  N.  E.     p.  84 
Epinotia  pinicolana  Zell.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:47 

Root  feeder 
Lachnosterna  fusca  Frohl.   Pack.     p.  675.      Hickory 

Sucking  insects 

O  Phlepsius  fulvidorsum  Fitch,  hemlock.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  19:74 
Melinna  modesta  Uhler.     Ent.  Am.  3  :69 
Tetyra  bipunctata  H.-S.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  13:30 

^  Cixius  pini  P'itch,  brownish  black,  smoky  winged  bug,  Vj,  in.     Pack.     p.  803 
Livia  vemalis  h'itch,  orange  yellow,  Ve  in.     Pack.     p.  803 

Schizoneura  pinicola  Thom.,  woolly  aphids  on  tender  shoots.     Pack.     p.  804 
Chaitophorus  pinicolens  Fitch,  yellow,  white  powdered  aphid,  '^^  in.      Pack.     p.  806 
Lachnus  strobi  Fitch,  dark,  mealy  aphids,  '3  in.     Pack.     p.  741 

SPRUCE 

Borers 
Cupes  concolor  West.  Pack.     p.  8.?7 
Melanophila  longipes  Say.  Pack.     p.  827.     Pine 
Melanophila  drummondi  Kirby.     Ent.  Am.  5  :  30 
Chrysobothris  scabripennis  Lap.  &  Gory.     Ent.  Am.  5:31.     Pine 
Xestobium  squalidum  Lee,  black  spruce.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  11 :  189 
Graphisurus  pusillus   Kirby.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  56:439 
Pityophthorus  tuberculatus  Eich.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  31  :  132 
Cryphalus  piceae   Ratz.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  56 :  444 
Dryocoetes  granicoUis  Lee,  black  spruce.     W.  Va.   Agric.   E.xp.  Sta.      Bui.  31  :  138 
Dendroctonus  rufipennis  Kirby.     U.  S.  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  17,  n.  s.    p.  67 
Crypturgus  alutaceus    Sz.,    black  and   Norway  spruce.     W.  Va.  Agric.    Exp.   Sta. 

Bui.  56:448 
Hepialus  mustelina  Pack.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  3:70 


754  ^'EVV    VORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Leaf  feeders 
Oligia  versicolor  Grote,  humped,  red  spotted  larva,    "^   in.     Pack.     p.   840.     Black 

walnut,  pine,  fir 
Epizeuxis  aemula  Hiibn.,  brown,  dark  lined  larva.     Pack.     p.  843 
Hydriomena  contracta    Pack.,   green,   white    and    yellow    lined    larva.    ',    in.  :   pine, 

larch,  juniper.      U.  S.  Div.  Ent.      Bui.  12:21 
Cleora  cribrataria  Gucn.   Pack.     p.  841.     Poplar 

Therina  fervidaria  Hiibn.,  yellowish,  black  lined  larva.     Pack.     p.  841 
Oxyptilus  tenuidactylus  Fitch.   Pack.     p.  851 

Alceris  variana  Fern.,  red  headed,  greenish  larva,  ^/z  in.     L    S.  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  12:  17 
Tortrix  packardiana  Fern.,  fir.     Pack.     p.  849 
Recurvaria  piceaella    Kearf.,   red   larva    with    dorsal  green   patches;  black    spruce. 

N.  V.  Ent.  .Soc.  Jour.   11:155 
Recurvaria    obliquistrigella   Chamb..  reddish   brown   bud   larva.  '^  in.      U.  .S.   Div. 

Ent.     Bui.  12  :  21.      Larch 
Epinotia  ratzeburgiana  Sax,  dark  olive-brown  bud  lar\a  ;  June.     Pack.     p.  845 

Sucking  insects 

^Bythoscopus  variabilis  Fitch,  black,  yellow  and  white  marked,  '  5  in.     Pack.     p.  854. 
Birch 
Lachnus  abietis  Fitch,  black  aphid,  %  in.      Pack.     p.  853 
Chermes  abieticolens  Thom.,  apical,  conelike  deformities  on  twigs.        Pack.     p.  853. 

HKMLOf'K 

Borers 

Boletophagus  corticola  Say,  under  dead  bark  1 

Boletophagus  depressus  Rand.,  under  dead  bark 

Leaf  feeders 

Feralia  jocosa   Guen..  pea-green,    checkered  yellow  and   red    larva,  1^/5  in. ;    spruce, 

balsam.     Seifert. ,    N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.     6:  182 
Sabulodes  lorata  Grote,  brownish,    white   marked,    tuberculate    spanworm,    i  ',2    in. 

Pack.      p.  873 
Caripeta  divisata  Walk.,  brownish,  white,  yellow  marked  larva.     Pack.     p.  874 
Mesoleuca  vasaliata  Guen.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  441 
Scoparia  basalis  Walk.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  461 
Recurvaria  apicitripunctella  Clem.,  slender,  green  larva,  %  in.     Pack.     p.  876 

BALSAM 

Leaf  feeders 

Panthea  acronyctoides  Walk.  ?     Can.  Ent.     23:35 

Tephroclystis  luteata  Pack.,  reddish,  white  specked  spanworm,  ^4  in.     Pack.    p.  S65. 

Hemlock 
Archips  afflictana  Walk.     Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Trans.  10:  13 
Holcocera  chalcofrontella  Clem.,  leaf  sheath  worm.     U.  S.  Div.  Ent.     Bui.  12  :  54 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    PARK    AND    WOODLAND   TREES  755 

L,ARCI1    OK  TAMAUAfK 

Leaf  feeders 
Hemichroa  laricis  Marlt.,   green   striped   larva.     Dj'ar.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  5:28 
Samia  Columbia  Smith,  light  green  tuberculate  larva,  3  in.     Pack.     p.  891 

Sucking  insects  and  mite 

Chermaphis  laricifoliae  Fitch.,  solitary,  black  and  green  aphid,  i/io  in.     Pack.  p.  903 

Lachnus   laricifex  Fitch,  solitary,  brown,  white  marked  aphid,  }s  in.     Pack.  p.  902 

Tetranychus  telarius    Linn.,  brown    foliage   bearing  minute,  globular  mites.  Pack, 
p.  903 

CYPRESS 

Gall 
Cecidomyia  ananassi  Riley,  brown,  pineapplelike  gall,  'j  in.     Am.  Knt.  2:244 

ARBOR  VITAK  OK  WHITK  CKK.VK 

Leaf  feeders 

Recurvaria  thujaella  Kearf.,  slender,  dull  red,  purplish  larva,  'j  in.     N.  Y.  Ent., Soc. 

Jour.  1 1  :  154 
Bucculatrix   thuiella   Pack.,  brown   headed,  yellowish  lar\a  or  white  ribbed   cocoon. 

Pack.      p.  917 

Scale  insects  and  mite 

Eulecanium   pallidior  Ckll.  &  Kg.,  brownish,  hemispheric  scale.     Ps)che,  8  :  349 
Eulecanium  fletcheri  Ckll.     Can.  Ent.  25:221 
Eriophyes   thujae  Garm.  Pack.     p.  920 

JUNIPER  OR  RED  CEDAR 

Borers 

Oeme  rigida  Say.     Ins.  N.  J.     p.  287 

Leptura  abdominalis  Hald.     N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  4:78 

Listronotus  latiusculus  Boh.     W.  Va.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.     Bui.  32 :  205 

Leaf  feeders 

Syssaura  infensata    Guen.    var.    biclaria    Walk.,    brown,    rough    spanworm,  i  '^    in. 

Pack.     p.  907 
Phalonia  rutilana  Hubn.,  webs  containing  yellowish  larvae,  14.  in.     Pack.     p.  910 
Recurvaria  juniperella  Kearf.,  slender,  dull   green,  pink  tinged  larva,  }^  in.     N.  Y. 

Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  11:  157 

Sucking  insect 

Psallus  juniperi  Heid.     X.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Jour.  13:49 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES 


PLATE  49 

757 


Wool  sower,   A  ii  d  r  i  c  u  s    semi  n  a  t  d  r    I  larr. 
T      Two  o'alls 

Banded  bullet  gall,    Holcaspis    fascial  a    Bass. 

2  ProbabK"  two  youn^-  ^^alls  ot   this  species 

Tomato  sumac  gall,   I'c  in  p  h  i  l;  u  s   rliois    l""itcli 

3  Cluster  of  galls 

Two  marked  tree  hopper,    E  n  c  h  e  n  o  p  a    b  i  n  o  t  a  t  a    Say 

4  Kg'g  masses  on  \ibui'num,  enlarged 


PARK    AXI)    WOODI.AXD    INSECTS 


ICemoir  8    N.  Y.  State  Museum 


Plate  49 


Insect  galls  and  tree  hopper  eggs 


PLATE    50 

759 


Larger  oak  apple  gall,  A  m  p  h  i  b  o  1  i  p  s    c  o  n  f  1  u  e  n  t  u  s    Harr. 

1  Two  oralis  on  a  small  twig- 

Scrub  oak  gall,  A  in  p  h  i  b  o  1  i  p  s    i  1  i  c  i  f  o  1  i  a  c    Bass. 

2  Two  twigs  bearing  the  jjeculiar  fusiform  galls 

Poplar  stem  gall,  A  g  r  o  m  y  z  a    a  e  ii  e  i  v  e  n  t  r  i  s    Fall 

3  Several  galls  on  twigs 

Willow  gall  midge,   Rhabdophaga    salicis    Shrank 

4  Gall  with  pupal  skins  protruding  therefrom 

760 


PARK    AND    WOODLAND    INSECTS 
Menioir  8     N.  Y.  State  Museum 


Insect  galls 


PLATE   51 

761 


Vagabond  gall,    I'  c  m  j)  li  i  i^  u  s    v  a  l;-  a  b  u  ii  d  u  s    W'alsli 

1  Two  trails  on  po]3lar  twig' 

Andricus    singularis    Bass. 

2  I'pper  i^all  on  etlLje  of  leaf   is  this  species 

Woolly  pine  scale,   1'  s  c  u  d  o  p  li  i  1  i  ]i  p  i  .l    q  u  a  i  n  t  a  n  c  i  i    Ckll. 

3  Infested  twig 

762 


PARK     AND    WOODLAND    INSECTS 


Memoir  8     N.  Y.  State  Museum 


Plate  51 


Insect  galls  and  woolly  pine  scale 


PLATE   52 

763 


Hark  borer  work  at   Bath-on-the- Hudson 

The  coarse  writing  bark  beetle,  T  o  m  i  c  u  s    c  a  1 1  i  g  r  a  pli  u  s    Germ,  was 

by  far  the  most  abundant  and  injurious  in  these  white  pines. 

764 


PLATE   53 

765 


l^)ark  hort-r  work  at  Bath-on-thc-Hiulson 

I'wo  white  pines  taken  September  22,   iqoi 

Same,  photographed  April  1902.  These  two  illustrate  the  rajjidity  with 
which  trees  ma)'  he  killetl  by  bark  borers.  T  o  m  i  c  u  s  c  a  1  1  i- 
graphus  Germ,  and  I.  pini  Say  were  responsible  for  most  of 
the   injur)'. 

766 


PLATE   54 

767 


Coarse  writing  bark  beetle,  T  o  m  i  c  u  s    c  a  1 1  i  •;■  r  a  p  h  u  s    Germ. 

1  Bare  wood  surface  of  white  pine  tree  badly  scored  by  galleries 

2  Pitch  tubes  on  the  trunk  of  a  badly  infested  tree 

3  Borings  showing  the  entrance  or  central  chamber  under  a  pitch  tube,  the 

adult  and  larval  galleries 

4  A  pitch  tube  in  profile 

768 


PLATE   55 

769 


Coarse  writing  bark  beetle,  T  o  m  i  c  u  s    c  a  1 1  i  g  r  a  p  h  u  s  Germ. 

1  Inner  aspect  of  badly  eaten  white  pine  bark 

2  Several  galleries  preserved  by  infiltrated  pitch 

3  Internal  aspect  of  badly  scored  bark 

4  Portion  of  Iiark  removed  from   a  tree  which   had  been  dead  some  years. 

most  of  the  galleries  being  preserved  by  infiltrated  pitch 

770 


PLATE    56 

771 


Coarse  writing  bark  beetle,  T  o  m  i  c  u  s   c  a  1 1  i  g  r  a  p  h  u  s    Germ. 

1  Piece  of  white  bark  sliowing  exit  holes 

2  Base  of  a  badly  infested  tree  from  which  bark  illustrated  at  figures  i  and 

3,  was  taken 

3  Same  as  2,  except  that  a  portion  of  the  bark  has  been  removed  to  show 

the  condition  beneath 

772 


PLATE   57 

773 


Pine  bark  borer,  T  o  m  i  c  u  s    p  I  n  i    Say 
I,  2     Advanced  stage  of  work  in  white  pine 

3      Portion    of  a    typical  mine  showing  in  places  the  work  of  young  Mono- 
hammus  larvae 

774 


S  2=^1 


PLATE   58 

775 


Pine  bark  borer,  T  o  m  i  c  u  s   p  i  n  i    Say 

1  Early  work  in  white  pine  bark 

2  Work  in  a  more  advanced  stage 

Balsam  bark  borer,  T  o  m  i  c  u  s   b  a  1  s  a  m  e  u  s    Lee. 

3  Early  work  as  shown  on  the  surface  of  the  wood 

Turpentine  bark  beetle,    D  e  n  d  r  o  c  t  o  n  u  s    terebrans    Oliv. 

4  Work  at   the  base  of  a  tree,  showing  main  gallery  with  its  pitch-lined 

walls 

776 


PARK    AND    WOODLAND    INSECTS 
Memoir  8    N.  Y.  State  Musevim 


Work  of  pine  bark  borers 


PLATE 

777 


Pine  bark  borer,  T  o  ni  i  c  u  s   p  i  n  i    Say 
Surface  of  white  pine  bark  showing-  numerous  exit  holes  and  small  pitch 

tubes 
Internal  aspect  of  the  same  piece  of   bark  showing  galleries  of  Tomicus 

and  young  Monohammus  and  also  exit  holes 
The  light  background  used  in  both  photographs,  makes  the  exit  holes 

appear  as  white  spots 

778 


PLATE      60 

779 


Southern  Tomicus,  T  o  ni  i  c  u  s    cacographus    Lee. 

1  Early  operations  in  hard  pine 

2  Same,  in  a  more  advanced  stage 

3  Thick  bark  badly  eaten  by  this  species 

Coarse  writing  bark  beetle,   Tomicus    c  a  1 1  i  ij  r  a  p  Ii  u  s    Germ. 

and 
Ribbed  pine  borer,   Rhagium    1  i  n  e  a  t  ii  m    Oliv. 

4  Work   under   white  pine  bark,    the   characteristic    pupal    cells    showing 

very  well 

780 


PLATE   61' 


Spruce  destroying  beetle,   D  e  n  d  r  o  c  t  o  n  u  s    p  i  c  e  a  p  c  r  d  a    Hopk. 

Internal  aspect  of  badly  mined  spruce  bark.  This  view  shows  the  lon- 
gitudinal adult  gallery  and  the  numerous  irregular  dilating  ones  made 
by  the  larvae. 

Interior  view  of  bark  showing  several  longitudinal  adult  galleries  pre- 
served by  infiltrated  pitch,  and  also  two  ventilating  burrows,  the  latter 
showing  light,  owing  to  the  white  background 

Blue  pine  borer,   C  a  11  i  d  i  u  m    a  ii  t  e  n  n  a  t  u  m    Ncwm. 
Hard  ])in(;  branch  showing  characteristic  mines 


'"TP'l^^ 


PLATE  62 


i 


Balsam  bark  borer,   T  o  ni  i  c  u  s    b  a  1  s  a  m  e  u  s    Lee. 

1  Advanced  stage  of  work  in  bark 

2  A  small  gallery  in  bark 

3  Portion  of  galleries   in  wood,  showing   the  same  borings  as  represented 

in    I 

4  Portion  of  wood  from  which   the  outer  bark  has  been  removed,  showing 

very  badly  riddled,  probably  decaying  tissues 

5  Wood  rather  badly  carved  by  adult  galleries 

7S4 


PLATE  63 

785 


Sawyer,   M  o  n  o  h  a  m  m  u  s    c  o  n  f  u  s  o  r    Kirby 

1  Adult,  much  reduced 

Urographis  fasciatus  DeG. 

2  Adult 

White-spotted  sawyer,   Monohammus   scutellatus    Say 

3  Adult 

Red  cedar  bark  beetle,  P  h  1  o  e  o  s  i  n  u  s   d  e  n  t  a  t  u  s    Say 

4  Typical  gallery  in  Arbor  vitae 

Pityogenes  sp. 

5  Work  in  white  pine 

Pityophthorus  sp. 

6  Work  under  hard  pine  bark,  and  probably  that  of  C  a  11  i  d  i  u  m  a  n  t  e  n- 

n  a  t  u  m  'Newm. 

7S6 


PARK    AM)    WOODLAND    INSECTS 


Memoir  8    N.  Y.  State  Museum 


Plate  63 


Borers  and  borer  work 


PLATE  64 

7S7 


Ribbed  pine  borer,   R  h  a  g  i  u  m  1  i  n  e  a  t  u  m  Oliv. 

1  Beetle  slightly  enlarged 

4  Pupa  slightly  enlarged 
7,   8,  10     Pupal  cells 

I  1      Larva  or  grub 

I  2      Pupa  in  cell 

Pytho  americanus  Kirby 

2  Beetle  slightly  enlarged 

3  Pupa  slightly  enlarged 

5  Pupa  in  cell 

6,   9      Pupal  cells 


PARK     AXI1    WOdDLAXI)    INSECTS 
Memoir  8     N.  Y.  State  Museum 


Plate  64 


KhaL;iuni  i\n(\  PmIio 


PLATE  65 

789 


Tomicus  sp. 

1  White  pine   killed  by  bark  borers  in  1900,  at  Lansingburg   N.  Y.,  photo 

October  1902,  showing  the  rapidit)'  with  which  injured  trees  decay 

White  pine  weevil,    Pissodes    strobi    Peck. 

2  Deformed  hard  pine  at  Salem  N.  Y.,  photo  October  1902 


PLATE   66 

791 


Scolytid  antennae 

1  Phloeotribus     liminaris    H  arr.   x   1 1  o 

2  Pityogenes    sp.   x    i  i  o 

3  Phloeotribus    frontalis    Ol iv.   x    1 1  o 

4  Tomicus    balsam  eus   Lee.   x   1 1  o 

5  T.  caelatus    Lee.  x    i  i o 

6  T.   c  a  c  o  g  r  a  p  h  u  s    Lee.   x    i  i  o 

7  T.   p  i  n  i    Say.   x    i  lo 

8  T.   c  al  1  i  g  raph  u  s    Germ,   x    i  lo 

9  T.   integer    Lee.   x   iio 

o  DendroctonLis    terebrans    Oliv.   x  8o 


PARK    AND    WOODLAND    INSECTS 


Memoir  8     N.  Y.  State  Museum 


Scolytid  antennae 


PLATE  67 

793 


Scolytid  antennae 

1  M  o  n  a  r  t  h  r  11  m    ni  a  1  i    iMtch.   x    no 

2  Pityogenrs  sp.    x    no 

3  Cr)-phalus    striatulus    Mann,   x    iio 

4  (i  n  a  t  h  o  t  r  i  c  h  Li  s    materia  ri  us    Fitch,   x   iic 

5  P  i  t  y  o  g-  e  n  e  s    j>  o  n  d  e  r  o  s  a  e    H  opk.   x    i  i  o 

6  H  y  1  e  s  i  n  u  s    o  n  a  c  u  1  u  s    Lee.   x    i  i  o 

7  P  h  1  o  e  o  s  i  n  u  s    d  e  n  t  a  t  u  s    Say.   x    i  i  o 

8  Pol  y  g-  r  a  p  li  ii  s    r  u  f  i  ])  e  n  n  i  s    Kirb\-.   x    no 

9  .  C  h  r  a  ni  e  s  u  s    h  i  c  o  r  i  a  e    Lee.   x    no 
lo  .S  c  o  1  y  t  u  s    r  u  l;' u  1  "  s  u  s    Ratz.    x    no 

n  P  i  t  y  o  p  h  t  h  I )  r  u  s    ni  i  n  u  t  i  s  s  i  m  u  s    Zim.   x   no 

12  Pityogenes  sp.   x    no 

13  X  )•  1  e  b  o  r  u  s    d  i  s  p  a  r    Fabr.    x    no 

14  X.  celsus    P'ich.     x    no 

15  .S  c  o  1  )•  t  u  s    ( 1 VI  a  il  r  i  s  p  i  n  o  s  u  s    Sa\-.   x    no 

16  Pityogenes  sp.   x    no 

17  Dryocoetes  sp.  x   no 


PARK    AM)    WOODLAND    INSECTS 


Memoir  8    N.  Y.  State  Museum 


Plate  67 


Scolytid  antennae 


PLATE  68 


Scolytid   proventriculi 
T      Den  drocto  nils    piceapercla    Hopk.,  end  view,    x    ito 

2  Tomicus    caelatus    Eich.,    internal    aspect  of    flattened   segments. 

X     I  lO 

3  Tomicus    cacotrraphus    Lee,    internal    aspect    of    flattened    seg- 

ments.   X    I  lO 

4  Pityogenes  species,  internal  aspect  of  flattened  segments,   x    i  lo 

5  Xylocleptes  species,  internal  aspect  of  flattened  segments,   x    iio 

6  Tomicus    call  i  graph  us    Germ.,  internal  aspect   of    flattened  seg- 

ments.   X    1  lO 

7  Dendroctonus    terebrans    Oliv.,    internal     aspect     of    flattened 

segments,   x    i  lo 

8  Tomicus    pini    Say,  internal  aspect  of  flattened  segments,  x    i  lo 

796 


TAKK  Axn  wodin.Axn    ixsEcrs 


Memoir  8     N.  Y.  State  Museum 


Plate  68 


Scolytid  proveiitriculi 


PLATE  69 

7g7 


Scolytid  proventriculi 

1  I'ityogenes  species,  internal  aspect  of  flattened  segments,  x  iio 

2  T  o  m  i  c  11  s   balsa  m  e  u  s    Lee,  end  view,   x    no 

3  (i  n  a  t  h  o  t  ri  c  h  u  s    niateriarius    iMtch,  internal  aspect  of  flattened 

segments,   x    i  lo 

4  Phloeosinus    den  tat  us    Say,    internal     aspect   of   flattened    seg- 

ments. "X    IIO 

5  ^^  o\  y  g  r  a  p  h  us    r  u  f  i  p  e  n  n  i  s    Kirb\-,  end  view,   x   i  i  o 

6  Chramesus    hicoriae     Lee,     internal     aspect    of     flattened    seg- 

ments.   X    I  lO 

7  Xyleborus    eels  us     Eich.,     internal     aspect      of     flattened     seg- 

ments.   X    I  lO 

8  Xyloterus    lineatus    Kirby,     internal    aspect    of     flattened    seg- 

ments.   X    IIO 

9  Dryocoetes    autographus    Ratz.,    internal    aspect    of    flattened 

segments.'  x    i  lo 

10  Tomicus    integer    Eich.,    internal    asjK^ct   of   flattened    segments. 

\     IIO 

11  Dryocoetes  sp.,  internal  aspect  of  flattened  segments,   x    no 

798 


PARK    AND    WOODLAND    INSECTS 


Memoir  8    N.  Y.  State  Museum 


;"!!'.*'*' 


Plate  69 


-^ 


V|F/- 


-C,  >iU 


Scolylid  provenliiculi 


PLATE   70 

799 


Scolytid  structures 

1  Xyloterus  sp.  antenna,   x    i  lo 

2  Xyloterus    lineatus    Kirby,  right  antenna,   x    no 

3  Xyloterus   sp.,    inner   aspect   of    flattened    segments   of    proventriculus. 

X     I  lO 

4  X\loterus    politus    .Say,  antenna,   x    i  lo 

5  X  )■  1  o  t  e  r  u  s    politus    .Say,    inner   aspect   of    flattened    segments    of 

proventriculus.   x   i  lo 


PARK    AND    WOiniLAXI.)    INSECTS 


Memoir  8    N.  Y.  State  Museum 


Scolytid  structures 


GENERAL  INDEX 


The  superior  figures  tell  the  exact  place  on  the  page  in  ninths  ;  e.  g.  685'  means  page  685,  begin- 
ning  in  the  third  ninth  of  the  page,  i.  e.  about  one  third  of  the  way  down.  Volume  and  page  numbers 
are  separated  by  a  colon  ;   e.  g.  2:  724"  means  volume  2,  page  724. 


abalienalis,  Bomolocha,  2:  724'. 
Al)liotana  clemataria,  2;  721'. 
ahbotii,  Lophyrus,  2:  340',  4I4''-I5'. 

Sphecodina,  2:  739'. 
Ahbott's  pine  sawfly,  2:  340',  414''- 

abdominalis,  Leptura,  2:755'. 

Urocerus,  2:649',  668*. 
Abies   fraseri,  2:685'. 
aliietella,  Dioryctria,  2:  752''. 
abieticolens,  Chermes,  2:  754^. 
abietis,   Aspidiotns,    2-652",    690'. 

Chermes,  1:172*,  iSg'-gi". 

Lachnus,  2:  754=. 

Lophyrus,  2:  340*^,  4i5°-i6''. 
Ablerus  clisiocampae,  1:216'. 
abnormis,  Aphelinus,  1:  212'. 

Eriophyes,   2:  620*,  63i'-32'. 
acadica,  Thecla,  2:742''. 
Acalyptus  carpini,  2:  742"'. 
Acamptus  rigidus,  2:  727". 
Acanthocinus  nodosus,  2:  751'. 

obsoletus,  2:649'',  662'. 
Acanthoderes     decipiens,     2:429*, 

473"- 

morrisii,  2:  732'. 

quadrigibbus,  2:  7n2'',  715^. 
Acarina,  2:  617'. 
Acarus  aenigma,  2:  745'. 

caulis,  2:  720^ 

semen,  2:  745'. 

serotinae,  2:  733*. 
acericola,  Eriophyes.  2:619',  630^. 

Phenacoccus,  1:49.  172',  iS2'-86'. 

Pulvinaria,      1:172",       i79'-82*; 
2:729'. 
aceriella,  Castastega,  i:  169''. 

Lithocolletes,  2:  728''. 
acerifoliella.    Incurvaria,    2.  509', 
541^  728^ 

Tischeria,  sf^  Incurvaria. 
acerifolii,  Drepanbsiphum,  i:  172*, 

l75«-765. 


acerifolii.  Pemphigus,  2:600^. 
aceris,  Aleurodes,  2:  728'. 

Cecidomyia,  2:  728*. 

Chaitophorus,    1:49,    172',  174-- 
75^  2:604'. 

Pemphigus,  2:600*,  72S'. 
acerni,  Sesia,    1:49,  50*,  56'-58'. 
achatina,  Olene,   2:  507'',  524'. 
achemon,  Pholus,  2:  739*. 
Acholla  multispinosa,   2:  6i3''-i4''. 
achyrantes,  MyAis,  1:249*. 
Acmaeodera  culta,  2:  715'. 
Acoptus  suturalis,  2:  715*. 
Acordulecera  dorsalis,  2:  716'. 
Acorn  feeders,  2:709'. 
Acorn  galls,  2:  709*. 
Acorn  weevil,  2:512'',  583*-85''. 
acornis,  Actenodes,   2:751^. 
Acraspis  erinacei,  2:619'*',  627^. 

niger,  2:  711''. 

pezomachoides,  2:  714*. 
Acrobasis  angusella,  2:716'. 

betulella,  2:  749'. 

caryae,   2:  716'. 

comptoniella,  2:738*. 

demotella,  2:  719'. 

rubrifasciella,  2:  750'. 
Acronycta  americana,  stY  Apatela. 

oblinita,  sif^  Apatela. 
acronyctoides,  Panthea,  2:  754'. 
Actenodes  acornis,  2:751^. 
aculeata,  Micrasis,  2:715'. 
aculeatus,  Hylesinus,  i:  257^  288*- 

89'. 
aculiferus,     Leptostylus,     2:428*, 

461'. 
acuminata,  Thelia,  2:  5g5*-96-. 
acuminatus,  Evacanthus,  2:  744*. 
a'-utipennis,  Agrilus,  2:  701'. 
acutus,  Brachystylus,  2:  735'. 
Adalia    bipunctata,     1:174',   195°, 

20'^)';  2:  601''. 
Adelocephala  bicolor,  2:  729'. 
801 


Adistola  americana,  i:  140'. 
Adoneta  spinuloides.  2:  529^,  706^ 
Adoxus  obscurus,  2:  739*. 
Aegeria    apiformis,    2:429*,   472*- 
73'- 

tibialis,  2:  429',  472'. 
Aegilips  obtusilobae,  2:  715'. 
aemula,  Epizeuxis,  2:  754'. 
aeneiventris,    Agromyza,     2:620', 

634^-35"- 
aeneogaster,  Anthaxia,  2:715'-. 
aeneola,  Melanophila,  2:751'. 
aenigma,  Acarus,  2:  745'. 
aeratus,        Rhynchites,        2:703*, 

716'*. 
aereum,   Callidium,    2:428',   450', 

667I 
aereus,  Helops,  2:  752*. 
aeriferella,  Lithocolletes,   2:708^. 
aerosa,  Brachys,  2:  506',  5I2'-I3'. 
aeruginosa,  Brachys,  2:  703'. 
aesculana,      Proteoteras,     2:  540'', 

540'. 
aesculanum,  Proteoteras,  2:  725*. 
aesculi,  Crepidodera,  2:  730'. 
affaber,  Dryocoetes,  2:  752'. 
affinis,  Conotrachelus,  2:  582'. 

Neuroterus,  2:  713*. 

IMssodes,  2:340',  401',  402'. 
affiicta,  Apatela,  2:  704*. 
afflictana,  Archips,  2:754'. 
Agallia  quadri-punctata,  2:  598'. 
agarici,  Phora.  i:  140* 
Agathis  sp.,  2:410'. 
agilis,  Mesochorus,  i:  131*. 
Aglais  milberti,  2:  742''. 
Agnippe  biscolorella,  2:  729'. 
agrestis,       Criocephalus,     2:649', 

659''-6o'. 
agrilli,  Bracon,  1:73''. 
Agrilus  acutipennis,  2:  701'. 

anxius,  1:257'',  284*-87'. 

arcuatus  firr.  coryli,  2:723**. 


802 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Agrilus    bilineatus,    1:257',    280*- 
83'1 

egenus,  2:  715',  729'. 

fallax,  2:  725'. 

granulatus,  2:  746'. 

inlerruptus,  2:701'. 

lecontei,  2:  736'. 

obsoletoguttatus,  2:  701'. 

otiosus,  2:  502'',  518',  729'. 

politus,  2:  729',  741*. 

sinuatus,  2-  504*. 

torpiflus,  see  A.  anxius. 

vittaticollis,  2:  720'. 
Agromyza     aeneiventris,     2:620", 

634«-35'. 
ajax,  Iphidicles,  2:  735''. 
Alabama  argillacea,    1:6';  2:609'-'. 
Alaus  oculatus,  2:430',  485'-86'. 
albanotella,  Lithocolletes,  2;  708*. 
albella,      Proleucoptera,      2:  744', 

747'. 
albicollis,    Dichelonycha,    .ter    D. 
albicollis. 

Periclista,  2:  702'. 
albicomana,  Tortrix,  2:  532*,  707". 
albicornis,  Chiloneurus,  1:182'. 

Sesia,  2:429',  469*- 70''. 

Urocerus,  2:  649*,  667«-68',  668«. 

Xyphidria,  2:  428',  459'-6o',  466*. 
albidovariata,  Hemichroa,  2:  703'. 
albifera,  Euchoeca,  2:  725''. 
albifrons,       Symmerista,      2:  506'', 

5i9'''-2o'. 
albinatella,  Coriscium,  2:708*. 
albipes,  Synergus,  2:  714*. 
albisparsella,  Gelechia,  2:  719'. 
albitarsis,  Asecodes,   1:140°,    140''. 
albofasciatus,  Clytanthus,   2:  715'. 
albopictus,  Xylonomiis,   2:  500'. 
albosigma,  Melalopha,  2:747''. 
albovenosa,  Arsilonche,  2:  743^. 
albovittata,  Cecidomyia,  2:746'. 
Alceris  effractana,  2:744^ 

ferrugana,  2:  744=,  749*,  753'. 

hasliana,  2:  744"*. 

logiana.  2:  733'. 

vnr.  viburnana,  2:  744^*. 

minuta,  2:  738'. 

niveana,  2:  749'. 

permutana,  2:  744'. 

schalleriana,  2:  744' 


Alceris  variana,  2:  754'. 
alcliimiella,  Gracilaria,  2:  724'. 
alciphearia,  Eutrapela,  2:  72S'. 
Alcoloithus  falsarius,  2:740''. 
Alder,  injurious  insects  : 

Anthrenus  castaneae,  2:614'. 
aphids  : 

Alder    blight    aphid,     I:  173', 

195'. 
Lachnus  ainifoliae,  2:  750*. 
borers  :   2:  750'-. 

alder  borer,  2:430*,  480'. 
Memythrus      asilipennis,      2: 

464-- 
saperda,  red-edged,  2:445*. 
Stenopsis  argenteomaculatus, 

2:721'. 
willow  borer,  mottled,  i:  103'. 
xylotrechus  quadrimaculatus, 

2:  722*. 
gall  insects  : 

Dasyneura  serrulatae,  2;  750^. 
leaf  feeders  :   2:  750^. 

alder  flea  beetle,  2:  511',  573^. 
alder  leaf  beetle,  2:  509',  542'. 
Amauronematus  luteotergum, 

2:  511*,  572*. 
American  dagger  moth,  2:  525^. 
Apatela  dactylina,  2:  742'. 

distans,  2:  747'. 

oblinita,  2:  743'. 

sperata,  2:  747'. 
Apatelodes  torrefacta,  2:  549''. 
Attelabus  rhois,   2:511',   574''. 
Cecropia  moth,  2:  539''. 
Chlamys  plicata,  2:  703®. 
Chrysomela  bigsbyana,  2:  566^. 

multiguttata,    2:  742'. 
dagger  moth,  smeared,  2:  560'. 
Dichelonycha  elongata,  2:716''. 
Ectropis  crepuscularia,  2:743'. 
elm  saw  fly,  I:  157'. 
Hyperitis  amicaria,  2:  722'. 
oak         tussock        caterpillar, 

2:523^ 
Papilio    glaucus    var.   turnus, 

2:  704'. 
Paraphia  subatomaria,  2:  753'. 
Polygonia  faunus,  2:  742*. 
Schizura  unicornis,  2:  705'. 
Serica  seric'ea,  2:  553'. 


Alder,   injurious    insects    (cont'd). 
leaf  feeders: 

tussock  moth,  white  marked, 

i:  136'. 
Venusia  comptaria,  2;  722". 
willow   leaf    beetle,    spotted, 
2:565^ 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 

Chionaspis     lintneri,     1:173*. 

227'. 
Lygus  monachus,  2:  728*. 
Alder,  black,  injurious  insects: 
lo  caterpillar,  2:  522'. 
scurfy  scale,  1:215'. 
Alder,  white,   leaf  feeders   injur- 
ing, 2:739*. 
Alder  blight  aphid,    t:  173',   195'- 

96'. 
Alder  borer,  2:430*,  48o'-8i'. 
Alder    flea    beetle,    2:  511',    573*- 

Alder  leaf  beetle,  2:  509',  542''-44'-. 
aletiae,  Frontina,  i:  138'. 
Aletis  argillacea,  see  Alabama. 
Aleurodes  aceris,  2:  728'. 
alia,  Graphiphora,  2:704'. 
Allandrus  bifasciatus,  2:731''. 
Allantus  annularis,  2:  726'. 
Allocota  thyridopterigis,  l:  138*. 
Allorhina  nitida,  2:719'. 
AUotria  elonympha,  2:  720'. 
ainifolia,  Clethra,  1:215'. 
ainifoliae,  Lachnus,  2:  750*. 
alpha,     Liopus,    2:430',    48i'-82*, 
482*. 

var.  cinereus,  Liopus,  2:  715*. 
Alsophila  pometaria,  2:  706'. 
alternata,   Rhynchagrotis,   2:704''. 
alternatum,  Dorcaschema,  2:  726*. 
altiscuta,    Pachyneuron,      i:  182', 

203'. 
alutacea,  Magdalis,  2:  340'^,  402'-3-. 
alutaceus,  Crypturgus,  2:  753'. 
Alydus  eurinus,  2:613'. 
Alypia  octomaculata,  2:  512',  575'. 
amasia,  Catocala,  2:705^. 
amatrix,  Catocala,  2:  747*. 
Amauronematus  azaliae,  2:  739'. 

fur,  2:  741*. 

luteotergum,     2:511*,     572'-73'', 
750'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


803 


Amauronematus    oregonensis,    2: 
741". 

similis,  2:  741*. 
Ambrosia,  poplar  twig  gall  fly  in, 

2:635'. 
Ambrosia    beetles,     2: 335',     335', 

339«-40^  394'-425'- 
amelanchierella,  Nepticula,  2:734". 
American  bark  beetle   destroyer, 

2:  500^-1'. 
American     dagger    moth,    2:  507^. 

525'. 
American     lappet    moth,    2:  507', 

525'- 
American  redstart,  i:  in*. 
American  silk  worm,  2:  507',  526'. 
americana,  Adistola,  i:  140'. 

Apatela,  2:  507°,  525'. 

Caraponiscus,  2:  746'. 

Chionaspis,  I:  173'',  207*-8'. 

Cimbex,  1:105',  i55''-58'. 

Epicnaptera,  2:  507",  525'. 

Hemichroa,  2:  750*. 

Malacosoma,  ses  M.   americana. 

Schizoneura,  1:172*,  i77'-78'. 

Tenebrioides,  2:  731'. 
americanum,  Platydema,  2:  497*. 
americanus,  Dryophthorus,  2:752^. 

Pytho,  2:335-',  339^  368''-69». 

Trionymus,  2:  727'. 
arnica,  Catocala,  2:  705'. 
amicaria,  Hyperitis,  2:  722^. 
amoenus,  Phymatodes,  2:  502^. 
Amorbia  humerosana,  2:737''. 
Amorphota  orgyiae,  1:138'. 
Ampeloglypter  ater,  2:  739'. 
Ampelophaga  choerilus,  2:738''. 

myron,  2:  739'. 

versicolor,  2:  719*. 
ampelopsidis,  Telamona,  2:740'. 
ampelopsiella,  Antispila,  2:740'. 

Phyllocnistis,  2:  740'. 
Ampelopsis,  see  Virginia  creeper. 
Amphibolips  badius,  2:  710*. 

caroliniensis,  2:  710'. 

coelebs,  2:  712''. 

confluentus,  2:  618',  625'^  625''. 

cookii,  2:  712". 

formosa,  2:  712'. 

ilicifoliae,  2:618',  625°. 

inanis,  2:  618',  625''. 


.Vmphibolips    melanocera,    2:711'. 

phellos,  2:  712'. 

prunus,  2:619*,  628". 

sculpta,  2:  712'' 

verna,  2:  713". 
.\mphion  nessus,  2:  740'. 
amyntor,  Ceratomia,  2:  509'',  546*. 
amyotii,  Otiocerus,  2:717'. 
Anacampsis  rhoifructella,  2:747'. 

tristrigella,  2:  723*. 
Anacharis    subcompressa,    2:  714'. 
anaglypticus,    Conotrachelus,    see 

C.  anaglypticus. 
Anagoga  pulveraria,  2:  728''. 
analis,  Attelabus,  2:720'. 
Anamorphus:  pusillus,  2:  721'. 
ananassi,  Cecidomyia,  2:755*. 
Anaphes  gracilis,  1:212',  222*. 
Anarta  cordigera,  2:  738'. 
Anaspis  flavipennis,  2:  567'. 
Anatis  ocellata,  i:  175',  195',  198'; 
2:  604°. 

oculata,  i:  186''. 
anceps,  Ibalia,  2:  714'. 
ancetaria,  Azelina,  2:  728'*. 
anchora,  Gaurax,  i:  140". 

Notoxus,  see  N.  anchora. 
Ancylis  cornifoliana,  2:736'. 

platanana,  2:  719°. 

tineana,  2:  747'. 
ancylus,  Aspidiotus,   i:  173',  226'- 

27';  2:  729*. 
andrei,  Kermes,  2:  709*. 
Andricus  ashmeadii,  2:  711'*. 

capsulus,  2:  711*. 

cicatricula,  2:  710'. 

clavula,  2:618'',  624'',  714". 

cornigerus,    2:437*,    45l^i    618', 
624'. 

femoratus,  2:  712^ 

flocci,   2:  710'. 

foliaformis,  2:  710'. 

fusiformis,  2:  710'. 

futilis,  2:  710',  715'. 

gibbosus,  2:  709*. 

globulus,  2:  714*. 

ignotus.  2:  711^. 

incertus,  2:  711*. 

?  indistinctus,  2:  710''. 

lana,  2:618',  625'. 

modestus,  2:  712^ 


Andricus  nigrae,  2:713'. 

obtusilobae,  2:  709'. 

operator,   2:618*,   622'-23",  709', 
7I3''- 

ostensackenii,  2:713'. 

palustris,  2:  714'. 

papillatus,  2:  712' 

patiens,  2:  713'. 

pattoni,  2:  711'. 

perditor,  2:  709'. 

petiolicola,  2:618^,  625',   714''. 

piperoides,  2:  712'. 

podagrae,  2:  623',  714*,  714*. 

pruinosus,  2:  711'. 

pulchellus,  2:  714''. 

pulchra,  2:619'',  627'-28'. 

punctatus,  2:618',  623^-24^. 

pusulatoides,  2:  712*. 

quercifoliae,  2:  714'. 

quinque  septum,  2:711' 

saccularius,  2:712'. 

scitula,  2:713'. 

seminator,  2:  618'',  622',  622'-23'. 

seminosus,  2:709'. 

similus,  2:  713*. 

singularis,  2:618',  625'. 

tuber,  2:  710''. 

tubicola,  2:  711'. 

utriculus,  2:  710*. 

ventricosus,.2:  713^. 
Androchirus  fuscipes,  2:  701'. 
Andromeda,  injurious  insects: 

Datana  major,  2:  739^*. 

Euclea  delphinii,  2:  529-. 
angelica,  Apatelodes,  2:  727'^. 
anguina,  Dasylophia,  2:  730*. 
anguinella,  Nepticula,  2:708'. 
anguinus,  Pityobius,  2:751'. 
angulifera,  Callosamia,  2:  732'. 
angulosa,  Lophodonta,  2:  705'. 
angusella,  Acrobasis.  2:  716'. 
angusi,  Catocala,  2:716'. 
angusii,  Datana,  2:  508*,  535'. 
angustatus,    Eugnamptus,   2:703', 
720*. 

Nysius,  2:  651',  685'. 
angustiorata,  Caripeta,  2:  753'. 
Ania  limbata,  2:  508',  530*. 
Anisopteryx  pometaria,  2:  547'. 
Anisota  rubicunda,    2:  508',   537'- 


8o4 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Anisota    senatoria,    1:258*,   306°- 
10';  2:  527',  607'. 

stigma,  2:  507*,  527^. 

virginiensis,  2;  704''. 
annectens,  Pityoplithorus,  2:  751'. 
annularis,  AUantus,  2:  726'. 
annulata,     Brochymena,     2;  5S8'- 
90^,  5go*. 

Psylla,  2:  728'. 
annulipes,       Aphycus,        sfc-       A. 
•annulipes. 

Cecidomyia,  2:  746'. 

Pimpla,  I:  138',  139'. 
Anomala  lucicola,  2:651',  682'. 
Anomalon  exile,  i:  113". 
Anomoea  laticlavia,  2:  730". 
antennata,        Xylina,        sff       X. 

antennata. 
antennatum,    Callidiuni,     2:450', 
649',  66o--6i'-. 

Eulecanium,  2:  709**. 
Anthaxia  aeneogaster,  2:  715'. 

quercata,  2:  518'. 

viridicornis,  2:724"*. 

viridifrons,  2:  715^. 
Antlionomopsis  mixtus,  2:734^. 
Anthonomus  corvulus,  2:  736'. 

decipiens,  2:  734'. 

profundus,  2:  719°. 

suturalis,  2:  715^ 

sycophanta,  2:742^. 

tessellatus,  2:  742*. 
Anthophilax     attenuatus,    2:431', 

488--S9^ 
Anthrenus  castaneae.  2:614''. 

museorum,  2:  614". 
Anthribus  cornutus,  2:  730*. 
Antigaster  niirabilis,  2:  699^. 
antiopa,  Euvanessa,  sivK.  antiopa. 
antiopae,  Entedon,  1:161". 
antiqua,  Notoloplius,  2:  507*,  524'', 

5248. 
Antispila  ampelopsiella,  2:  740'. 

cornifoliella,  2:  736". 

nyssaefoliella,  2:  510^,  555'-56''. 
Ants,  large  black  carpenter,  i:  51*, 
go*. 

white,  1:51*,  87'-9o'. 
anxius,  Agrilus,  1:157*,  2S4''-87'. 
Apanteles  delicatu^i,  i:  138*. 

hyphantriae,  i:  13S*,  145*. 


Apanteles  parorgyiae,  i:  138'. 
Apatela  afflicta,  2:  704'. 

americana,  2:  507^,  525'. 

betulae,  2:  749'. 

brumosa,  2:  704*. 

clarescens,  2:  733'. 

connecta,  2:  742'. 

dactylina,  2:  742'. 

distans,  2:  747°. 

falcula,  2:  723'. 

funeralis,  2:  716*. 

furcifera,  2:  733*. 

grisea,  2:  724*. 

hamamelis,  2:  704'. 

hastulifera,  2:  750'. 

impleta,  2:  749'. 

impressa,  2:  743'. 

innotata,  2:  716^. 

interrupta,  2:  724'. 

lanceolaria,  2:742'. 

leporina,  2:  747'-. 

lepusculina,  2:747'. 

lithospila,  2:  721-. 

lobeliae,  2:  704'. 

modica,  2:  704''. 

morula,  2:  724*. 

noctivaga,  2:  747'. 

oblinita,  2:511-,  560',  743'. 

ovata,  2:  704^. 

populi,  2:  747^ 

radcliffei,  2:  733\ 

retardata,  2:  727^. 

rubricoma,  2:  726'^ 

sperata,  2:  747^. 

superans,  2:  749"*. 

vinnula,  2:  724^. 

xyliniformis,  2:  749*. 
Apatelodes  angelica,  2:  727'. 

torrefacta,  2:  509",  549'. 
Aphelinus  abnormis,  1:212'. 

fuscipennis,  i:  212',  214',  222'. 

mytilaspidis,         1:212',        222^ 
231^ 
Aphids,  s^e  Plant  lice. 
Aphis  lions,  i:  154'. 
Aphis  cerasicolens,  2:  732'. 

cerasifoliae,  2:  732^. 

cornifoliae,  2:  737'. 

diospyri,  2:  735'. 

mali,  2:  641'. 

quercifoliae,  2:709'. 


Aphis  rumicis,  2:  729'. 

salicicola,  2:  744'^. 
Aphrastus  taeniatus,  2:506".  515*, 

748'. 
Aphrophora  parallela,  2:  686*. 

quadrangularis,  2:686'. 

saratogensis,  2:  686^. 
■\pliycus  annulipes,  1:203'. 

flavus,  i:i8l'. 

hederaceus,  i:  i8i'. 

pulvinariae,  1:199'. 
apicalis,  Ephistemus,  2:491'. 

Melalopha    2:  747". 
apicitripunctella,    Recurvaria,    2: 

754*. 
apiformis,   Aegeria,   2:429',   472'- 

7f. 
.\pion  herculaneum,  2:734'. 

nigrum,  2:  730*. 

rostrum,  2:  730*. 

segnipes,  2:  742^. 

walshii,  2:  749'. 
apionides,   Phloeophagus,  2:733^. 
Aplodes  bistriaria,  2:  720'^. 

mimosaria,  2:  706*. 
.'Vpoda  biguttata,  2:  529''. 

y-inversa,  2:  529*. 
appendiculatus,    Gymonychus,   2: 

609-. 
Apple      liorer,      flat      headed,       I: 
261'. 

round-headed,  1:51",  84'-S6'. 
Apple  plant  louse,  2:641'. 
Apple     tent     caterpillar,      1:24''; 

2:  510'-',  550^-51^,  606',  607';   birds 

feeding  on,  i:  28'. 
Apple  wood  stainer,   i:  257',  2S9*- 

92''. 
Apple     worm,    yellow-necked,    2: 

508«,  535*.  535'-36-- 
Appletree,  Phyllobaenus  disloca- 
tus  beneficial  to,  2:  503'. 

injurious  insects: 
borers: 

apple  wood  stainer,  1:289'', 

290''. 
Eostrichus  bicornis,  2:  721'. 
buprestis,     divaricated,     2: 

45S«. 
flat-headed  borer,  common, 
i:  86*,  87-. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


805 


Appletree,  iiij.  insects  {conl'il): 
borers: 

fruit       tree       bark      beetle, 

2:  453-- 
liickory    borer,    banded,    I: 

Hyperplatys   niaculatus,    2; 

433'- 
Leptostylus,      prickly,      2; 

428*,  461-. 
Leptostylus,       spotted,       2; 

4S29. 
linden  borer,  i:  91*. 
Liopus  alpha,  2:482'. 
maple  and  oak  twig  pruner, 

i:6i2. 
Neoclytus  erytlirocephalus, 

l:72«. 
pigeon  tremex,  1:63'', 
prionus,    broad-necked,     2; 

486''. 
twig  borer,  red-shouldered, 

2:442-'. 
twig  girdler,  1:273'. 
Urographis      fasciatus,      2: 

435'. 
flower  cricket,   white,  2:603'. 
leaf  feeders: 

American    la]ipet    moth,   2: 

507',  525*- 
Apatela  clarescens,  2:  733'. 

funeralis,  2:  716'. 

grisea,  2:  724*. 

impleta,  2:  749'. 

interrupta,  2:  724^. 

superans,  2:  749'. 
apple    tent     caterpillar,    2: 

5io«,  550'. 
apple  worm,  yellow-necked, 

2:535'. 
bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  127'. 
Basilarcliia       astyanax,      2: 

704'^ 
black     walnut     caterpillar, 

i:305'<. 
brown  tail  moth,  i:  164'. 
Cecropia  moth,  2:  539''. 
Coscinoptera     dominicana, 

2:737'. 
Deilephila  lineata,  2:  724". 
Erannis  tiliaria,  2:  731". 


Appletree,   inj.   insects  {coiil'J): 
leaf  feeders: 

flannel    moth,    crinkled,    2: 

530'. 
flea    beetle,    red-footed,    2, 

5I0^  556''. 
forest     tent    caterpillar,    i: 

107',  no', 
hag     moth     caterpillar,     2: 

528^ 
Heterocampa  guttivitta.  2: 

727'. 

Heterocampa     manteo,      3: 

705'. 
leaf  roller,  oblique  banded, 

2:  580'. 
leaf  roller,   red-banded,    2: 

532*. 
leaf     roller,     v-marked,     2: 

531*- 
Mineola       indigenella,       2: 

733«. 
Morrisonia  confusa,  2:  727'. 
Orthofidonia    vestaliata,   2: 

706'. 
Paonias  excaecatus,  2:  724'. 
Papilio  glaucus  zwr.  turnus, 

2:  704'. 
promethea  moth,  2:557'. 
Pyrophila  pyramidoides,  2; 

704'. 
rose  beetle,  2:  575'. 
rose  leaf  folder,  2:  512^,  581''. 
Schizura  semirufescens,    2: 
743'- 

unicornis,  2:  705'. 
Scopelosoma  sidus,  2:705'. 
Smerinthus  jamaicensis,   2: 

724'. 
,Sphinx  gordius,  2:727'. 
spring  cankerworm,  2:  509", 

547'''- 
Thecla  liparops,  2:  704'. 
tussock  moth,  white  mark- 
ed, I:  133',  136'. 
viceroy,  2:  559''. 
Xylina    antennata,    i:i2g', 

130'^  130',  131''. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 

black-banded  scale,  1:201'. 
box  elder  plant  bug,  I:  239''. 


.Appletree,   inj.   insects  (coiit'ii): 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 

Brochymena     quadripustu- 

lata,  2:  590*. 
Buffalo  tree  hopper,  2:  592*. 
chinch  bug,  false,  2:685*. 
Eiilecanium     cerasifex,     2: 

728«. 
oyster  scale,  1:211'. 
.\pricot,  injurious  insects; 
bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  127'. 
tussock     moth,    white    marked, 
I:  136*. 
.\quilegia       canadensis,      Tortrix 

albicomana  injuring,  2:532''. 
Aradus  cinnamomeus,  2:  752*. 
Arbor  vitae,  insects  injurious  to: 
borers  : 

balsam  baric  borer,  2:  376'. 
Dicerca    tuberculata,    2:648', 

656*. 
red     cedar     bark     beetle,     2: 
392'- 
leaf  feeders  :   2:  755''. 
bag  worm,  i:  123'. 
fir  sawfly,  2:  415'. 
mite,  2:  755°. 
scale  insects:  2:  755'. 
arborea,      Brochymena,      see      B. 

arborea. 
arbos,  Ceroptres,  2:  714'. 
arcasaria,  Sabulodes,  2:  750' 
Archasia  galeata,  2:  597'. 
archippus,      Basilarchia,      2: 510*, 

559',  704'. 
Archips  afflictana,  2:  754'. 
argyrospila,  2:  508',  531'. 
cerasivorana,  2:510',  552'. 
fervidana,  2:508',  530'-3i',  609'. 
grisea,  2:  707*. 
infumatana,  2:  717'. 
rosaceana,  2:  512',  531'',  5So'-8i'. 
rosana,  2:512'',  581'. 
semiferana,  2:  707*. 
arcuata,  Chrysopa,  i:  igi'. 
Corythuca,  2:  sga^-gg',  720*. 
Drepana,  2:  749'. 
arcuatus   I'lir.   coryli,    Agrilus,    2: 

723'. 
argenteomaculatus,   Stenopsis,   2: 
72. >. 


8o6 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


argentifimbriella,     Lithocolletes, 

2:  708'. 
argentinotella,    Lithocolletes,    2: 

725^ 
argillacea,  Alabama.  1:6';  2:609'. 
argutanus,  Episimus,  2:  725'. 
Argyresthia  austerella,  2:  708'. 
argyrospila,  Archips,  2;  508',  531*. 
Arhopalus  fulminans,  2:  427',  444*. 
Aristotelia  rubidella,  2:  707*,  707'. 

salicifungiella,  2:  74O''. 
armataria,  Priocycla,  2:  749*. 
armatus,  Onychia,  2:715^ 

Urosigalphus,  2:  588'. 
armicollis,  Magdalis,  see  M.  armi- 

collis. 
Army  worm,  1:22',  132'. 
Arotes  decorus,  i:  261'. 
Arsenate  of  lead,  i:  34',  37I 
Arsenical  poison,  1:35'. 
Arsenical  preparations,   formulas 

for.  1:37^-38". 
Arsilonche  albovenosa,  2:  743'. 
Artace  punctistriga,  2:  735^ 
arthemis,  Basilarchia,  2:  742'. 
arvensis,  Dolerus,  2;  741'. 
Asclera  puncticollis  ,  2: 494". 
Asecodes  albitarsis,  I:  140*,  140''. 
Asemum    moestum,   2: 649^,   659', 

66r'-62'. 
Ash,  beneficial  insect: 

Elasmocerus     terminatus,    2: 
50i9. 
injurious  insects: 
borers:  2:  726'. 

ash  borer,  i:  51*,  92'. 

banded,  1:257'',  279'-8o'. 

four-marked,  2:4289,462'. 

ash    timber   beetle,    i:  257', 

288». 
carpenter  worm,  i;  79',   83'. 
lilac  borer,  I:  104'. 
Memythrus    asilipennis,    2: 

429',  464*. 
Molorchus    bimaculatus,   2: 

715*. 
Obrium      rubrum,      2:428', 

463'. 
powder-post    beetle,    white 

marked,  2:483',  483*. 
rustic  borer,  1;  260'. 


Ash,  injurious  insects  {confJ): 
borers: 

stalk  borer,  2:429'',  468'. 
Stenoscelis  brevis,  2:  494'. 
Xyloterus  politus,  1:292*. 
gall  insect: 

ash     midrib     gall,     2:620', 
632'. 
leaf  feeders,  2:  726^-27'. 
Agrilus  otiosus,  2:  518'. 
American    dagger  moth,   2; 

5253. 
American   lappet    moth,    2: 

5o7«,  525*. 
Apatela  impleta,  2:  749'. 
Apatelodes     torrefacta,     2: 

549*- 
ash  sphinx,  2;  509',  548-. 

wavy,  2:  509*,  548'. 
Cleora  pampinaria,   2:  743*. 
forest    tent    caterpillar,    i: 

no', 
hag     moth    caterpillar,     2: 

528=. 
hickory     tussock     moth,    i: 

314'. 
io  caterpillar,  2:  522'. 
Paonias  excaecatus,  2:  724'. 
Papilio  glaucus  var.  turnus, 

2:  704'. 
Phloeophagus      minor,      2: 

742'. 
Plagodis  fervidaria,  2:  706'. 
Smerinthus  jamaicensis,  2: 

724'. 
sphinx,    four-lined,   2:  509*, 

546^ 
Tischeria      citrinipennella, 

2:  7o8». 
tussock  moth,  white  mark- 
ed, i:  136'. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 
box    elder     plant    bug,     i: 

239",  240*. 
Eulecanium     cerasifex,    ■  2: 
728'. 

pruinosum,  2:  719'. 
oyster  scale,  i;  173',  211'. 
Putnam's  scale,  i:  227''. 
Ash,     mountain,      see     Mountain 
ash. 


Ash,    prickly,    injurious    insects: 
2:  729-. 

Liopus       fascicularis,       2:  729', 
730' • 

Micracis  suturalis,  2:  715'. 

orange  dog,  2;  510'',  554''. 
Ash,  white,  injurious  insects: 

ash  flower  gall,  2:620*,  633*. 

Micracis  suturalis,  2:  715'. 
Ash  borer,  i:  51',  92^ 

banded,  1:257',  279''-8o'. 

four-marked,  2:  428',  462^-63'. 
Ash  flower  gall,  2:  620*,  633'-34'. 
Ash  midrib  gall,  2:620',  632'-33'. 
Ash  sphinx,  2:  509',   548'. 

wavy,  2:  509',  548'-49'. 
Ash   timber  beetle,    1:257^    288'- 

ashmeadii,  Andricus,  2:  711^. 
asilipennis,     Memythrus,     2: 429^ 

464'. 

asopialis,  Palthis,  2:  705*. 
asparagi,  Crioceris,  2:  608'. 
Asparagus  beetle,  2:  608'. 
Aspen,  injurious  insects: 

apple  wood  stainer,  i:  290'. 

poplar  borer,  i:  99'. 
asperata,  Dicerca,  2:  701*. 
aspersus,  Hyperplatys,  2:  746*, 
asperulus,  Gnathotricus,  2:  726'. 
Aspidiotiphagus  citrinus,    1:212', 

222'. 
Aspidiotus  abietis,  2:652',  690'. 

ancylus,  i:  173',  226^-27';  2:  729'. 

comstockii,   2;  728'. 

diffinis,  2:  731*. 

juglans-regiae,  2:719'. 

perniciosus,   1:8'',   12',  38',  173', 
2I6*-26^ 

rapax,  2:  728'. 

ulmi,  2:  725^. 

uvae,  2:  717'. 
Aspidisca    lucifiuella,    see    Copto- 
disca. 

splendoriferella,  see  Coptodisca. 
Aster,    Typophorus    canellus    in- 
juring, 2:537'. 
Aster  ericoides,  2:  537'. 
Asterolecanium  quercicola,  see  A. 
variolosum. 

variolosum,  1:258',  32g'-3l'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


807 


astyanax,  Basilarchia,  2:  704'. 
astylus,  Paonias,  2:  738'. 
Ataxia  crypta,  2:  702''. 
ater,  Ampeloglypter,  2:739*. 

Auletes,  2;  7I5^ 
athasiaria,  Therina,  2:  706'. 
Athous  cucullatus,  2:701^. 
Atimia  confusa,  2:751^. 
atlantica,  Mamestra,  2;  704*^. 
atomarium,      Romaleum,     2:426*, 

434''. 
atomarius,  Pachybrachys,  2:  730'. 
atomus,  Crypturgus,   2:338',  359'- 
6o«. 

Triachus,   2:  738'. 
atra,  Orsodachna,  2:  741'. 
atratus,  Chermes,  i:  188'. 

Elasmus,  1:140'',  145'. 
atricornis,  Cecidomyia,  2:746". 
atrocularis,  Cecidomyia,  2:  746'. 
Atropates  collinsi,  1:199'. 
atroviolacea,  Tenthredo,  2:737'. 
Attacus     promethea,     see     Callo- 

samia. 
Attelabus  analis,  2:  720'. 

bipustulatus,  2:  506°,  516'. 

nigripes,  2:  703*. 

rhois,  2:  511',  574'-75". 
attenuata,  Konowia,  2:429',  466^. 
attenuatus,    Anthophilax,    see   A. 

attenuatus. 
Atteva  aurea,  2:  735^. 
Atymna  castanea,  2:721'. 

inornata,  2:  721'. 
augustana,  Epinotia,  2:  744^^. 
Aulacaspis  pentagona,  2:  719*. 

rosae,  i:  173',  228'. 
Aulacomerus  lutescens,  2:568'. 
Auletes  ater,  2:  715'. 

cassandrae,  2:738'. 
aurea,  Atteva,  2:  735^. 
auronitens,  Lithocolletes,  2:750'. 
aurora,  Eros,  2:  746*. 

Hyparpax,   2:506*,  520^-21'. 
austerella,  Argyresthia,  2:  708'.  • 
australasiae,  Orcus,  1:223'. 
autographus,    Dryocoetes,   see   D. 

autographus. 
Automeris  io,  2:  506',  52i'-22'. 
aveccae,    Hypothenemus,    2:702'. 
aviingrata,  Odontophyes,    2:716-. 


1  avulsus,  Tomicus,  z;  752'. 
azaliae,   Amauronematus,  2:  739'. 
Azalea,  injurious  insects: 

Amauronematus  azaliae,  2:739''. 
Apatelodes  torrefacta,  2:  549^. 
.\zelina  ancetaria,  2:  728'. 
azurea,  Chrysobothris,  2: 429',  467'. 

babayaga,  Catocala,  2:  743''. 
Baccha  fascipennis,  i:  186'. 
baclimani,  Hypatus,  2:  726'. 
badia,  Schizura,  2:  738*. 
badiiella,  Tischeria,  2:  708'. 
badistriga,   Homohadena,  2:741'. 
badius,  Amphibolips,  2:  710'. 
Bag  or  basket  worm,  I:  105',  123''- 

289. 

Baileya  dormitans,  2:  716'. 
bajulus,  Hylotrupes,  2:649',  664'. 
Balaninus  caryae,  2:  584'-85'. 
nasicus,  2:  512',  583*-85''. 
obtusus,  2:  723*. 
proboscideus,  2:  512',  585''-88'. 
quercus,  2:  585',  703'. 
rectus,  2:512',  585',  585'-88«. 
uniformis,  2:584'',  585',  703'. 
Balm  of  Gilead,  resistance  to  in- 
sect attack,  1:47'. 
injurious  insects: 

clearwing,    three    banded,    2: 

471'. 
oyster  scale,  i:  173*,  211-. 
Saperda  populnea,  2:475'. 
willow  borer,  mottled,  i:  loi', 
103''. 
Balsam,      injurious      insects:      2: 
339-. 
borers: 

ant,    large    black    carpenter, 

1 :  90'. 
balsam    bark    borer,     2: 338*, 

375'-     ■ 
blazed  tree  borer,  2:671'. 
Buprestis    maculiventris,     2: 

650',  674'. 
pine  borer,  ribbed,  2:  367'. 
sawyer,  2:  360'. 
spruce  bark  beetle,  2:  386'. 
spruce  timber  beetle,  2:  369'. 
Tomicus  balsameus,  2:  354'. 
caelatus,  2:  354'. 


Balsam,  injurious  insects  (cont'dy. 
leaf  feeders:  2:754'. 

balsam    gall    midge,     2:651*, 

6852. 
Eulia  velutinana,  2:  707'. 
Feralia  jocosa,  2:  754'. 
Balsam   bark  borer,   2:  338',    375'- 

79'- 
Balsam  gall   midge,    2:  621',   651*, 

685'. 
Balsam  poplar,  Jirf  Poplar,  balsam, 
balsameus,  Tomicus,  see  T.  balsa- 
meus. 
balsamicola,  Cecidomyia,  2:621', 

651*,  685'. 
baltimoralis,   Bomolocha,    2:  727'. 
Banded  ash  borer,  i:  257'-,  279'-8o^ 
Banded  buprestid,  2:428',  4588-59'. 
Banded     hickory     borer,     1:256', 

267'-68=. 
Banded  horntail,  2:649',  668'. 
Baptolinus  longiceps,  2:  389'. 
barbata,  Glyptoscelis,  2:518'. 
barbatus,      Serropalpus,      2: 650', 

671'. 
barbita,   Magdalis,   1:49.   5i'.  7°'. 

72',  73°-75". 
barda,  Selandria,  2:609'. 
bardus,  Monophadnus,  2:  726*. 
Bark  beetle,  1:7';  2:729*. 

coarse  writing,  2:  338*,  345'-5i*. 

351*-. 
spruce,    birds    feeding    on,    i: 
28'. 
Bark  beetle  destroyer,  cloudy,  2: 

653*.  693'^- 
Bark  borers,    1:6',   11',   35',   256*- 

57';  2:339';  work  of  in  pine,  2: 

333'-36';    in    trunk    and     wood, 

2:338';     true,     2:338'';    oiatural 

enemies,  2:  499''-505'. 
Baryconus  oecanthi,  2:603*. 
Basal  leaf  gall,  2:620'.  636'. 
basalis,  Liodes,  2:  748'. 

Scoparia,   2:  754*. 
Basilarchia      archippus,      2:510', 
559»,  704-. 

arthemis,  2:  742'. 

astyanax,   2:  704-. 
basilare,   Sinoxylon,   2:  427'',  442', 

502-'. 


8o8 

basilis,  Pediopsis,  2:  597'. 
Basilona  imperialis,   2:  651",  677'- 

79-- 
basistrigella,      LithocoUetes,      2: 

708''. 
Basket  worm,  i:  i23'-28'. 
Bassareus  detritus,  2:703*. 
mammifer,  2:  7i6'',  719''. 
bassettella,    Euclemensia,   2:  708'^. 
bassetti,  llolcaspis,  2:711"'. 
Basswood,  injurious  insects: 
borers:  2:  731'. 

apple  wood  stainer,  r:  290*. 
Diaperis  hydni,  2:497^. 
Elater  nigricollis,  2:492^. 
Hoplosia  nubila,  2:  722^. 
Mycetophagus     flexuosus,    2: 
495^ 
punctatus,  2:  495'-'. 
Passalus,  horned,  2:492^. 
Platypus  compositus,  2:  720'. 
Plegaderus      transversus,     2: 

491'. 
Tenebrio       tenebrioides,      2: 

493'- 
Triphyllus        hunieralis,        2: 

495*- 
Xyleborus  pubescens,  2:  720'. 
gall  insects:  2:  731*. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  731''. 

Cistela  sericea,  2:  518^. 
sucking  insects:  2:  731*. 
batatus,  Cecidomyia,  2:745^. 
Neuroterus,  2:618',  624',  624'. 
Rliabdophaga,  2:  745'. 
Hathythri.x  meteori,  i:  140'. 

pimplae,  i:  140^. 
Batrachedra  praeangusta,   2:  744*. 

salicipomonella,  2:746''. 
Battle»of  the  weak,  i:24i'-52''. 
Batyle  suturalis,  2:649',  663'. 
Bayberry,     injurious     insects:     2: 
738«. 
leaf  feeders: 

Adoneta   spinuloides,    2:  706'. 
Apatelodes  torrefacta,  2:  549''. 
Eu.clea  chloris,  2:  706*. 
delphinii,  2:  529',  706'. 
indetermina,  2:  52S'. 
Prolimacodes  scapjia,   2:  707'. 
Sisyrosea  textula,  2:721''. 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

l!ayberry,injurious  insects  ((-()«/'i/): 
leaf   feeders: 

Tortricidia  pallida,  2:  707''. 
Beautiful    hickory    borer,   2:426'', 

431^-32'. 
bedeguar,  Cecidomyia,  2:  734'. 
Bee  family,  i:  10'. 
Beech,  scarlet  winged  clerid  bene- 
ficial to,  2:  503'. 
injurious  insects: 
borers:    2:  721*. 

Acanthoderes        quadrigib- 

bus,  2:  702'',  715*. 
Acoptus  suturalis,  2:715*. 
Agrilus  obsoletoguttatus,  2: 

701'. 
Anamorphus      pusillus,      2: 

72I». 

Anthophilax  attenuatus,    2: 

431',  4381 
Apple  wood  stainer,  1:  257', 

289'. 
ash    borer,    four-marked,  2: 

462'. 
brenthian,  northern,  I:  263*. 
buprestis,     divaricated,     2; 

428«,  457«. 
Buprestis  rufipes,   2:  701*. 
Centrodera     decolorata,    2: 

428',  456'. 
Ceruchus  piceus,  2:492'. 
chestnut    borer,   two-lined, 

1:  281^. 
Cratoparis   lunatus,   2:499'^. 
Cryptorhynchus  bisignatus, 

2:  702*. 
Dendroides    canadensis,    2: 
494'- 

concolor,  2:  494'. 
Ditoma     quadriguttata,     2: 

489'- 
Dryobius     sexfasciatus,     2: 

702'. 
Elater  hunieralis,  2:492^. 

nigricollis,  2:492'. 
Ephistemus  apicalis,  2:  491'. 
Euderces  picipes,  2:  446'. 
flat-headed  borer,  common, 

I:  87'^ 
fungous  beetle,    forked,   2: 


Beech,   injurious   insects    (loii/'J): 
borers: 

Goes  pulverulentus,  2:455^ 
Grynocharis       quadrilinea- 

tns,  2:  46o'''. 
Hister  lecontei,  2:  49r'. 
Hoplocephala    bicornis,    2: 

498^ 
Hyperplatys   maculatus.    2: 

433'- 
Hypulus   simulator,  2:494'. 
Laemophloeus  testaceus,  2: 

490''. 
leopard  moth,  I:7S^ 
Leptura  subhamata,  2:  675''. 

zebra,  2:451'. 
Lepturges  symmetricus,    2: 

493^- 
Melandrya  striata,  2:  493^. 
Monarthrum    fasciatum,    2; 

751'- 
Nyctobates   pennsylvanica, 

2: 492^ 
oak    weevil,   gray    sided,  2; 

437'- 
Parandra  brunnea,   2:  701*. 
Penthe  obliquata,  2:493'. 

pimelia,  2:  493'. 
Phenolia  grossa,  2:496'^. 
pigeon  tremex.  I:  63'. 
Platypus       compositus,       2: 

720'. 
red  horned  borer,  small,  i: 

299'. 
Silvanus   imbellis,  2:489' 
Smodicum    cucujiforme,    2: 

70i9. 
Tenebrioides    castanea,     2: 

492^ 
Tharops   ruficornis,   2:492'. 
Uliota  dubius,  2:490'. 
Urographis     fasciatus,      2: 

435'. 
Xyloterus    politus,    1:257', 

292'. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  722'. 

Adoneta      spinuloides,      2: 

706'. 
Alceris     ferrugana,    2: 744'. 
Anagoga  pulveraria,  2:  728^. 
Apatela  ovata,  2;  704'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


Beech,  injurious  insects  {cont'd): 
leaf  feeders: 

apple  worm,  yellow-necked, 

2:535'- 
black  walnut  caterpillar,  i; 

305*. 
Brachys  aeruginosa,  2:  703^. 
Denias    propinquilinea,     2: 

749'- 
Dichelonycha    elongata,    2: 

716'. 
Euclea     delphinii,      2:529^, 

706'. 
Eutrapela  kentaria,  2:  728'. 
Fentonia       marthesia,       2: 

706'. 
forest    tent     caterpillar,   i; 

107'. 
Heterocampa    bilineata,    2: 
725°. 

biundata,  2:  727'. 

guttivitta,  2:  727'. 
Heterogenea  shurtlefitii,    2: 

707'. 
Hyperitis  amicaria,  2:  722^. 
lanassa  lignicolor,  2:  705'. 
io  caterpillar,  2:  522'. 
Lithacodes  fasciola,  2:  728''. 
locust  leaf  miner,  i;  327'. 
luna  moth,  2:  527'. 
maple  leaf  cutter,  2:541*. 
Natada  nasoni,  2:  707'. 
New  York  weevil,  2:  517*. 
oak   caterpillar,    red-hump- 
ed, 2;  520'. 
Paraphia      subatomaria,     2: 

753'- 
Phloeophagus       minor,      2; 

742'- 
Plagodis  fervidaria,  2:706'. 
promethea  moth,  2:  557'. 
Schizura    semirufescens,   2: 

743*- 
Sisyrosea  textula,   2:  721**. 
sphin.x,    four-lined,    2:  509^, 

546^ 
scale    or    sucking    insects:    2: 

722*. 
beech    leaf    aphis,    woolly, 

2:  601*. 
Putnam's  scale,  i:227''. 


Beech,  blue,  Coclilidion  y-inversa 

injuring,  2:  717'. 
Beech  leaf  aphis,  woolly.  2;  601^-2*. 
belangerella,   Telphusa,  2:750'. 
bella,  Utetheisa,  2:724*. 
Bellamira  scalaris,  2:429',  467'. 
bellus,  Callipterus,  2:  709'. 
Beneficial  insects,  2:6o3*-i4';  key 

to,  2:652«-53». 
Benta     malanogrammos,     2:651', 

676'-77^ 
Benzoin,  black-banded    scale    in- 
juring, I:  201". 
bethunei.   Xylina,  2:  731''. 
bethuniella,  Lithocolletes,  2:708'. 
Betula      papyrifera,      Chionaspis 

lintneri  injuring,  1:227^. 
betulae,  Apatela,  2:  749'. 

Oligotrophus,  2:621^,  647'. 
betulaecolens,  Callipterus,  2:601'. 
betulella,  Ac'robasis,  2:  749'. 

Calaphis,  2:  750'. 

Depressaria,  2:  749'. 
betuleti,  Orchestes,  2:749'. 
beutenmulleri,  Isochaetes,  2:  722'. 
bicolor,  Adelocephala,  2:729'. 

Dolerus,  2:  741". 

Eustrophus,  2:  73T'. 

Phymatodera,  2:393'. 

Rhodites,  2:621',  647'. 

Rhynchite.s,  2:  518'. 
bicornis,   Bostrichus,  2:  701',  721'. 

Hoplocephala,   see  H.   bicornis. 
bicostomaculella,      Gelechia,      2: 

707'. 
bidentata,  Nerice,  2:  725'. 

Tomoxia,  see  T.  bidentata. 
bidentatus,  Silvanus,  2:  721'. 
bifasciatus,  Allandrus,  2:731''. 

Notoxus,  see'H.  bifasciatus. 
bifasciella,  Lithocolletes,  2:708". 
bifidus,  Telenomus,   1:145'. 
bifurcus,  Boletotherus,  2:498'. 
bigeminata,    Hyperaspis,  i:  198*. 
bigsbyana,     Chrysomela,     see     C. 

bigsbyana. 
biguttata,  Apoda,   2:  529'. 

Cochlidion,  2:  707'. 
biguttatus,  Laemophloeus,  2:490'''. 
bilineata,  Falcaria,  2:  749°. 

Heterocampa,  2:725'. 


bilineata,  Macrophya,  2:  73S'. 
bilineatus,    Agrilus,    1:257",   280*- 

83". 
bimaculatus,  Molorchus,  2:715^. 

Tylonotus,  2:  726*. 
bimarginata,        Haltica,      2:511', 

573'-74«. 
binotata,    Enchenopa,   2:  594'-y5'. 
Hyperaspis,  2:605'*. 
Mycetochares,  2:489'. 
binotatus.  Copturus,  2:  730''. 
biographus,  Xyleborus,  2:447'. 
Biorhiza  forticornis,  2:  618',  619', 
626''-27',  714'. 
hirta,  2:  712'. 
loxaulis,  2:  710'. 
nigra,  2:  710'. 
rubinus,  2:  711". 
bipunctata,    Adalia,    I:  T74',    195', 
206';  2:  601'. 
Tetyra,  2:  753'. 
bipunctatus,  Elleschus,  2:  742'. 
bipustulatus,    Attelabus,     2:  506', 

516'. 
Birch,  injurious  insects: 
borers:    2:  748''. 

alder  borer,  2:  480*. 

Asclera    puncticollis,    2:494'. 

birch      horntail,     slender,     2: 

429'-,  466'. 
bronze     birch     borer,    1:257*, 

284». 
Ceruchus  piceus,  2:492'. 
Chrysobothris  azurea,  2:429', 
467'. 
sexsignata,  2:  721'. 
Corymbites  sulcicollis,  2;  492*. 
Dendroides      canadensis,      2: 

494'- 
concolor,   2:  494'. 
Diaperis  hydni,  2:497'. 
Gaurotes  cyanipennis,  2:428'', 

454*. 
Gonotropis  gibbosus,    2:  494'*. 
leopard  moth,  1:78'. 
Leptura  vagans,  2:441'. 
Nyctobates  pennsylvanica,  2: 

492'. 
Pityophthorus.f/.,  I:  257',  296". 
red  horned   borer,  1:257'. 

small,  i:  29S'. 


8io 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Birch,  injurious  insects  (eonfti): 
borers: 

Tylonotus      bimaculatus,     2: 

726*. 
Upis  ceramboides,  2:497''. 
willow      borer,      mottled,      i: 

103^ 
Xyloterus,  i:  257'. 

sp.,   1:293'. 

politus,  i:  292*^. 
Xyphitlria     provancheri       2: 

429«,  4652. 
gall  insects: 

birch  seed  gall  midge,  2:621', 

647'. 
Hamamelistes      spinosus,      I: 

246'-47'. 
leaf  feeders:   2:  748'-49'. 

Adoneta  spinuloides,  2:  706'. 
Alceris  ferrugana,  2:  744'^. 
American    dagger     moth,    2: 

525'- 
American  silk  worm,  2:  526*. 
Apatela  brumosa,  2:  704'. 

dactylina,  2:  742'. 

distans,  2:  747'. 

funeralis,  2:  716*. 

hamamelis,  2:704*. 

interrupta,  2:  724^. 

leporina,  2:  747'. 

ovata,  2:  704*. 
apple  tent  caterpillar,  2:  551'. 
apple    worm,    yellow-necked, 

2:535*. 
Basilarchia   arthemis,   2:  742*. 
birch     leaf    skeletonizer,     i: 

258',  3I5». 
Catocala  relicta,  2:  743^. 
Cecropia  moth,  2:  539''. 
Charadra  deridens,  2:  704''. 
Chlamys  plicata,  2:  703''. 
Dichelonycha     elongata,      2; 

716*. 
elm     caterpillar,     spiny,      i: 

i6i«. 
Eustroma  testata,  2:  743'. 
Eutrapela  kentaria,  2:  728'. 
flea   beetle,    black-margined, 

2:5o6^  5i5«. 
forest  tent  caterpillar,  i:  107'', 

no'. 


Birch,  injurious  insects  {cont'd): 
leaf  feeders; 

Gluphisia   septentrionalis,   2: 

747*- 
Graphiphora  alia,  2:  704'. 
Heterocampa     biundata,      2: 
727*. 

manteo,  2:  705'. 

subrotata,  2:  716'. 

umbrata,  2:  705*. 
hickory    caterpillar,    striped, 

2:  5o8«,  535''. 
Hylotoma   pectoralis,   2:511', 

57°'- 
lanassa  lignicolor,  2:705'. 
io  caterpillar,  2:  522'. 
Lithacodes  fasciola,  2:  728''. 
locust  leaf  miner.  1:327'. 
luna  moth,  2:  527'. 
Macaria      praeatomata      var. 

bisignata,  2:  753**. 
Morrisonia  confusa,  2:727*. 
Nematus      unicolor,      2:511', 

571'- 
oak  caterpillar,  green,  2:  521'. 
Odontota  quadrata,  2:731'. 
Paonias  excaecatus,  2:  724'. 
Papilio    glaucus   var.    turnus, 

2:  704'. 
Paraphiasubatomaria,  2:  753'. 
Phigalia  titea,  2:728'. 
Phloeophagus     apionides,     2: 
733'. 

minor,  2:  742'. 
Plagodis  fervidaria,  2:  706'. 
Polygonia  faunus,  2:  742*. 
Priocycla  armataria,  2:  749*. 
Pristiphora     sycophanta,      2: 

510*,  557'- 
Prolimacodes  scapha,  2:707'. 
promethea  moth,  2:557'. 
Pteronus  latifasciatus,  2:  511', 

572^ 
Schizura  ipomoeae,  2:  705'. 

semirufescens,  2:743*. 

unicornis,  2:  705'. 
Smerinthus     jamaicensis,      2: 

724'. 
Tortricidia  testacea,  2:  707''. 
tussock  moth,  white  marked, 

1:136'. 


Birch,  injurious  insects  {cont'd): 
leaf  feeders: 

Venusia  comptaria,  2:  722'. 
scale  or  sucking  insects:   2:  749'- 
50'. 
Aspidibtus  rapax,  2:  728'. 
birch  aphid,  2:  601'. 
Eulecanium      pruinosum,      2: 

719'. 
Putnam's  scale,    1:227°. 
Birch,    paper,     Eugonia     j-album 

injuring,  2;  749^*. 
Birch,  white,  see  Birch. 
Birch,  willow,  Tortricidia  pallida 

injuring,  2:  707'. 
Birch,    yellow,   injurious   insects: 
borers: 

Bellaniira      scalaris,     2:429^, 

467'. 
birch  bark  borer,  2:  429'',  468''. 
Xyloterus  j/.,  1:294*,  294'. 
leaf  feeders: 

Pristiphora     sycophanta,      2: 
510',  557'. 
tibialis,  2:  748*. 
Birch  aphid,  2:601'. 
Birch  bark  borer,  2:429',  468^-69'. 
Birch  borer,  bronze,    1:257*,  284"- 

87'- 
Birch     horntail,     slender,    2:429', 

466^ 
Birch    leaf     skeletonizer,    i:  258', 

3I5»-I7'. 
Birch  seed  gall  midge,  2:  62i*,  647'. 
Birds,    relative    value    of    certain 
families,   l:2g'-32*;  feeding   on 
gipsy  moths,    1:27',   122';  feed- 
ing on   forest  tent  caterpillars, 
I:  III',  III*;     feeding   on   hairy 
caterpillars,  1:137';  how  to  in- 
crease    number,     i:  33''';    insect 
enemies,      i:  25*-34*;     probable 
results    if    insect    depredations 
were     not    checked     by,     1:32'; 
results  of  increasing  efficiency 
of,  1:32';  value  in  keeping  other 
pests     under     control,     i:iii'; 
voracity,  i:25®-26'. 
biscolorella,  Agnippe,  2:  729'. 
bisignatus,     Cryptorhynchus,     2: 
702'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


8ll 


bistriaria,  Aplodes,   2:  720'. 
bistriatus,  Paromalus,  2:389'. 
Bittersweet,      injurious     insects  : 
tree  hopper,   two  marked,   2: 

594^- 

Zelleria  celastrusella,   2:  741^. 
biundata,  Heterocampa,  2:  727^. 
biustus,  Leptostylus,  2:  715'. 
bivittata,     Neoglaphyroptera,     i: 

140*. 
bivittatus,  Xyloterus,  2:  335',  339', 

36g'-70». 
bivulnerus,      Chilocorus,    see     C. 

bivulnerus. 
Black-banded  scale,  1:173^,   200''- 

3'. 
Black    elm     snout     beetle,    1:51', 

Black  gum,  forest  tent  caterpillar 

injuring,  I:  no'. 
Black-horned      tree     cricket,      2: 

699'. 
Black-margined      flea    beetle,     2: 

Soe-",  515'. 
Black    scrub     oak     gall,     2:618', 

625^ 
Black  walnut  caterpillar,    1:258', 

303»-58. 
Blackberry    bushes,  injurious  in- 
sects: 
gall  insect: 

rose  bedegar,  2:621",  647°. 
leaf  feeders: 

Apatelodes  torrefacta,  2:  549''. 
Chlamys  plicata,  2:  703". 
Schizura  unicornis,  2:  705'. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 
bramble  flea  louse,  2:689'. 
rose  scale,  i:  173*,  228'. 
Blackbird,  i:  33'. 

crow,  i:  27',  30',  III''. 
Bladder  maple  gall,   2:620',  630'- 

31'. 
Bladdernut,  Putnam's  scale  injur- 
ing, 1:227-'. 
blancardella,       Lithocolletes,     2: 

708*. 
blanchardi,  Chrysobothris,  2:  751'. 
blandella,  Gracilaria,  2:720^*. 
Blastothrix  sericea,  1:203'. 
Blazed  tree  borer,  2:  650',  671'. 


Blepharida  rhois,  2:  737'. 

Blissus      leucopterus,       1:6';      2: 

685'. 
Blue  horntail,  2:649',  ^^9'- 
Blue  jays,  I:  27*,  33^,  61',  in*,  122', 

137*,  166',  309'. 
Blue     pine    borer,     2:649',    660'- 

6i^ 
Blueberry    bushes,    injurious    in- 
sects: 
Eulecanium  kingii,  2:  739'. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  738'. 
Bluebird,  i:  32",  i66^ 
Bobolink,  i:  33'. 
Boletophagus  corticola,  2:  754*. 

^epressus,  2:  754*. 
Boletotherus  bifurcus,  2:498^ 
bolteri,  Sesia,  2:429*,  470^. 
Bombycidae,  i:  12''. 
bombycoides,       Lapara,       2:651', 

679'. 
Bomolocha  abalienalis,  2:724'. 
baltimoralis,  2:  727*. 
madefactalis,  2:  720'. 
borealis,  Harpyia,  2:  743*. 
Mordella,  see  Af.  borealis. 
Pontania,  2:  745". 
boreata,  Opheroptera,  2:  725'. 
Bostrichus  bicornis,  2:701*,   721'. 
Bothrideres  geminatus,  2:  505'. 
botrana,  Polychrosis,  2:732'. 
boucheanus,     Dibrachys,    see     D. 

boucheanus. 
Box    elder,    injurious    insects:    2: 
728»-29'. 
borers: 

Acanthoderes     quadrigibbus, 

2:715*. 
Ataxia  crypta,  2:702''. 
Cyrtinus  pygmaeus,  2:702'. 
flat-headed     borer,     common, 

1:87'. 
Leptostylus  parvus,  2:  702''. 
Liopus  variegatus,  2:  720'. 
Xyloterus  politus,  i:  292'. 
leaf  feeders: 

Archips  semiferana,  2;  707*. 
Pyrophila    pyramidoides,     2: 

704'. 
tussock   moth,  white  marked, 
I:  136'. 


Box  elder, injurious  insects  (<■()«/'(/): 

sucking  insect: 

box  elder  plant  bug,    I:  174', 
239'. 
Box  elder  plant  bug,  i:  174'', -239", 

40». 
Brachistes  magdalis,  1:74*. 

phymatodis,  2:463'. 
brachyrus,  Spathius,  2:401'. 
Brachys  aerosa,  2:  506',  5I2'-I3'. 

aeruginosa,  2:  703*. 

ovata,  2:  506',  5I3''-T4*. 
Brachystylus  acutus,  2:  735'. 
Bracon  j/t.,  2:406' 

agrilli,  i:  73'. 

charus,  I:  87''. 

erythrogaster,  1:266*. 

pectinator,  2:  391^. 

pissodis,  2:  401''. 

scolytivorus,  1:278*. 

simplex,  1:22';  2:384*. 
Braconidae,  i:  22'. 
Brake,     crinkled      flannel     moth 

injuring,  2:  530'. 
Bramble    flea  louse,   2:652*,  6S8«- 

89*. 
brassicoides,        Cecidomyia,        2: 

745'- 

Rhabdophaga,  2:  563*,  567*,  745', 
746'. 
brendeli,  Xenorhipis,  2;  701'. 
Brenthian,  northern,  1:256*,  261*- 

63'. 
Brephos  infans,  2:  749'. 
brevicornis,  Ceresa,  2:  717*. 
brevilineum,     Physocnemum,     see 

P.  brevilineum. 
brevis,  Stenoscelis,  2:455*,  494''' 
briseis,  Catocala,  2:  743''. 
brizo,  Thanaos,  2:  704'. 
Brochymena  annulata,  2:  588''-9o', 
590*. 

arborea,  2:  591'. 

quadripustulata,  2:  588'-89',5go-'. 
Bronchella  hortaria,  sec  Epimecis 

virginaria. 
Bronze  birch  borer,   1:257'',  284*- 

87'. 
Brown    tail    moth,     i:  105',    163'- 

66',    254';  birds   feeding    on,   I: 


8l2 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


brucei,  Melalopha,  2:743'. 
Bruchus  miimis.  2:731'. 
brumosa,  .Vpatela,  2:704^ 
brunnea,  Colaspis,  2:  730'. 

i'araiulra,  2:  701*. 
brunneum,      Ortliosoma,     2: 430' 

487'-88'. 
Iirunneus,  RhyncoUis,2:  666",  733', 
Inibalus,  Ceresa,  2:  5gi'''-93''. 
Biicculatrix       canadeiisisella,      i: 
258',  3I5''-I7''. 
thuiella,  2:  755'. 
trifasciella,  2:  721*. 
Buck  moth,  i:  258°,  310^-14'. 
Buckeye,  injurious  insects: 
borers: 

apple  wood   stainer,  1:290". 
Cucujus  clavipes,  2:701*'. 
Xyleborus  pubescens,   2:  720'. 
leaf  feeders: 

Crepidodera  aesculi,  2:  730^. 
maple  leaf  stalk  borer,  2:  509', 

Proteoteras  aesculana,  2;  540*. 
tussock  moth,  while   marked, 
I:  136". 
Bud   gall,  2:  750''. 
Bud  moth,  i:  20'. 
Buffalo  tree  hopper,  2:  591^-93'. 
Bullet  gall,  rough,  2:618'',  624°. 

spiny,  2:  621',  647". 
Bumelia,    black-banded    scale   in- 
juring, I;  201*. 
Buprestid,    banded,   2-  42S*,   458*'- 
59-^ 

divaricated,  2:428".  457'-58''. 

golden,  2:648',  655«-56'. 

spotted,  2:339",  Sgo'-gi-". 
Buprestidae,  i:  11'. 
Buprestis  consularis,  2:751'. 

fasciata,  2:  428",  458*-59*. 

lineata,  2:  751'. 

maculiventris,  2:650",  674-'. 

rufipes,  2:  701". 

striata,  2:  648'',  655*-56'. 

sulcicollis,  2:  751-. 

ultramarina,  2:  751-. 
Burning  bush,    injurious  insects: 

2:729'. 
Butternut,       Foeniis      tarsatorius 
beriRScia!  10,   500'. 


Butternut,     injurious    insects:     2 

720-'. 

borers: 

Centrodera     decolorata,    2 

428=,  456-. 
Colastus  truncatus,   2:491*, 
Cossonus    platalea,    2:428^, 

455''- 
Cryptarcha       concinna,      2 

491'- 
Cryptorhynchus     parocluis, 

2:494=. 
Gaurotes      cyanipennis,      2: 

428^  454". 
hickory    borer,    painted,    i: 

264*. 
leptostylus,        spotted,       2: 

482'. ' 
Leptura  vagans,  2:441'. 
Lepturges  querci,  2:440''. 
Magdalis  salicis,  2:  720^ 
Stenoscelis    brevis,    2:494". 
Tenebrio     tenebrioides,    2: 

493^ 
Uliota  dubius,  2:490". 
Xyleborus     pubescens,      2: 

702'. 
leaf  feeders: 

Agrilus  otiosus,  2:518'°. 
black  walnut  caterpillar,  i: 

303^ 
butternut   woolly   worm,   2: 

508',  536I 
Cyrtolobus  vau,  2:  7I7'\ 
Eugnamptus  angustatus,  2: 
703*. 

collaris,  2:  716^. 
hickory    horned     devil,     i: 

305». 
hickory     tussock    moth,    I: 

314'. 
Lithocolletes        caryaefoli- 

ella,  2:  717^. 
luna  moth,  2:  526'. 
Odontophyes  aviingrata,  2: 

7i6«. 
Thecla  calanus,  2:  704'. 
tussock  moth,  white  mark- 
ed, 1:136'. 
Typophorus      canellus,     2: 

5uS8,  537S. 


Butternut,  inj.  insects  (cont'd): 
nut  pests: 

Conolrachelus  seniculus,  2: 

512",  582'. 
walnut      curculio,      2:512', 
5S1'. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 

Cliionaspis     ortholobis,      2: 

744"- 
tree     hopper,    two-marked, 
2:595". 
Butternut    woolly    worm,     2:  508', 

536''- 
Buttoubush,  injurious  insects: 
dagger  moth,  smeared,  2:  560'. 
leaf  feeders,  2:  719''. 
Buttonwood,  injurious  insects: 
ciliated  tingis,  2:599*. 
tussock     moth,     white-marked, 
I:  136'. 
Bythoscopus    fenestratus,    2:749'. 
variabilis,  2:  754^. 

c-nigrum,  Noctua,  2:  727'. 
Cabbage  butterfly,  2:  609'. 
Cacoecia  argyrospila,  see  Archips. 

cerasi\'orana,  see  Archips. 

fervidana,  see  Archips. 

rosaceana,  see  Archips. 

rosana,  see  Archips. 
cacoeciae,  Elachistus,   i:  140''. 
cacographus,      Tomicus,     see      T. 

cacographus. 
Cacoplia  puUata,  2:702'. 
Cacus  oecanthi,  2:  603". 
caelatus,  Tomicus,  steT.  caelatus. 
Caenophanes  pityophthori,  2:  389". 
calanus,  Thecla,  2:704^. 
Calaphis  betulella,  2.  750'. 
calcarata,  Saperda.   1:49,  51',  98'- 

100'. 
calcaratus,  Scotobates,  2:493"'. 
calceatus,  Prionomerus,  2:  732". 
calidum,  Calosoma,  seeC.  calidum. 
Californian  red  spider,  i:  14". 
Calitys  scabra,  2:496'"*. 
Callcdapteryx       dryopterata,       2: 

73S\ 
Callichroma    splendidum,   2:  735". 
Callidium     aereum,    2:428',    450', 
667». 


GENERAL    INDEX 


8r 


Callidiu.n      aiitennatum,     2:450', 
649^,  66o'-6i^ 

janthinum,  2:450"",  660',  751''. 
Calligraplia  scalaris,  2:  750^. 

lunata,  2:  575'. 
_calligraphus,     Tomicus,     see     T. 

calligraphus. 
Callipterus  bellus,  2:  709'. 

betulaecolens,  2:601'. 

caryae,  2:  717'". 

castanea,  2:  721*. 

discolor,  2:  709^. 

hyalinus,  2:  709'. 

punctatus,  2:  709^. 

quercifolii,  2:  709'. 

ulmifolii,  i:  I72'',  i76''-77''. 
Callirhytis  tumifica,  2:  713°. 
callitrichoides,      Pliiprosopus,     2: 

740'. 
Calloides     nobilis,     2:427*,     443'- 

44-'- 
Callosamia  angulifera,  2:  732^. 

promethea,  1:45';  2:510',  557*. 
Calocampa  ciirvimacula,  2:  743'. 
Calophya  nigripennis,  2:737'. 
Calosoma  calidum,  I:  113'*. 

scrutator,  I:  113^,  146'-,  161'. 

wilcoxi,  i:  113°. 
calva,  Limnobaris,  2:  734'. 
Calymnia  orina,  2:704'. 
cambrica,  Venusia,  2:  733'. 
campanula,  Synergus,  2:  714^. 
campestris,  Chalcophora,  2:  722^. 
Camponiscus  americana,  2:  746', 
Camponotus    herculaneus,    i:5i'*, 

90-. 
Camptobrochis    grandis,     I:  153^- 

54';   2:614^ 
Campylus  denticornis,  2:748'*. 
canadaria,  Melanolophia,  2:  753". 
canadense,  Eulecanium,  2:  725*. 
canadensis,      Dendroides,    2'  494'", 
701'. 

Leptura,  2:  650',  670°. 

Spathius,  2:359^,  393'. 
canadensisella,     Bucculatrix,      i: 

258',  3I5*-I7'- 
Canadian   Leptura,  2:  650',  670'. 
Canarsia    ulmiarrosorella,   2;  725''. 
canarsiae,  Urogaster,  2:  532'. 
candicans,    Chaitophorus,   2:748'. 


Candida,    Saperda,    1:51',  84'-S6-. 
canellus,  Typophorus,  see  T.  can- 

ellus. 
canescens,  Tetrops,  2:  750^. 
caniplaga,  Ellida,  2:731^. 
Cankerworm,  birds  feeding  on,  i: 

2S-. 

capraea,  Eulecanium,  2:744'. 

Neoclytus,  1:257-,  279'-So^. 
capreana,  Olethreutes,  2:741'. 
capsulus,  Andricus,  2:711*. 
cara,  Catocala,  2:  743'. 
Carabidae,  i:  23''. 
Carbolic  soap  wash,  i:  55°. 
Carbon  bisulphid,  i:  45'. 
Cardiophorus  gaegates,  2:  667'. 
cariniceps,  Pityophthorus,  2:  650'', 

674'. 
Caripeta  angustiorata,  2:  753-. 

divisata,  2:  754'. 
Carneades  scandens,  2:609*. 
carnifex,  Cosmopepla,  2:611*. 
Carolina,     Stagmomantis,      i:  24', 

146'',  1 54-. 
caroliniana,      r)isonycha,     2:  511"', 

563^-64''. 
caroliniensis,      Amphibolips,      2: 

710'. 
Carpenter      bee,      large,       2:430', 

484'. 
Carpenter    worm,    1:7'',    12',    45', 

51',     5i«,     7q''-84';    2:439'^       -'>''■■' 

also  Oak  carpenter  worm;  Pop- 
lar carpenter  worm, 
carpini,  .Acalyptus,  2:  742^. 

Psylla,  2:723^ 

Pteronus,  2:  723". 
Carpinus  caroliniana,  2:  514'. 
Carpocapsa  pomonella,  2:  609-. 
carueli,  Diaspis,  i:  173',  229'. 
caryae,  Acrobasis,  2:  716'. 

Balaninus,  2:  584'-S5'. 

Callipterus,  2:  717*. 

Cecido.myia,  2:  718-. 

Chionaspis,  2:  717'. 

Diplosis,  2:619',  628^ 

Epagoge,  2:  717-. 

Eulecanium,  2:  725*. 

Halisidota,  1:258',  3i4'-i5'. 

Lachnus,  2:  717'. 

Microcentrus,  2:717*. 


caryae,      Monophadnus,      2: 508', 

536'-- 

Schizoneura,  2:717''. 
caryae-avellana.      Phylloxera,     2: 

7iS^. 
caryaecaulis.    Phylloxera,    1:247', 

259'.  33i*-32':  2:619*. 
caryaecola,    Cecidomyia,     2:619*, 

62S'. 
caryae-fallax.  Phylloxera,    2:718''. 
caryaefoliae.  Phylloxera,  2:  718'. 

Coleophora,  2:  717^. 

Lithocolletes,  2:  717''. 

Nepticula,  2:  717*. 
caryaefoliellus,     Vpsolopnus,      2: 

717'. 
caryae-globuli.       Phylloxera,      2: 

71S''. 
caryae-gummosa.     Phylloxera,    2: 

718-'. 
caryae-ren.  Phylloxera,  2:  718^. 
caryae-semen.        Phylloxera,       2: 

718'. 
caryae-septum       i-ar.      perforans, 

Phylloxera,  2:  7iS''. 
caryaevenae.  Phylloxera,  2:  718'. 
caryaevorella,  Gelechia,  2:  717''. 
caryana,        Enarmonia,        2:  512*, 

583'- 
caryarum,  Eulecanium,  2:  717'. 
caryella,  Monellia,  2:  717*. 
caryicolum,  Isodyctium,  2:  716^. 
Carynota  mera,  2:720*. 
Case  bearers,  1:20'-,  106',  i7o'-7i'; 

2:706*. 
cassandrae,  Auletes,  2:738'. 
cassinii,  Tibicen,  i:  234*. 
castanea,  Atymna,  2:  721.' 

Callipterus,  2:721'. 

Orchesia,  2:  731''. 

Tenebrioides,  2:492°. 
castaneae,       Anthrenus,      see     A. 

castaneae. 
castaneacella,     Lithocolletes,     2: 
721*. 

Tischeria,  2:  721*. 
castaneaefoliella,      Nepticula,     2: 

72  r\ 
castaneum,  Cerylon,  2:489*. 
Castastega    aceriella,  see    Thiodia 

signatana. 


8i4 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Catalpa,  injurious  insects: 

AspidioUis  ulnii,  2:  725'. 

bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  127'. 

leaf  feeders,  2:  735'. 

lightning  leaf  hopper,  2:598'. 
Catalpa,   hardy,   resistance  to  in- 
sect attack,  i:  47^. 
catalpae,  Cecidomyia,  2:735". 

Ceratomia,  2:  735'. 
Catapastus  conspersus,  2:  72q^. 
Catbird,  1:31',  iii',  III',  122',  237^ 
catenaria,  Cingilia,  2:  706''. 
Catocala  amasia,  2:  705^. 

amatrix,  2;  747^. 

arnica,  2:  505'.     . 

angusi,  2:  216'. 

babayaga,  2:  743*. 

briseis,  2:  743''. 

cara,  2:  743^ 

cerogama,  2:  731'. 

coccinata,  2:  705'. 

concumbens,  2:  743*. 

epione,   2:  705^. 

flebilis,  2:  716'. 

fratercula,  2:  705*. 

grynea,  2:743''. 

habilis,  2:  716'. 

ilia,  2:  705*. 

illecta,  2:  729*. 

innubens,  2:  729*, 

insolabilis,  2:  716'. 

Judith,  2:  716''. 

lacrymosa,  2:705*. 

meskei,  2;  747*. 

minuta,  2:  729*. 

neogama,  2:  719*. 

obscura,  2:  716®. 

palaeogania,  2:716'. 

parta,  2:  743'.     . 

piatrix,  2:  719''. 

polygama,  2:  705'. 
var.  crataegi,  2:  734". 

relicta,   2:  743^. 

robinsonii,  2:  716'. 

Serena,  2:  716'. 

similis,  2:  705'. 

subnata,  2:  720'. 

ultronia,  2:  705^ 

unijuga,  2:  747*. 

vidua,  2:  705''. 
Catogenus  rufus,  1:261';  2:489*. 


Caudonia  pityophthori,  2:393'. 
caulis,  Acarus,  2:  720'. 
cavicollis,      Galerucella,     2: 510" 

550'. 
cavus,  Hypophloeus,  2:504*. 
Cecidomyia  aceris,  2:  728*. 

albovittata,  2:  746'. 

ananassi,  2:  755'*. 

annulipes,  2:  746'. 

atricornis,  2:  746'. 

atrocularis,  2:  746'. 

balsamicola,  2:621',  651',  685'. 

batatus,  2:  745''. 

bedeguar,  2:  734'. 

betulae,  see  Oligotrophus. 

brassicoides,  2:  745^ 

caryae,  2:  718'. 

caryaecola,  2:619*,  628'. 

citrina,  2:  731*. 

clavula,  2:  736'. 

cornuta,  2:  745'. 

coryloides,  2:  745'. 

cossae,  2:  718'. 

cynipsea,  2:  718'. 

erubescens,  2:619',  627'. 

gleditschiae,  2:729'. 

glutinosa,  2:  718*. 

holotricha,  2:619',  628'. 

hordeoides,^:  745'. 

inopis,  2:  752'. 

liriodendri,  2:  732*. 

majulis,  2:  710". 

negundinis,  2:728'. 

niveipila,  2:  710'. 

nodulus,  2:  745*. 

nucicola,  2:  718'. 

ocellaris,  2:619',  629'-3o'. 

orbitalis,  2:  746'. 

pellex,  2:  620',  632'-33'. 

persicoides,  2:619',  628'. 

pilulae,  2:619',  627'',  714'. 

pini-rigidae,     2:340',     423^-25', 
621'. 

pudibunda,  2:  722'. 

resinicola,  2:  340',  4io''-i3',  424'. 

robiniae,  2:  730'. 

sanguinolenta,  2:718'. 

serotinae,  2:  733'. 

symmetrica,  2:  710'. 

triticoides,  2:  745''. 

tubicola,  2:619',  628'. 


Cecidomyia  tulipiferae,  2:  732'. 

verruca,  2:  745'. 

verrucicola,  2:620',  631'. 
Cecidomyiae  catalpae,  2:735'. 
Cecidomyidae,  i:ii';  2:617''. 
Cecidostiba    dendroctoni,    2:390'. 

polygraph!,  2:  390'. 
Cecropia  moth,  2:508',  539'. 
cecropia,  Samia,  2:508',  539'. 
Cedar,  injurious  insects: 

Atimia  confusa,  2:  751'. 

cedar  tree  borer,  2:650',  675'. 

red  cedar  bark  beetle,  2:392'. 

Tephroclystis      miserulata,     2: 
7o6«. 
Cedar,  red,  see  Juniper. 
Cedar,  white,  see  Arbor  vitae. 
Cedar  birds,  9.  in'. 
Cedar  tree  borer,  2:650',  675'-76''. 
Celama  triquetrana,  2:  724'. 
Celastrus,  Euonymus  scale  injur- 
ing, i:  I73^  2I3«. 
celastrusella,  Zelleria,  2:  741''. 
celsus,     Xyleborus,    2:427',   446'- 

48',  504". 
celtidella,  Salebria.  2:  726°. 
celtidis  -  asteriscus,     Pachypsylla, 

2: 726^ 
celtidis-cucurbita,  Pachypsylla,  2: 

726'. 
celtidis-gemma,     Pachypsylla,     2: 

726'. 
celtidis-globulus,    Pachypsylla,  2: 

726-'. 
celtidis-mamma,    Pachypsylla,    2: 

621',  647''. 
celtidis- pubescens,    Pachypsylla, 

2:  726*. 
celtidis  -  umbilicus,    Pachypsylla, 

2:  726^. 
celtidis  -  vesiculum,    Pachypsylla, 

2:  726''. 
celtifoliella,  Lithocolletes,  2:  717'. 
celtis,  Chlorippe,  2:  725'. 
Cenocoelius  populator,  1:85'. 
Cenopis  diluticostana,  2:707'. 
pettitana,  2:  512',  579'. 
reticulatana,  2:  512',  580',   707'. 
centerensis,  Cossus,   2:  430',  476'— 

77».        ■ 
centricola,  Holcaspis,  2:711®, 


GENERAL    INDEX 


815 


Centrinus  lineicollis,  2:719'. 
Centrodera      decolorata,     2:428', 
456-^ 

picta,  2:  715'. 
Ceophloeus    pileatus    abietorum, 

1:29'. 
ceramboides,  Upis,  2:497'. 
Cerambycidae,  i:  11'. 
cerasi,  Myzus,  1:246''. 
cerasicolens,  Aphis,  2:  732^. 
cerasifex,  Eulecanium,  2:728*. 
cerasifoliae,  Aphis,  2:  732'. 
cerasivorana,      Archips,      2: 510", 

552'. 
Ceratomia  amyntor,  2:  509^,    546^. 

catalpae,  2:  735''. 

undulosa,  2:  509',  548'-49*. 
Cercopeus  chrysorhoeus,  2:  721'. 
Ceresa  brevicornis,  2:  717*. 

bubalus,  2:  5gi'-g3'. 
cerintha,  Chamyris,  2:  733*. 
ceragama,  Catocala,  2:  731®. 
Ceroptres  arbos,  2;  714'. 

ficus,  2:  714'. 

inermis,  2:  714'. 

obtusilobae,  2:  714''. 

petiolicola,   2:  714*. 
Ceruchus  piceus,  2:492',  701'. 
Cerura  cinerea,  see  Harpyia. 

occidentalis,  2:  743'. 

scitiscripta,  2:  743'. 
Cerylon  castaneum,  2:489*. 
Chaitophorus    aceris,    1:49,    172', 
I74--75';   2;6o4«. 

candicans,  2:  748'. 

negundinis,  2:  729'. 

nigrae,  2:744'. 

pinicolens,  2:  753'. 

populicola,  2:  74S*. 

populifoliae,  2:  748*. 

spinosus,  2:  709*. 

viminalis,  2:  744'. 
Chalcid,  2:  375'. 
Chalcididae,  1:22'. 
Chalcis  ovata,  I:  127',  138'. 

robusta,  2:  555'. 
chalcofrontella,      Holcocera,      2: 

754'. 
Chalcophora  campestris,  2:  722*. 
fortis,  2:  751^ 
liberta,  2:648',  654^-55'. 


Chalcophora  virginiensis,  2:648', 

653^-54',  654',  655',  655*. 
chalybea,  Haltica,  2:  724'. 
chalybeus,  Orcus,  1:223'. 
Chamyris  cerintha,  2:  733"*. 
Charadra  deridens,  2:  704''. 
Chariessa  pilosa,  2:449',  504'- 
charus,  Bracon,  i:87''. 
Chauliognathus      marginatus,      I: 

I53«. 
Checkered  beetles,  1:23'. 
Chermaphis  laricifoliae,  2:755''. 
Chermes  abieticolens,  2:754'. 
abietis,  I:  172'',  iSg'-gi'. 
atratus,  i:  188'. 
coccineus,  I:  l88'. 
geniculatus,  1:188'. 
hamadryas,   1:188'. 
lariceti,  i:iS8'. 
laricis,  see  C.  strobilobius. 
pinicorticis,      i:  172',      ig2'-g5'; 

2:604'. 
strobilobius,  1:172',  i87*-88'. 
Cherry  aphid,  1:246'. 
Cherry  leaf  beetle,  2:  510^,  550'. 
Cherry  scallop  shell  moth,  2:  510', 

551'- 
Cherry   worm,    ugly    nest,    2:510', 

552'- 
Cherrytree,       injurious      insects  : 
aphids,  i:  242'. 
borers: 

buprestis,       divaricated,       2: 

428«.  457«. 
fiat-headed     borer,     common, 

1:87-. 
fruit  tree  bark  beetle,  2:453-. 
peach     bark    beetle,     2:428', 

452-- 
red    horned    borer,    small,    i: 

299'. 
Sesia  pictipes,  2:453'. 
Xyleborus  pubescens,  2:702'. 
flower  cricket,  white,  2:603'. 
leaf  feeders: 

Apatela  impleta,  2:  749'. 

lobeliae,  2:  704'. 
apple    worm,    yellow-necked, 

2:535'. 
Azelina  ancetaria,  2:  728'. 
bag  or  basket  worm,    1:127'. 


Cherrytree,    inj.    insects    {loiit'j): 
leaf  feeders: 

Basilarchia  astyanax,   2:  704*. 
brown  tail  moth,  i:  164'. 
Cecropia  moth,  2:  539'', 
Cenopis      diluticostana,       2: 

707'. 
cherry    worm,    ugly    nest,    2: 

552'. 
Cleora  larvaria,  2:  743'. 
Croesus  latitarsus,  2:748'. 
Euchlaena      johnsonaria,     2: 

706'. 
forest      tent     caterpillar,      i: 

no', 
hag  moth  caterpillar,  2:  528'. 
Heterocampa      biundata,     2: 

727^ 
io  caterpillar,  2:522'. 
larch  lappet,  2:680'. 
leaf  roller,    oblique    banded, 

2:580'. 
Lithacodes  fasciola,  2:  728^. 
Odontota  quadrata,  2:  731'. 
Paonias  excaecatus,  2:  724'. 
Plagodis  fervidaria,  2:  706'. 
Pyrophila     pyramidoides,     2: 

704'. 
rose  beetle,  2:  575'. 
saddleback       caterpillar,       2: 

528'. 
Schizura  unicornis,  2:  705'. 
Sisyrosea  textula,  2:  721*. 
Smerinthus     jamaicensis,     2: 

724'. 
Thecla  liparops,  2:  704'. 
Tolype  velleda,  2:  727*. 
Tortricidia  pallida,  2:  707'. 
tussock  moth,  white  marked, 

1:136'. 
viceroy,  2:  559'. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 

Aspidiotus  juglans-regiae,   2: 

719'. 
Eulecanium  cerasifex,  2:  728'. 
Cherrytree,        black,       Ceruchus 

piceus  injuring,  2:492',  701'. 
Cherrytree,   morello,   apple  wood 

stainer  injuring,  1:290'. 
Cherrytree,       red,        Eulecanium 
caryae  injuring,  2:  725'. 


8i6 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Cherrytrce,     wild,      injurious     in- 
sects; 
borers:    2:733'. 

Cyrtophorus     verrucosus,     2: 

Parandra  brunnea,  2;  701*. 

Platypus  compositus,  2:720'. 

powder  post  beetle,   1:297". 

red    horned    borer,  small,    I: 
299'. 

Sesia  pictipes,  2:453''. 
gall  insects:  2:  733'. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  733". 

Adoneta  spinuloides,  2:706'. 

Apatela  clarescens,  2:733'. 

Apatelodes  torrefacta,  2:  549''. 

apple  tent  caterpillar,  2:  510-, 

buck  moth,  i:  311'. 
Callosamia  angulifera,  2:  732''. 
Cerura  scitiscripta,  2:  743'. 
cherry     leaf     beetle,    2: 510', 

SSO-". 
cherry  scallop   shell  moth,  2: 

510'',  55I''- 
Coptodisca  saliciella,  2:744^. 
Crepidodera  helxines,  2:  742°. 
Cyaniris  ladon,  2:  727'. 
Euclea  chloris,  2:  706'. 

delphinii,  2:  529-,  706'. 

indetermina,  2:  52S'. 
Harpyia  borealis,  2:  743'. 
leaf  roller,  v-marked,  2:531*. 
Lithocolletes       blancardella, 

2:  708". 
Machimia     teiitoriferella,    2: 

708=. 
Panapoda    rufimargo,    2:  705*. 
Prolimacodes  scapha,   2:  707'. 
promethea  moth,  2:  557*. 
Schizocerus      prunivorus,     2: 

734'. 
Scopelosoma  sidus,  2:705'. 
Serica  sericea,  2:  553^. 
Sisyrosea  inornata,  2:  728^. 
Tortricidia  flexuosa.  2:  717*. 

testacea,  2:  707''. 
tussock  moth,  dark,  2:524'. 
walnut  sphinx,  2:  518'. 
scale  insects: 

scurfy  scale,  1:215'. 


chersis.   Sphinx,  2:727'. 
Chestnut,  injurious  insects: 
borers:   2:  720'. 

apple  wood  stainer,  I:2go\ 
brenthian,  northern,   1:263*. 
Callidium      aereum,      2:428', 

450'. 
Calloides  nobilis,  2:427',  443'. 
carpenter  worm,  1:84'. 
Ceruchus  piceus,  2:492'. 
chestnut  borer,   two-lined,   I: 

257',  280". 
chestnut  timber  worm,  2:  427', 

449'. 
Cryptorhynchus      bisignatus, 

2: 702\ 
Euderces       picipes,       2:427*, 

445'- 
Eupogonius    vestitus,   2:  715'. 
flat-headed  borer,  common,  i: 

S7'-'. 
Goes  debilis,  2:702^. 
hickory     borer,      banded,     I: 

268'2. 
Hyperplatys  aspersus,  2:  746'. 
leptostylus,    spotted,    2:482'. 
Leptura  zebra,  2:450'. 
maple  and  oak  twig   pruner, 

l:6i3. 
prionus,      broad-necked,      2: 
486'. 

lesser,  2:  4S7*. 
rustic  borer,  1:260'. 
Sesia  pictipes,  2:453*. 

scitula,  2:428^  451-'. 
thunderbolt      beetle,     2:427", 

444'- 
Thysanoes  quercus,  2:702'. 
Urographis   fasciatus,  2:  435'. 
Xyleborus  fuscatus,  2:  752'-. 

pubescens,  2:  702'. 
Xyloterus  politus,  1:292'. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  721''. 

Adoneta  spinuloides,  2:  706'. 
American    dagger    moth,     2: 

525'- 
American  silk  worm,  2:  526'. 
Apatela  hamamelis,  2;  704*. 

ovata,  2:  704*. 
apple    worm,    yellow-necked, 

2:535'. 


Chestnut,  inj.  insects  (cotit'd): 
leaf  feeders: 

Argyresthia      austerella,      2: 

70S'. 
Catocala  palaeogama,   2;  716^. 
Datana  contracta,  2:725'. 
Ennomos  magnarius,  2:  725*. 

subsignarius,  2:725''. 
Euclea  chloris,  2:  706'. 

delphinii,  2:  529",  706'. 
Eugnamptus     angustatus,     2: 

703«. 
hag  moth   caterpillar,  2:  528\ 
Heterocampa     guttivitta,     2: 

Ileterogenea     shurtleffii,      2: 

707". 
lanassa  lignicolor,  2:  705'. 
Kronaea  minuta,  2:  707^ 
Lithacodes  fasciola,  2:728^. 
luna  moth,  2:  526'. 
Natada  nasoni,  2:  707^*. 
Prolimacodes  scapha,   2:707'. 
Pryophila     pyramidoides,     2: 

704'. 
Scolecocampa  liburna,  2:  705'. 
Thecla  calanus,  2:  704^. 

liparops,  2:  704'. 
Therina    endropiaria,   2:  706'. 
Tortricidia    flexuosa,    2:717'^ 

pallida,  2:  707''. 
tussock  moth,  dark,  2:  524'. 
Tymnes  tricolor,  2:  515''. 
nut  pests: 
, acorn  weevil,  2:584'. 
chestnut  weevils,  2:512'',  585^ 
sucking  insect:  2:  721'. 
Chestnut  borer,  two-lined,  1:257', 

28o«-83^ 
Chestnut     timber    worm,     2:427', 

449''- 
Chestnut  weevils,  2:  5I2\  sSs-i-SS'. 
Chestnut  worm,  1:7''. 
chevrolatii,       Otidocephalus,      2: 

715'- 
Chewink,  I:  m*. 

Chickadee,    1:32-,    33^    61',     iii'', 
122',  166*. 
black-capped,  i:  iii'. 
Chilocorus      bivulnerus,      i:  186', 
I  195',  I93«,  208',  216',  223',  231'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


817 


Chilocorus  similis,  1:223''. 
Chiloneurus  albicornis,  i:  182'. 

diaspidinarum,  1:212'. 
Chimney  swift,  i:  137*. 
Chinch  bug,  2:685';  losses  caused 

liy,  i:6^  false,  2:651*,  685'. 
chinquapin,  Figites,  2:  714'. 
Chion  cinctus,   1:256',    267'-'68^. 
chionanthi,  Periclista,  2:738'. 
Chionaspis       americana,      1:173'', 
207«-8'. 

caryae,  2:  717'. 

corni,  2:  736'. 

euonymi,  1:173^,  2I3'-I4". 

furfura,  1:173*,  2i4'-i6'. 

var.  fulva,  2:  735'.  , 

lintneri,  i:  173®,  227'-28''. 

ortholobis,  2:744*. 

pinifoliae,  i:  173',  22g*-3i'''. 

salicis-nigrae,  2:  744'. 
Chippies,  i:  26'. 
chiridota,  Lacosoma,  2:  706'. 
Chlaenogramma  jasminearum,   2: 

727'^ 
Chlamys  plicata,  2:703*. 
chloreus,  Nematus,  2:  703'. 
Chloridea  virescens,  2:736'. 
Chlorippe  celtis,  2:  725'. 

clyton,  2:  725'. 
chloris,  Euclea,  2:  706*. 

Parasa,   2:  529*. 
choerilus,  Ampelophaga,  2:738^. 
Chokecherrytree,     injurious      in- 
sects: 

borers: 

Agrilus  vittaticolli'.,  2:  720'. 

leaf  feeders: 

bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  127'. 
cherry    worm,    ugly    nest,     2: 

5I0^  552'. 
Hylotoma    macleayi,     2: 510', 

549'- 
tussock  moth,  white  marked, 
I:  136'. 
scale  insect: 

scurfy  scale,  1:215'. 
Choragus  sayi,  2:722^. 
Chramesus  hicoriae,  2:336*,   336', 

427',  448^,  502*. 
Chrysol)Othris  azurea,  2: 429',  467'. 
blanchardi,  2:  751'. 


Chrysobothris     dentipes,    2:648', 
657'-58''. 

femorata,     1:51'',    86^-87',    261'; 
2:  503*. 

floricola,  2:649',  657",  658'',  658'\ 

harrisii,  2:467^,  751'. 

pusilla,  2:  649',  658'. 

scabripennis,  2:753*. 

scitula,  2:  701'. 

sexsignata,  2:  721'. 

trinervia,  2:  751'. 
Chrysocorys         erythriella,        st-e 

Schreckensteinia. 
Chrysomela,  pine,  2:653'',  C^JS'- 
Chrysomela      bigsbyana,     2:511'', 
566'. 

conjuncta,  2:  747'. 

multiguttata,  2:742'. 

multipuncta,  2:566',  566'. 

philadelphica,  2:  752'. 
vnr.  spireae,  2:  742'. 

phirsa,  2:  731°. 

scalaris,  2:  509',  542'-44'-. 
Chrysomelidae,  l:ii'. 
Chrysomphalus  obscurus    2:709*. 

smilacis,  2:  740'. 

tenebricosus,  2:728*. 
Chrysopa,  1:14'',  195"*. 

sp.  l:  l86'-,  231''. 

arcuata,  i: 191^ 
Chrysopeleia  ostryaeella,  2:  723'. 

purpuriella,  2:  730'. 
chrysorl.oeus.    Cercopeus,   2:  721'-. 
chrysorrhoea,     Euproctis,     1:28'. 

105',  163^-66',  254'. 
Cicada,  dog  day,  1:174',  237'-38'. 

periodical,  1:173',   23i'-37*. 
Cicada  septendecim,  see  Tibicen. 

tibicen,  see  Tibicen. 
Cicada  killer,  2:  6o3'-4^. 
cicadina,  Massospora,  1:237^. 
cicatricula,  Andricus,  2:710'. 
Cicinnus  melsheimeri,  2:706'. 
Cigar  case  bearer,  i:  171*. 
ciliata,     Corythuca,     2:  599^-600*, 

719'. 
Ciliated  tingis,  2:  599^-600^. 
Cimbex    americana,    1:105*,   I55'~ 

58'. 
cimbicis,  Phora,  1:158'. 

Sarcophaga,  I:  158*. 


cincinnatiella,     Lithocolletes,     2: 

708*. 
cinctifrons,  Cixius,  2:  717*. 
cinctus,  Chion,  1:256',  267'-68'. 

Emphytus,  2:  735'. 
cinerea,  Harpyia.  2:510',  559'. 

Hetoemis,  2:  726*. 
cinerella,  Coleophora,  2:  747'. 
cinereus,  Liopus,  2:  481'. 

Pandeletejus,  2:436'. 
Cingilia  catenaria,  2:  706''. 
cingulatus,       Oncideres,       1:256', 

271-^-74''. 
cinnamomeus,  Aradus,  2:  752*. 
cinnamopterum,     Tetropium,    set 

T.  cinnamopterum. 
Cinyra  gracilipes,  2:701'. 
Cistela  sericea,  2:  518''. 
Citheronia  regalis,  1:258^,  305'-6''. 

sepulchralis,  2:  752'. 
citrina,  Cecidomyia,  2:731*. 
citrinipennella,  Tischeria,  2:  708'. 
citrinus,    Aspidiotiphagus,  see  A. 

citrinus. 
Cixius  cinctifrons,  2:717'. 

coloepium,  2:  717'. 

pini,  2:753«. 
Cladius  isomera,  2:  741''. 

pectinicornis,  2:  735'. 
Cladobius  flocculosus,  2:744". 

salicis,  2:  744'. 

salicti,  2:  744*. 
clarescens,  Apatela,  2:733'. 
claripennis,    Euphorocera,   see    E. 
claripennis. 

Spathius,   2:389'. 
clarkei,  Dryophanta,  2:  716*,  713'. 
Clastoptera,  obtuse,  2:687'. 

pine,  2:  686'. 
Clastoptera  obtusa,  2:687'. 

pini,  2:686'. 

proteus,  2:  598''. 
clavipes,  Cucujus,  2:  489'-go'^,  701'*. 
clavula,     Andricus,    2:618'',    624*, 
714'. 

Cecidomyia,  2:  736'. 
claypoleana,      Epinotia,      2: 509", 

54o'-4i«. 
Clearwing,  three  banded,    2:429', 

471'. 
clemataria,  Abbotana,  2:  721^. 


8i! 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


clemensell.i,  Lithocolletes,  2:  728^ 

Nepticula,  2;  719^- 
Cleora  cribrataria,  2:743'.  754*- 

larvaria,  2:  743'. 

pampinaria,  2:743'. 
Clerid,  orange-banded,  2:502'. 

scarlet  winged,  2:  503'. 
Cleridae,  i:  23*. 
Clerus  formicarius,  2:  500'. 

ichneumoneus,  i:  278*;  2:502'. 

quadriguttatus,  2:649*,  (>(>(>^- 

quadrisignatus  var.  nigripes,  2: 

393'- 
Clethra  alnifolia,  1:215'. 
clethrae,  Nola,  2;  739''. 
Climacia,  i;  18'. 

Clisiocampa  americana,  str  Mala- 
cosonia. 

disstria,  see  Malacosoma. 
clisiocampae,      Ablerus,     hy     A. 

clisiocampae. 
Cloudy  bark  beetle   destroyer,   2: 

653'.  693'-- 
Clover,    red,     locust     leaf     miner 

injuring,  i:  327'. 
Clover  leaf  weevil,  I;  18'. 
clymene,  Haploa.  2:  704''. 
Clytanthus  albofasciatus,  2:  7i5\ 

ruricola,  2;  715'. 
clyton,  Chlorippe,  2:  725". 
Clytus  pictus,  j-('(?  Cyllene. 
Coarse    writing    bark    beetle,    2: 

338*,  345'-5i'-  35I'*- 
coccidivora,  Laetilia,  1:198*. 
coccinata,  Catocala,  2:  705'. 
coccinea,   Diedrocephala,   2:  717'. 
Coccinella    novemnotata,    2:652', 
691'. 

trifasciata,  2:652',  691*. 
Coccinellidae,  1:23'. 
coccineus,  Chermes,  1: 188*. 
coccisugus,       Hemisarcoptes,      i: 

2I3^ 
coccois,  Rhopus,  1:185'. 
Coccophagus     flavoscutellum,     i: 
igif,  2  to'. 

fraternus,  i:  i8i'-82'. 

lecanii,  i:  199*,  203'. 
coccophila,  Sphaerostilba,  1:224^. 
Cochlidion  biguttata,  2:707^. 

y-inversa,  2:  717'. 


cockerelli,  Eulecanium,  2:725'. 
Cockscomb  elm  gall,  i:  172',  186'- 

87',  247^^;  2:620''. 
Codling  moth,  2:609^ 
coelebs,  Amphibolips,  2:  712*. 
Coelostetlius  notatus,  2:  701'. 
Coenus  delius,  2:  653',  •697'. 
coerulea,  Hylotoma,  2:  748'. 
coeruleus.  Ichneumon,  i:  138*. 
Coffee   tree,    Adocephala    bicolor 

injuring,  2:  729'. 
cogitans,   Eupristocerus,  2:  750^. 
cognataria,  Lycia,  2:728'. 
Colaptes  auratus  luteus,  1:29'. 
Colaspis  brunnea,  2:730'. 
Colastus  truncatus,  2:491'. 
Coleophora  caryaefoliella,  2:  717^. 

cinerella,  2:  747'. 

corylifoliella,  2:  723*. 

fletcherella,  l:  171^. 

laricella,  1:106',  i7o'-7i'. 

limosipennella,  I:  106',  l67'-68''. 

ostryae,  2:  722'. 

pruniella,  2;  733'. 

querciella,  2:  708'. 

rosacella,  2:  736'. 

rosaefoliella,  2:  736'. 

tiliaefoliella,  2:  731'. 

viburniella,  2:  738°. 
Coleoptera,  i:  11'. 
coUaris,  Eugnamptus,  2:716'. 

Leptostylus,  2:  720'. 
collinsi,  Atropates,  Irigg'. 
coloepium,  Cixius,  2:  717'. 
colonus,  Xylotrechus,  i:  256',  259'- 

61';  2:671'. 
Colopha    ulmicola,     1:172",    186'- 

87'H  247';  2:620''. 
Colorado  potato  beetle,  2:608'. 
columba,  Tremex,  1:50',  54',  61'- 

64,  261''. 
Columbia,  Samia,  2:  755''. 
columbianus,  Corthylus,  2:  702'. 
Colydium  lineola,  I:  292''',  293'. 
comma,    Polygonia,  2: 509^    545*- 

46'. 
commelinae,  Prodenia,  2:  716". 
commixtus,  Leptostylus,  2:751'. 
communis,  Hymenorus,  2:  701'. 

Melanotus,  2:  492*. 

Meteorus,  .1:  138'. 


comptaria,  Venusia,  2:  722*. 
comptoniella,    Acrobasis,    2:  738^ 
corastockiana,      Evetria,     2:340', 

407'-lo',  411'. 
comstockii,  Aspidiotus,  2:  728'. 

Ephialtes,  2:  409'. 
Comys  fusca,  i:  199'. 
concitina,  Cryptarcha,  2:491'. 

Schizura,  2:  743'. 
concinnus,  Cossonus,  2:751'. 
concolor,  Cupes,  2:  753'. 

Dendroides,  2:494^. 

Saperda,  2:429',  469',  471',  474', 

474'- 
concumbens,  Catocala,  2:743''. 
condita,  Platagrotis,  2:  752'. 
confederata,  Eurycyttarus,  2:  721*. 
confinis,  Pityophthorus,  2:  751'. 
confluentus,  Amphibolips,  2:618', 

625',  625-'. 
confusa,  Atimia,  2:  751'. 

Morrisonia,  2:  727*. 
confusor,    Monohammus,    2:334'- 

35'.  339°-  36o'-63'.  364'- 
confusus,  Hylobius,  2:751'. 

Limonius,  2:  667'. 
conica,  Phylloxera,  2:  718'. 
conicum,  Himatium,  2:  732'. 
coniferarum,  Lapara,  2:  753''. 
Coniferous   trees,    enemies   of,    2: 

333'-425';    less   destructive    in- 
sects affecting,   2:648^-700'. 
coniperda,  Pityophthorus,  2:  751'. 
conipositus.  Platypus,  ?■:  720'. 
conjuncta,  Chrysomela,  2:747'. 
connecta,  Apatela,  2:  742'. 
Conotrachelus  affinis,  2:582'. 

anaglypticus,  2:  509',  544'. 

crataegi,  2:  734''. 

elegans,  2:  7I5''- 

juglandis,  2:512',  58i«-82*. 

naso,  2:  734''. 

nenuphar,  2:  5S2',  715'. 

posticatus,  2:  734'. 

seniculus,  2:  512',  582'. 
conquisitor,    Pimpla,   st-e    P.   con- 

quisitor. 
consimilis,  Neuroterus,  2:711'. 

Pityogenes,   2:482'. 

Pityophthorus,  2:  503',  737'- 
consors,  Pontania,  2:  745'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


819 


conspersus,  Catapastus,  2:  729'. 
consularis,  Buprestis,  2:751'. 
Contact    insecticides,    1:35';    for- 
mulas for,  i:  38^-39'. 
contatella,  Salebria,  2:  730'. 
contracta,  Datana,  2:  725'. 

Hydriomena,  2:  754'. 
convergens,  Xylotrechus,  2;  734''. 
cookii,  Amphibolips,  2:  712'^. 
copalina,  Orthaltica,  2:737". 
Coptocycla  signitica,  2:  730-'. 
Coptodisca  juglandiella,  2:  720'. 

lucifluella,  2:  717*. 

ostryaefoliella,  2:  722^ 

saliciella,  2:  744''. 

splendoriferella,  2:  734*. 
Coptotriche  zelleriella,  2:  708'. 
Copturodes  longulus,  2:  702*,  751'. 

'quercus,  2:  702'. 
Copturus  binotatus,   2:  730''. 
coquus   var.   fulvipenne,    Tragid- 

ion,  2:  702'^. 
cordifera,  Leptura,  2:  720'. 
cordigera,  Anarta,  2:  738*. 
Coriscium  albinatella,  2:  708*. 

cuculipennellum,  2:  727'. 
corni,  Chionaspis,  2:  736^. 

Schizoneura,  2:737'. 

Sesia,  2:428',  456■'-57^ 
cornifoliae.  Aphis,  2:  737'. 
cornifoliana,  Ancylis,  2;  736*. 
cornifoliella,  Antispila,   2:  736'. 
cornigerus,       Andricus,       2:437*, 

451',  6i8^,  624'. 
Cornus,  see  Dogwood, 
cornuta,  Cecidomyia,  2:  745". 
cornutus,  Antliribus,  2:  730''. 

Passalus,  2:  492*. 
corrugis,  Dryophanta,  2:  714'. 

Neuroterus,  2:  713'. 
Corthylus  columbianus,   2:  702'. 

punctatissimus,    1:50*,    65'-67''; 
2: 732^ 
corticalis,    Tenebrioides,    2:492', 

721'. 
corticola,  Boletophagus,  2:  754*. 

Cossonus,  2:  751'. 
Corvidae,  i:  30'. 
corvulus,  Anthonomus,  2:  736'. 
corylanum,  Exartema,  2:  723'. 
coryli,  Monocesta,  2:  724^. 


coryli,  Strophosomus,  2:  749'. 
corylifoliella,       Coleophora,       2: 
723«. 
Nepticula,  2:  723'. 
corylisella,  Gelechia,  2;  750*. 

Lithocolletes,  2:  723*. 
coryloides,  Cecidomyia,   2:  745^. 
Corylus     americana,     Cliionaspis 

lintneri  injuring,  1:227'. 
corylus,  Pteronus,  2:  750''. 
Corymbites  cruciatus,  2:722'. 
hamatus,  2:  740"*. 
hieroglyphicus,  2:  653',  692*-93''. 
propola,  2:652',  692'. 
sulcicoUis,  2:492'. 
vernalis,  2:  752^. 
Corytliuca      arcuata,      2:5g8''-9g', 
720'. 
ciliata,  2:  599"-6oo^,  719'. 
juglandis,  2:749'. 
Coscinoptera  dominicana,  2:737". 
Cosmopepla   carnifex,  2:611'. 
Cosmophorus     hopkinsii,     2:379^, 

389'-9o'. 
cossae,  Cecidomyia,  2:718'. 
Cossidae,  i:  12". 
Cossonus  concinnus,  2:751'. 
corticola,  2:  751'. 
crenatus,  2:  751''. 
piniphilus,  2:  751*. 
platalea,  2:428'',  455''-56'. 
Cossus  centerensis,    2:430',   476'- 
77'. 
macmurtrei,  see  Prionoxystus. 
querciperda,  2:477'. 
Cosymbia  lumenaria,  2:  749^. 
Cotalpa  lanigera,  2:  724*. 
Cotton  worm,  losses    caused    by, 

1:6". 
Cottonwood,  resistance   to   insect 
attacks,  I:  47'. 
injurious  insects: 
borers: 

carpenter  worm,  1:80^,  84'. 
Hyperplatys     aspersus,     2: 

746'. 
poplar  borer,  i:  g8',  99®. 
poplar   carpenter  worm,    2: 


476'. 


willow    bor 
103'. 


;r,    mottled,    I: 


Cottonwood,  inj.   insects  {cont'd): 
gall  insects: 

basal  leaf  gall,  2:620',  636''. 
poplar    leaf    stem    gall.    2: 

620',  635'. 
vagabond  gall,  2:635'. 
leaf  feeder: 

Cottonwood   leaf   beetle,   i: 
317'. 
scale  or  ;:ucking  insects: 
Aspidiotus  rapax,  2:  728'. 
Buffalo  tree  hopper,  2:  592''. 
Chionaspis     ortholobis,     2: 
744*. 
Cottonwood    leaf    beetle,    1:258', 

3I7»-22'-. 

Cottonworm,  2:609'^. 

Cottony    maple    scale,    1:8",     12', 

173',  i96'-200''. 
Crab  apple,  injurious  insects: 

leaf  feeders: 

Mineola  indigenella,  2:733'. 
Cranberry,  red-banded  leaf  roller 

injuring,  2:  532^ 
crassimana,  Limosina,  1:74'. 
crassipes,       Pilophorus,       2:651', 

686'. 
crassitelus,  Neuroterus,  2:  710'. 
crassulus,  Liopus,  2:715'. 
crataegi,  Conotrachelus,  2:  734''. 

Nectarophora,  2:  735'. 

Pseudanthonomus,  2:733". 

Schizoneura,  2:  735'. 
crataegifoliella,      Nepticula,      2: 
734'. 

Ornix,  2:  734*. 
Crataegus,  see  Thorn. 
Cratoparis  lunatus,  2:498",  499'. 
Cratotechus  orgyiae,  1:138'. 
Creeper,  black  and  white,   i:  iii'. 
Cremastus  retiniae,  2:410'. 
crenatus,  Cossonus,  2:751'. 
Crepidodera  aesculi,  i:  730'. 

helxines,  2:  742'. 

rufipes,  2:  510',  556". 
crepuscularia,     Ectropis,    2: 743', 

749'. 
Cressonia  juglandis,  2:  506',  518'- 

19',  720'. 
cressonii,  Tenthredo,  2:  748'. 
cretata,  Saperda,  2:  734". 


520 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


cribrataria,  Cleora,  2:743',  754  ■ 
cribripeniiis,     Pityophthorus,      2: 

751'- 
cribulosus,  Melanotiis.  2:  752-'. 
Crinkled    flannel     moth,     2:507', 

529'-3o3. 
Criocephalus       agrestis,      2:649^, 

659'-6o'. 
Crioceris  asparagi,  2:608'. 
crispata,  Lagoa,  2:  507',  529'*-30^ 
cristatus,  Prionidus,   i:  140'',    146^, 

324',  328'. 
cristifasciella,  Paralechia,   2:  707'. 
crocallata,  Tetracis,  2:  721-'. 
Crocigrapha  normani,  2:  704'. 
Croesus  latitarsus,  2:  74S'. 
Crows,  1:30',  III*,  122''',  166',  237-; 

voracity,  i;  26*. 
cruciatus,  Corymbites,  2:  722'. 
crudiae,  Hypothenemus,  2:715'. 
Cryplialus  piceae,  2:  753'. 

striatulus,  2:376',  650'\  673''. 
crypta.  Ataxia,  2:702''. 
Cryptarcha  concinna,  2:491'. 
Cryptocephalus       guttulatus,      2: 
703*. 
leucomelas,  2:  746'. 
mutabilis,  2:  703'. 
quadrimaculatus,  2:653',  695'. 
quadruplex,  2:  724'. 
schreibersii,  2:653'',  695*. 
Cryptolechia  quercicella,  2:708'. 
Cryptorhynchus      bisignatus,      2: 
702'. 
fallax,  2:  715*. 
ferratus,  2:  702'\ 
lapathi,    1:49;    5i'.     100^-3';    2: 

469''. 
minutissimus,  2:  702'. 
obliquus,  2:  715',  737'. 
obtentus,  2:  720'. 
parochus,  2:494'. 
tristis,  2:702^ 
Crypturgus  alutaceus,  2:753'. 

atomus,  2:338'',  35g''-6o'. 
Cryptus  grallator,  I:  87'. 

nuncius,  i:  158*. 
Cuckoos,    1:30',    iii^.     III'',   III*, 
122',  137',  237'. 
black-billed,  1:27',  166'. 
yellow-billed,  i:  27^ 


cucujifornie,     Smodicuni,     2:701',] 

-41''. 
Cucujus  clavipcs,  2:4S9'-go^  701''. 
Cuculidae,  I:  30'. 
cuculipennellum,     Coriscium,     2: 

727^. 
cucullatus,  Athous,  2:701'^. 
culta,  Acmaeodera,  2:715'. 
cultellator,  Ibalia,  2:499''. 
cunea,  Hyphantria,  i:  142',  143'. 
Cupes  concolor,  2:  753'. 
cuproideus,     Pteromalus,     1:138', 

139'- 
Curculio,     two     spotted,     2: 506', 

5i6'-l7*. 
Curculionidae,  i:  11". 
Curius  dentatus,  2:702'. 
Currant,  injurious  insects: 
gall  insect: 

willow  shoot  sawfly,  i:  302''. 
leaf  feeders: 

filament  bearer,  2:  508',  530''. 
Priocycla  armataria,  2:  749*. 
rose  leaf  folder,  2:  581''. 
Xylina  antennata,  i:  131'. 
scale  insect: 

scurfy  scale,  I:  215'. 
Currant  worms,  2:  607*. 
curvimacula,  Calocampa,  2:743'. 
Cutworm,  2:609'. 
cyanana,       Olethreutes, .     2:512', 

577'-79'. 
cyanea,  Gastroidea,  2:  742''. 
cyanellus,      Rhynchites,      2:  567', 

742'. 
cyaneus,  Paururus,  2:649',  669'. 
cyanipennis,      Gaurotes,     see     G. 

cyanipennis. 
cyanipes,  Poecilonota,  2:  746". 
Cyaniris  ladon,  2:727*. 
Cybocephalus  nigritulus,  I:  231'. 
cygnaei,  Dendrophagus,  2:490'. 
cylindricus,   Hister,  2:350',    354', 

359''- 
Cyllene  pictus,  1:256*,  264'-66'. 

robiniae,  1:49,  S^'.  93'-97'- 
Cymatophora    pustularia,    2:733', 

738'. 
cymatophoroides,        Pseudothya- 

tira,  2:  706'. 
Cynipidae,  i:  10' . 


Cynipids,  2:  616',  616'. 
Cynips  decidua,  2:619',  627'. 

floccosa,  2:  711'. 

frondosa,   2:  7I4-. 

juglans,  2:  710'. 

nigricens,  2:  711'. 

prinoides.  2:6ig',  627'. 

rugosa,  2:  713'. 

strobilana,  2:618',  625'. 

vesicula,  2:  710'. 
cynipsea,  Cecidomyia,  2:  718'. 
Cynthia  moth,  1:45''. 
cynthia,  Philosamia,  1:45'';  2:  727'- 
Cypress,  injurious  insects  : 

brenthian,  northern,  1:263^ 

Cecidomyia  ananassi,  2:  755'. 

tussock    moth,     white    marked, 
1:136'. 
cyriades,  Eulophus,   2:  577'. 
Cyrtinus  pygmaeus,  2:  702'. 
Cyrtolobus  fenestratus,  2:597''. 

vau,  2:  717'. 
Cyrtoneura  stabulans,   i:  153*. 
Cyrtophorus  verrucosus,  2:722'. 

dactylina,  Apatela,  2:  742'. 
Dagger     moth,    smeared,     2:  511^, 

560'. 
dalmanni,  Habrolepis,  1:331'. 
dama,  Lucanus,   2:  701*. 
damon,  Mitoma,  2:  740''. 
Daremma  undulosa,  see  Ceratomia. 


tussock      moth, 


:  507S 


Dark 

524''. 

Darkling  beetles,  i:23'-24'. 
dasycerus,  Ecyrus,  2:  715'. 
Dasylophia  anguina,  2:730'. 
Dasyneura    pseudacaciae,   2:  730' 

serrulatae,  2:  750'. 
Datana  angusii,  2:508',  535'. 

contracta,  2:  725'. 

drexelii,  2:  739'. 

integerrima,  i:  2 

major,  2:  739'. 

ministra,   2:  508', 

palmii,  2:  739*. 

persp'cua,  2:  737*. 
dearnessi,  Phenacoccus,  2:735'. 
debilis,  Goes,  2:702'. 

Spilochalcis,  1:140''. 
Decatomidea  polygraph!,   2:  390' 


3  ,  303"-5''. 
535*.    535''-3f'''. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


821 


Decaying  wood,  borers  in,  2:430'- 
31',  484';  inhabitants,  2:484'- 
94«. 

decemlineata,   Doryphora,  2:608'. 

decemraaculata,  I.estodiplosis,  2: 
746'. 

decemnotata,   Xanthonia,   2:  703". 

decidua,  Cynips,   2:619',  627''. 

Deciduous  forest  trees,  insects  af- 
fecting, 2:426^-30*;  leaf  eaters 
affecting,  2:  5o6'-8l*  ;  frequent- 
ers, usually  beneficial,  2:  588^- 
6i4». 

decipiens,  Acanthoderes,    2:429', 
473*- 
Anthonomus,  2:  734'. 
Xylocleptes,  2:715'. 

decolorata,  Centrodera,  sc'e  C.  de- 
colorata. 

decora,   Galerucella,    2:  sii'',  566'. 

decorus,  Arotes,  1:261'. 

decuriella,  Dioryctria,  2:684*. 

Deer  moth,  i:  310^. 

definita,  Hemerocampa,  i:  133', 
134'  ;  2:507',  522^-23',  607'. 

Definitions,  i:  8'-io*. 

deflorata,  Ecpantheria,  2:742'. 

t)eidaniia  inscriptuni.  2:  740^. 

Deilephila  galii,  2:  736'. 
lineata,  2:  724*. 

Deilinia  erythremaria,  2:  743'. 
variolaria,  2:  743^. 

delicatus,  Apanteles,  1:138'. 
Macrocentrus,  2:  531*. 

delineata,  Paectes,  2:  724'. 

delius,  Coenus,  .ttv  C.  delius. 

delphinii,     Euclea,    2: 528',     529^, 
706'. 
7'iir.   paenulata,    Euclea,  2:  744'. 

Demas  propinquilinea,  2:  749''. 

demotella,  Acrobasis,  2:  719'. 

dcndroctoni,   Cecidostiba,  2:  390'. 

Dendroctonus,  2:  337"''. 
frontalis,  1:6'. 
piceaperda,  1 :  6",  7';  2:  33S'',379'- 

85',  693^ 
pusillus,  2:  752'. 
rufipennis,  2:753'. 
simplex,  2:  752'. 
terebrans,   2:  333',  33S',  342^-45', 
357^ 


Dendroides     canadensis,    2:494', 
701'. 

concolor,  2:494'. 
Dendrophagus  cygnaei,  2:490*. 
dentatus,  Curius,  2:  702'. 

Lachnus,  2:  744'. 

Phloeosinus,   2:336',   337',   338', 
391^-93'. 
denticoUis,  Myochrous,  2:  730'. 
denticornis,  Campylus,  2:  748*. 
dentipes,    Chrysobothris,     2:  648', 

657«-58-'. 
deplanata.  Phylloxera,  2:  718'. 
depressa,  Phyllo-xera,  2:  718*. 
Depressaria  betulella,  2:  749^. 

groteella,  2:  723'. 

robiniella,  2:  730'. 
depressus,  Boletophagus,  2:  754'. 

Platycerus,  2:  722-. 
depsarium,  Tragosoraa,  2:659'. 
Deptalia  insularia,  2:  721'. 
deridens,  Charadra,   2:  704*. 
Dermestes  pulcher,  2:431',  489'. 
Derostenus  primus,  i:  328'. 
Desmocerus  palliatus,  2:  737'. 
desmodioides,    Pontania,    2:621', 

63S'. 
detracta,  Mamestra.  2:  716'. 
detritus,  Bassareus,  2:  703'. 
devia,  Scopelosoma,  2:705'. 
Diacrisia  latipennis,  2:  727'. 

virginica,  2:  720'. 
Diaperis  hydni,  2:497'-g8'. 
Diaphania       quadristigmalis,      2: 

737'. 
Diapheromera    feniorata,    2:  508^, 

533-'-35',  608'. 
diaspidinarum,     Chiloneurus,      i: 

212*. 
Diaspis  carueli,  i:  173',  229'. 

rosae,  st'e  Aulacaspis. 
Dibrachys     boucheanus,     1:127'- 

28',  140',  I40''. 
Dicerca,  lurid,  2:427^,442^-43'. 
Dicerca  asperata,  2:  701'. 

divarirata,  2:  428',  457'-58''. 

lurida,  2:  504'. 

obscura     7>ar.     lurida,      2:427*, 
442^-43',  499',  500'. 

prolongata,  2:  746*. 
Dicerca  pugionata,  2:  750'. 


Dicerca  punctulata,  2:648',  656'. 

tenebrosa,  2:648',  657'. 

tuberculata,  2:648*,  656*. 
Dichelonycha    albicollis,    2:653', 
694'. 

elongata,  2:  716'. 

fuscula,  2:  703'. 

subvittata,  2:723''. 
dichlocerus,       Rhodites,     2:621', 

648',  648'. 
Dichrooscytus  rufipennis,   2:652', 

6S7'-S8'. 
Diedrocephala  coccinea,  2:  717'. 
difficilis,  Paromalus,  2:389'. 
diffinis.  Aspidiotus,  2:  731'. 

var.       axillaris,       Ilemaris,       2: 
741'. 
Diglochis  omnivora,   I:  166'. 
dilutata,  Epirrita,  2:706'. 
diluticostana,  Cenopis,  2:  707'. 
dilutus,  Monophadnus,  2:703^ 
dimidiata,  Pheosia,  2:  747'. 
dimidiatus,  Phymatodes,  j-«v  P.  di- 
midiatus. 

Rhizophagus,  2:  721'. 
dimorphus,  Synergus,  2:  7I4''. 
Dinoderus  punctatus,  2:  701*. 
Dioryctria  abietella,  2:  752''. 

decuriella,  2:684'. 

reniculella,  2:651',  684'. 
diospyri,  Aphis,  2:  735'. 
Diphthera  fallax,  2:738''. 
diplosidis,  Syntasis,  2:412'. 
Diplosis  sp.   1: 140'. 

caryae,  2:619',  628''. 

pini-rigidae,  sen  Cecidomyia. 

resinicola,  x^'c' Cecidomyia. 

tritici,  I:  6'. 
Diptera,  i:  11',  21'. 
Dircaea    liturata,    st-e    Phloeotrya 

liturata. 
discoidea,  Saperda,  1:256*,  269''- 70''. 
discoideus,  Elater,  2:  722'. 
discolor,  Callipterus,  2:709'. 
dislocatus,   Phyllobaenus,   2:389', 

449'.  503^- 
Disonycha      caroliniana,      2:511', 
563''-64'. 

xanthomelaena,  2:564'. 
dispar,  Porthetria,  jcf  P.  dispar. 

Xyleborus,  see  X.  dispar. 


82: 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


ilissimilis,  Ilypothenemus,  2:  V^S'- 

Stephaiioderus,  2:  702'. 
disstria,  Malacosoma,  scY  M.    dis- 

stria. 
distans,  Apatela,  2:747'. 
Distenia  undata,  2:720''. 
distortus,  Neuroterus,  2:711''. 
Ditoma  quadriguttata,  2:489'. 
divaricata.    Dicera,    2:428*,    457'- 

58'. 
Divaricated       buprestis,      2:428', 

457'-58'. 
diversilineata,  Eustroma,  2:706^ 
divisata,  Caripeta,  2:  754'. 
Dog  day  cicada,  i:  174',  237^-38'. 
Dogwood,  injurious  insects: 
Anthrenus  castaneae,  2:614^. 
borers,  2:  736*. 

Eupogonius  vestitus,  2:  715''. 
leopard  moth,  1:78'. 
Liopus  punctatus,  2:432'. 
Molorchus     bimaculatus,      2; 

7I5''- 
Neoclytus      erythrucephalus, 

I:  72'. 
oak    bark    beetle,    minute,    i: 
.    295'- 

Sesia  scitula,  2:  42S'-,  451*. 
sugar    maple    timber    beetle, 
1:67^. 
gall  insects: 

Cecidomyia  clavula,  2:736*. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  736'. 

Coleophora  caryaefoliella,  2: 

7I7''- 
Cyaniris  ladon,  2:  727'. 
forest  tent  caterpillar,  1:110'. 
hag  moth   caterpillar,  2;  528'. 
Heterocampa      biundata,     2: 
727*. 
subrotata,  2:  716'. 
Lithacodes  f asciola,  2:  728'' . 
•Schizura  unicornis,  2:  705*. 
scale  or  sucking  insects:   2:  730'. 
Chionaspis     lintneri,     1:173'. 
227*. 
salicis-nigrae,  2:  744'. 
Clastoptera  proteus,  2:  5y8'. 
dohrnii,   Kaliosysphinga,  2:  750^. 
Dolba  hylaeus,  2:  739". 
Dolerus  arvensis,  2:  741'. 


Dolerus  bicolor,  2:741'. 
dollii,  Memythrus,  2:746'. 
dominicana,  Coscinoptera,  2:  737'. 
Dorcas  parallelus,  2:492'. 
Dorcaschema  alternatum,  2:726'. 

nigrum,  2:427',  444'*-45^ 

wildii,  2:  726'. 
Dorcatoma  setulosum,  2:  748'. 
dormitans,  Baileya,  2:  716'. 
dorsalis,  Acordulecera,  2:  716'. 

Odontota,  1:258*,  325'-2g*. 
dorsimaculana,  Phalonia,  2:  744^. 
Doryphora  decemlineata,  2:608'. 
Dorytomus  mucidus,  2:  746'. 

parvicoUis,  2:430',  475''. 

squamosus,  2:  742^. 

vagenotatus,  2:430-,  475'. 
Dragonflies,  i:  146". 
Drepana  arcuata,  2:  749*. 
Drepanosiphum  acerifolii,  i:  172^, 
i75'-76^ 

tiliae,  2:  731'. 
drexelii,  Datana,  2:739'. 
Drosophila,  i:  14'. 
drummondi,  Melanophila,  2:753*. 
drupiferarum.   Sphinx,  2:  726'. 
Dryobates    pubescens    medianus, 
1:28". 

vilosus,  I:  28*,  287''. 
Dryobiussexfasciatus,  2:  702',  722-. 
Dryocoetes,  2:337'. 

s/>.,    2:386',   429',  468^-69^,673'. 

affaber,  2:  752'. 

autographus,   2:336',  337',  469', 
650'',  672'. 

eichhoffii,  2:336',  337'. 

granicollis,  2:  720',  753'. 
Dryophanta  clarkei,   2:  710',  713'. 

corrugis,  2:  714''. 

gemula,  2:  713'. 

liberaecellulae,  2:712*. 

longicornis,  2:  711'. 

pallipes,  2:  710', 

papula,  2:  712*. 

parvula,  2:  713'. 

pedunculata,  2:  712'. 

polita,  2:619',  626'. 

radicola,  2:  710'.  • 
Dryophthorus  americanus,  2:  752'. 
dryopterata,     Calledapteryx,      2: 

738'. 


dubia,  Neuroterus,   2:710'. 
dubius,  Pissodes,  2:  340',  401'. 

Thanasimus,  2:  345'',3S9*,  500'-!'. 

Uliota,  .f^  U.  dubius. 
Dull   red    willow    leaf   beetle,   2: 

5 1 1*,  566". 
duricoria,  Holcaspis,  2:6iS*,   624'. 
Dysphaga  tenuipes,  2;  715'. 

Eastern    pine    wood   stainer,    2: 

37i'-72'. 
Eburia    quadrigeminata,     2: 42S', 

462'-63^. 
Ecdytolopha    insiticiana,    2:430^, 

47S'. 
echidna,  Euchaetes,  2:722''. 
Ecpantheria  deflorata,  2:742'. 
Ectropis     crepuscularia,     2:743', 

749'- 
Ecyrus  dasycerus,  2:715'. 
Edema  albifrons,  see  Symmerista. 
edwardsii,  Thecla,  2:  704'. 
effractana,  Alceris,  2:  744*. 
egenus,  Agrilus,  2:715',  729'. 
Eggs,  i:  14^-15^ 
eichhoffii,       Dryocoetes,      2:336*, 

337'. 
Elachistus  cacoeciae,  i:  140*. 
Elaphidion  inerme,  2:702'. 

mucronatum,  2:  702'. 

subpubescens,  2:  702'. 

unicolor,  2:  702'. 

vilR)Sum,  1:49,  50',  59'-6i'. 
Elasmocerus    terminatus,    2:449', 

483*,  50l'-2'. 
Elasmus  atratus,  I:  140'',   145'. 
Elater  discoideus,  2:722', 

humeralis,  2:492'. 

nigricollis,  2:492',  701'. 

sayi,  2:  701'. 
Elder,  injurious  insects:  2:  737'. 

willow    flea  beetle  injuring,   2: 
563'- 
elegans,  Conotrachelus,   2:715'. 

Packardia,  2:529',  707'. 

Scythropus,  2:  752*. 
Ellema  harrisii,  see  Lapara  bomby. 

coides. 
Elleschus  bipunctatus,  2:742'. 

ephippiatus,  2:511',  567'. 
Ellida  caniplaga,  2:731'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


823 


Elm,  American,  resistance  to  in- 
sect attack,  l:47''. 
injurious  insects:   1:49. 
borers,  2:  724'. 

ant,  large  black  carpenter, 
1 :  90*. 
white,  1:89'. 
Anthaxia      viridifrons,      2: 

7I5-- 
apple  wood  stainer,  1:290^. 
ash    borer,   banded,    1:257-, 
2So>. 

four  marked,  2:462'. 
Bostrichus  bicornis,  2:  721'. 
brenthian,  northern,  i:  263^ 
carpenter  worm,   i:So*. 
Catogenus  rufus,  2:489*. 
Cucujus  clavipes,  2:490'. 
Dendrophagus    cygnaei,    2; 

490^ 
Dorcas  parallelus,  2:492''. 
Dryobius    sexfasciatus,     2: 

702'. 
elm  borer,  i:  50',  67'. 

dark,  i:  257=,  288'-. 
elm  snout  beetle,  black,    i: 

51'.  73-. 

reddish,  i:  51%  75''. 
Goes    pulverulentus,2;455'. 
Hister  lecontei,  2:  491'. 
leopard  moth,  i:  78^. 
linden  borer,  1:91*. 
Neoclytus  erythrocephalus, 
1:71'. 

scutellaris,  2:  715^. 
Otidocephalus    chevrolatii, 

2:715'. 
Physocnemum  brevilineum, 

2:428*,  462'. 
pigeon  tremex,  i:  50*',  61^. 
rustic  borer,  1:260'. 
saperda,   red-edged,  1:270'. 
Stenoscelis    brevis,    2:494*. 
Tenebrioides    corticalis,   2: 

492'. 
twig  girdler,  i:  273'. 
Uliota  dubius,  2:490*. 
Xyloterus  politus,  1:292'. 
gall  insects: 

cockscomb  elm  gall,  i:  172*, 

186';  2:620^.  ^ 


Elm,  Amer.,   inj.   insects  {cont'd): 
leaf  feeders:  2:  724^-25^. 

Abbotana    clementaria,     2: 

721^ 

alder    leaf    beetle,     2:  509', 

542'. 
American    dagger  moth,  2: 

325'. 
American  silk  worm,  2:  526". 
Apatela  funeralis,  2:  716'*.  . 

impleta,  2:  749'. 
apple    tent    caterpillar,    2: 

551'. 
bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  127'. 
Basilarchia      arthemis,      2: 

7428. 
Brachys       aerosa,       2:506^, 
5I2«. 

ovata,  2:  506''. 
brown  tail  moth,  I:  164'. 
Cecropia  moth,  2:539''. 
Charadra  deridens,  2:  704*. 
Chrysomela      multiguttata, 

2:  742'. 
Dichelonycha    elongata,    2: 

7i6». 
elm     case    bearer,     i:  106', 

167". 
elm    caterpillar,     spiny,    i: 

105*,  15S'. 
elm  leaf  beetle,  I:  105',  146". 
elm  leaf  miner,  I:  105',  162^. 
elm  saw  fly,  I:  105',  155'. 
Erannis  tiliaria,  2:731". 
Euclea  chloris,  2:  706'. 
Eustroma  diversilineata,  1: 

706'. 
fall  webworm,  l:  142". 
flannel    moth,    crinkled,    2: 

530'. 
flea  beetle,  black-margined, 

2:515-'. 
forest    tent    caterpillar,     l; 

no', 
gipsy  moth,  i;  120''. 
Gluphisia     septentrionalis, 

2:747*. 
gray  comma,  2:  509*,  546'. 
hickory     tussock     moth,    I: 

314'. 
hop  merchant,  2:  509',  545*. 


Elm,  Amer.,  inj.  insects  (cont'd): 
leaf  feeders: 

Hylotoma      scapularis,      2: 

509^  542^ 
io  caterpillar,  2:  522'. 
leaf  roller,   red-banded,   2: 
532^ 

v-marked,  2:  531*. 
Lycia  cognataria,  2:  728'. 
Metanema  quercivoraria,  2: 

706*. 
Metrocampa  praegrandaria, 

2:749'. 
Odontota    nervosa,    2:703'. 
Paraphia  subatomaria  var. 

unipuncta,  2:  706^. 
Phigalia  titea,  2:  728'. 
Phloeophagus      minor,       2: 

742°. 
Schizura  ipomoeae,   2:  705'. 

unicornis,  2:  705'. 
Sisyrosea  textula,  2:  721*. 
sphinx,    four-lined,    2:509*, 

546*. 
spring       cankerworm,        2; 

509',  547\ 
Tolype  velleda,  2:  727'. 
tussock   moth,  white  mark- 
ed, l:  132',  136'. 
violet  tip,  2:509',  544'. 
scale    or    sucking    insects;    2: 

725'- 
elm  bark   aphid,   woolly,  i: 

172',  192-'. 
elm  bark    louse,    1:8'',    173', 

203». 

elm      leaf      aphid,     I:  172'', 
176'. 
woolly,  i:  172^,  177*. 
elm     scurfy    scale,     i:  173'', 

207'. 
maple     scale,     cottony,     i: 

173^  196^,  igS'^ 
oyster  scale,   1:212*. 
Putnam's       scale,       1:227'', 
227^ 
Elm,   English,    injurious    insects, 

1:49. 
Elm,  European,  resistance  to  in- 

sect  attack,  1:47*. 
Elm,  red,  see  Elm,  slippery. 


824 

Elm,  Scotch,  resistance  to   insect 
attack,  i;47°;  injurious  insects, 

1:49. 
Elm,  slippery,  injurious  insects; 
l.jorers: 

elm  borer,  i:  7o\ 

Leptura  emarginata,   2;  724''. 

Platypus  compositus,  2:  720'. 
gall  insects; 

elm    leaf    gall,     red,     2;  620', 

Pemphigus  ulmifusus,  i;247**. 

leaf  feeders; 

Bomolocha      abalienalis,      2: 

724'. 
Conotrachelus     anaglypticus, 

2;  509^  544-'. 
Monocesta  coryli,  2;  724^. 
Elm,     white,      Hister    parallelus 

injuring,  2:491'. 
Elm  bark    aphid,  woolly,   i;i72', 

iga''. 
Elm  bark  borer,  dark,  i;  2SS'. 
Elm    bark    louse,     i;S',     S«,    4S', 

1733,  203'-7«. 
Elm  borer,  1;  50',  67''-7i*. 

dark,  i;  257^. 
Elm    case    bearer,    European,    i: 

106',  i67'-6^-'. 
Elm  caterpillar,   spiny,  i;  18',  48^, 

105'.  i58*-62'',  253''. 
Elm  gall,  coclcscomb,  I:  172'',  1S6'— 

87",  247°. 
Elm  leaf  aphid,  i;  172'',  i'jb''-yy'. 

woolly,  i:  172^  i77'-78'. 
Elm  leaf  beetle,   i;7V8«,  37',  43*, 

48',  105',  l46'-55«;  2;6o8«,  614*. 
Elm  leaf  gall,  red,  2;  620'',  633''. 
Elm  leaf    miner,    i;  105',  i62''-63*; 
Elm  sawfly,  i:  105*,  i5f;'-58'. 
Elm  scurfy  scale,  i:  I73'',  207'-S'. 
Elm  snout  beetle,  1:72^. 

black,  1:51',  73'-75'- 

reddish,  i;  51-,  75^ 
Elm  twig  girdler,   1:273*. 
elongata,  Dichelonycha,  2:  716'. 
elonympha,  Allotria,  2:720'-. 
emarginata,  Eeptura,  2:  436',  724*. 

Periclista,  2:  703'. 
Emphytus  cinctus,  2;  735'. 
Empusa  grylli,  i;  146'. 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Enarmonia  caryana,  2:512',  583'. 

gallaesaliciana,   2:  746''. 

prunivora,  2;  734'. 
Enchenopa  binotata,  2;  5g4'-95''. 
Enchodes  sericea,  2:  727'. 
endropiaria,  Therina,  2:  706®. 
English  sparrow,  i:  iii',  iii*,  133* 

137',  166^,  206',  237-. 
Ennomos  magnarius,  2:  725'. 

subsignarius,  2;  725'. 
ennucleata,  .Synelys,  2:  733'. 
Ensign   flies,  I:  22''. 
Entedon  antiopae,  i:  161'. 
Entelus  onerati,  1:74'. 
Epagoge  caryae,  2:717'. 

sulfureana,  2:  730''. 
Epargyreus   tityrus,   2:510',   556*- 

57^ 
ephemeraeformis,  Thyridopteryx, 

1:49,  105*,  I23''-28'. 
Ephialtes  comstockii,  2:409'. 
ephippiatus,      Elleschus,     2:  511', 
567-^ 

Orchestes,   2;  567-. 
Ephistemus  apicalis,  2:491'. 
Epicaerus  imbricatus,  2:  733^ 
Epicnaptera     americana,     2;  507', 

525'. 
Epimecis  virginaria,  2:  747^. 
Epinotia  augustana,  2:  744^^. 

claypoleana,   2:  509',  54o'-4i'. 

pinicolana,  2:  753*. 

ratzeburgiana,  2:754''. 

saliciana,  2:  746'. 

salicicolana,   2:746^. 
epione,  Catocala,  2:  705^. 
Epipaschia  superatalis,  2:74o\ 

zelleri,  2:  740'. 
Epirrita  dilutata,  2:706'. 
Episimus  argutanus,  2:725'. 
Epithectis       gallaegenitella,       2: 

707*. 
E]>izeuxis  aemula,  2:  754'. 
Epuraea  truncatella,  2:  389'. 
Erannis  tiliaria,  2:  731'. 
erectus,    Hypothenemus,    2:702', 

740'. 
eremicola,  Osmoderma,  2:493'. 
Eremotylus  glabratum,  i;  145'. 

macrurus,  2:  549'. 
erichsoni,  Laricobius,  2;  751''. 


erichsonii,      Lygaeonematus,      i: 

254';  2:  340',  4I8'-23^ 
erinacei,  Acraspis,  2:619',  627*. 
Eriocampa  juglandis,  2:  720'. 
Eriocampoides  limacina,   2:  733'. 
Eriococcus  quercus,  2:  709'. 
Eriophyes  abnormis,  2:620',  631'- 
32'. 

acericola,  2:619',  630'. 

fraxiniflora,  2:620'',  633^-34'. 

quadripes,  2:620',  63o'-3i''. 

querci,  2;  713*. 

salicicola,  2:  745'. 

thujae,   2:  755'. 

ulmi,  2:  725'. 
Ernobius  granulatus,  2:  694',  752'' 

luteipennis,   2:694^,  752*. 

mollis,  2:653'',  694'. 

tenuicornis,  2:  752'. 
Eros  aurora,  2:  746'. 
errans,  Hadrobregmus,       715^. 
erubescens,    Cecidomyia,    2: 619^, 

627*. 
eruditus,  Hypothenemus,  2:  740'. 
erythremaria,  Deilinia,  2:743"*. 
erythriella,    Schreckensteinia,    2: 

737'- 
erythrocephalus,  Neoclytus,  i;  50', 

70*,  7i'-73',  261'. 
erythrogaster,  Bracon,  i:  266". 
esurus,  Syntomosphyrum,    1:140''. 
Euchaetes  echidna,  2:  722''. 
Euchlaena  johnsonaria,  2;  706'. 

obtusaria,  2:  721'. 

pectinaria,  2:  706'. 

serrata,  2:  728'. 
Euchoeca  albifera,  2:  725*. 
Euclea  chloris,  2;  706®. 

delphinii,  2;  52S',  529^  706'. 
z'lir.  paenulata,  2:744'. 

indeterniina,  2:  528^,  529^. 
Euclemensia  bassettella,  2:  708*. 
Eucoila  impatiens,  2;  714'. 

mellipes,  2:  714'. 

pedata,  2:  714'. 

stigmata,  2:  714'. 
Eucosma  similana,  2:  749*. 

solicitana,  2;  749^. 

transmissana,  2:  749®. 
Eucrada  humeralis,  2:  722'. 
Eudamus   tityrus,  sri'  Epargyreus. 


GENERAL    IXDEX 


825 


EuJemis  vacciniana,  2:  73S'. 
Euderces  picipes,  2:  427',  445''-46'. 

pini,  2:751*. 
Eufidonia  notataria,   2:  753'. 
Eugnamptus    angustatus,    2:  703*, 
720*. 

collaris,  2:  716*. 
Eugonia  j-album,  2:  749^. 
Eulecanium  antennatum,  2:709*. 

canadense,  2:  725''. 

capreae.  2:  744'. 

caryae,  2;  725'. 

caryarum,  2:  717^. 

cerasifex,  2:  72S'. 

cockerelli,  2:  725*. 

fletcheri,  2:  755*. 

juglandifex,  2:  720^. 

juglandis,  2;  719*. 

kansasense,  2:  734^. 

kingii,  2;  739'. 

lintneri,  2:  732'. 

lymani,  2:  709*. 

maclurarum,  2:726'. 

nigrofasciatum,  i:  49,  173',  200*- 
3''- 

pallidior,  2:  755'. 

pruinosum,  2:  719'. 

pyri,   2:  717'. 

quercife.x,  2:709''. 

quercitronis,  2:  709''. 

rosae,  2:  736'. 

tarsale,  2:  736'. 

tulipiferae,  i:  173'',  2o8*-io'. 

websteri,   2:  750'. 
Eulia  juglandana,  2:  717^. 

ministrana,  2:  723^. 

politana,  2:651=,  6Si'-S2^. 

triferana,  2;  508^,  532'. 

velutinana,  2:  707*. 
Eulimacodes  seapha,  2:  529''. 
Eulophus  cyriades,  2:  577'. 
Eumenidae,  1:23^. 
Eunotus  lividus,  i:  199*. 
euonymi,  Chionaspis,  i:  173°,  213'- 

14". 
Euonymus,    injurious    insects,    i: 

173=;  2:729-^ 
Euonymus  scale,    i:  173',  2I3'-I4''. 
Euparthenos  nubilis,  2:  730*. 
Eupelmus  .f/.,  2:412*. 

limneriae,  i;  140''. 


Euphorocera   claripennis,   1:113^, 

138-',  161",  I66--'. 
Euplexia  lucipara,  2;  749''. 
Eupogonius  pinivora,  2:  751*. 

subarniatus,  2:  724*. 

tomentosus,  2:751'. 

vestitus,  2:  715'. 
Eupristocerus  cogitans,  2:  750'. 
Euproctis      chrysorrhoea,      1:28', 

105',  i63*-66'.  254'. 
Eupsalis  minuta,  i:  256',  261^-63'. 
eurinus,  Alydus, .?«  A.  eurinus. 
European  elm  case  bearer,  1:106', 

l67'-6S''. 
European  praying  mantis,  i:  154^. 
European    willow   gall  midge,    i: 

258'',  299''-302'';  2:620*. 
Eurycyttarus  confederata,  2:721''. 
Eurymus  interior,  2:  742'. 
Eurytoma  sp.,  2:  390',  393'. 
Euschistus  ,f/. ,  I:  24''. 

fissilis,  2:  610*. 

politus,  2:  6i2'-i3^. 

servus,  i:  146'. 

tristigmus,  2:  612^. 

variolarius,  2:6il'-i2',  676*,  677'. 
Eustroma  diversilineata,  2:  706^. 

testata,  2:743*. 
Eustrophus  bicolor,   2:731''. 

repandus,  2:667'. 
Eutettix  seminudiis,  2:  749'. 

strobi,  2:688". 
Euthisanotia  grata,   2:  740'-'. 
Euthyatira  pudens,  2:  736'*. 
Eutrapela  alciphearia,  2:  728-. 

kentaria,  2:  728'^. 
Euura  nodis,  2:  745'^. 

orbitalis,  2:  745'^. 

ovum,  2:  745-. 
Euvanessa  antiopa,    i:  31',  48'',  49, 

105',  i58*-62*,  253*;  2:607*. 
Euzophera  semifuneralis,   2:  733'. 
Evacanthus  acuminatus,  2:  744". 
Evaniidae,  I:  22'. 

Evergreens,    less   destructive    in- 
sects affecting,  2:648^-700'. 

injurious  insects:   2:  333^-425'. 
bag  or   basket   worm,   i:  123', 

126'. 

balsam  gall  midge,  2:621'. 
pine  needle  gall  fly,  2:  621'. 


Evetria      comstockiana,      2: 340', 
407*-io^,  411'. 

frustrana,   2:  340',  405''-7'',  407'. 

rigidana,  2;  340'',  407'. 
Exartema  corylanum,  2:  723'. 

fagigemmaeanum,  2:  722'. 

footianum,  2:  724'. 

inornatanum,   2:  707'. 

permundanum,  2:  723*. 

versicoloranum,  2:  717''. 

zellerianum,  2:  749* 
excaecatus,  Paonias,  2:  724'. 
excavata,  Siobla,  2:719'. 
exiguissimus,  Neuroterus,  2:  710®. 
exiguus,  Neuroterus,  2:  710'. 
exile,  Anomalon,  1:113*. 
eximius,     Phytocoris,  see    P.    exi- 

mius. 
exitiosa,  Sanninoidea,  2;  733'. 
Exorista  griseomicans,  i:  138'. 
Explanation     of  Opiates,    i:a333— 

3434;  2:  757-800. 
externa,  Macrophya,  2:716'. 

fabricii,  Lophyrus,  2:752'. 
facetus,  Lepturges,  2:715'. 
fagi,  Phyllaphis,  2:6oi'-2'. 
•  Pityophthorus,  2:702'. 

Scolytus,  2:  722*. 
fagigemmeanum,      Exartema,     2: 

722'. 
Falcaria  bilineata,  2:  749'. 
falcula,  Apatela,  2:  723^. 
Fall  cankerworm,  2:  547'. 
Fall    webworm,    I:  12',    105',    131', 

I42'-46',  253';  2:607*,  609'. 
fallax,  Agrilus,  2:725'. 

Cryptorhynchus,  2:715*. 

Diphthera,  2:  738'*. 
falsarius,  Alcoloithus,  2:740'^. 
False  chinch  bug,  2:651',  685'. 
False  pine  webworm,  2:650',  676'. 
fasciata,    ISuprestis,    2:428',  458*- 
59^- 

Holcaspis,  2:  713*. 

Lyda,  2:  733'. 

Phora,  1:  140'. 

Telamona,  2:717'. 
fasciatum,  Monarthrum,  2:751*. 
fasciatus,  Ips,  2:  370'. 

Oecanthus,  2:699'. 


826 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


fasciatus.Urographis,  2: 426*,  434'- 

36',  667^ 
fascicularis,   Hemirhipus,   1:266*. 

Liopus,  2:  729',  730'. 
fasciella,  Lithocolletes,  2:  70S', 
fasciola,   Lithacodes,  2:  728**. 

Tortricidia,  2:529*. 
fascipennis,  Baccha,  i:  iS6^. 
faunus,  Polygonia,  2:742'. 
favosus,  Neuroterus,  2:  713'. 
fayi,  .Saperda,  i:  257',  283^-84'. 
femoralis,  Pyrochroa,  2:727'. 
femorata,     Chrysobothris,     i:  51'', 
86^-87',  261^  2:  SOS-". 

Diapheromera,   2:508',  533^-35°, 
6o89. 
femoratus,  Andricus,  2:  712'. 

Pachybrachys,  2:752*. 
fenestratus,  Bythoscopus,    2:749'. 

Cyrtolobus,  2:597''. 
Feniseca  tarquifiius,  i:  196'. 
Fentonia  marthesia,  2;  706', 
Feralia  jocosa,  2:  754'. 
Fern,  sweet,  injurious  insects: 

borer: 

Auletes  ater,  2:  715''. 

leaf  feeders: 

Apion  rostrum,  2:730^. 
Auletes  cassandrae,  2:738'. 
Chlamys  plicata,  2:  703'. 

sucking  insect: 

Eulecanium      cockerelli,      2: 
725'. 
ferratus,  Cryptorhynchus,  2:702'. 
ferrugana,    Alceris,    2: 744',    749', 

753'- 
ferruginea,   Lophodonta,  2:  749". 

Syneta,  2:  74S". 
ferrugineipes,  Limneria,  i:  15s''. 
fervidana,   Archips,  2:  50S*,   530'- 

31',  609'. 
fervidaria,  Plagodis,  2:  706'. 

Therina,  2:  754'. 
ficus,  Ceroptres,  2:714'. 
Fig.    white  marked    powder-post 

beetle  injuring,  2:483'. 
Figites  chinquapin,  2:  714'. 

impatiens,  2:  714'. 
Figures  and  plates  of: 

.\blerus  clisiocampae,  1:215. 

Acanthoderes  decipiens,  2:473. 


Figures  and  plates  of  (cont'd): 
Acholla  multispinosa,  2:613. 
Adalia  bipunctata,  1:3358. 
Agrilus  anxius,  i:  285,  3418. 

bilineatus,  i:  2S2. 
Agromyz^    aeneiventris,   2:634, 

760. 
Alaus  oculatus,  1:3416. 
Alydus  eurinus,  2:613. 
Amphibolips      confluentus,      2: 
760. 

ilicifoliae,  2:  760. 
Anatis  ocellata,  2:604. 
Andricus      punctatus,      1:3432, 
3434. 

seminstor,  2:  758. 

singularis,  2;  762. 
Anisota  senatori3,  1:3370. 
Anomala  lucicola,  1:3377. 
Anthophilax  attenuatus,  2:488. 
Anthrenus  castanese,  2:614. 
Aphrastus  taeniatus,  2:515. 
Aphrophors  p3r3llel3,  1:3377. 
Aphycus  annulipes,  1:203. 
Arch3si3  g3leata,  1:3370. 
Archips  fervid3n3,  1:3370. 
Asemum  moestum,  2:661. 
Aspidiotiphagus  citrinus,  1:212. 
Aspidiotus  ancylus,  1:3364. 

perniciosus,  1:3362. 
Asterolecsnium    v3riolosum,   i: 

3360. 
Aulacaspis  rosae,  i:  228,  3364. 
Automeris  io,  1:3424. 
B3l3ninus  n3sicus,  i:  3370. 
Basilona      imperialis,      1:3374, 

3420. 
B3tyle  suturalis,  2:663. 
Biorhiza  forticornis,  1:3434. 
Bbletotherus  bifurcus,   2:498. 
Brachys  ov3t3,  2:  514. 
Brochymena  annulata,  2:  589. 

3rbore3,  2:591. 
Buprestis  f3sci3ta,  2:459. 

m3culiventris,  2:674. 
C3litys  sc3br3,  2:496. 
C3llidium    antenn3tum,    2:  660, 

782,  786. 
Callipterus  ulmifolii,  1:3358. 
C3llos3mi3  promethe3,   1:3424. 
Calosoma  calidum,  i:  113. 


Figures  and  plates  of  (cont'd): 
Camponotus     herculaneus,       i: 

3400. 
Cecidomyia  cary3ecol3,  1:3334, 

erubescens,  1:3334. 

holotricha,  I:  3334. 

pellex,  2:632. 

persicoides,  1:3334. 

pilul3e,  i:  3334. 

pini-rigid3e,  1:3376. 

resinicola,  I:  3376. 

tubicol3,   1:3334. 

verrucicol3,   1:3334. 
Centrodera  decolor3ta,  2:456. 
Ceresa  bubalus,  2:  591,  592. 
Chaitophorus?  aceris,  1:3358. 
Chalcis  ovat3,  i:  128. 
Chalcophora  libert3,  2:655. 

virginiensis,  2:  654. 
Ch3riess3  pilos3,  2:  504, 
Chermes  pinicorticis,  1.3374. 

strobilobius,!:  3372. 
Chilocorus  similis,  1:223,  224. 
Chionaspis  euonymi,  1:3364. 

furfur3,  I:  3362. 

pinifoliae,  i:  3374. 
Chr3mesus  hicorise,  2:446,  794, 

798- 
Chrysobothris  dentipes,  1:3377. 

fioricol3,  I:  3376. 

pusilla,  I:  3376. 
Chrysomela  bigsbyana,  2:  566. 
Chrysopa  .t/.,  1:3377. 
Cimbex  3meric3na.  i:  3368. 
Citheroni3  reg3lis,  i:  3354,  3424. 
Clastoptera  obtusa,  2:687. 
Clerus  quadriguttatus,  2:  666. 
Coccinella  novem-not3ta,  2:  691, 

trifasciata,  2:  691. 
Coenus  delius,  2:697. 
Coleophora  laricell3,  1:3372. 

limosipennella,  1:3406. 
Conotrachelus  3n3glypticus,   2: 
544- 

juglsndis,  2:  581. 
Corthylus     punctatissimus,     i: 

65,  66. 
Corymbites     hieroglyphicus,    2; 

692. 
Corythuca  arcuata,  2:599. 
Cossonus  platalea,  2:455. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


827 


Figures  and  plates  of  (conl'J): 
Cossus  querciperda,  1:3426. 
Cryphalus  striatulus,  2:  673,  794. 
CryptocephaUis    qiiadrimacula- 
tus,  2:  695. 

schreibersii,  2:695. 
Cryptorhynchus  lapathi,  I:  3368, 

3402. 
Cyllene  pictus,  1:3366. 

robiniae,  i:  3342. 
Cynips  strobilana,  1:3434. 
Cyrtolobus  fenestratus,  2:  597. 
Datana      integerrima,      1:3366, 

3426. 
Dendroctonus      piceaperda,     2: 
382,  782,  796. 

terebrans,     2:343,     34S,     776, 
792,  796. 
Dibrachys  boucheanus,  i:  139. 
Dicerca  punctulata,  2:656. 
Dichelonycha  albicollis,   2:694. 
Diplosis  caryae,  1:3334. 
Dorc3schem3  nigrum,  2:444. 
Drepanosiphum     acerifolii,     I: 

3358. 
Dryocoetes   j/.,  2:468,  469.  794, 
79S. 

autographus,  2:469,  798. 
Elaphidion  villosum,  1:3336. 
Elasmocerus  terminatus,  2:  502. 
Enchenopa     binot3t3,     1:3370, 

2:758. 
Euderces  picipes,  2:445. 
Eulecanium  nigrof3sei3tum,   i: 
3360. 

tulipiferae,  1:3360. 
Eunotus  lividus,  i:  199. 
Euproctis  chrysorrhoea,  1:3428. 
Edpsalis  minuta,  i:  262. 
Euschistus  tristigmus,   2:612. 

variolarius,  2:  611. 
Euvanessa  antiopa,  i:  3356. 
Evetri3  comstockisna,  1:3376. 
'      frustrana,  i:  3376. 
Galerucella  decor3,  2:  566. 

luteola,  i:  3350,  3408,  410,  412. 
Gaurotes  cyanipennis,  2:454. 
Glyptoscelis  pubescens,  1:3376. 
Gnathotrichus    materi3rius,    2; 

371.  373.  7g4.  798- 

Goes  pulchra,  1:3354. 


Figures  and  plates  of  (coiit'ii): 
Gossyparia  spuria,  1:3338. 
Habrolepis  dalmanni,  1:330. 
Halisidots  caryae,  1:3366,3426. 

tessellaris,  i:  3426. 
H3in3melistes  spinosus,   2:643, 

644,  645,  646. 
H3rpyi3  sp.,  i:  3368. 

cinerea,   1:3426. 
Hemerocampa    leucostigma,    i: 

3348. 
Hemileuca  maia,  1:3370,  3426. 
Holcaspis  f3sciata,  2:758. 
Hoplocephala  bicornis,  2:498. 
Hormaphis      hamamelidis,      i: 

3334;  2:  639,  640,  641,  642,  643. 
Hylesinus  aculeatus,  1:289. 

op3cuIus,  2:  794. 
Hylobius  p3les,  1:3376. 
Hylurgops  glabrstus,  2:  665. 
Hypersspis  signata,  i:  1S2. 
Hyperplatys   maculatus,   2:432. 
Hyph3ntri3  textor,  1:3356. 
Ibalis  msculipennis,  2:499. 
Ips  qu3driguttatus,  2:692. 

sanguinolentus,  2:692. 
J3nus  integer,   1:302. 
K3liosysphing3  ulmi,  i:  163. 
Lebia  grandis,  2:690. 
Lepidosaphes  ulmi,  1:3362. 
Leptur3  subh3m3ta,   2:  675. 

vagsns,  2:440. 

zebra,  2:  450. 
Liopus  3lpha,  2:481. 
Lophyrus  abietis,  1:3376. 

lecontei,  1:3374;  2:413. 
Lyctus  unipunct3tus,  I:2g6. 
Lygaeonematus     erichsonii,     i 

3372. 
Madarellus  undulatus,  2:479. 
Magdalis  alutacea,  1:3377. 

3rmicollis,  1:3338. 

b3rbita,  i:  3338. 

perforata,  i:  3377. 
Malacosoma    disstria,      1:3348, 

3404. 
Melalopha  inclusa,  1:3368. 
Melanophila     fulvogutt3t3,    2 

390. 
Melasoma  l3pponic3,  2:  565. 

scripta,  I:  3368. 


Figures  3nd  plates  of  (front'd): 
Metachroma  margin3lis,   2:683. 
Meteorus  hyph3ntriae,  I:I45- 
Mon3rthrum    mali,    i:2go,    291; 

2:  794. 
Monohsmmus  confusor,  2:786. 

scutellatus,  2:  7S6. 
Mordella  borealis,  2:672. 

octopunctata,  2:433. 
Nabis  rufusculus,  2:688. 
Neomysia  puUats,  2:605. 
Notoxus  3nchor3,  2:696. 

bif3sci3tus,  2:  696. 
Obrium  rubrum,  1:3414. 
Odontot3  dors3lis,  1:3428. 
Oec3nthus  sp.,  I:  3360. 

nigricornis,  2:  699. 

niveus,  2:  602. 

pini,  2:  6g8. 

qu3dripunctatus,  2:700. 
Olethreutes  nimbatana,  2:  576. 
Oliarius  quinquelineatus,  2:  686. 
Oncideres  cingulata,  1:3354. 
Orinenis  pruinos3,  2:  598. 
P3ndeletejus  hilaris,  2:437. 
Papilio  tho3s,  2:  554. 
P3r3lechia  pinifoliella,  1:3376. 
P3r3tenetus  punctatus,  2:606. 
Parh3rmoni3  pini,  1:3428. 
Pemphigus    populi-transversus, 
1:3358. 

rhois,   2:  758. 

tessellat3,  I:  3430. 

vagsbundus,  2:  762. 
Pentilia  misell3,  1:222. 
Phellopsis  obcord3ta,  2:496. 
Phen3coccus    acericola,     1:183, 

1 84,  3360. 
Phlegethontius  celeus,  I:  3426. 
Phloeosinus    dentatus,      2:  392, 

393.  7S6.  794.  798- 
Phloeotribus     frontslis,    2:673, 
792. 

Iimin3ris,   2:452,  792. 
PhylUphis  f3gi,  1:3358. 
Phyllobaenus  dislocatus,  2:  503. 
Phylloxera  caryaecaulis,  1:3334. 

foveol3,  1:3334. 
Phymatodes  dimidiatus,  2:670. 
Physocnemum    brevilineum,    2: 

462. 


828 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Figures  and  plates  of  (i-ont'il): 
I'hytocoris  eximius,  2;  685. 
Phytodecta  pallida,  2:  558. 
Phytoptus  abnormis  1:3334. 

quadripes,  i:  3334. 
Pilophorus  crassipes,  1:3377. 
Pimpla  conquisitor,  I:  112. 

inquisitor,  i:  127,  137. 
Pinipestis  zimmermani,  1:3377. 
Pissodes  strobi,    1:3374;    2:790. 
Pityogenes   jr/.,2:373,   374,  786, 
792,  794,  796,  79S. 

ponderosae,  2:  794. 
Pityophthorus  j/.,  2:  373,  786. 

minutissimus,    1:3416,   2:673, 
794- 

puberulus,  2:673. 
Plagionotus   speciosus,    1:3336; 

2:  382.  384,  386,  388. 
Podisus  maculiventris,  2:  60S. 

modestus,  2:  610. 

placidus.  2:  607. 
Pogonocherus  mixtus,  2:663. 
Polygr3phus    rufipennis,  2:  3S2, 

387,  388,  794,  79S. 
Porthetria  dispar,  i:  3354. 
Prionoxystus    robini3e,   i:  3342, 

3398. 
Pseudopliilippia   quaintancii,  2: 

762. 
Pteronus  ventralis,    I:  323. 
Ptilinus  ruficornis,  1:298. 
Pulvinaria  scericola,  1: 179,  181. 

innunierabilis,       1:197,       198, 
3336. 
Pytho  americanus,  2:  788. 
Rh3bdoph3ga  salicis,  i:  300,  301 ; 

2:  670. 
Rhagium  lineatuni,  2:  780,  788. 
Samia  cecropia.  1:3422. 
Saperda  calcarata,  1:3344. 

candid3,  i:  ?f. 

f3yi,  i:  3345. 

puncticoUis,  1:3344. 

tridentata,  I;  3338,  3390,  392. 

vestita,  i:  3344. 
Sci3r3  ocelUris,  1:3334. 
Scolytus      quadrispinosus,       i: 
3416,  277,  2:  794. 

rugulosus,  2:  794. 
Serica  trociformis,  1:3370. 


Figures  and  plates  of  (lont'd): 
Sesia  acerni,  1:3340. 

albicornis,  I:  3368. 
Sphecius  speciosus,  2:604. 
Telea  polyphemus,  1:3422. 
Termes  fl3vipes,  1:88-89. 
Tetropium    cinn3mopterum,   2: 

669. 
Thalessa  lunator,  1:64,  3384. 
Th3nasimus  dubius,  2:  500. 
Thelis    acuminata,     1:3370,    2: 
595- 

godingi,  2:  596. 
Thiodis  sign3tana,  i:  169. 
Thyridopteryx      ephemeraefor- 

mis.i:  125,  3350. 
Tibicen    septendecim,     1:3358, 
430. 

tibicen,  l:  3370,  430. 
Tomicus  ,f/. ,  2:  790. 

bals3meus,  2:376,  377,  37S, 
392.  776,  784,  792,  798. 

c3cographus,  2:  353,  357,  7S0, 
792,  796. 

caelatus,  2:  353,  355,  792, 
796. 

calligraphus,  2:346,  347,  34S, 
764,  766,  76S,  770,  772,  780, 
792,  796. 

integer,  2:  792,  798. 

pini,  2:352,   353,  766,  774,  776, 
778,  792,  796. 
Tomoxia  bident3ta,  2:441. 

lineella,  2:441. 
Tr3gosoma  harrisii,  2:  659. 
Tremex  columba,  1:62,  3384. 
Trioza  tripunctat3,  2:  689. 
Tropaea  luna,  I:  3420. 
Typophorus  canellus,  2:537. 
Uliota  dubius,  2:490. 
Urographis  fsscistus,  2:  786. 
Xyleborus    celsus,    2: 446,    447, 
794,  798. 

dispar,  2:446,  794. 
Xylina  antennata,  i:  3426. 
Xylocleptes  J-/..,  2:460,  796. 
Xylocop3  virginic3,  1:3416. 
Xyloterus  j/.,  2:  800. 

bivittatus,  2:  370. 

lineatus,  2:  798,  Soo. 

politus,  I;  2g3,  2;  800. 


Figures  and  plates  of  (cciiil\/): 
Xylotrechus      colonus,       1:259, 
3414. 
sagittatus,  2:  663. 
undul3tus,  2:  671. 
Xyphidris    prov3ncheri.    2:465, 

466. 
Zeuzer3   pyrina.     1:3340,     3394, 

396- 
Fil3ment  bearer,  2:508',  sso'"' 
fimbricornis,  Thyssnoes,  2:  716'. 
Finch  family,  1:31'. 
Fir,  injurious  insects: 
borers: 

bark  borers,  i:  6*. 

blazed  tree  borer,  2:671'. 

cedsr  tree  borer,  2:675'. 

horntail,  blue,  2:649',  669-. 

spruce    timber  beetle,  2:  369'. 
leaf  feeders: 

iir  sawfly,  2:  340*,  415*. 

M3c3ri3  prseatomata  viir.  bi- 
sign3t3,  2:  753*. 

Nepytia  semiclusari3,  2:753'. 

01igi3  versicolor,  2:  754'. 

Paraphia      subatomaria,       2: 

753^ 
spruce  bud  worm,  2:417'. 
Tortrix  packardiana,  2:  754''. 
tussock   moth,  white  marked, 
1: 136'. 
sucking  insects: 

hemlock  scale,  2:  652',  690'. 
Fir  sawfly,  2:  340*,  4i5''-i6'. 
fissilis,  Euschistus,  2:610''. 
Fitch's    oak     leaf     miner,    2:  joS-*, 

533'- 
fitchella,      Lithocolletes,      2;  508-*, 

533-. 
Flannel    moth,    crinkled,    2:507', 

529'-3o». 
Flat-headed     borer,     common,    i: 

S\\  86^-87'. 
Flat-headed    pine     borer,    larger, 
2;  648*,  6538-54'. 

smaller,  2:648',  654^-55'. 
flavedans,  Platynota,  2:581^  728''. 
flavicornis,  Urocerus,  2:  751'''. 
flavipennis,  An3spis,   2:  567'. 
flavipes,  Neuroterus,  2:713''. 

Pelecotnms,  2:  722'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


829 


flavipes,    Termes,    i:  51*,    87'-go'. 
flavoscutellum,    Coccophagus,     i: 

199^,  210''. 
flavus,  Aphycus,  I:  iSi'. 
Flea  beetle,  i;  150^. 

black-margined,  2:506^,  515'. 

red-footed,  2:  510',  556'-. 
flebilis,  Catocala,  2:  716'. 
fletcherella,  Coleophora,  1:171''. 
fletcheri,  Eulecanium,  2:755'. 
flexuosa,  Heterogenea,   2:  529*. 

Tortricidia,  2:717*. 
flexuosus,   Mycetophagus,    2:495*. 
Flicker,  i:  iii*. 
Flies,  i:  i6''. 

lace-winged,  1:14*. 

two  winged,  I:  11'. 
flocci,  Andricus,  2:710^. 
floccosa,  Cynips,  2:711*. 
flocculosus,  Cladobius,  2:  744'. 
floricola,    Chrysobothris,     2;  649', 

657',  65S^  658-\ 
Flower  beetle,  hermit,  2:493'. 

rough,  2:492'.  * 

Flower  cricket,  2:653''. 

white,  2:  602^-3'^. 
Flower  flies,  1:24''. 
fluviata,  Percnoptilota,  2:  725^ 
Flycatchers,  1:30'. 
Foenus  tarsatorius,  2:  500^^. 
foliaformis,  Andricus,  2:  710^. 
footianum,  Exartema,  2:  724'. 
forbesi,  Urogaster,  2:635'^ 
forcata,  Phylloxera,  2:718*. 
Forest  products,  value,  1:255*. 
Forest  tent  caterpillar,  1:23',  25*, 

48',   52',    105',    106^-15',   253*;   2: 

550';    birds    feeding  on,    1:28'; 

parasites,    i:2i',    H2'-13'';  rem- 
edies, 1:44'',  II3*-I5''. 
Forest  tree  pests,  i:253'-332'. 
Forest    trees,    groups    of    insects 

affecting,   i:  io*-i2'';    insects   of 

minor  importance   affecting,   2: 

426'. 
Forester,     eight-spotted,     2:512', 

575^ 
Forests,  annual  losses  caused  by 

insects,  i:  7'. 
Forked  fungous  beetle,  2:498^. 
formicarius,  Clerus,  2:  500''. 


formosa,  Amphibolips,  2:  712'^ 
forticornis,  Biorhiza.  2:618',  626''- 

278,  714'. 
fortis,  Chalcophora,  2:  75I-. 
foveata.  Phylloxera,  2:629',   71S'. 
foveola,    Phylloxera,   2:619',  629', 

71S*. 
frater,  Raphia,  2:747'. 
fratercula,  Catocala,  2:  705^. 
fraternalis,  Hemichroa,  2:  703^. 
fraternus,    Coccophagus,    i:  181'- 

82'. 
fraxina,  Podosesia,  1:51*,  92^. 
fraxini,    Thysanocnemus,    2:  726'. 
fraxiniflora,     Eriophyes,     2:620'', 

633°-34'- 
fraxinlfolii.     Pemphigus,     I:  196"; 

2:727'. 
frenchii,  Frontina,  1:113',  IS^^- 
Fringe  tree,  injurious  insects: 

Periclista  chionanthi,  2:738'. 

Phlegethontius   rustica,  2:737'. 
Fringillidae,  1:31'. 
frondosa,  Cynips,  2:  714'. 
frontalis,  Dendroctonus,  1:6'. 

Phloeotribus,  jtv  P.  frontalis. 

Pityophthorus,  2:  702'. 
Frontina  aletiae,  i:  13S''. 

frenchii,  i;  113',  138''. 
Fruit  flies,  i:  14*. 
Fruit  insects,  2:734''. 
Fruit   of   deciduous    forest    trees, 

insects  affecting,  2:512*. 
Fruit  tree  bark  beetle,  2:453'. 
Fruit  trees,  injurious  insects: 

apple    borer,    round-headed,   i: 
51'. 

fall  webworm,  i:  145*. 

gipsy  moth,  i:  120''. 
frustrana,  Evetria,  2:  340',  405'-7', 

407«. 
fugitiva,    Limneria,    1:112',    309'', 

314'- 
fulminans,      Arhopalus,      2:427", 

444'- 
fulvescens,   Theronia,    i:  1I2'-I3', 

138". 
fulvicoUis,  Philonix,  2:711'. 
fulvidorsum,   Phlepsius,  2:  753*. 
fulvoguttata,  Melanophila,  2:  339*, 

390*-9ll 


fumiferana,  Tortrix,  2:  340*,  416''- 

18'. 
Fumigation,  i:39'-4i'-'. 
funeralis,  Apatela,  2:  716'. 
Fungous  beetles,  2:431',  494*-99*. 

forked,  2:  498^. 
fur,  Amauronematus,  2:741*. 
furcifera,  Apatela,  2:  733''. 
furcilla,     Panthea,     2:651',    679'-. 

So', 
furfura,  Chionaspis,   1:173",   214'- 
16". 

z'ur.  fulva,  Chionaspis,  2:  735'^ 
fusca,  Comys,  i:  199**. 

Lachnosterna,  2:753*. 
fuscatus,  Xyleborus,  2:  752*. 
fuscipennis,     Aphelinus,      1:212', 

214',  222". 
fuscipes,  Androchirus,  2:701'. 

Pteromalus,  1:  161*. 
fuscomarginella,      Tischeria,      2: 

7088. 
fuscotibiella,  Nepticula,  2:744*. 
fuscula,  Dichelonycha,  2:  703*. 
fusiform  maple  gall,  2:619',  630*. 
fusiformis,  Andricus,  2:710*. 

Temelucha,  2:482^. 
futilis,  Andricus,  2:710*,   715'. 

Periclistis,  2:  715'. 

galeata,  Archasia,  2:  597'. 
Galeruca  decora,  stY  Galerucella. 

luteola,  stY  Galerucella. 
Galerucella      cavicollis,      2:  510'^, 
550'. 

decora,  2:  511*,  566'. 

luteola,   1:8',  48',  49,  105',  146*, 
55";  2:614''. 

rufosanguinea,  2:  733'^. 

tuberculata,  2:742'^ 
galii,  Deilephila,  2:736'. 
Gall  berry,  Apatelodes  torrefacta 

injuring,  2:  549''. 
Gall   insects,   1:  172',  259';  2:615'- 

48',    709^-14',    718',      720'',  726', 

731*.   733'.   734',  736'.  742*,  745'- 

46*,    750',    755';    key    to,    1:258, 

259;   2:6i8'-2i';    alternation    of 

generations,  2:6l6'. 
Gall  makers,  2:616^-17'. 
Gall  mites,  2:  617'. 


8:,o 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


gallaegenitella,      Epithectis,      2: 

707*. 
gallaesalician.i,      Enarmonia,     2: 

746^ 
Gallflies,  four  winged,  i:  10'. 
gallicola,  Nematus,  2:637*. 

Podapion,  2:  751'. 
Galls,   on  willow   shoots,    insects 

forming,    1:258';    development 

of,  2:6l5'-l6'. 
Gargaphia  tiliae,  2:731'. 
gargates,  Cardiophorus,  2:667'. 
Gastroidea  cyanea,  2:  742^. 
Gastropacha  americana,  see  Epic- 

naptera. 
Gaurax  anchora,  i:  140*. 
Gaurotes      cyanipennis,      2:428*, 

454'-55''-    , 
gazellula,  Microclytus,  2:702'. 
Gelechia  albisparsella,  2:  719'. 

bicostomaculella,  2:707'. 

caryaevorella,  2:717''. 

corylisella,  2:750'.      4 

fungivorella,  see  Aristotelia. 

gallaegenitella,  see  Epithectis. 

hamameliella,  2:  724^. 

pinifoliella,  see  Paralechia. 

pseudoacaciella,  2:  730'. 

querciella,  see  Telphusa. 

quercivorella,  see  Recurvaria. 

vernella,  2:  708'. 
geminata,  Packardia,  2:529*,  707'^. 

Tillomorpha,  2:715*. 
geminatus,  Bothrideres,  2:  505'. 

Lepyrus,  2:  742^. 
gemula,  Dryophanta,  2:713'. 
geniculatus,  Chermes,  1:188*. 
gentilis,  Phyllechthrus,  2:730'. 
georgica,  Hyperaeschra,  2:  705^. 
gibbicollis,  Ptosima,  2:730*. 
gibbosa,  Nadata,  2:  506',  521'-'. 

Trichodesma,  2:724''. 
gibbosus,  Andricus,  2:  709'. 

Gonotropis^  2:  494*. 
gillettei,  P^lilonix^  2:711'. 
Gingko,      resistance      to      insect 

attack,  1:47*. 
Gipsy  moth,  1:8*,   12*,   105*,   Ii6'- 

23',     254';     birds     feeding    on, 

1:27',  28',  29';  enemies  of  cater 

pillar,  2:  607',  613'. 


glabratum,  Eremotylus,   i:  145'. 
glabratus,       Hylurgops,      2:649'', 

665 '-66'. 
glandulella,      Holcocera,     2:  5S5'-, 

709'. 
glaucopterus,   Opheltes,  i:  15S'. 
glaucus    vaj\    turnus,    Papilio,    2: 

704'. 
gleditschiae,  Cecidomyia,  2:729*. 
gledilschiaeella,  Mompha,  2:729''. 
globosa,  Liodes,  2:748*. 
globosum.  Phylloxera,  2:  718". 
Globular  rose   gall,   2:621',    647'- 

48'. 
globulus,  Andricus,  2:  714*. 

Holcaspis,  2:618*,  624',  714''. 

Rhoaites,  2:621'',  647'-4S'. 
Gluphisia  septentrionalis,  2:  747*. 
glutinosa,  Cecidomyia,  2:  718-. 
Glycobius  speciosus,  see  Plagiono- 

tus. 
Glyptoscelis  barbata,  2:  518*. 

pubescens,  2:653'',  695'. 
gnaphaloides,     Rhabdophaga,    2: 

745'- 
Gnathotricus  asperulus,  2:  726*. 

materiarius,  2:339',  37l'-72'. 

retusus,  2:  751". 
godingi,  Thelia,  2:  596'. 
Goes  debilis,  2:  702'. 

oculata,  2:  715*. 

pulchra,  2:426*,  43i'-32'. 

pulverulentus,  2:455^^. 

tessellata,  2:  702'. 

tigrina,  1:256',  268*-69'. 
Golden  buprestis,  2:  64S',  655^-56'. 
Golden  oak  scale,  1:258',  329'-3i'. 
Gonioctena     pallida,    see    Phyto- 

decta. 
goniphorus,      Poecilocapsus,       2: 

728'. 
Gonodontis  hypochraria,  2:732'. 
Gonotropis  gibbosus,  2:494''. 
Gooseberry,  injurious  insects: 

Basilarchia  astyanax,  2;  704^.  J 

Polygona  faunus,  2:  742*. 

rose  leaf  folder,  2:  512'',  581''. 
gordius.  Sphinx,  2:  727'. 
Gossyparia   spuria,   i:S',  48',  49, 
173',  2038-7'. 

ulmi,  see  G.  spuria. 


Gouty  oak  gall,  2:  618',  623'-24'. 
Gracilaria  alchimiella,  2:  724'. 
blandella,  2:  720'. 
juglandiella,  2:720'. 
lespedezaefoliella,  2:  730'. 
negundella,  2:  728'. 
salicif  oliella,  2:  744''. 
sassafrasella,  2:  732'. 
stigmatella,  2:  744'',  747'. 
Gracilia  minuta,  2:  748''. 
gracilipes,  Cinyra,  2:701'. 
gracilis,  Anaphes,  1:212',  222*. 
Orchesia,  2:  748*. 
Pontania,  2:  745'. 
Grackle,  bronzed,  I:  iii*. 
grallator,  Cryptus,    1:87*. 
grandis,    Camptobrochis,    I:  153'- 
54';  2:614'. 
Lebia,  see  L.  grandis. 
granicollis,     Dryocoetes,    2: 720', 

753'. 
granulatus,  Agrilus,  2:746*. 

Ernobi.us,  2:694*,  752*. 
Grapevine,     Elasmocerus     termi. 
natus  beneficial  to,  2:  502'' 
injurious  insects: 
borers: 

Clvtanthus  albofasciatus,  2: 

715^ 
Madarelhis     undulatus,     2: 

430^  479'\ 
maple  and  oak  twig  pruner, 

l:6i^ 
Neoclytus  erythrocephalus, 
i:  72'. 
scutellaris,  2:  715''. 
Otidocephalus    chevrolatii, 
2:715'. 
myrmex,  2:  715'. 
pine  borer,  lesser,  2:  662*. 
powder  post  beetle,  1:297'. 
prionus,    broad-necked,    2: 

486'. 
twig  borer,  red-shouldered, 
2:442'. 
flower  cricket,   white,  2:  603% 
leaf  feeders: 

Aspidiotus  uvae,  2:  717'. 
brown  tail  moth,  1:164'. 
flea    beetle,    red-footed,    2: 
556'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


831 


Grapevine,  inj.  insects  (cont'd): 
leaf   feeders: 

forester,    eight-spotted,    2; 

512',  575^ 
rose  beetle,  2:  575^. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 

box      elder     plant  bug,      I; 

239^ 
chinch  bug,  false,  2:685'. 
maple     scale,     cottony,     I: 

173^,  ig6*,  igS". 
tree    hopper,     two-marked, 
2;595'. 
Grapevine     beetle,     light-loving, 

2:651*,  682'. 
Graphiphora  alia,  2:  704'. 
Graphisurus  pusillus,  2:  753*. 
Grapholitha    caryana,    se^    Enar- 

monia. 
Grapta  comma,  j^-f  Polygonia. 
interrogationis,  see  Polygonia. 
progne,  see  Polygonia. 
graptae,  Telenomus,  i:  161*. 
Grasshoppers,    losses  caused    by, 
1:6^;        incomplete       metamor- 
phosis, l:  i5*-i6^. 
grata,  Euthisanotia,  2:  740'. 
gratulata,  Mesoleuca,  2:706'. 
Gray  comma,  2:  509*,  546*. 
Gray    sided   oak    weevil,     2: 426', 

436*-37«. 
Green    oak     caterpillar,     2: 506*, 

521'. 
Green-striped    maple     worm,      2: 

50S*,  537'-38^- 
gregarious,  Pachynematus,  2:741*, 
grisea,  Apatela,  2:  724*. 

Archips,  2:  707'. 
griseomicans,  Exorista,  i:  138'. 
Grosbeak,     rose-breasted,     i:  26", 

31-,  166*. 
grossa,  Phenolia,  2:496'. 
,  groteella,  Depressaria,  2:723''. 
grotei,   Xylina,   1: 130',   130',  131', 

131^;  2:  728'. 
Ground  beetles,  1:23^,  320*. 
Ground  bird,  1:237^. 
grylli,  Empusa,  i:  146'. 
grynea,  Catocala,  2:  743''. 
Grynocharis     quadri-lineatus,     2: 
46o». 


Guest  flies,  2:  714'',  736\ 

Gum,  Cucujus  clavipes   injuring, 

2:  701-'. 
guttifinitella,      Lithocolletes,     2: 

740«. 
guttivitta,    Heterocampa,   2:  727*. 
guttulatus,      Cryptocephalus,     2: 

703'. 
Gymonychus    appendiculatus,    2: 

609'. 
Gypona  octolineata,  2:652'',   6SS'. 

habilis,  Cat,ocala.  2:716'. 
Habrocytus     thyridopterigis,      i: 

140'. 
Habrolepis  dalmauni,  1:331'. 
Hackberry,    resistance    to    insect 
attack,  i:  47*. 
injurious  insects: 
borers:   2:725''. 

Acanthoderes       quadrigib- 

bus,  2:  702'',  7I5^ 
Ataxia  crypta,  2:  702''. 
Elaphidion  mucronatum,  2: 

702'-. 
Liopus  variegatus,  2:720''. 
oak    borer,     dusty,    2:426', 

434''- 
.Scolytus  fagi,  2:  722^. 
Smodicum    cucujiforme,   2: 
701',  741''. 
gall  insects:   2:  726'. 

hackberry    nipple    gall,    2: 
621*,  647°. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  725'. 

elm    caterpillar,    spiny,    i: 
I6i4. 
scale  insects: 

Putnam's  scale,  1:227''. 
Hackberry    nipple    gall,    2:621', 

647^. 
Hadrobregmus  errans,  2:  715^ 
Hag  moth  caterpillar,  2:  528'. 
hageni,  Lithocolletes,  2:708'. 
Halisidota    caryae,    1:258'',    314'- 
15'- 
harrisii,  2:  719*. 
maculata,  2:  507',  523^ 
tessellaris,  2:  507',  523''-24'-. 
Haltica  bimarginata,  2:  511',  573'- 
74'. 


Haltica  chalybea,  2:  724'. 
hamadryas,  Chermes,  l:lS8'. 
hamadryella,      Lithocolletes,      2: 

50S^  532*-33'- 
hamamelidis,  Hormaphis,    1:251'; 

2:616'',  621^,639^-43^. 
hamameliella,  Gelechia,  2:724'^. 
hamamelis,  Apatela,  2:704'. 
Hamamelistes    spinosus,     1:246'- 
47',  251'';  2:616',  621',  643''-46'. 
hamatus,  Corymbites,   2:  740''. 
Hand  collecting,   i:44*-45'. 
Haploa  clymene,  2:  704*. 
Harmonia  picta,  1:231*. 
pini,  see  Parharmonia. 
Harpiphorus  tarsatus,  2:736'. 

versicolor,  2:  736'. 
Harpyia  borealis,  2:  743'. 
cinerea,  2:510',  559''. 
scolopendrina,  2:747'. 
Harris's  pine  hawk  moth,  2:651', 

6793. 
Harris's  Prionus,  2:649'',  659'. 
harrisii,      Chrysobothris,     2:467', 
751'. 
Halisidota,  2:  719''. 
Tragosoma,  2:649^^,  659'. 
Harrisimemna  trisignata,  2:737'. 
Harvest  fly,  1:174',  237^-38'. 
hastata,  Rheumaptera,  2:  749'. 
hastiana,  Alceris,  2:  744'. 
hastulifera,  j^patela,  2:750'. 
Hawthorn,  injurious  insects: 
Heterocampa  manteo,  2:  705'. 
locust  leaf  miner,  i:  327'. 
rose  leaf  folder,  2:  581''. 
Hawthorn  tingis,  2:  sgS'-gg'. 
Hazel,  injurious  insects: 
borers,  2:  723'. 

Otidocephalus   chevrolatii,  2: 
71?'. 
myrmex,  2:  715'. 
sugar  maple  timber  beetle:  i: 
67-'. 
flower  cricket,  white,  2:003^. 
leaf  feeders;  2:723^. 

Anagoga  pulveraria,  2:  728^. 
Apatela  impressa,  2:  743'. 

oblinita,  2:  743'. 
Apatelodes       torrefacta,      2: 
549''- 


8: 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Hazel,  iiij.  insects  (cont'd): 
leaf   feeders: 

Aphrastus    taeniatus,    2:515'. 
apple    worm,    yellow-necked, 

2:  535*- 
Attelabus  rhois,   2:511',  574'. 
Bassareus    mammifer,   2:716^. 
buck  moth,  i:  311'. 
Chlamys  plicata,  2:  703'. 
Chrysomela    multiguttata,    2: 

742'. 
Cingilia  catenaria,  2:  706-'. 
Cryptocephalus  mutabilis,  2: 

703«. 
Dichelonycha      elongata,      2: 

716'. 
Eucosma  siniilana,  2:  749**. 
leaf    roller,    oblique    banded, 

2:  580'. 
Lycia  cognataria,  2:  728'. 
Monocesta  coryli,  2:  724^. 
Paonias  excaecatus,  2:  724'. 
Pyrophila     pyramidoides,    2: 

704'. 
rose  leaf  folder,  2:  581*. 
Schizura  unicornis,  2:  705'. 
Smerintlius     jamaicensis,      2: 

724'. 
Thanaos  icelus,  2:  742'. 
Tortricidia    flexuosa,    2:717'. 
Xanthonia    villosula,    2:703'. 
nut  pests:   2:  723'. 

acorn     weevil,     2:584-,     5S4'. 
584°. 
hebe,  Phaeogenes,  i:  i66-. 
Hecabolus  lycti,  1:297'. 
hederaceus,  Aphycus,  i:  181'. 
Hedya  signatana,  1:169''. 
Helice   pallidochrella,  2:  729**. 
Helicobia  helicis,  I:  140". 
Heliophila        unipuncta,        1:22*. 

132'. 
heliothidata,   Sciagrapha,    2:  730*. 
Helops  aereus,  2:  752*. 
helvalis,  Phlyctaenia,  2:  744'. 
helxines,  Crepidodera,  2:  742'. 
Hemaris  diflints  var.  axillaris,  2: 
741', 
thysbe,  2:  738'. 
Hemerobius,  i:  195'. 

stigmaterus,  2:653'',  697'''. 


Hemerocampa,  synopsis  of  larvae, 
i:  134'. 
definita,     1:133',     134';     2:507', 

522*-23-,  607'. 
inornata,  i:  134-. 
leucostigma,   1:20*,  44',  47'-4S', 
49,  I05«,  I32«-42'"';   2:  522',  524-', 
607*,  609'. 
vetusta,  l:  134^ 
-'(»•,  cana,  I:  134'. 
Hemichroa  albidovariata,  2:  703'. 
aniericana,  2:  750^. 
f  raternalis,  2:  703''. 
laricis,  2:  755''. 
phytophagica,  2:  703*. 
Hemileuca     maia,     1:258^,     310''- 

14'. 
Hemiptera,  i;  12',  24''. 
Hemirhipus  fascicularis,  1:266*. 
Hemisarcoptes  coccisugus,  i:  213'^ 
Hemiteles  thyridopterigis,  i :  127*. 

townsendi,  1:140'. 
Hemlock,  injurious  insects: 
borers:    2:  754'. 

apple  wood  stainer,  1:290". 
balsam  bark  borer,  2:  37O'. 
bujirestid,       spotted,      2:339', 

390'. 
Calitys  scabra,  2:  496"*. 
Cryphalus   striatulus,    2:673*. 
flat-headed  borer,  common,  I: 

87-. 
Leptura,  Canadian.  2:670^. 
Leptura    subhamata,     2:61^0'', 

675-'. 
Monarthrun\       fasciatum,      2: 

751'- 
Nyctobates  pennsylvanica,  2: 

492'. 
Phellopsis  obcordata,   2:  49^)*. 
Pityobius  anguinus,  2:  751"'. 
prionus,  lesser,  2:487*. 
rustic  borer,  i:  261'. 
spruce  timber  beetle,  2:  369'. 
thunderbolt  beetle,  2:444'. 
Xyloterus  politus,  1:292*. 
Xylotrechus      undulatus,      2: 
650',  671'. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  754*. 

bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  127". 
Eufidonia  notataria,  2:  753'. 


Hemlock,  inj.  insects  ((ont'd): 
leaf  feeders: 

larch  lappet,  2:  680^. 
Melanolophia    canadaria,     2: 

753'- 
Nepytia  semiclusaria.  2:753"^. 
Selidosema    umlirosarium.    2: 

725'. 
spruce  bud  worm,  2:417'. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 
hemlock  scale,  2:652',  6go'. 
Putnam's  scale,  1:227'. 
Hemlock  scale,  2:  652',  690*. 
Hepialus  mustelina,  2:  753'. 
herculaneum,  Apion,  2:  734*. 
herculaneus,   Camponotus,    1:51^, 

90'. 
Hermit   flower  beetle,  2:493'. 
Heterachthes  quadrimaculatus,  2; 

715^ 
Heterocampa  bilineata,  2:  725'''. 
biundata,  2:727*. 
guttivitta,  2:  727*. 
manteo,  2:  705'. 
obliqua,  2:  705'. 
subrotata,  2:  716'. 
umbrata,  2:  705*. 
Heterogenea  flexuosa,  2:529'. 

shurtleflii,  2:  529',  707^. 
Heteropacha  rileyana,  2:  729'. 
Heterophleps  triguttaria,   2:  727'. 
Hetoemis  cinerea,  2:726'. 
Hibernation,  i:  i9''-2o'. 
Hickory,  beneficial  insects: 
Chariessa  pilosa,  2:  504'. 
Elasmocerus     terminatus,     2: 

502'. 
Ibalia    maculipennis,    2:499'. 
Phyllobaenus     dislocatus,     2: 

503-'. 
Xylonomus      albopictus,      2: 
500'. 
injurious  insects: 
aphids:  2:  717'. 
borers:  2:  715^-16'. 

Acanthoderes  decipiens,  2: 
4298,  473^ 
quadrigibbus,  2:  702'. 
At\thaxia     viridicornis,     2: 

724''. 
apple  wood  stainer,  I:  290'. 


Hickory,  inj.  insects  {cont'd): 
borers: 

ash   borer,   banded,   1:257', 
280^ 

four-marked,  2:428',  462'. 
Calloides      nobilis,     2:427^, 

443'- 
Cryptorhyncluis     obtentus, 

2:  720*. 
Cucujus  clavipes,  2:701^. 
Cyrtinus        pygmaeus,       2: 

702'. 
Dicerca  asperata,  2:  701'. 
Distenia  undata,  2:720'. 
Dorcaschema      nigrum,      2: 

427',  444*. 
elm     snout     beetle,     black, 

1:73'. 
Euderces    picipes,     2:427*', 

445'- 
Eupogonius   tomentosus,  2: 

751'- 
flat-headed  borer,  common, 

1:87-. 
Goes  debilis,  2:  702''. 
hickory  bark  borer,   1:257', 

275°. 
hickory    borer,    banded,    J; 
256',  267-'. 

beautiful,  2:  426',  431^. 

painted,  1:256',  264-'. 

tiger,  I:  256'',  26S'. 
hickory     snout      beetle,     1 : 

256',  274*. 
hickory    timber    beetle,     2: 

427*,  446^ 
hickory  twig  borer,  2:427-, 

448^. 
Hyperplatys     aspersus,     2: 
746*. 

maculatus,  2:  433'. 
Hypothenemus    erectus,    2: 

702'. 
leopard  moth,  1:78^. 
Leptura  vagans,  2:441'. 
Lepturges    querci,     2:427", 

439*- 
maple  and  oak  twigpruner, 

i:6i^ 
Monarthrura   fasciatum,    2: 

751®. 


GENERAL    INDEX 

Hickory,  inj.  insects  {loiit'ii): 
borers: 

Neoclytus  erythrocephalus, 

i:  7i»,  72^  72«. 
oak      borer,      variable,      2: 

434^ 
passalus,  horned,  2:492^. 
Phymatodes   varius,  2:  702'. 
powder  post  beetle,  l:2g6'. 
prionus,  lesser,  2:487". 
red  horned   borer,  small,  i: 

29S'. 
rustic  borer,  i:  256°,  259-. 
saperda,     hickory,     1:256", 
269^. 

red-edged,  I:  270';  2:427', 
445''- 
Stenosphenus      notatus,     2: 

493'-- 
Tomoxia  bidentata,  2:427'^, 
441-. 

lineella,  2:427^,  441'. 
twig  borer,  red-shouldered, 

2:442^ 
twig  girjiler,  1:256',  271'. 
Tylonotus   bimaculatus,    2: 

7268. 
Urographis       fasciatus,      2: 

435'- 
Xyleborus  fuscatus,  2:  752°. 
Xyloterus  politus,  1:292'. 
gall  insects:  2:  718'. 

Diplosis       caryae,       2:619', 

628-'. 
hickory  button  gall,  2:619*, 

629'. 
hickory  gall  aphid,  1:259', 

331';   2:619^ 
hickory   onion   gall,  2:619', 

62S-\ 
hickory   peach  gall,  2:619', 

628'. 
hickory    seed    gall,    2:619', 

628». 
hickory    tube    gall,    2:619', 

628*. 
leaf  feeders:  2:7i6'-l8'. 
Acrobasis  rubrifasciella,  2: 

750'. 
Alsophila      pometaria,      2: 

7o6«. 


833 

Hickory,  inj.  insects  (cont'd): 
leaf  feeders: 

American   dagger   moth,   2: 

525'. 
American      silk      worm,     2: 

526«. 
Apatela  brumosa,  2:704'. 

lithospila,  2:  721'''. 
apple  worm,  yellow-necked, 

2;535'. 
Archips  semiferana,  2:  707'. 
Bassareus      mammifer,      2: 

719*. 
black  walnut  caterpillar,  i; 

303'. 
Catocala  epione,  2:  705^. 

piatri.v,  2:  719'. 

vidua,  2:  705'. 
Conotrachelus      anaglypti- 

cus,  2:  544*. 
Cotalpa  lanigera,  2:  724^. 
Datana  contracta,  2:  725'. 
Ennomos       magnarius,      2: 
7253. 

subsignarius,  2;  725'*. 
Erannis  tiliaria,  2:  731". 
Euclea  chloris,  2:  706*. 

indetermina,  2:528'. 
Eugnamptus  angustatus,  2: 

703*. 
flea  beetle,  black-margined, 

2:  5o6\  5I5'-. 
forest    tent    caterpillar,    i: 

no'. 
Glyptoscelis      barbata,      2: 

518^ 
Graphiphora  alia,  2:704'. 
Heterocampa   biundata,    2: 

727^ 

umbrata,  2:  705*. 
hickory  caterpillar,  striped. 

2:  508=,  535». 
hickory     horned     devil,     1 

258',  305'. 
hickory     tussock    moth,    i 

258",  314*. 
Laemosaccus   plagiatus,    2 

703'. 
leaf    roller,     v-marked,    2 

531'. 
Lithacodes  fasciola,  2:  728*. 


834 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Hickory,  iiij.  insects  (cont'd): 
leaf  feeders  : 

luna  moth,  2:  526'. 
Machimia  tentoriferella,  2: 

708^ 
Mineola  juglandis,  2:  719'. 
Morrisonia  confusa,  2:  727*. 
Natada  nasoni,  2:  707'. 
New    York    weevil,    2:517', 

518=. 
Piazorhinus    scutellaris,    2; 

703'. 
Prolimacodes      scapha,      2: 

707'. 
Pyrophila  pyramidoides,  2: 

704'. 
Rhynchagrotis  alternata,  2: 

704''. 
Schizura  unicornis,  2:  705*. 
Scopelosoma  sidus,  2:  705'. 
Sisyrosea  inornata,  2:  728^. 

textula,  2:  721^. 
Thecla  calanus,  2:  704'. 
tussock      moth,      dark,      2: 
524'. 
white  marked,  i:  I3(i''. 
Tymnes  tricolor,  2:  Sis', 
walking  stick,  2:  533'. 
walnut  sphinx,  2:  506*,  518'. 
Xanthonia  villosula,  2:  703'. 
Xylina    antennata,     1:129*, 
131'. 
nut  pests: 

acorn  weevil,  2:  584''. 
Conotrachelus  seniculus,  2: 

512',  582'. 
hickory     shuck      worm,     2; 

5I2^  583'. 
walnut  curculio,  2:  582^. 
root  feeder: 

Lachnosterna  fusca,  2:  753^ 
scale    or   sucking  insects:    2: 
717',  717*. 
Archasia  galeata,  2:  597^. 
Chrysomphalus      obscurus, 

2:  709'. 
Eulecanium    canadense,   2: 
725'- 
caryae,  2:  725^. 
Hickory,  bitternut,  hickory  shuck 
worm  injuring,  2:  583^. 


Hickory,   pignut,    Dicerca,  lurid, 

injuring,  2:427^,  442''-43°. 
Hickory  bark  borer,  1:257°,  275''- 

79«;  2:  446',  502\ 
Hickory  borers,  2:7l5'-i6'. 

banded,  i:256\  267'-68'. 

beautiful,  2:426^  43i''-32'. 

painted,  1:256*,  264'-66'. 

tiger,  1:256*,  268*-69'. 
Hickory      button      gall,     2:619', 

629'. 
Hickory    caterpillar,     striped,    2: 

508«,  535'. 
Hickory   gall    aphid,    1:247',  -59'. 

33i''-32';  2:  619''. 
Hickory     horned     devil,    i:  258', 

305«-6-'. 
Hickory  onion  gall,  2:6ip',  628*. 
Hickory  peach  gall,    2:619'',    628'. 
Hickory  saperda,  I:  256*,  269''- 70''. 
Hickory  seed  gall,  2:  619',  628^ 
Hickory      shuck      worm,     2:512', 

583'. 
Hickory  snout  borer,  1:256',  274'- 

75^ 
Hickory     timber     beetle,     2:427*, 

446^-481 
Hickory  tube  gall,  2:  619',  628'. 
Hickory     tussock     moth,      1:258', 

3I4'-I5'- 
Hickory  twig  borer,  2:427',  448'- 

49*. 
hicoriae,  Chramesus,  2:336',  336', 

427',  448',  502'. 
hieroglyphicus,    Corymbites,     see 

C.  hieroglyphicus. 
hilaris,  Pandeletejus,  2: 426',  436'- 

37«. 
Himatium  conicum,  2:  732'. 
hirta,  Biorhiza,  2:712'. 
hirticauda,  Pimpla,   i:  139'. 
hirticeps,  Pityophthorus,  2:751'. 
hirticula,  Lachnosterna,  2:  7i6''. 
Hispa      suturalis,      iee    Odontota 

dorsalis. 
hispidulus,  Plocamus,  2:  721'. 
hispoides,  Magdalis,  2:751'. 
Hister    cylindricus,    2:  350',    354', 

359*- 
Iccontei,  2:  491''. 
parallelus,  2:  359*,  372',  491'. 


Hog    peanut,     locust    leaf   miner 

injuring,  i:  327'. 
Holcaspis  bassetti,  2:  711''. 
centricola,  2:  711'. 
duricoria,  2:6i8'',  624'. 
fasciata,  2:  713'. 
globulus,  2:618',  624',  714^. 
Holcocera  chalcofrontella,  2:  754'. 

glandulella,  2:  585',  709'. 
Holly,  injurious  insects: 

Harrisimemna      trisignata,      2: 

737*- 
.Schizura  unicornis,  2:  705'. 
Thecla  liparops,  2:704'. 
holotricha,     Cecidomyia,     2:619', 

628'. 
Homalomyia  scalaris,  1:140'. 
Homalota  sf.,  2:  389'. 
Homohadena  badistriga,  2:  741'. 
Homoptera    lunata,   2:508',   538*- 
39'- 
va7-.  edusa,  2:  743'. 
minerea,  2:  743*. 
Honey  locust,  resistance  to  insect 
attack,  I:  47'. 
injurious  insects: 
borers: 

ash  borer,   four-marked,   2: 

428',  462'. 
Ptinidinm  lineatum,  2:  729^. 
Xyleborus      pubescens,     2: 
720'. 
leaf  feeders,  2:729''. 

Cleora  pampinaria,  2:  743'. 
Euclea  delphinii,  2:  706'. 
Lycia  cognataria,   2:  728'. 
Schizura   ipomoeae,   2:705'. 
tussock   moth,  white   mark- 
ed, 1:  136*.  . 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 
Agallia  quadri-punctata,  2: 

598'. 
Aspidiotus  ancylus,  2:  729°. 
Chionasjiis      ortholobis,     2: 

744*- 
Honeydew,  i:244*-45*. 
Honeysuckle,  injurious  insects: 
borers,  2:  740'. 
leaf  feeders,  2:  74t'. 

Harrisimemna    trisignata,    3: 
737'- 


GENERAL    INDEX 


-35 


Honeysuckle,  inj.  insects  (cont'd) 
leaf   feeders  : 

Hemaris  thysbe,  2:738^. 
Hop  aphis,  I:  248*. 
Hop  hornbeam,  injurious  insects 
borer: 

Mastogenius    subcyaneus,    2 
701*. 
leaf  feeders,  2:  722''-23'. 

Alsophila  pometaria,  2:706'. 
Lithacodes  fasciola,  2:728''. 
Prolimacodes        scapha,        2 

707'. 
Sisyrosea  textula,  2:  721''. 
Hop  merchant,  2:  509*,  545^-46'. 
hopkinsii,    Cosmophorus,    2:  379^ 

SSg'-go'. 
Hoplia  trifasciata,  2:  742-. 
Hoplocephala    bicornis,     2: 498*, 

499'- 
Hoplosia  nubila,  2:  722'. 
Hops,  aphids  injuring,  1:242'. 
Hoptree,  injurious  insects: 
Nepticula  pteliaeella,  2;  723^. 
orange  dog,  2:  555". 
Papilio  thoas,  2:  729'. 
Hoptree,   red,    tree   hopper,  two- 
marked,  injuring,  2:  595^. 
hordeoides,  Cecidomyia,  2:  745^. 
Hormaphis  hamamelidis,    1:251'; 
2:616®,  621',  639*-43''. 
papyraceae,  2:  750'. 
Hormiscus  saltator,  2:  726'. 
Hornbeam,  injurious  insects: 
borers: 

Acoptus  suturalis,  2:715'. 
Distenia  undata,  2:  720''. 
leaf  feeders,  2:  723*. 

apple   worm,    yellow-necked, 

2:  535». 
Basilarchia  astyanax,  2:  704'. 
Heterocanipa      umbrata,      2: 

705'- 
Hyperitis  amicaria,  2:722^. 
Lithocolletes    corylisella,    2: 

723«. 
Metrocampa     praegrandaria, 

2: 749\ 
Odontota  quadrata,  2;  731'. 
Orthofidonia     vestaliata,      2: 
706". 


Hornbeam,  inj.  insects  {cont'd): 
leaf  feeders  : 

Serica  trociformis,  2:  514'. 
Smerinthus     jamaicensis,     2: 

724'. 
Therina   endropiaria,    2:706*. 
Horned  oak  gall,  2:  61S*,  624^. 
Horned  passalus,  2:492*. 
Horntail,  banded,  2:649',  668'. 

blue,  2:  649',  669'. 
Horse-chestnut,       resistance       to 
insect  attack,  1:47''. 
injurious  insects:   1:49. 
»     borers: 

flat-headed  borer,  common, 

1:87-. 
leopard  moth,  i:  78'. 
leaf  feeders: 

Apatela  hamamelis,   2:  704®. 
leaf  roller,  oblique  banded, 

2:  580". 
Lithocolletes  guttifinitella, 

2:  740*. 
Selidosema      umbrosarium, 

2:  725-''. 
tussock  moth, white  marked, 
i:  105^,  132',  136'. 
scale      or      sucking     insects: 
cicada,  dog  day,  1:238". 
oyster  scale,  1:212®. 
Huckleberry,     injurious     insects: 
borer: 

sugar    maple    timber    beetle, 
1:508,  65-. 
leaf  feeders: 

Basilarchia  astyanax,   2:  704'. 
Datana  drexelii,  2:  739''. 
Incisalia  irus,  2:732*. 
Paouias  astylus,  2:  738*. 
Sphinx  gordius,  2:  727'. 
hudsonii,   Pteronus,   2:511*,   569*- 

70^  746". 
Hulstea  undulatella,  2:  725''. 
humeralis,  Elater,  2:492'. 
Eucrada,  2:  722'. 
Purpuricenus,  2:702'. 
Triphyllus,  2:  495*. 
var.  cyanescens,   Hydnocera,  2: 
6533,  693'-94-. 
humerosana,  Amorbia,  2;  737''. 
humida,  Rhyssa,  2:466'*. 


humuli,  Phorodon,  1:248*. 
hyalina,  Pontania,  2:621',  638°. 
hyalinus,  Callipterus,  2:  709^. 

Pteronus,  2:  748'. 
hydni,  Diaperis,  2:4g7*-9S'. 
Hydnocera  humeralis  var.  cyanes- 
cens, 2:653",  693'-94''. 
longicoUis,  2:  723*. 
pallipennis,  2:653',  693'. 
subaenea,  2:  606*. 
unifasciata,  2:  721'. 
verticalis,  2:6o5*-6''. 
Hydria  undulata,  2:510",  551*. 
Hydriomena  contracta,  2:  754'. 

sordidata,  2:  743*. 
Hydrocyanic  acid  gas,  1:40'. 
hylaeus,  Dolba,  2:  739*. 
Hylastes  porculus,  2:752'. 

tenuis,  2:  752". 
Hylesinus  aculeatus,  1:257',  288'— 
89*. 
opaculus,  1:257',  2S8'. 
Hylobius  confusus,  2:751'. 

pales,  2:649',  664''. 
Hyloicus  kalmiae,  see  Sphinx. 
Hylotoma  coerulea,   2:  748*. 
macleayi,  2:510',  549'-5o". 
pectoralis,  2:  511',  542",  57o''-7l', 

74S*. 
scapularis,  2:  509",  542'. 
Hylotrupes  bajulus,  2:649*,  664'. 

ligneus,  2:650*,  675'-76'. 
Hylurgops  glabratus,  2:  649',  665'- 

66'. 
Hymenoptera,     1:10',    21*;     para- 
sitic, I:  202'. 
Hymenorus  communis,  2:  701'. 

obscurus,  2:  701'. 
Hyparpax  aurora,  2:  506*,  52o"-2i'. 
Hypatus  bachmani,  2:726'. 
Hyperaeschra  georgica,  2:705*. 

stragula,  2:  747*. 
Hyperaspidius  jTj*.,  1:216". 
Hyperaspis  bigeminata,  i:  198*. 
binotata,  2:  605''. 
signata,    i:iSi*,    1S6',  186",  Ig8*; 
2:  605'. 
Hyperchiria  io,  see  Automeris. 
Hyperitis  amicaria,  2:  722'. 
Hyperplatys  aspersus,  2:  746*. 
maculatus,  2:426*,  432*-33'. 


836 

Hyphantria  cunea,  scy  II.  textor. 
textor,  1:40,  105".  I3i'>  142^-46', 
253';  2:607*,  609'. 
hyphantriae,    Apanteles,     1:138*, 

MS"- 

Meteoriis,  .>(•(•  M.  hyphantriae. 
hypochraria,  Gonodontis,    2:732*. 
Hypomolyx  pinicola,  2:  751'. 
Hypophloeus  sp.,  2:  374',  375'- 

cavus,  2:  504*. 

parallelus,  2:389',  449''. 

thoracicus,  2:  3SP''.  1 

Hypothenenius  aveccae,  2:  702'. 

crudiae,  2:  715'. 

dissimilis,  2:  715'. 

erectus,  2:  702'',  740'. 

eruditus,  2;  740'. 

lauassa  lignicolor,  2:  705'. 
Ibalia  anceps,  2:  714'. 

cultellator,  2:499'. 

maculipennis.  2:499',  7I4*- 
icelus.  Thanaos,  2:  742'. 
Ichneumon  coeruleus,  i:  138*. 

subcyaneus,  1:138",  324'. 
ichneumoneus,  Clerus,   i:  278';  2: 

502'. 
Ichneumonidae,  1:21'. 
Ichthyura  inclusa,  sft:  Melalopha. 
Icteridae,  i:  30*. 
Idiocerus  suturalis,  2:  597'. 
ignota,  Rhodites,  2:  621',  647'. 
ignotus,  Andricus,  2:711". 
Ilex    laevigata,      Putnam's    scale 
injuring,  I:  227'. 

verticillata,  Putnam's  scale  in- 
juring, 1:227''. 
ilia,  Catocala,  2:  705''. 
ilicifoliae,    Amphibolips,    2:618', 

625'. 
illecta,  Catocala.  2:729*. 
imbellis,  Silvanus,  2:489'. 
imbricator.      Pemphigus,     I:  196'; 

2:  722'. 
imbricatus,  Epicaerus,  2:  733'. 
imbricornis,  Prionus,  2:486'. 
impatiens,  Eucoila,  2:714'. 

Figites,  2:  714'. 
Imperial  moth,  2:651',  677*-79'. 
imperialis,  Basilona,  2:651',  677*- 

79'. 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


}  impleta,  Apatela,  2:  749^ 
impressa,  Apatela,  2:  743'. 
inanis,        Amphibolips,       2:618', 

625^ 
inatomaria,  Metanema,  2:747*. 
incertus,  Andricus,  2:711''. 
incipiens,     Pseudanthonomus,    2: 

739'- 
Incisalia  irus,  2:  732*. 

niphon,  2:  752'. 
incisuralis,  Phora,  i:  140*. 
1  inclusa,   Melalopha,   2:511',  560'- 

6i3. 
1  inconspicua,  Magdalis,  2:719'. 
Incurvaria     acerifoliella.     2:  509', 

541-',  7285. 
indetermina,        Euclea,        2:528', 

529'- 
indigenella,  Mineola,  2:733'. 
Indigo  bird,  i:  166'. 
Indigo  bunting,  i:  31^. 
indistinctus,  Andricus,  2:  710''. 
inerme,  Elaphidion,  2:  702'. 
inermis,  Ceroptres,  2:  714'. 

Stictocephala,  2:652',  687^ 
infans,  Brephos,  2:  749'. 
infensata  z'nr.  biclaria,   Syssaura, 

2:755'*. 
inferentia,    Poecilostoma,   2:750''. 
inficita,  Marasmalus,  2:  737^. 
infrequens,  Isodyctium,  2:  703'. 
infumatana,  Archips,  2:  717'. 
Injuries   caused   by  insects,   1:6'- 

7'- 
Inkberry,  Dolba  hylaeus  injuring, 

2;  739*. 
innotata,  Apatela,  2:  716'. 
innubens,  Catocala,  2:  729'. 
innumerabilis,    Pulvinaria,     1:8^, 

12*,  49,  173',  196',  200'. 
Ino  reclusa,  2:  730'. 
inopis,  Cecidomyia,   2:752'. 
inornata,  Atymna,  2:  721'. 

Hemerocampa,  i:  134'. 

Mecas,  2:  741'. 

Sisyrosea,  2:  72S'. 
nornatum,  Exartema,  2:707°. 
Inquilines,  2:  746'. 
nquisitor,  Pinipla,  see  P.  inquisi- 
tor, 
nscriptum,  Deidamia,  2:  740'. 


Insects,  adult,  i:  19^;  definitions 
and  classification,  l:8'-io5;  hi- 
bernation, I:  iq*-20^;  larvae,  1: 
i6'-i8'';  incomplete  metamor- 
phosis, i:l5*-l6'';  no  metamor- 
phosis, 1:15';  complete  meta- 
morphosis, i:  i6''-ig';  parasitic 
andpredaceous,  i:2Q*-25';  pupa, 
I:  i8*-l9';     transformations,     I: 

1 3''-20*. 

insiticiana,    Ecdytolopha,    2:430^, 

478'. 
insolabilis,  Catocala,  2:  716'. 
insolitus,  Pezomachus,  i:  140'. 
insularia,  Deptalia,  2:  721'. 
integer,  Janus,  1:258',  302'-3''. 
Pteronus,  2:651',  683',  703'. 
integerrima.  Datana,  1:258',  SOSE- 
interior, Eurymus,  2:  742\ 
intermedia.  Phylloxera,  2:  718''. 
intermediata,         Mesoleuca,        2: 

725=. 
interrogationis,  Polygonia,  2:  509', 

544''-45''. 
interrupta,  Apatela,  2;  724'. 
interruptus,  Agrilus,  2:  701''. 
inusitatumella,  Ornix,  2:  734*. 
lo  caterpillar,  2:506',  52i*-22'.' 
Iphidicles  ajax,  2:  735''. 
Iphthimus  opacus,  2:492''. 
ipomoeae,   Schizura,   2:705',   729*. 
Ips  fasciatus,  2:  370*. 

quadriguttatus,      2:652',      6gi', 

692'. 
sanguinolentus,    1:293';    2:652*, 
69i'-g2'. 
Ironwood,  injurious  insects: 
borers: 

Goes  pulverulentus,  2:455'. 
red  horned    borer,    small,     i: 

299'. 
sugar    maple     timber    beetle, 
1:67*. 
leaf  feeders:   2:  723'. 

Apatelodes  torrefacta,  2:  549*. 
Heterogenea      shurtleffii,      2: 

707'. 
luna  moth,  2:  527'. 
Natada  nascni,  2;  707'. 
walnut  sphinx,  2:  506*,  518'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


837 


Ironwood,  inj.  insects  (cont'd): 

scale  insect: 

Bulecanium    quercitronis,    2: 
709'». 
irregulalris,  Neuroterus,  2:  711'. 

Priophorus,  2:  741'. 
irrorata,  Oreta,  2:749°. 
irroratus,  Phlepsius,  2:  717'. 
irus,  Incisalia,  2:732*. 
Isochaetes         beutenmulleri,       2: 

722^ 

Isodyctium  caryicolum,  2:716'-. 

infrequens,  2;  703'. 

murtfeldtiae,  2:703'. 

subgregarium,  2:  703'. 
isomera,  Cladius,  2:  741'. 
Ithycerus  noveboracensis,  2:  506*, 

5I7•'-I8^ 
Ivy,  poison,  injurious   insects,  2: 
740^ 

leaf  feeders,  2:  740'. 

Madarellus    undulatus,    2:430'', 

479'- 
woodbine  borer,  2:430',  47S'. 

j-album,  Eugonia,  2:  749-. 
jamaicensis,    Smerinthus,    2:  724'. 
janthinum,  Callidium,  2:  450^,  660^, 

751*. 
Janus  integer,  I:  25S'-,  302^-3'. 
jasminearum,  Chlaenogramma,  2: 

727*. 
Jassus  olitorius,  2:  597'. 
Jays,  l:  30*. 

jocosa,  Feralia,  2:  754'. 
Jodia  rufago,  2:704'. 
johnsonaria,  Euchlaena,  2:706'. 
Judith,  Catocala,  2:716'. 
juglandana,  Eulia,  2:  717^ 
juglandiella,  Coptodisca,  2:  720'. 

Gracilaria,  2:  720'. 
juglandifex,   Eulecanium,   2:  720°. 
juglandifoliella,      Nepticula,       2: 

720''. 
juglandis,    Conotrachelus,  2:  512', 
5Si«-82». 

Corythuca,  2:749'. 

Cressonia,  2:506',  siS'-ig',  720'. 

Eriocampa,   2:  720^. 

Eulecanium,  2:  719*. 

Mineola,  2:  719'. 


Juglans  alba,  2:454'. 
juglans,  Cynips,  2:710'. 
juglans-regiae,  Aspidiotus,  2:  719". 
Juneberry,  see  Shadbush. 
Juniper,  injurious  insects: 
borers:  2:  755*. 

apple  wood  stainer,   1:290®. 
Lepturges  facetus,  2:  715'. 
red  cedar  bark  beetle,  2:  SSS'', 
391'.  391'- 
leaf  feeders,  2:  755'. 

bag   or  basket  worm,   1:127'. 
Cingilia  catenaria,  2:  706'. 
Hydriomena      contracta,      2; 

754-- 
Incisalia  niphon,  2:752'. 
Mitoma  damon,  2:  740'. 
Psallus  juniperi,  2:  755'. 
Tephroclystis    miserulata,   2: 
706*. 
scale  insect: 

juniper  scale,  i:  173*,  229". 
Juniper  scale,  i:  173",  229'. 
juniperella,  Recurvaria,  2:755'. 
juniperi,  Psallus,  2:  755'. 
juvenalis,  Thanaos,  2:704''. 

Kaliosysphinga  dohrnii,  2:750'. 
I       ulmi,  1:105',  l62''-63'. 
kalmiae,  Sphin.x,  2:  509^,  54S'-. 
kansasensc,    Eulecanium,    2:734'. 
kentaria,  Eutrapela,  2:  72S'. 
Kermes  andrei,  2:  709^ 

kingii,  2:  709'. 

nivalis,  2:  709*. 

perryi,  2:  709*. 

pettiti,  2:  709^ 

pubescens,  2:709°. 

quercus,  2:  709°. 
Kerosene  emulsion,  1:35',  38'. 
Key,  to  beneficial  insects,  2:  652°- 

53*;  borers,    l:5o'-5i',   256''-57'; 

2: 33S'-40^     426''-3i',     64S'-5o'; 

gall  insects,  1:258',  259';  2:618'- 

21';  leaf  feeders,  i:  105^-6',  258'; 

2:340°,    5o6'-i2*,    65o'-5i*;    nut 

pests,    2:  512°;  sucking    insects, 

i:  i72»-745,  258';  2:65x6-52°. 
Kingbird,  I:  237'. 
kingii,  Eulecanium,  2:  739'. 

Kermes,  2:  709°. 


klagesi,  Trichodesma,  2:715'. 
Knotty  rose  gall,  2:621°,  648'. 
Konowia  attenuata,  2:429^*,   466'. 
Kronaea  minuta,  2:  707'. 

Lace-'winged  flies,    i:  154',   175', 

191',  199';  2:653',  697°. 
Lachnosterna  fusca,  2:753°. 

hirticula,  2:  716''. 

quercus,  2:  703'. 
Lachnus  abietis,  2:  754'. 

alnifoliae,  2:  750°. 

caryae,  2:  717*. 

dentatus,  2:  744'. 

laricifex,  2:  755'. 

longistigma,  2:  731'. 

platanicola,  2:  719'. 

quercifoliae,  2:  709-. 

salicellis,  2:  744'. 

smilacis,  2:  740'. 

strobi,  2:  753'. 

ulmi,   2;  725°. 
Lacosoma  chiridota,  2:706'. 
lacrymosa,  Catocala,  2:705''. 
ladon,  Cyaniris,  2:  727°. 
Lady    beetles,   1:23',     1S6',     206', 
243'. 

black,  I:  222-''. 

Chinese,  i:  223'. 

fifteen-spotted,      1:  175',      195', 
198*;  2:604'. 

nine-spotted,  2:652',  691'. 

spotted,  I:  195'. 

three-banded,  2:652°,  691°. 

twice     stabbed,      1: 195',      198°, 
208',  216'',  223',  231'. 

two-spotted,   I:  174',   195',    206'; 
2:601°. 
Ladybugs,  i:  320'. 
Laemophloeus  biguttatus,  2:490'. 

testaceus,  2:490°. 
Laemosaccus  plagiatus,  2:703'. 
Laetilia  coccidivora,  1:198°. 
laevicollis,  Metachroma,  2:  703'. 
laeviventris,  Synergus,  2:  714''. 
Lagoa  crispata,  2:  507',  529°-30°. 
lamprosana,  Pandemis,  2:728''. 
lana.  Andricus,  2:6i8°,  625°. 
lanceolaria,  Apatela,  2:  742°. 
Land  turtle,  i:  237'. 
lanigera,  Cotalpa,  2:  724°. 


838 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Lapara  bombycokles,  2:  651',  679'. 

coniferarum,  2:  ~S3*- 
lapathi,    Cryptorhynchus,      1:49, 

51',  ioo''-3';  2:  469''. 
lapponica,  Melasoma.  2:  511',  564*"- 

65". 
Larch,  injurious  insects: 
aphid: 

larch    aphid,    woolly,    1:172', 
187'. 
borers: 

Hydriomena      contracta,      2: 

754^ 
Leptura  subhamala,  2:675^. 
pine  bark  beetle,  2:351*,  352'. 
Tomicus  caelatus,  2:354'. 
leaf  feeders;   2;  755'. 

bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  127-. 
Eufidonia  notataria,  2:753'. 
hickory  tussock  moth,  1:314'. 
larch  case  bearer,  i:  106',  170''. 
larch  lappet,  2:680^. 
larch  sawfly,  2:  340',  41S',  418'. 
Lycia  cognataria,  2:  728'. 
Melaholophia    canadaria,    2: 

753'- 
Nepytia  semiclusaria,  2:  753*. 
Recurvaria     obliquistrigella, 

2:754'. 
Tephroclystis   miserulata,    2: 

706'. 
tussock  moth,  white    marked, 
1 :  1 3O'. 
sucking  insect:  2:  755'. 

Tetranychus  telarius,   2:  755^. 
Larch  aphid,  woolly,  i:  172',  187*- 

889. 
Larch  case  bearer,  i:  106',  i7o'-7i'. 
Larch  lappet,  2:  bsi^,  680'. 
Larch   sawfly,   i:  10',  254^;   2:340', 

4i8'-23'. 
laricella,  Coleophora,  i:  106'',  170'- 

71'. 
lariceti,  Chermes,   i:i8S'; 
laricifex,  Lachnus,  2:755^. 
laricifoliae,    Chermaphis,    2:  755°. 
laricis,  Chermes,  i:  1S8'. 
Ilemichroa,  2:755'. 
Tolype,  2:651*,  68o«. 
Laricobius  erichsoni,  2:  751^ 
larvaria,  Cleora,  2:  743'. 


lateralis,  Pteronus,  2:  74S*. 

Saperda,  I:  270^-71';  2:  427',  445''. 
laticinerea,     Xylina,  see    X.     lati- 

cinerea. 
laticlavia,  Anomoea,  2:  730'. 
laticollis,      Prionus,    2:430',  486'- 

87'. 
latifasciatus,      Pteronus,     2:511*, 

572»,  748^ 
latifasciella,  Nepticula,  2:  721*. 
latiferreanus,  Melissopus,  2:  709'. 
latipennis,  Diacrisia,  2:  727'. 

Oecanthus,  2:603*. 
latitarsus,  Croesus,  2:  748". 
latiusculus,  Listronotus,  2:  755'. 
Laurel,     Eulecanium     pruinosum 

injuring,  2;  719'. 
Laurel,    mountain,   scY   Mountain 

laurel. 
Laurel,  sheep,  injurious  insects: 

Pseudanthonomus  incipiens,  2: 

739*- 
lautus,  Pityophthorus,  2:  751'. 
Laverna      gleditschiaeella,        sef 

Mompha. 
Leaf   eaters    affecting    deciduous 

forest  trees,  2:  5o6'-8l'. 
Leaf  miners,    1:35';    2:708',   722', 

723^  732«,  735^ 
Leaf  rollers,  2:  707''-S',  723". 

oblique   banded,    2:512'',     531', 
SSo'-Si-. 

red-banded,  2:508',  532'. 

V-marked,  2:  508',  531*. 
Lebia  grandis,  2:652',  690'. 
lecanii,  Coccophagus,  i:  199',  203'. 
Lecanium       nigrofasciatum,       jiv 
Eulecanium. 

tulipiferae,  see  Eulecanium. 
Le  Conte's  sawfly,  2:  340',  413^-14*. 
lecontei,  Agrilus,  2:  736*. 

Hister,  2:491'. 

Lophyrus,  2:  340',  4I3'-I4*. 

Magdalis,  2:  751'. 

Tachygonus,  2:  752^. 
lenticularis,  Rhodites,  2:736''. 
leonardi,  Melanotus,  2:  752^. 
Leopard   moth,    1:8',  8',    12-"',  45*, 

51',  75'-79*- 
Lepidosaphes    ulmi,     1:49,     '73'i 

2Il'-I3». 


leporina,  Apatela,  2:747'. 
leptinoides,  Schizura,  2:716'. 
Leptocoris       trivittalus,      i:  174', 

239'-4o'. 
Leptostylus,        prickly,        2:428', 
461'. 

spotted,  2:  430',  482'. 
Leptostylus     aculiferus,     2:428', 
461'. 

biustus,  2:  715'. 

collaris,  2:  720'. 

commixtus,  2:751'. 

macula,  2:  430',  482''. 

parvus,  2:  702''. 

sexguttatus,  2:751^. 
Leptura  abdominalis,  2:  755'. 

canadensis,  2:  650',  670*. 

cordifera,  2:  720'. 

emarginata,  2:436',  724'*. 

nitens,  2:  702'. 

proxima,  2:  727'. 

subhamata,  2:650',  675'. 

vagans,  2:427',  44o*-4i'. 

zebra,  2:  428',  450^-51',  667'. 
Lepturges  facetus,  2:  715'. 

querci,  2:427',  439'-40^ 

signatus,  2:  722'. 

symmetricus,  2:  493'. 
lepusculina,  Apatela,  2:  747'. 
Lepyrus  geminatus,  2:742'. 
lespedezaefoliella,    Gracilaria,  2; 

730S. 
Lestodiplosis  decem-maculata,  2: 
746^ 

septem-maculata,  2:  746'. 
Leucania    unipuncta,    str    Helio- 

phila. 
leucomelas,      Cryptocephalus,    2: 

746'. 
leucophaea,  Olene,  2:717'. 

far.  basiflava.  Olene,  2:  749*. 
Leucopis  nigricornis,  i:  182'. 
leucopterus,       Blissus,       1:6';     2: 

685'. 
leucostigma,  Hemerocampa  j'tr  H. 

leucostigma. 
libatrix,  Scoliopteryx,  2:743'. 
liberaecellulae,     Dryophanta,     2: 

712''. 
liberta,  Chalcophora,  2:  648',  654'- 

55'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


839 


liburna,  Scolecocampa,  2:  705'. 
Light-loving  grapevine   beetle,  2: 

651*,  682'. 
Lightning  leaf  hopper,  2:  598^. 
ligneus,  Hylotrupes,  2:650',  675'- 

76'. 
lignicolor,  lanassa,  2:705*. 

Synergus,  2:  714''. 
ligulellus,  Ypsolophus,  2:707*. 
Lilac,  insects  injurious  to: 
borer: 

lilac  borer,  1:51',  104'. 
leaf  feeders:   2:  737'. 

Apatelodes  angelica,  2:  727'- 
ash  sphinx,  2:  509*,  548°. 

wavy,  2:  509*,  548*. 
leaf   roller,   oblique    banded, 

2:  5So». 
promethea  moth,  2:510',  557'. 
Pyrophila    pyraniidoides,     2: 

704'. 
sphinx  chersis,  2:  727'. 
Tolype  velleda,  2:727'. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 
Aspidiotus  diffinis,  2:731'. 
Euonymus  scale,  i:  213*. 
Lilac  borer,  1:51*,  104'. 
limacina,   Eriocampoides,  2:733'-. 
limata,  Pantographa,  2:  731'. 
limbata,  Ania,  2:  508',  530^. 
Lime-sulfur  wash,  I:  39^. 
Limenitis    disippus,    see    Basilar- 

chia  archippus. 
lirainaris,     Phloeotribus,    2: 336*, 

428^,  452'. 
limitata,  Nyctobia,  2:  734". 

Pandemis,  2:  707*. 
Limneria  sp.,  i:  138*. 
ferrugineipes,  1:158*. 
fugitiva,  I:  112'',  309',  314'. 
lophyri,  2:  415-. 
pallipes,  1:145*. 
valida,  i:  13S'. 
limneriae,  Eupelmus,   I:  140*. 
Limnobaris  calva,  2:  734*. 
Limonius  confusus,  2:  667'. 

quercinus,  2:  605*. 
Limosina  sp.,  i:  [40*. 
crassimana,  1:74'. 
limosipennella,     Coleophora,      i: 
lo6',  i67'-6S<. 


Lina  lapponica,  see  Melasonia. 

scripta,  see  Melasoma. 
Linden,   resistance   to    insect    at- 
tack, l:47''. 
injurious  insects:   1.49. 
borers,  2:  731''. 

Euderces  picipes,  2:446'. 
flat-headed  borer,  common, 

1:87-. 
linden  borer,  I:  51',  91'. 
Parandra   brunnea,    2:  701^ 
prionus,    broad-necked,    2: 

486'. 
gall  insects:  2:  731'. 

linden     mite    gall,     2:620', 

631'. 
linden    wart    gall,    2: 620', 

63 1^. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  731*. 

Adonetaspinuloides,  2:706'. 
alder    leaf    beetle,    2: 509'^ 

542". 
American   dagger   moth,  2: 

525'- 
American  silk  worm,  2:  526*. 
Apatela  hastulifera,  2:750*. 

impleta,  2:  749'. 

morula,  2:  724'. 
apple  worm,  yellow-necked, 

2:535'. 
bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  127-. 
Basilarchia  arthemis,  2:742'. 
Cecropia  moth,  2:  539''. 
Chrysomela  multiguttata,  2: 

742'. 
Cyrtophorus  verrucosus,  2: 

722-. 
Datana  drexelii,  2:  739*. 
elm  saw  fly,  i:  15S'. 
Ennomos      magnarius,  2: 
725''- 

subsignarius,  2:725*. 
Euclea  chloris,  2:  706'. 
Eutrapela  kentaria,   2:  728-. 
forest    tent    caterpillar,     i: 

no*. 
Heterocampa     manteo,     2: 

705'. 
hickory    tussock    moth,     I: 

314'- 
Lithacodes  fasciola,  2:  72S''. 


Linden,  inj.  insects  (cont'd): 
leaf  feeders: 

Metrocampa       praegranda- 

ria,  2:  749''. 
Odontota  nervosa,  2:703'. 
Olene  plagiata,  2:  725-. 
Paonias  excaecatus,  2:  724'. 
Papilio  glaucus  var.  turnus, 

2:704'. 
Paraphia     subatomaria,     2: 

753'- 
Prolimacodes      scapha,      2: 

707'. 
Pyrophila  pyramidoides,  2: 

704'. 
Schizura   ipomoeae,  2:  705'. 
Sisyrosea  textula,  2:  721''. 
sphinx,    four-lined,    2:  509', 

546'. 
Strongylogaster  pinguis,  2: 

748'. 
Tortricidia  testacea,  2:  707*. 
tussock  moth,  white  mark- 
ed, l:  105^,  132',  136*. 
scale    or    sucking  insects:    2: 
731*. 
black-banded   scale,  i:  201''. 
Eulecanium       capreae,      2: 

744'- 
oyster  scale,  1:212'. 
Putnam's  scale,  1:227*. 
Linden,    European,   resistance   to 
insect    attack,    1:47';  injurious 
insects,  i;  49. 
Linden  borer,  I:  51^,  9T'-g2-. 
Linden  mite  gall,  2:620'',  63i'-32'. 
Linden  wart  gall,  2:620-,  631^ 
Lindera      odorifera,     Chionaspis 

liutneri  injuring,  1:227'. 
lineata,  Buprestis,  2:751-. 

Deilephila,   2:  724'. 
lineatum,  Ptinidium,  2:  729*. 
Rhagium,     2:  335^      339\     349*, 
366=-6S^  6653. 
lineella,  Tomoxia,  see  T.  lineella. 
lineicollis,  Centrinus,  2:719*. 
lineola,  Colydium,  1:292",  293*. 
lintneri,  Chionaspis,  i:  173'.  227*- 

28'^ 

Eulecanium,  2:  732'. 
Liodes  basalis,  2:  74S'. 


840 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Liodes  globosa,  2:  748'. 
Liopus    alpha,     2: 430^,  4Si'-82*, 
482S. 
var.  cinereus,  2:  715°. 

cinereus,  2:481'. 

crassulus,  2:  715'. 

fascicularis,  2:  729',  730'. 

punctatus,  2:426',  432*. 

variegatus,  2:720',  730'. 
liparops,  Thecla,  2:704". 
Liquidambar,   leaf  feeders  injur- 
ing, 2:724^ 
liquidambar  i  sell  a,     Phyllocnistis, 

2: 735^ 
liriodendri,  Cecidomyia,  2:  732'. 

Nectarophora,  2:732''. 
liriodendronella,  Phyllocnistis,  2: 

732^. 
Listronotus  latiusculus,  2:  755'. 
Litargus  tetraspilotus,  2:741'. 
Literature  relating  to  forest  ento- 
mology, i:  I2'-I3*. 
Lithacodes  fasciola,  2:  728''. 
Lithocolletes  aceriella,  2:728*. 

aeriferella,  2:  708''. 

albanotella,  2:  708*. 

argentifimbriella,  2:708'. 

argentinotella,  2:  725'. 

auronitens,  2:750*. 

basistrigella,  2:708*. 

bethuniella,  2:708'. 

bifasciella,  2:708'. 

blancardella,  2:  708'. 

caryaefoliella,  2:717*. 

castaneaeella,  2:721'. 

celtifoliella,  2:  717?. 

cincinnatiella,  2:708'. 

clemensella,  2:728'. 

corylisella,  2:  723'. 

fasciella,  2:  708'. 

fitchella,  2:  508*,  533'. 

guttifinitella,  2:740'. 

hageni,  2:  708'. 

hamadryella,  2:508*,  532'-33'. 

lucetiella,  2:731'. 

lucidicostella,  2:  728'. 

morrisella,  2:  730'. 

obscuricostella,  2:  723'. 

obstrictella,  2:708'. 

ostensackenella,  2:730'. 

ostryaefoliella,  2:  722'. 


Lithocolletes  populiella,  2:  747'. 
quercialbella,  2:  708'. 
robiniella,  2:  730'. 
salicifoliella,  2:744'. 
tiliacella,  2:  731'. 
tritaeniella,  2:722'. 
tubiferella,  2:  708'. 
uhlerellEt,  2:  730'. 
ulmella,  2:  725'. 
lithospila,  Apatela,  2:721'. 
liturata,  Phloeotrya,  2:4g3'-94'. 
livens,   Pachybrachys,  2:  742'. 
Livia  vernalis,  2:753°. 
lividus,  Eunotus,  see  E.  lividus. 
lixaria,  Racheospila,  2:  738'. 
Lobed  oak  gall,  2:618',  625'. 
lobeliae,  Apatela,  2:  704'. 
Lochites  j/.,  2:  390^ 
Locust,  injurious  insects:   1:49. 
borers,  2:  729'-3o'. 

Agrilus  egenus,  2:  715'. 

politus,  2:  741*. 
apple  wood  stainer,  i:  290'. 
carpenter    worm,    1:51',    79'\ 

83'. 
Cucujus  clavipes,  2:701*. 
Cyrtinus  pygmaeus,  2:702^ 
Ecyrus  dasycerus,  2:  715'. 
Leptostylus      commixtus,     2: 

751'. 
Liopus  alpha,  2:482'. 

var.  cinereus,  2:715'. 
variegatus,  2:  720'. 
locust  borer,  I:  51',  93'. 
locust      twig      borer,     2:430', 

47S'. 
maple   and  oak   twig  pruner, 

l:6i-\ 
Neoclytus  erythrocephalus,  I: 

72^  72'. 
powder  post  beetle,  1:297-. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  730'. 

Adoneta  spinuloides,  2:  706'. 
apple    worm,   yellow-necked, 

2:535*. 
bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  127'. 
Bassareus  mammifer,  2:719*. 
black    walnut  caterpillar,    I: 

305'. 
Catocala  vidua,  2:  705'. 
Ecpantheria  deflorata,  2:742*. 


Locust,  injurious  insects  (conl'd): 
leaf  feeders  : 

flea  beetle,  red-footed,  2:  510', 

556^ 
forest  tent  caterpillar,  I:  no'. 
Heterogenea      shurtleffii,     2: 

707^ 
io  caterpillar,  2:  522'. 
locust     leaf     folder,    2:510', 

556". 
locust  leaf  miner,  i:  258*,  325'. 
Plocamus  hispidulus,  2:721'-. 
Pyrrhia     umbra    var.     expri- 

mens,  2:  737'. 
Schizura  unicornis,  2:705'. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 

Aspidiotus   juglans-regiae,  2: 

719*. 
tree    hopper,   two-marked,   2: 
595'. 
Locust,  black,  resistance  to  insect 
attack,  i:  47'. 
injurious  insects: 
borers:  2:  729'-3o'. 
leaf  feeders:  2:730'. 
Micracis  suturalis,  2:715'. 
Locust,  water,  Putnam's  scale  in- 
juring, I:  227*. 
Locust,  yellow,  Hyperplatys  mac- 

ulatus  injuring,   2:433'. 
Locust  borer,,!:  51',  93'-g7'. 
Locust  leaf    folder,    2:510',   556'- 

57*. 
Locust    leaf    miner,    I:  258*,  325'- 

29'. 
Locust  twig  borer,  2:430',  478'. 
logiana,Alceris,2:  733'. 
logiana   var,    viburnana,   Alceris, 

2:744'. 
lombardae,  Pteronus,  2:  746'. 
London  purple,  i:  34'-35',  37'. 
Long  sting,  lunate,  1:63',  261'. 
longiceps,  Baptolinus,  2:389'. 
longicollis,  Hydnocera,  2:723'. 
longicornis,    Dryophanta,   2:711'. 
longipes,  Melanophila,  2:753". 

Rhopalophora,  2:  731'. 
longistigma,  Lachnus,  2:  731'. 
longulus,  Copturodes,  2:  702',  751'. 
lophanthae,  Scymnus,  1:223'. 
Lophoderus  triferana,  see  Eulia. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


841 


Lophodonta  angulosa,  2:705'. 

ferruginea,  2;  749". 
lophyri,  Limneria,  2:415-. 
Lophyrusabbotii,  2:  340',  4I4''-I5'. 

abietis,  2:340",  4l5'-i6'*. 

fabricii,  2:  752*. 

lecontei,  2:  340*,  4I3'-I4''. 

pinetum,  2:  752'. 

pini-rigidae,  2:  752'. 
lorata,  Sabulodes,  2:  754'. 
loxaulis,  Biorhiza,  2:  710'. 
Loxostege  obliteralis,  2:609'. 
Lucanus  dama,  2:701®. 
lucetiella,  Lithocolletes,  2:  731'. 
lucicola,  Anomala,  2:651^,  682*. 
lucidicostella,     Lithocolletes,     2: 

728^ 
lucifluella,  Coptodisca,  2:  717'. 
lucipara,  Euplexia,  2:749''. 
iugubris,  Triptogon,  2:  740*. 

Xyletinus,  2:  731^. 
lumeiiaria,  Cosymbia,   2:  749''. 
luna,  Tropaea,   2:  507',  526'-27'. 
Luna  moth,  2:  507',  526'-27'. 
lunata,  Calligraphus,  2:  575'. 

Homoptera,  2:  50S',  538^-39'. 

var.  edusa,  Homoptera,   2:  743'. 
Lunate  long  sting,  1:63^,261'. 
lunator,  Thalessa,  1:63'-',  64,  261^. 
lunatus,  Cratoparis.  2:498',  499'. 
lunifera,  Pheocyma,  2:753'. 
Luperodes  meraca,  2:  723'. 
lurida,  Dicerca,  2:  504'. 
luscitiosa.  Sphinx,  2:  742^ 
luscus,  Neoclytus,  2:  715''. 
luteata,  Tephroclystis,  2:  754'. 
luteipennis,      Ernobius,      2:694', 

752'. 
luteola,  Galerucella,  jtvG.  luteola. 
luteotergum,  Amauronematus,  2: 

5118,  572'-73«,  750-'. 
lutescens,  Aulacomerus,  2:  568'. 
Lycia  cognataria,  2:  728'. 

ursaria,  2:  747'. 
lycti,  Hecabolus,  1:297'. 
Lyctus    parallelopipedus,    2:430', 
483',  501'. 
unipunctatus,    1:257',    296''-9S', 
4S33,  483'. 
Lyda  sp.,  2;  650',  676'. 
fasciata,  2:  733'^. 


Lygaeonematus       erichsonii,       I: 

254';  2;  340',  4iS'-23-\ 
Lygus  monachus,  2:728*. 
lymani,  Eulecanium,  2:  709''. 
Lymexylon  sericeum,  2:427',  449^. 
Lysiteraius  scolyticida,  1:278^. 

llacaria  praeatomata.,  2:738'. 

var.  bisignata,  2:  753-. 
Machimia  tentorifereila,  2:  708'^. 
macleayi,  Hylotoma,  2:510',  549'- 

50'. 
maclurae,  Pulvinaria,  2:  737'. 
maclurarum,  Eulecanium,  2:726'. 
macmurtrei,  Prionoxystus,  2:427-, 

439'.  477^- 
Macratria  murina,  2:  742'. 
Macrobasis  unicolor,  2:730'. 
macrocarpae,  Philonix,  2:  713*. 
Macrocentrus  delicatus,  2:  531'. 

solidaginis,  2:  531',  553-. 
Macrodactylus     subspinosus,      2: 

512-,  575^ 
Macrophya  biliaeata,  2:  73S'. 

externa,  2:  716'. 

mixta,  2:  73S'. 

trisyllaba,  2:  737'. 
macrurus,  Eremotylus,  2:  549'. 
macula,  Leptostylus,  2:430',  482'. 
maculata,  Plalisidota,  2:  507^,  523'. 

Megilla,  i:  195',  320'. 
maculatus,     Hyperplatys,    see    H. 

macnlatus. 
maculipennis,  Ibalia,  see  1.  maculi- 

pennis. 
maculiventris,    Buprestis,    see    B. 
maculiventris. 

Podisus,  2:6o8°-9*. 
Madarellus      undulatus,      2:430', 

479'- 

Madarus  undulatus,  see  Mada- 
rellus. 

madefactalis,  Bomolocha,   2:720'. 

Magdalis  alutacea,  2:  340'-,  402'-3'-. 
armicollis,   1:49,    5i'-,    70*,     72', 

74'.  75'- 
barbita,   1:49,    51',  70',  72',  73'- 

75'- 
hispoides,  2:  751'. 
inconspicua,  2:719'. 
lecontei,  2:  751'. 


Magdalis  olyra,  i:  256',  274'-75';  2: 
503* 

perforata,  2:  340',  402^. 
salicis,  2:  720*. 
magdalis,  Brachistes,  1:74'. 
magnarius,   Ennomos,  2:  725'. 
Magnolia,  injurious  insects: 
Platypus  compositus,  2:  720'. 
Xyleborus     pubescens,     2:702', 

720'. 
Xyloterus  politus,  1:292*. 
maia,  Hemileuca,  1:258',  3io'-i4'. 
Maia  moth,  1:258',  3Io'-I4'. 
majalis,  Neuroterus,  2:  710'. 
major,  Datana,  2:  739'. 
majulis,  Cecidomyia,  2:  710'-. 
malachitana,  Olethreutes,  2:  735'. 
Malacosoma  americana,  i:  24',  28-; 
2:510-,  55o'-5i',  606',  607'. 
disstria,   1:21',  23',  25*,  28',  48', 
49,    52',    105',    lo6'-l5',     253^; 
2:  550'. 
malanogrammos,     Benta,     2:651', 

676'-77'. 
mali.  Aphis,  2:  641'. 

Monarthrum,     i:  257*,    289''-g2'; 
2:  336'. 
malifoliella,  Tischeria,  2:  734'. 
malus,  Tyroglyphus,  i:  213'. 
Mamestra  atlantica,  2:704'. 
detracta,  2:  716'. 
picta,  2:608*. 
raammifer,  Bassareus,  2:  716*,  719'. 
manteo,  Heterocampa,  2:  705'. 
mantis,  European,  i:  25'. 

southern  praying,  1:24'. 
Mantis  Carolina,  see  Stagmoman- 
tis. 
religiosa,  i:  25',  154'. 
Manufactured    wood,    borers    in, 

2:43o''-3i',  483'-g9''. 
Maple,  scarlet  winged  clerid  bene- 
ficial to,  2;  503'. 
injurious  insects: 
borers:  2:  727''. 

ants,  white,  I;  89'. 

apple  wood  stainer,  I:  290'. 

Bellamira    scalaris,   2:429', 

467". 
buprestid,    banded,   2:428', 
458'. 


84: 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Maple,  inj.  insects  (f(»«/'</): 
borers: 

buprestid,     divariL-ated,     2: 

428",  457''- 
carpenter  worm,   i:5i",  71/, 

83«. 
Cerylon  castaneum.  2:489'. 
Chalcophora  campestris,  2: 

722«. 
Colastus   truncatus,   2:  491'. 
Cratoparis  lunatus,  2:499°. 
Cryptarcha      concinna,     2: 

49I». 
Cryptorhynchus     obtentus, 

2:  720^ 
Cucujus  clavipes,  2:  701^. 
Dendroides    canadensis,    2: 
494*. 

concolor,  2:  494'. 
Dicerca  pugionata,  2:  750'. 
Dryobius     sexfasciatus,    2: 

702'. 
Elater  humeralis,  2:492^. 

nigricollis,  2:  492^. 
fungous    beetle,   forked,  2: 

498^ 
Gonotropis      gibbosus,      2: 

494''. 
Hister  lecontei,  2:491°. 
Hoplocephala    bicornis,    2: 

498^ 
Hyperplatys    maculatus,   2: 

433'- 
Laemophloeus    bii^uttatus, 
2:490^. 

testaceus,  2:  490''. 
leopard  moth,  i:  78''. 
Leptostylus,  prickly,  2:428*, 

461°. 
Liopus  variegatus,  2:  720'. 
maple    sesian,     1:50',      56', 

58^ 
maple    twig   pruner,    1:50", 

59'- 
Melandrya  striata,  2:493*. 
Molorchus   bimaculatus,  2: 

715". 
Mordella     borealis,    2:650^, 

672'. 
Phloeotrya  liturata,  2:493'. 

simulator,  2:  494'. 


Maple,  inj.  insects  {cimt'J): 
borers: 

pigeon  tremex,  1:50',  61'. 
Proteoteras  aesculanum,    2: 

725*- 
Purpuricenus  humeralis,  2: 

702''. 
red  horned  borer,  1:257'. 

small,  1:298^  299'. 
Sesia  corni,  2:428",  456'. 
Silvanus  imbellis,  2:489'. 
stalk  borer,  2:429'',  468". 
Stenocelis  brevis,  2:494*. 
Synchroa  punctata,  2:666'. 
Uliota  dubius,  2:490*. 
Urographis      fasciatus,      2: 

435'- 
leaf  feeders:   2:727^-28^. 

American    dagger   moth,    2: 

525^ 

American      silk      worm,      2: 

526«. 
Apatela  impleta,  2:  749'. 
bag  or  basket  worm,  I:  127°. 
brown    tail     moth,     1:164', 

254^ 
Cecropia  moth,  2:  539''. 
Cenopis      reticulatana,      2: 

707^ 
Chrysomela    bigsbyana,    2: 

566*. 
Cleora  pampinaria,  2:  743'. 
Demas    propinquilinea,     2: 

749-''- 
Ectropis    crcpuscularia,    2: 

743'- 
elm  saw  fly,  i:  158'. 
Ennomos       magnarius,      2: 
725"- 

subsignarius,  2:  725''. 
Eulia  velutinana,  2:707*. 
filament      bearer,       2: 508', 

530*. 
forest    tent    caterpillar,    i; 

105',  106^,  no*,  253". 
gipsy  moth,  I:  120^. 
Gracilaria     alchimiella,    2: 

724-^ 
Heterocampa  subrotata,  2: 

716'. 
io  caterpillar,  2:  522'. 


Maple,  inj.  insects  (cont'd): 
leaf   feeders. 

maple    leaf    cutter,    2: 509', 

541". 
maple  leaf    stalk   borer,   2: 

509^  540=. 
maple  spanworm,    large,   2: 

509I,  539*. 
maple    trumpet    skeletoni- 

zer,  i:  Io6^  I68^ 
maple  worm,  green-striped, 
2:508"*,  537'. 
semilooper,  2:508',  538^ 
oak     caterpillar,    green,    2: 
521'. 
red-humped,  2:  519^,   520'. 
Opheroptera      boreata,      2: 

725-- 
Priocycla  armataria,  2;  749*. 
Prolimacodes      scapha,      2: 

70;'. 
promethea  moth,  2:  557*. 
Pyrophila  pyramidoides,  2: 

704'. 
Schizura   ipomoeae,   2:705*. 

semirufescens,  2:  743*. 
Sisyrosea  textula,  2:721''. 
Stenopsis    argenteomacula- 

tus,  2:721'^ 
Tortricidia   pallida,  2:707*. 
tussock  moth,  white   mark- 
ed,  i:  105^,  132'. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 
Aspidiotus    juglans-regiae, 

2:719*. 
black-banded  scale,  i:  173', 

2oi'^ 
Buffalo  tree  hopper,  2:592*. 
cicada,  dog  day,  1:238'. 
Eulecanium    canadense,    2: 

725*. 
hemlock  scale,  2:652*.  690'. 
Putnam's  scale,  1:227*. 
Maple,       ash-leaved,      Xyloterus 

politus'injuring,  1:292*. 
Maple,  hard,  maple  borer,   white- 
horned,  injuring,  2:  428',  459^- 
Maple,  Norway,  resistance  to  in- 
sect attack,  l:  47';  lady  beetle, 
fifteen-spotted,  beneficial  to, 
2:604'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


843 


Maple,  Norway  (cont'd): 
injurious  insects: 

black-banded  scale,  i:20i'. 
Chaitophorus     aceris,      1:49. 

172',  174-. 
maple       scale,      cottony,      i: 

19S-'. 
tussock  moth,  white  marked, 
I:  136'. 
Maple,    red,    resistance    to   insect 
attack,  1:47^. 
injurious  insects: 

black-banded  scale,  1:201*. 
imperial  moth,  2:679'. 
maple   leaf    gall,   ocellate,  2: 

6ig',  dag'. 
Xyloterus  politus,  I;2g2". 
Maple,   soft,   resistance   to   insect 
attack,  1:47'. 
injurious  insects;   1:49. 
aphid: 

maple    aphid,     painted,    i: 
172',  175'- 
borers: 

Acamptus  rigidus,  2:  727^ 
fiat-headed  borer,  common, 

1:87'. 
maple  sesian,  1:50'',  58^. 
Xyloterus  politus,  1:292'. 
gall  insects: 

maple  gall,  bladder,  2:  620', 
630'. 
leaf   feeders: 

forest    tent     caterpillar,    i: 

48^ 
leaf  roller,    red-banded,  2: 
532=. 
v-marked,  2:  531'. 
maple  worm,  green-striped, 

2:  5378. 
tussock  moth,  white  mark- 
ed, l:  136'. 
Xylina    antennata,     1:105*, 
129^ 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 
black-banded  scale,  1:173', 

200*. 
maple  scale,   cottony,   1:8', 

173',  196'". 
woolly  maple  leaf  aphid,  2: 
6oo^ 


Maple,  sugar,  resistance  to  insect 
attack,  i:.47''. 
injurious  insects:   1:49. 
borers: 

maple   borer,   sugar,    1:50*, 

51"- 

white-horned,  2:459^. 
pigeon  tremex,  i:  54^,  61*. 
Platypus      compositus,      2: 

720'. 
rustic  borer,  1:260'. 
sugar  maple  timber  beetle. 

1 :50s,  65^ 
Xylocleptes       sp.,      2:428', 

460-'. 
Xyloterus    politus,     1:292*, 

293'. 
gall  insects: 

maple     gall,     fusiform,     2: 

6ig',  630'. 
leaf  feeders: 

apple    tent     caterpillar,    2: 

551'- 
forest    tent     caterpillar,    I: 

48-,  52',  no', 
hag     moth     caterpillar,     2: 

528«. 
maple     trumpet     skeleton- 

izer,  i:  168*. 
maple  worm,  green-striped, 
2;  537'. 
scale  insects: 

black-banded  scale,  1:200*. 
maple    leaf    scale,     1:172', 

1 79-. 
maple  Phenacoccus,  i:  172*, 

182'. 
maple     scale,     cottony,    I: 

198'. 
oyster  scale,  1:212*. 
Maple,  swamp,  oyster  scale  injur- 
ing, 1:212*. 
Maple,  sycamore,  resistance  to  in- 
sect attack,  i:  47*. 
Maple  and  oak  twig  pruner,  i:  50', 

59'-6i*. 
Maple     aphid,     painted,      1:172'', 

i75«-76*. 
Maple  borer,  sugar,  50*,  5i'-56'. 
white-horned,       2:428',       459'- 
60'. 


Maple  gall,  bladder,  2:620',   630*- 
31'- 

fusiform,  2;  619',  630'. 
Maple  leaf  aphid,  woolly,  2:600*. 
Maple  leaf  cutter,  2:509°,  541''. 
Maple  leaf  gall,    ocellate,   2:619', 

629*-3o'. 
Maple  leaf  scale,  1:172*,  I79'-S2*. 
Maple    leaf    stalk     borer,    2: 509-, 

54o'-4i2. 
Maple    Phenacoccus,  1:172*,  1S2'- 

86*. 
Maple    scale,    cottony,    1:8',    12*, 

173",  l96'-200*. 
Maple  sesian,  1:50*,  56'-58'. 
Maple    spanworm,     large,    2:  509', 

539^ 
Maple    trumpet    skeletonizer,    i: 

106',  i6S-'-699. 
Maple  worm,  1:52',  106^-15'. 

green-striped,  2:  508*,  537*-38'. 

semilooper,  2:508',  538''-39'. 
Marasmalus  inficita,  2:  737''. 

ventilator,  2:  737''. 
Marbled  sawyer,  2:339'',  366'. 
margaritosa     vat\     saucia,     Peri- 

droma,  2:  704*. 
Marginal  fold  gall,  2:619'',  627*. 
marginalis,    Metachroma,   2:651*, 
6828-832. 

Systena,  2;  506"',  515'. 
marginatns,     Chauliognathus,     i: 

153". 
marlattii,  Pteronus,  2:  750*. 
Marmara  salictella,  2:741*. 
marmoratus,      Monohammus,      2: 

339'',  361*,  366'. 
marthesia,  Fentonia,  2:706'. 
Martins,   1:26'. 
Marumba  modesta,  2:  742'. 
Maryland  yellowthroat,  i:  26'',  27''. 
Massospora  cicadina,  i:  237''. 
Mastogenius  subcyaneus,  2:  701*. 
materiarius,     Gnathotrichus,     set 

G.  materiarius. 
maximella,  Nepticula,  2:  719^ 
May  apple,  2:625''. 
Mealy  rose  gall.  2:621',  647'. 
Mecas  inornata,  2:741*. 
media,  Periclista,  2:702'. 
Megachile  optiva,  2:  728*. 


844 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Megalopyge  opercularis,  2:720'. 
Megilla  maculata,  i;  195',  320'. 
Melalopha  albosigma,  2:747''. 

apicalis,2:  747''. 

brucei,  2:  743'. 

inclusa,  2:511°,  56o'-6i''. 

strigosa,  2:  747^. 
Melandrya  striata,  2:493*. 
Melanerpes     erythrocephalus,    I: 

29'. 
Melanobracon       simplex,       1:70'', 

261*.  , 

raelanocera,  Amphibolips,  2:711'. 
Melanolophia  canadaria,  2:  753^. 
Melanophila  aeneola,  2:  751^ 

(Irummondi,  2:753'. 

fulvoguttata,  2:339^,  390^-9i''- 

longipes,  2:  753*. 
Melanotus   communis,  2: 492*. 

cribulosus,  2:  752'. 

leonardi,  2:  752'. 
Melasis  pectinicornis,  2:701^. 
Melasoma  lapponica,  2:  511',  564*- 
656. 

scripta,  i:  258'',  3i7*-22--,  2:564', 
565'. 

tremulae,  2:  565'. 
Melinna  modesta,  2:  753*. 

pumila,  2:735'. 
melinus,  Uranotes,  2:  734'. 
Melissopus   latiferreanus,    2:709'. 
mella,      Tachina,      i:  113^,     138'', 

I39"- 
melleus,  Mesochorus,  1:158''. 
mellipes,  Eucoila,  2:714'. 
Melons,     Euschistus     variolarius 

injuring,  2:  611'. 
melsheimeri,  Cicinnus,  2:706*. 
Memythrus     asilipennis,     2:429', 
464'. 

dollii,  2:  746'. 

simulans,  2:427',  438^. 

tricinctus,  2:429',  471'. 
mendax,  Synergus,  2:  714'. 
mendicus,   Pteronus,  2;  511',  561''- 

62',  741'. 
Menesta   tortriciformella,   2:723'. 
mera,  Carynota,  2:  720'. 
meraca,   Luperodes,  2:  723'. 
Meroptera  pravella,  2:  744'. 
meskei,  Catocala,  2:  747^. 


Mesochorus  agilis,  1:131*. 

melleus,  I:  158''. 
Mesoleuca  gratulata,  2:  706'. 

intermediata,  2:725'. 

ruficillata,  2:  749*. 

truncata,  2:  750'. 

vasaliata,  2:  754". 
Metachroma  laevicollis,  2:  703'. 

marginalis,  2:651*,  682*-83''. 

pallida,  2:  703'. 

quercata,  2:  703''. 
metallicus,  Tridymus,  1:301*. 
Metamorphism  of  insects,   i:  13*- 

2o^ 
Metanema  inatomaria,  2:  747*. 

quercivoraria,  2:706". 

textrinaria,  2:706'. 
metasternalis,  Tymnes,  2:734'. 
meteori,  Bathythrix,  1:140'. 
Meteorus  communis,  i:  138'. 

hyphantriae,  i:  131',  138'',  145'. 
Metrocampa      praegrandaria,     2: 

749'- 
Micracis  aculeata,  2:  715'. 

opacicollis,  2:  702'. 

rudis,  2:  725*. 

saturalis,  2:  715'. 
Microcentrus  caryae,  2:  717'. 
Microclytus  gazellula,  2:  702'. 
microgaster,  Smicra,  1:74'. 
Microgasters,  1:22''. 
Micromus  montanus,  2:  653',  697*. 
Midges,  gall-making,  i:ii'. 
milberti,  Aglais,  2:  742*. 
Miminae,  I:  31*. 
mimosaria,  Aplodes,  2:  706''. 
mimus,  Bruchus,  2:  731*. 
Mineola  indigenella,  2:733'. 

juglandis,  2:  719'. 
minerea,  Homoptera,  2:  743''. 
ministra,     Datana,     2: 508',     535^, 

535'-36'-- 
ministrana,  Eulia,  2:  723^. 
minor,  Phloeophagus,  2:  722'',  742'. 
minuscula  var.   phylla,   Roeselia, 

2:  706'. 
minuta,  Alceris,  2:738'. 

Catocala,  2:  729'. 

Eupsalis,  1:256',  261^-63'. 

Gracilia,  2:  748''. 

Kronaea,  2:  707'. 


minuta,  Phora,  1:  158^. 
minutissimus,  Cryptorhynchus,  2: 
702'. 

Pityophthorus,  see  V.  minutissi- 
mus. 
minutus,  Neuroterus,  2:  710'. 

Zygomicros,  2:  702'. 
mirabilis,  Antigaster,  2:699'. 
misella,  Pentilia,  see  P.  misella. 
miserulata,  Tephroclystis,  2:  706'. 
Misogada  unicolor,  2:719'. 
Mite.  2:  755',  755°. 
Mitoma  damon,  2:  740'. 
mixta,  Macrophya,  2:  738'. 
mixtus,  Antlionomopsis,  2:  734'. 

Pogopocherus,  2:  649',  663*. 
Mniotiltidae,  1:31*. 
modesta,  Marumba,  2:742*. 

Melinna,  2:  753'. 
modestus,  Andricus,  2:  712'. 

Placidus,  see  P.  modestus. 
modica,  Apatela,  2:  704'. 
moesta,  Saperda,  2;  471',  474',  746'. 
moestum,   Asemum,    2: 649'',   659', 

66i'-62'. 
moffatiana,  Scopelosoma,  2:  723'. 
mollis,  Ernobius,  2:653',  694'. 
molochinus,  Quedius,  1:153'. 
Molorchus  bimaculatus,  2:  715''. 
Mompha  gleditschiaeella,  2:  729'. 
Monachus  saponatus,  2:  750'. 
monachus,  Lygus,  2:  728'. 
Monarch  butterfly,  i:  19'. 
Monarthrum  fasciatum,  2:751*. 

mali,  1:257',  289*-92';    2:336'. 
Monellia  caryella,  2:717*. 
Monocesta  coryli,  2:  724'. 
Monohammus     confusor,     2:334'- 
35',  339*.  36o'-639,  364'. 

marmoratus,  2:  339*,  361',  366'. 

notatus,  2:  361'. 

scutellatus,    2:339',     3^1*.   362', 
364'. 

titillator,  2:  339',  365'. 
Monophadnus  bardus,  2:  726*. 

caryae,  2:  508',  536'. 

dilutus,  2:  703'*. 

tiliae,  2:  731''. 
Monostegia  quercusalbae,   2:703*. 

quercuscoccineae,  2:703''. 

rosae,  2:  735'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


845 


montanus,  Micromus,  2:653',  697'. 
monticola,  Telamona,  2:596'. 
Moodna  pelviculella,  2:749'. 
Mordella  borealis,  2:650^  672'. 

octopunctata,  2:426*,  433'. 
Morning  glory  leaf  cutter,  2:609^ 
morrisella,   LithocoUetes,   2;  73o'- 
morrisii,  Acanthoderes,  2:732'. 
morrisoni,  Scopelosoma,  2:705'. 
Morrisonia  confusa,  2:  727^. 
morula,  Apatela,  2:724'. 
Mottled    willow   borer,    i:8«,    51', 

ioo''-3';  2:  469'. 
Mountain   ash,   injurious   insects; 
2:733*. 
borers: 

apple  borer,  round-headed,  I: 

5l3,  848. 
flat-headed  borer,  common,  i: 
87^ 
leaf   feeders: 

Apatela  superans,  2;  749'. 
Apple  tent  caterpillar,  2:  551'. 
Typophorus  canellus,   2:  508*, 

537'- 
scale  insects; 

Putnam's  scale,  1:227'. 
scurfy  scale,  i:  215*. 
Mountain     laurel,     injurious    in- 
sects: 
Agrilus  vittaticoUis,  2:720'. 
ash  sphinx,  2:  509*,  548'^ 
Mourning  cloak  butterfly,  1:160'. 
mucida,  Perothops,  2:722'. 
mucidus,  Dorytomus,  2:  746'. 
mucronatum,  Elaphidion,  2:702'. 
Mulberry,  injurious  insects: 
borers:  2:  726*. 

painted  hickory  borer,  1:264', 

266*. 
Phloeotribus  frontalis.  2:  725'. 
red-shouldered  twig  borer,  2: 

442'- 
multicolor,  Taxonus,  2:748'. 
multiguttata,  Chrysomela,  2:  742'. 
multipuncta,  Chrysomela,  2:566', 

566*. 
multispinosa,  Acholla,  2:6i3*J-i4". 

Rhodites,  2:  736''. 
muricatulus,  Neoclytus,  2:751''. 
murina,  Macratria.  2:742". 


murtfeldtiae,   Isodyctium,   2:703-. 
museorum,  Anthrenus,  2:614'. 
mustelina,  Hepialus,  2:753'. 

Schizura,  2:  736'. 
mutabilis,       Cryptocephalus,       2: 

703'. 
mutica,  Saperda,  2:429',  469'. 
muticus,  Scolytus,  2:  725'. 
Mycetochares  binotata,  2:489*. 

nigerrima,  2:  723'. 
Mycetophagus  flexuosus,  2:495'. 

pini,  2:  752"'. 

punctatus,  2:  495'. 
Mycetophilidae,  2:617'. 
Myochrous  denticoUis,  2:730'. 
myops,  Paonias,  2:  733'. 
Myrica,  Sphinx  gordius  injuring 

2:727'. 
myrmex,  Otidocephalus,  2:  715'. 
myron,  Ampelophaga,  2:  739'. 
mytilaspidis,     Aphelinus,     1:212', 
222',  231-. 

Tetranychus,  i:  14'. 
Mytilaspis  pomorum,  see  Lepido- 

saphes  ulmi. 
Myzus  achyrantes,  1:249'. 

cerasi,  I:  246'. 

Nabis  rufusculus,  2:652^  688'. 
Nacophora  quernaria,  2:  734'. 
Nadata  gibbosa,  2:506',  521'. 
Nantucket     pine     moth,     2:340^, 

405'-7^. 
nasicus,    Balaninus,   2:  512',   583'- 

85'. 
naso,  Conotrachelus,  2:  734''. 
Natada  nasoni,  2:  529',  707'. 
nebulo9us,  Rhodites,  2:  736''. 
Nectarophora  crataegi,  2:735'. 

liriodendri,  2:  732''. 
negundella,  Gracilaria,  2:  728'. 
negundinis,  Cecidomyia,  2:728'. 

Chaitophorus,  2:729'. 
nematicida,  Pteromalus,  2:423'. 
Nematocampa      filimentaria,     see 

Ania  limbata. 
Nematus  chloreus,  2:703'-. 

erichsonii,  see  Lygaeonematus 

gallicola,  2:  637'. 

unicolor,  2:511',  57l«-72'. 
Nemoria  subcroceata,  2:706'. 


nenuphar,  Conotrachelus,  2:  582', 

715"- 
Neoclytus    capraea,    1:257',   279'- 
So''. 

erythrocephalus,  I:  50',  70',  71'- 
73'.  261-. 

luscus,  2:  715''. 

muricatulus,  2:751*. 

scutellaris,  2:  715'. 
Neoforus  petitii,  2:727'. 
neogama,  Catocala,  2:  719*. 
Neoglaphyroptera      bivittata,      I: 

140'. 
Neomysia  pullata,  2:605'. 
Nepticula      amelanchierella,      2: 

734'- 

anguinella,  2:  70S'. 

caryaefoliella,  2:717''. 

castaneaefoliella,  2:  721'. 

clemensella,  2:719'. 

corylifoliella,  2:  723*. 

crataegifoliella,  2:734'. 

fuscotibiella,  2:744'. 

juglandifoliella,  2:720''. 

latifasciella,  2:  721'. 

maximella,  2:  719'. 

nyssaeella,  2;  735'. 

ostryaefoliella,  2:722'. 

platanella,  2:  719'. 

platea,  2:708''. 

prunifoliella,  2;  733'. 

pteliaeella,  2:  723'. 

quercicastanella,  2:  708''. 

quercipulchella,  2:708'. 

rosaefoliella.  2:  736'. 

saginella,  2:708'. 

serotinaeella,  2:733'. 

virginiella,  2:  722'. 
Nepytia  semiclusaria,  2:  753'. 
Nerice  bidentata,  2:  725'. 
nervosa,  Odontota,  2:703''. 
nessus,  Amphion,  2:  740'. 
Neuroterus  afiflnis,  2:713'. 

batatus,  2:  618',  624',  624'. 

consimilis,  2:  711'. 

corrugis,  2:  713'. 

crassitelus,  2:  710'. 

distortus,  2:  711''. 

dubia,  2:  710'. 

exiguissimus,  2:  710'. 

exiguus,  2:  710'. 


846 


.NEW     YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Neuroterus  favosus,  2:  713'. 

flavipes,  2:  Tli*. 

irregularis,  2;  711'. 

inajalis.  2:  710'. 

minutus,  2:  710*. 

nigrum,  2:  713^. 

noxiosus,  2:6iS*,  624',  711''. 

pallidus,  2:  712'. 

pallipes,  2:  710'. 

perminimus,  2:710'. 

pigra,  2:  713'. 

rileyi,  2;  712'. 

umbilicatus,  2:6ig',  627'. 

vernus,  2:  713*. 

verrucarum,  2:  711'. 
New    Jersey   tea,  CryptocephaluS 

quadrimaculatus      injuring,      2; 

695". 
New  York  weevil,  2:  506',  5i7''-iS-''. 
Nezara  pennsylvanica,  2:717'. 
niger,  .\craspis,  2:711'^. 

Orchestes,  2:  567'^  742''. 

Pytho,  2:  751*. 
nigerrima,  Mycetocliares,  2:  723*. 
nigra,  Biorhiza,  2:710'. 
nigrae,  Andricus,  2:713'. 

Chaitophorus,  2:  744'. 
nigricens,  Cynips,  2:  711'. 
nigriceps,  Phora,  i:  140'. 
nigricoUis,  Elater,  2:492'',  701'. 

Philonix,  2:  711'. 
nigricornis,  Leucopis,  1:182'. 

Oecanthus,  2:698*,  699'. 
nigripennis,  Calophya.  2:737'.  - 
nigripes,  Attelabus,  2:703'. 
nigritulus,  Cybocephalus,   1:231'. 
nigrofasciatum,    Eulecanium,     i: 

49,  173',  2oo-'-3''. 
nigrum,  .A.pion,  2:  730''. 

Dorcaschema,  s:y  D.  nigrum. 

Neuroterus,  2:  7i3''. 
nimhatana,     Oletlireutes,    2:  512'', 

576'. 
niphon,  Incisalia,  2:752'. 
nitela,  Papaipema,  2:429*,  468'. 
nitens,  I.eptura,  2:  702*. 
niti(U,  .-Mlorliina,  2:719*. 
nivalis,  Kermes,  2:709'. 
niveana,  Alceris,  2:749'. 
niveiguttana.  Olethreutes.  2:  724'. 
niveipila,  Cecidnmyia,  2:7I(-'. 


niveus,  Oecanthus,  2:  6o2'-3'',  699*. 
nobilis,    Calloides,    2:427*,    443''- 

44'. 
noctivaga,  Apatela,  2:  747'. 
Noctua  c-nigrum,  2:  727^. 
Nodonota      puncticoUis,     2:730', 
735'. 

tristis,  2:  730',  742'. 
nodosus,  Acanthocinus,  2:  751'. 
nodulus,  Cecidomyia,  2:745''. 
nodus,  Euura,  2:  745-. 
Nola  clethrae,  2:  739''. 

ovilla,  2:  706'. 
normani,  Crocigrapha,  2:  704'. 
Northern  Brenthian,  i:  256*,  261'- 

63'. 
notataria,  Eufidonia,  2:  753'. 
notatus,  Coelostethus,  2:  701'. 

Monohammus.  2:  361'. 

Stenosphenus,  2:493-,  7I5*. 
Nothus  varians,  2:  734'. 
Notolophus  antiqua,  2:  507^,    524', 
524«. 

definita,  st-e  Hemerocampa. 

leucostigma,  siy  Hemerocampa. 
Notoxus  anchora,  2:  653',  696'-97'. 

bifasciatu.s,  2:653',  696'. 
noveboracensis,  Ithycerus.  2:  506'. 

517^-18'. 
novemnotata,  Coccinella,    2:652'. 

691'. 
noxiosus,  Neuroterus,  2:6iS',  624", 

711-'. 
Noxious  oak  gall,  2:6lS',  624'. 
nubifer,  Phyllotrox,  2:  567'. 
nubila,  Hoplosia,  2:  722'. 
nubilis,  Euparthenos,  2:  730'. 
nubilus,  Thanasimus,  2:384',  653', 

693«. 
nucicola,  Cecidomyia,  2:  718'. 
nuncius,  Cryptus,    i:  158'. 
Nut  pests,  2:723';  key  to,  2:512". 
Nuthatches,  1:32'-,  ni',  iii',  lyi^. 
Nyctobates  pennsylvanica,  2:  4()2'', 
Nyctobia  limitata,  2:734'. 
Nymphs,  use  of   term,  I:  15'. 
Nysius  angustatus,  2:651',  685''. 
nyssae,  Phylloxera,  2:  735'. 
uyssaeella,  Nepticula,  2:735'. 
nyssaefoliella,    .\ntispila,    2:510'', 


Oak,     Ips    quadriguttatus    on,    2: 
692*. 
beneficial  insects: 

Bothrideres      geminatus,      2: 

505'. 
Chariessa  pilosa,  2:504''. 
Hydnocera  verticalis,   2:605'. 
injurious  insects: 
aphids:  2:  709'. 
borers:  2:  701''- 2'. 

Acanthoderes        quadrigib- 

bus,  2:  702'',  715'. 
apple  wood  stainer,  1:290'. 
ash  borer,   four-marked,   2: 

462'. 
Brenthian,       northern,       i: 

256',  261'. 
Calloides     nobilis,     2:427', 

443'- 
carpenter    worm,    1:7'',    51', 

79%  S3'. 
Ceruchus  piceus,  2:701'. 
chestnut    borer,    two-lined, 

i:  257',  280'. 
chestnut    timber    worm,    2: 

427',  449'. 
Cyrtophorus   verrucosus,   2: 

722'. 
Dendroideo    canadensis,    2: 
494^- 
concolor.  2:494'. 
Dermestes   pulcher,  2:  431', 

489^ 
Dicerca  pugionata,  2:  750'. 
Dysphaga   tenuipes,  2:  715'. 
flat-headed  borer,  common, 

i:^7'. 
Gaurotes      cyanipennis,      2: 

428^  454'. 
hickory    borer,   banded,    i: 
268'. 
tiger,  I:  256'',  268'. 
hickory  snout  borer,  i:  275'. 
h''ckory    timber     beetle,    2: 

427',  446'. 
Hyperplatys    maculatus,    2: 

426',  432«,  433I. 
Hypothenemus    crudiae,    2: 

715'. 
leopard  moth,  i:  78'. 
leptnstvhis.  prickly,  2:467'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


847 


Oak,  iiij.  insects  [cont'd): 
borers: 

leptostylus,       spotted,       2: 

482'. 
Leptura  subhamata,  2:675^ 

zebra,  2:451'. 
Lepturges     querci,     2:427', 

439*- 
Liopiis     punctatus,    2:426^, 

432'^ 
Micracis  suturalis,  2:715'. 
Monarthrum    fasciatum,   2: 

751'- 
Mordella    octopunctata,    2: 

433'- 
oak  bark  beetle,  minute,  i: 

295^ 
oak    borer,    dusty,    2:426', 
434*- 

variable,  2:433*. 
oak      twig      pruner,      I:  50'', 

59-'. 
oak   weevil,    gray   sided,    2: 

426',  436*. 
pigeon  tremex,  1:63^. 
pine  borer,  lesser,  2:662°. 
Pityophthorus  querciperda, 

2:  702*. 
Platypus  quadridentatus,  2: 

72o«. 
powder  post  beetle,  1:296*. 
prionus,    broad-necked,    2: 
486\ 

lesser,  2:487'. 
red  horned  borer,  small,  i: 

298'. 
rustic  borer,  i:  256^,  259'^. 
Sesia    rubristigma,    2:426', 

437''. 
Stenopsis    argenteomacula- 

tus,  2:  721'. 
Stenosphenus     notatus,     2: 

493'- 
thunderbolt  beetle,   2:427", 

444'- 
twig  girdler,  1:273'. 
Urographis      fasciatus.      2: 

426*.  4348,  435'. 
Xyleborus  fuscatus,  2:752*. 
Xyloterus     politus,     1:257", 

202^ 


Oak,  inj.  insects  (cont'J): 
bud  feeders: 

Mamestra   detracta,   2:  716'"'. 
flower  cricket,   white,   2:603^. 
gall  insects,  2:617',  709^-14^. 
Biorhiza  hirta,  2:712'. 
marginal   fold   gall,   2:619'', 

627'. 
oak  apple,  large,  2:618''. 

larger  empty,  2:618'. 
oak   leaf  stalk   gall,  2:618', 

625'. 
woolly  oak  gall,  2:623'. 
leaf  feeders,  2:  702*-8'. 

Acordulecera     dorsalis,     2: 

7i6». 
Agrihis  otiosus,  2:  518^. 
Alceris  ferrugana,  2:  744'. 
American   dagger   moth,   2: 

525^ 
American    lappet    moth,  2: 

507".  525'. 
American  silk  worm,  2:  526". 
Apatela  impleta,  2:  749''. 

interrupta,  2:  724^. 

lithospila,  2:  721'-. 
apple     tent    caterpillar,    2: 

551'- 
apple  worm,  yellow-necked, 

2:535'- 
bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  127°. 
black  walnut  caterpillar,  i; 

305-'. 
Brachys  aerosa,  2:  506^,  512'. 
brown  tail  motli,  i:  164'. 
buck  moth,  1:258'',  310^. 
Cenopis    (lettitana,    2:  512^, 
579'^ 

reticulatana,  2:512',  580'. 
Cistela  sericea.  2:  518"*. 
Copturus  binotatus,  2:  730''. 
Coscinoptera     dominicana, 

2:737'- 
Cotalpa  lanigera,  2:724''. 
curculio,    two     spotted,     2: 

5o6\  516-. 
Datana  contracta,  2:  725'. 
Demas     propinquilinea,     2: 

749'- 
Dichelonycha    elongata.    2: 

716^ 


Oak,  inj.  insects  {cont'd): 
leaf  feeders: 

Erannis  tiliaria,  2:  731". 
Euclea  delphinii,  2:529'. 

indetermina,  2:  528'. 
Eutrapela   kentaria,  2:  728'. 
filament  bearer,  2:  508',  530''. 
flannel    moth,    crinkled,    2: 

530'- 
ilea  beetle,  black-margined, 

2:  5o6'',  515'. 
forest    tent    caterpillar,     i: 

107*,  no",   no', 
gipsy  moth,  i:  120''. 
Glyptoscelis      barbata,      2: 

5I8^ 

hagmoth  caterpillar,  2:  528". 
Heterocampa    guttivitta,  2: 

727*. 
Hyparpax,      rosy,      2:  506*, 

520'. 
Hyperitis   amicaria,  2:722^. 
imperial  moth,  2:677*. 
io  caterpillar.    2:  506',   522''*. 
Isochaetes     beutenmulleri, 

2:  722^. 
leaf  roller,    red-banded,    2: 
532'-'. 

V-marked,     2:  508',      531', 
531*- 
Lithacodes  fasciola,  2:  728*. 
Lithocolletes        argentino- 
tella,  2:  725*. 

castaneaeella,  2:  721". 
locust  leaf  miner,  1:327'. 
luna  moth,  2:  526'. 
maple     worm,     semilooper, 

2:  508»,  538\ 
Metrocampa       praegranda- 

ria,  2:  749'. 
Morrisonia  confusa,  2:  727*. 
,       New    York    weevil,    2:517*, 

518'. 
oak     caterpillar,    green,    2: 
506*,  521'-. 

red-humped,  2:506',  519^. 

yellow      striped,      1:258^, 
306^. 
oak   leaf   miner.  Fitch's,    2: 

533°- 
white-blotch,  2-  508'',  532*. 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Oak,  inj.  insects  (cont'd): 
leaf  feeders: 

oak  leaf  roller,  2:508',  532*. 
oak   tussock   caterpillar,   2: 

523^ 
Odontota   quadrata,  2:  731'. 
Olene  leucophaea,  2:717'. 
Paonias  excaecatus,  2:  724'. 
promethea  moth,  2:557'. 
saddleback     caterpillar,    2: 

528'. 
Sisyrosea  textula,  2:  721''. 
Smerinthus  jamaicensis,   2; 

724'. 
spiny     oak     worm,     2:  507^, 

527-'. 
spruce  sawfly,  2;  683^. 
Strongylogaster  pinguis,  2; 

748'. 
Tachygonus      lecontei,     2: 

752^ 
Tischeria   castaneaeella,  2: 
•    721S. 

Tolype  velleda,  2:  727'. 
Tortricidia  fiexuosa,  2:  717'. 
Tortrix  albicomana,  2:  532''. 
tussock  moth,  dark,  2:  524'. 
definite-marked,      2:  507', 

522*. 
white  marked,  i:  136'. 
viceroy,  2:  559'. 
walking  stick,  2:535'. 
Xylina  antennata,  i:  131'. 
nut  pest: 

acorn  weevil,  2:512^,  583'. 
scale    or    sucking    insects:   2: 
709',  709''. 
cicada,  dog  day,  1:238^ 
Eulecanium      cerasifex,    2: 
728*. 
cockerelli,  2:  725'. 
golden    oak    scale,     1:258', 

329-'. 
hawthorn,  tingis,  2:598'. 
Putnam's  scale,  I:  227^. 
Oak,  black,  injurious  insects: 
borers: 

oak   carpenter  worm,   lesser, 

2:427-',  4392. 
Phymatodes  varius,  2:  702'. 
Platypus  compositus,   2:  720'. 


Oak,  black,  inj.  insects  (coiU'd): 
borers: 

Sesia  scitula,  2:  451'. 
Urographis  fasciatus,  2:435'. 
Xyleborus   pubescens,  2:  720'. 
gall  insects; 

Andricus  scitula,  2:  713'. 
oak  plum  gall,  2:628"^. 
leaf   feeders: 

Isodyctium    murtfeldtiae,    2: 

703'. 
Lithocolletes    obstrictella,    2: 

708'. 
Monostegia  quercuscoccineae, 

2:703^. 
Periclista      subtruncata,       2: 

702'. 
Telphusa  quercinigracella,  2: 

707'. 
Tischeria  tinctoriella,  2:721''. 
scale  insect: 

Eulecanium    quercitronis,    2: 
709-*. 
Oak,  black  jack,  injurious  insects: 
Andricus  operator,  2:713'. 
oak  gall,  horned,  2:624''. 
oak  leaf  gall,  warty,  2:627^. 
Oak,  burr,  resistance  to  insect  at- 
tack, I:  47'. 
injurious  insects: 
gall  insects:  2:  713''. 
Lachnosterna      hirticula,      2: 

716". 
leaf  roller,  oblique  banded,  2: 
580'. 
Oak,  chestnut,  injurious  insects: 
Neuroterus  rileyi,  2:  712'. 
oak  bullet  gall,  2:624'. 
Oak,     chinquapin,     injurious     in- 
sects: 
gall  insects,   2:  714'. 
Oak,  dwarf,  black  scrub  oak   gal! 

injuring,  2:6x8',  625'. 
Oak,    dwarf    chestnut,     injurious 
insects: 
oak  fig  gall,  2:626^ 
oak  gall,  spiny,  2:619',  627". 
®ak,   English,  Putnam's  scale  in- 
juring, I:  227*. 
Oak,    jack,    Xyleborus    pubescens 
injuring,  2:  720'. 


Oak,  laurel,  injurious  insects: 
Gelechia  vernella,  2:  708'. 
Tmetocera  ocellana,  2:  707^. 
Oak,  pin,  injurious  insects: 
Andricus  palustris,  2:  714'. 
oak  gall,  horned,  2:624*. 
oak  leaf  gall,  warty,  2:  627*. 
Putnam's  scale,  1:227*. 
Oak,  post,  injurious  insects: 
gall  insects:   2:  711'. 
oak  bullet  gall,  2:624'. 
oak    leaf    bullet     gall,     2:619', 

626'-. 
Phylloxera  rileyi,  2:  711'. 
Oak,     red,     resistance     to    insect 
attack,  I:  47^. 
injurious  insects:    I:  49. 
borers: 

Memythrus      simulans,      2: 

427',  438^ 
oak  bark  beetle,  i:  257'. 
Sesia  scitula,  2:451'. 
Synchita  obscura,  2:701''. 
gall  insects:  2:  712. 

oak  apple,   large   empty,  2: 

625''. 
oak  flower  gall,  2:  619'',  627'. 
oak  gall,  gouty,  2:6iS',  623'. 
oak  leaf  apple,  2:  618',  625'. 
oak  leaf  gall,  warty,  2:627''. 
oak  leaf  seed    gall,  2:619', 

627'. 
oak  plum  gall,  2:628°. 
scale  insect: 

Kermes  kingii,  2:709'. 
Oak,  scarlet,  resistance  to  insect 
attack,  1:47''. 
injurious  insects: 
gall  insects:   2:  712'. 

Dryophanta  papula,  2:  712*. 
oak  apple,  larger  empty,  2; 
625'. 
Oak,  scrub,  beneficial  insects: 
cidada  killer,  2:603'. 
Hydnocera  subaenea,  2:606'. 
Hyperaspis        binotata,        2: 
605'. 
injurious  insects: 
borers: 

I^eptura      vagans,      2:427', 
440'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


Oak,  scrub,"  inj.  insects  (cont'd): 
borers: 

Typocerus      velutinus,      2: 

426',  436'. 
gall  insects:   713*. 

bullet  gall,  rough,  2:624'. 
oak  fig  gall,  2:619',  626^. 
oak    gall,    black    scrub,    2: 
6iS«,  625«. 

horned,  2:  624^. 
oak  leaf  bullet  gall,  2:  6ig', 

626-. 
oak    leaf     gall,     warty,     2: 

627''. 
leaf  feeders: 

Anthaxia  quercata,  2:  518^. 
Aplirastus  taeniatus,  2:  506^, 

515'- 
Archips    fervidana,    2:  50S- 

530«. 
Attelabus  nigripes,  2:  703*. 
Brachys  ovata,  2:  506',  513'. 
Cryptocephalus  quadri- 

maculatus,  2:  695'. 
Eugnamptus      coUaris,      2: 

7i6». 
Metachroma      quercata,     2: 

703'. 
Rhynchites  aeratus,  2:  703*. 

bicolor,  2:  51S'. 
rose  beetle,  2:  575*. 
Serica    trociformis,   2:  506^, 

514". 
Thanaos  brizo,  2:  704^. 
Tymnes      tricolor,     2:506^, 

515=. 
nut  pest: 

acorn  weevil,  2:  584'. 
sucking  insects: 

Alydus  eurinus,  2:613'. 
Archasia  galeata,  2:  597'. 
Cyrtolobus    fenestratus,    2: 

Euschistus  fissilis,  2:610'. 
Jassus  olitorius,  2:  597'. 
Kermes  perryi,  2:709'. 
lightning    leaf    hopper,    2: 

sg8'. 

Telamona      monticola,     2: 

596". 
Thelia  godingi,  2:  596*. 


Oak,   swamp,    gall    insects    injur- 
ing, 2:7n3. 
Oak,   swamp    chestnut,    Andricus 

papillatus  injuring,  2:712'. 
Oak,  turkey  scrub,  Andricus  quer- 

cifoliae  injuring,  2:714^. 
Oak,   white,   resistance   to    insect 
attack,  i:  47^ 
injurious  insects: 
borers: 

Chrysobothris     scitula,     2: 

701'. 
Cinyra  gracilipes,  2:  701'. 
Elaphidion      subpubescens, 

2:  702'^ 
Goes  debilis,  2:  702^. 
Leptura  emarginata,  2:  436''. 
Sandalus  petrophya,  2:  701'. 
Tillomorpha    geminata,    2: 

715'- 
Typocerus  zebratus,  2:  702*. 
Xyleborus      pubescens,      2: 
720'. 
gall  insects:   2:7Io'-iI^. 
bullet  gall,  rough,  2:624'. 
oak  bullet  gall,  2:  eiS-*,  624'. 
oak      button     gall,     2:619^, 

627*. 
oak    fig    gall,    2:  618',    6lg'', 

626^ 
oak   hedgehog  gall,  2:619", 

627'. 
oak  potato  gall,  2: 618',  624'.- 
oak  tip  gall,  2:6iS',  624'. 
oak  wool  gall,  2:  6i89,  625*. 
wool  sower,  2:618',  622'. 
leaf  feeders: 

brown  tail  moth,  i:  254^. 
Exartema    inornatanum,   2: 

707'. 
Isodyctium    infrequens,    2: 
703'. 
subgregarium,  2:703'. 
Monostegia,     quercuscocci- 

neae,  2:  703*. 
Periclista  albicollis,  2:702'. 
media,  2:  702'. 
purpuridorsum,  2:  702*. 
Psaphidia    thaxterianus,    2; 

704'. 
walking  stick,  2:  533'. 


Oak,  white,  inj.  insects  (cont'd): 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 
Eulecanium    canadense,    2: 

725'. 
Kermes  andrei,  2:709'. 

nivalis,  2:  709'. 
Sphaerococcus  sylvestris,  2: 
709«. 
Oak,   white  swamp,   injurious  in. 
sects: 
oak  gall,  lobed,  2:618',  625'. 
noxious,  2:618',  624'. 
Oak,  willow,  Amphibolips  phellos 

injuring,  2:  712*. 
Oak,  yellow,  resistance   to  insect 

attack,  1:47^. 
Oak  apple,  2:  710'. 

large,  2:618',  625',  625*. 
larger  empty,  2:618',  625''. 
Oak  bark  beetle,  i:  257'. 

minute,  1:295'. 
Oak  borers,  2:  70l''-2'. 
dusty,  2:426',  434''. 
variable,  2:426',  433'-34^ 
Oak  bullet  gall,  2:6iS',  624'. 
Oak  button  gall,  2:  619',  627'. 
Oak    carpenter    worm,    lesser,    2: 

427',  439'. 
Oak     caterpillar,     green,    2:  506', 
521'. 
red-humped,  2:  506',  5i9'-2o'. 
senatorial,  2:  607'. 
yellow-striped,  1:258'',  3o6''-io^ 
Oak  fig  gall,  2:618',  619',  626*-27^ 
Oak  flower  gall,  2:619'',  627'-28'. 
Oak  galls,  2:  7og'-l4'. 

black  scrub,  2:618',  625'. 
gouty,  2:618',  623'-24'. 
horned,  2:618',  624^ 
lobed,  2:6i8«,  625'. 
noxious,  2:618°,  624'. 
spiny,  2:  619',  627'. 
woolly,  2:  618',  622«-23'. 
Oak  hedgehog  gall.  2:619',  627'. 
Oak  leaf  apple,  2:618',  625'. 
Oak  leaf  bullet   gall,  2:619',  626'. 
Oak  leaf  feeders,  2:  702'-3*. 
Oak  leaf  gall,  warty,  2:619',  627'. 
Oak   leaf  miner.    Fitch's,    2: 508*, 
533'- 
white-blotch.   2:  JOS'*,  532'-33'. 


850 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Oak  leaf  roller,  2:  508',  532=. 
Oak  leaf  seed  gall,  2:619',  627'. 
Oak  leaf-stalk  gall,  2:  6l8»,  625'. 
Oak  plum  gall,  2:6I9^  628=. 
Oak  potato  gall,  2:  6IS^  624''. 
Oak    scale,    golden,    1:258',   329'- 

31'- 
Oak  tip  gall,  2;6iS^,  624". 
Oak    tussock    caterpillar,    2: 507^ 

523'. 
Oak   twig   pruner,   j<v  Maple  and 

oak  twig  pruner. 
Oak    weevil,    gray    sided,    2:426', 

436«-37«. 
Oak  wool  gall,  2:6iS',  625'. 
Oak  worm,  orange-striped,  2:  527'. 

spiny,  2:  so-",  527'. 
obcordata,   Phellopsis,  see  P.  ob- 

cordata. 
Oberea  ocellata,  2:493'. 

ruficoUis,  2:  732*. 

schaumii,  2:  493'. 

tripunctata  var.    mandarina,   2: 
74f>'- 
obesus,  Xyleborus,  2:  722^. 
oblinita,     Apatela,     2:511',     560', 

743'. 
obliqua,  Ifeterocampa,  2:705'. 

Saperda,  2:430"*,  48o'-8l-. 
obliquata,  Penthe,  2:493'. 
Oblique    banded    leaf     roller,     2: 

5I2^  531',  58o'-8i-. 
obliquistrigella,      Recurvaria,     2: 

754'. 
obliquus,  Cryptorhynchus,  2:  715', 

737'. 
obliterans,  Loxostege,  2:609'. 
Obrium  rubrum,  2:428',  463'. 
obscura,  Catocala,  2:716*. 

Synchita,  2:  701*. 

var.      lurida,      Dicerca,     2:427^, 
442S-43«. 
obscuricoslella,    LithocoUetes,    2: 

723'. 
obscurus,  Adoxus,  2:  739". 

Chrysomphalus,  2:709". 

Ilymenorus,  2:701'. 
obsoletoguttatus,  Agrilus,  2:701'. 
obsoletus,    Acanthosinus,    2:649*, 

662'. 
obstrictella,  I.ithocolletes,  2:  70C'. 


obtentus,  Cryptorhynchus,  2:  720*. 
obtusa,  Clastoptera,  2:687'. 
obtusaria,  Euchlaena,  2:721'. 
Obtuse  clastoptera,  2:  687'. 
obtusilobae,  Aegilips,  2:715'. 

Andricus,  2:  709'. 

Ceroptres,  2:714'. 
obtusus,  Balaninus,  2:  723*. 
occidentalis,  Cerura,  2:743'. 
ocellana,  Tmetocera.  2:  707^. 
ocellaris,       Cecidomyia,      2:619', 

629''-3o'. 
ocellata,  Anatis.  i:  175°,  195',  19S'; 
2:  604*. 

Oberea,  2:  493'. 
Ocellate    maple  leaf    gall,  2:619', 

629*-3o'. 
octolineata,  Gypona,  2:652*,  688'. 
octomaculata,  Alypia,  2:  512',  575'. 
octopunctata,    Mor'della,    see    M. 

octopunctata. 
oculata,  Anatis,  i:  186'. 

Goes,  2:  715*. 
oculatus,  Alaus,  2:430*,  485'-86'. 
Odontophyes  aviingrata,  2:716'. 
Odontota    dorsalis,   1:258*,    325'- 
29=. 

nervosa,  2:  703'. 

quadrata,  2:  731'. 
odontotae,   Spilochalcis  (Smicra), 
l:32S>. 

Trichogramma.  1:328". 
odoratus,   Pteronus,   2:511',   562'- 

63*,  741'. 
oecanthi,  Baryconus,  2:603'. 

Cacus,  2:  603'. 
Oecanthus  fasciatus,  2:699'. 

latipennis,  2:  603*". 

nigricornis,  2:698',  699'. 

niveus,  2:6o2'-3',  699''. 

pini,  2:698'. 

quadripunctatus,  2:  69g'-7oo''. 
Oeme  rigida,  2:755'. 
Ohio  buckeye,   leopard   moth    in- 
juring, I:  78'. 
Olene  achatina,  2:  507*,  524'. 

leucophaea,  2:717'. 
var.  basiflava,  2:749''. 

plagiata,  2:  725'-'. 
Olethreutes  capreana,  2:741'. 

cyaiiana,  2:512'.  577"'-79'. 


Olethreutes  malachitana,  2:735'. 
nimbatana,  2:512',  576'. 
niveiguttana,  2:  724'. 
Oliarius  quinquelineatus,  2:  652', 

686'. 
Oligia  versicolor,  2:  754'. 
Oligotropbus       betulae,       2:621*, 

647'. 
olitorius,  Jassus,  2:597*. 
Olive,   black-banded   scale   injur- 
ing, I:  2oi'-. 
olyra,   Magdalis,   1:256',   274'-75'; 

2:  503*. 
omnivora,  Diglochis,  1:166'. 
Oncideres  cingulatus,  I:  256',  271'- 

74^ 
onerati,  Entelus,  i:  74'. 
oneratus,  Synergus,  2:  714'. 
Onychia  armatus,  2:715'. 
quinquelineata,  2:  715'. 
opacicollis,  Micracis,  2:702'. 
opaculus,  Hylesinus,  1:257',  288'. 
opacus,  Iphthimus,  2:492*. 
operator,   Andricus,  2:618',  622'- 

23^,  709*,  713'. 
opercularis,  Megalopyge,  2:  726'-. 
Opheltes  glaucopterus,  i:  158'. 
Opheroptera  boreata,  2:  725'. 
Ophion,  I:  21*. 

glabratum,  see  Eremotylus. 
optiva,  Megachile,  2:  728'. 
Orange,   injurious  insects; 
borers: 

apple  wood  stainer,  1:290'. 
Dorcaschema    alternatum,    2: 

726'. 
Elaphidion  inerme,  2:  702'. 
Hvperplatys     maculatus,      2: 

433'. 
Leptostylus  biustus,  2:  715'. 
maple   and   oak   twig    pruner, 

1:61'. 
powder  post  beetle,  1:297'. 
twig  borer,  1:273'. 
leaf  feeders: 

orange  dog,  2:555'. 
Papilio  thoas,  2:729'. 
scale  insects: 

Euonymus  scale,  i:  214'. 
Orange,  osage,   injurious  insects: 
2:726'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


851 


Orange,  osage.inj.  insects  {cont'd): 

borers: 

Dorcaschema  wihlii,  2:  726*. 
leptostylus,  prickly,  2:  461*. 

leaf  feeders; 

bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  127'. 
Cenopis         reticulatana,        2; 
707'. 

scale  or  sucking  insects: 

Pulvinaria  maclurae,  2:  737'. 
Putnam's  scale,  1:227''. 
Orange-banded  clerid,  2:  502'. 
Orange  butterfly,  I:  196'. 
Orange  dog,  2:510',  554'-55*- 
orbitalis,  Cecidomyia,  2:746^. 

Euura,  2:  745'. 
Orchesia  castanea,  2:  731''. 

gracilis,  2:  748*. 
Orchestes  betuleti,  2:749'. 

ephippatus,  2;  567-. 

niger,  2:  567',  742*. 

pallicornis,  2:  742*. 

rufipes,  2:  742'. 

salicis,  2:  742''. 
Orcus  australasiae,  1:223'. 

chalybeus,  1:223'. 
oregonensis,    Amauroneniatus,   2: 

74i«. 
Greta  irrorata,  2:  749*. 

rosea,  2:  749«. 
Orgyia  antiqua,  j-tv  Notolophus. 

definita,  sc'e  Hemerocampa. 

dispar,  see  Porthetria. 

leucostigma,  see  Hemerocampa. 
orgyiae,  Amorphota,  i:  138'. 

Cratotechus,  r:  13S*'. 

Telenomus,  1:138*. 
orina,  Calymnia,  2:704'. 
Orioles,  1:30',  33',  in-.  237'. 

Baltimore,  1:27',  30',  m*,  122'-, 
137',  166'. 
Ormenis  pruinosa,  2:  598'-'. 
Ornix   acerifoliella,  see  Tischeria. 

crataegifoliella,  2:  734*. 

inusitatumella,  2:  734'. 

quadripunctella,  2:734-. 
Orsodachna  atra,  2:  741'. 
Orthaltica  copalina,  2:737'. 
Orthofidonia  vestaliata,  2:  706'. 
ortholobis,  Chionaspis,  2:  744'. 
Orthoptera,  i:  24*. 


Orthosoma      brunneuni,       2:430', 

487''-88-. 
Oryssus  sayi,  2:  727''. 

terminalis,  2:  727''. 
Osmoderma  eremicola,  2:493'. 

scabra,  2:  492'. 
ostensackenella,  Lithocolletes,  2: 

730'. 
ostensackenii,  Andricus,  2:  713'. 
ostryae,  Coleophora,  2:  722'. 

Pteronus,  2:  722'. 
ostryaeella,  Chrysopeleia,   2:  723'. 
ostryaefoliella,      Coptodisca,      2: 
722*. 

Lithocolletes,  2:  722'. 

Nepticula,  2:  722". 
Otacustes  periliti,  1:140'. 
Otidocephalus  chevrolatii,  2:  715'. 

myrmex,  2:  715'. 
Otiocerus  amyotii,  2:717'. 
otiosus,  Agrilus,  2:  502'',  518',  729'. 
ovata,  Apatela,  2:  704°. 

Brachys,  see  K.  ovata. 

Chalcis,  see  C.  ovata. 
ovatus,  Pterocolus,  2:  703'. 
ovilla,  Nola,  2:706''. 
ovum,  Euura,  2:  745'. 
Owl  beetle,  2:430*,  485'-86'. 
Oxyptilus  tenuidactylus,  2:  754°. 
Oyster  scale,  i:  173*,  2ii'-i3*. 

Pachybrachysatomarius,  2:  730'-. 

femoratus,  2:  752'. 

livens,  2:  742'. 

tridens,  2:  740°,  742'. 
Pachylobius  picivorus,  2:  751". 
Pachynematus  gregarious,  2:741*. 
Pachyneuron  j/.  1:186'. 

altiscuta,  i:  182',  203'. 
Pachypsylla,  2:617'. 

celtidis-asteriscus,  2:726'.. 

celtidis-cucurbita,  2:  726'. 

celtidis-gemma,  2:726'. 

celtidis-globulus,  2:  726'. 

celtidis-mamma,  2:621*,  647'. 

celtidis-pubescens,  2:  726''. 

celtidis-umbilicus,  2:  726'. 

celtidis-vesiculum,  2:726''. 

venusta,  2:  726'. 
Pachyscelus  purpureus,  2:715'. 
Packardia  elegans,  2:  529'.  707-. 


Packardia  geminata,  2:  529",  707'-'. 
packardiana,  Tortrix,   2:  754'. 
Paectes  delineata,  2:  724-'. 

pygmaea,  2:  724'. 
Painted    hickory    borer,      1:256', 

264'-66'. 
Painted  maple  aphid,  i:  172',  175'- 

76". 
palaeogama,  Catocala,  2:  716*. 
Pale    tussock    caterpillar,   2:507', 

52j  -24  . 
Paleacrita  vernata,  2:  509'',  547'''. 
Pales  weevil.  2:649',  664''- 
pales,  Hylobius,  2:649',  664''. 
palliatus,  Desmocerus,  2:  737'. 
pallicornis,  Orchestes,  2:742'. 

Pontania,  2:  741'. 
pallida,  Metachroma,  2:703'. 

Phytodecta,  2:  510*,  558'. 

Tortricidia,  2:529'',  707''. 
pallidior,  Eulecanium,   2:  755'. 
pallidochrella,  Helice,  2:  729'. 
pallidum,  Phyton,  2:715'. 
pallidus.  Neuroterus,  2:  712*. 

Spathius,  2:  359'. 
pallipennis,     Hydnocera,    2:653-, 

693^ 
pallipes,  Dryophanta,  2:710^. 

Limneria,  I:  145*. 

Neuroterus,  2:  710'. 
pallorana,  Tortrix,  2:  733'. 
Palm  warbler,  1:26-'^. 
Palmetto,  oak  borer,  dusty,  injur- 
ing, 2:434'. 
palmii,  Datana,  2:  739'. 
Palthis  asopialis,  2:705'. 
palustris,  .\ndricus,  2:  714'. 
Pammegischia  xiphydriae,  2:466*. 
pampinaria,  Cleora,  2:743'. 
Panapoda  rufimargo,  2:  705*. 
Pandeletejus  cinereus,  2:436'. 

hilaris,  2:426',  436'-37'. 
Pandemis  lamprosana,  2:  728'. 

limitata,  2:  707'. 
pandorus,  Pholus,  2:  739'. 
Panthea  acronyctoides,  2:  754'. 

furcilla,  2:651',  679'-8o'. 
Pantographa  limata,  2:731'. 
Paonias  astylus,  2:738'. 

excaecatus,  2:  724'. 

myops,  2:  733'. 


852 

Papaipema  nitela,  2:429*,  468'. 
Papilio    glaucus    var.    turnus,    2: 
704'. 

rutulus,  2;  750*. 

thoas,  2:5io\  554^-55*.  729'- 

troilus,  2:  732^ 
papillatus,  Andricus,  2:  712'. 
papula,  Dryophanta,  2:712''. 
papyraceae,  Hormaphis,  2:750'. 
Paralechia  cristifasciella,  2:707'. 

pinifoliella,  2:65I'',  681'. 
Parallel  spittle  insect,  2:686". 
parallela,  Aphrophora,  2:  6S6". 
parallelopipedus,    Lyctus,   2:430*, 

483',    501'. 
parallelus,  Dorcas,  2:492''. 

Hister,  2:  ssg'',  372',  491'. 

Hypophloeus,  2:  389',  449'. 
Parandra  brunnea,  2:701*. 
Paraphia  subatomaria,  2:753'. 

var.  unipuncta,  2:706*. 
Parasa  chloris,  2:529°. 
Parasites    or    natural  enemies,  i: 

2o'-25*;  2:7I4*-I5'. 
Paratenetus  punctatus,  2:606''. 
Parharmonia    pini,    2:338'',    341'- 

42*. 
Paridae,   I:  32^. 
Paris  green,  i;  34^,  37^. 
parochus,  Cryptorhynchus,  2:  494^ 
Paromalus  bistriatus,  2:389'. 

difficilis,  2:  389'. 
Parorgyia  achatina,  see  Olene. 
parorgyiae,  Apanteles,  1:138*. 
parta,  Catocala.  2:  743'. 
parvicollis,     Dorytomus,     2:430', 

475*- 
parvula,  Dryophanta,  2:713'. 
parvus,  Leptostylus,  2:  702*. 
Passalus  cornutus,  2:492*. 
patiens,  Andricus,  2:713*. 
pattoni,  Andricus,  2:711*. 
Paururus  cyaneus,  2:649',  669'. 
Pawpaw,  injurious  insects: 

Aphrastus  taeniatus,  2:515'. 

Iphidicles  ajax,  2:735*. 
Peach  bark  beetle,  2:428',  452'. 
Peachtree,  injurious  insects; 

borers: 

buprestis,  divaricated,  2:  428*, 
45  7«. 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 

Peachtree,  inj.  insects  {conl'd): 
borers; 

flat-headed    borer,     common, 

1:87-. 
fruit  tree  bark  beetle,  2:  453'. 
maple  and   oak  twig  pruner, 

i:6i2. 
peach  bark  beetle,  2: 428',  452^*. 
Sesia  pictipes,  2:453*. 
twig    borer,    red-shouldered, 

2:442*. 
twig  girdler,  i:  273'. 
flower  cricket,  white,  2:603'. 
leaf  feeders; 

brown  tail  moth,  i:  164'. 
forest  tent  caterpillar,  i:  no'. 
Mineola  indigenella,  2:  733'. 
promethea  moth,  2:  557*. 
rose  beetle,  2;  575'. 
Scopelosonia  sidus,  2:  705^^. 
walking  stick,  2:  534^. 
Xylina       antennata,       I:  130', 
I3I«. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 
black-banded  scale,  1:200'. 
box  elder  plant  bug,  i:  239*. 
Eulecanium      canadense,      2: 
725'- 
cerasifex,  2;  728*. 
cockerelli,  2:  725'. 
Euschistus  variolarius,  2:  612'. 
Putnam's  scale,  1:227*. 
Peartree,  beneficial  insects: 
Chariessa  pilosa,  2;  504*. 
injurious  insects; 
borers: 

buprestis,    divaricated,     2: 

458'. 
flat-headed  borer,  common, 

1:87'. 
maple  and  oak  twig  pruner, 

l:6i\ 
Neoclytus  erythrocephalus, 

1:72". 
pigeon  tremex,  1:63^. 
twig  girdler,  1:273^. 
Urographis      fasciatus,      2: 

435'. 

leaf  feeders: 

apple  worm,  yellow-necked, 

2:535'. 


Peartree,  inj.  insects  {cont'd): 
leaf  feeders: 

bag  or  basket  worm,  1:127'. 
brown  tail  moth,  i:  164'. 
cecropia  moth,  2;  539*. 
Cenopis      reticulatana,      2: 

707'. 
Erannis  tiliaria,  2:  731'. 
forest    tent    caterpillar,    i: 

107'. 
rose  beetle,  2:  575'. 
tussock  moth,  white    mark- 
ed, I:  136'. 
Xylina  antennata,  I:  131'. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 
Eulecanium     cerasifex,     2: 
72S*. 
cockerelli,  2;  725'. 
oyster  scale,  i:  211'. 
Putnam's  scale,  i;  227^ 
Peas,  injurious  insects: 
aphids,  1:242'. 
Xylina  antennata,  i:  131'. 
Pecan,   twig    girdler    injuring,   I: 

273*. 
pectinaria,  Euchlaena,  2:  706''. 
pectinator,  Bracon,  2:  391*. 
pectinicornis,  Cladius,  2:  735'. 

Melasis,  2:  701*. 
pectoralis,  Hylotoma,  2;  511',  542'. 

57o'-7i*,  748*. 
pedalis,  Pimpla,  i:  112'. 
pedata,  Eucoila,  2:  714'. 
Pediopsis  basilis,  2:  597*. 
trimaculata,  2:  732'. 
viridis,  2:  744'. 
pedunculata,  Dryophanta,  2:  712^. 
Pelecotoma  flavipes,  2:  722''. 
pellex,    Cecidomyia,  2:620',  632^- 

33'- 
pellucidaria,  Therina,  2;  753'. 
pelviculella,  Moodna,  2:749'. 
Pemphigus  acerifolii,  2:600'. 
aceris,  2;  600*,  728'. 
fraxinifolii,  1:196*;  2:  727'. 
imbricator,  1:196';  2:722*. 
popularius,  2:  748'. 
populicaulis,   2:620',  636',  748'. 
populi-globuli,  2;  748'. 
populimonilis,  2:  748*. 
populiramulorum,  2;  74S'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


853 


Pemphigus  populi-transversus,  i: 
247^  2:620\  635--3CI''- 

populi-venae,  2:  748-'. 

pseudobyrsa,  2;  74S'. 

rhois.  1:247';  2:62I^  647'. 

tessellatus,  i:  173',  l95'-g6'. 

ulmifusus,  1:247*;   2:620',  Css''. 

vagabundus,  2:620*,  635'. 
penicellatus,      Pogonocherus,     2: 

737^ 
pennsylvanica,  Nezara,  2:  717^. 

Nyctobates,  2:492'. 
pentagona,  Aulacaspis,  2;  719^- 
Pentatomidae,  1:24'. 
Penthe  obliquata,  2:493*. 

pimelia,  2:493'. 
Penthina  cyanana,  see  Olethreutes. 

nimbatana,  see  Olethreutes. 
Pentilia  misella,  1:222'. 
Pepperidge  tree,  see  Sour  gum. 
Perciioptilota  fluviata,  2:  725'. 
perditor,  Andricus,  2:709'. 
perforata,   Magdalis,  2:  340-,  402'. 
Periclista  albicollis,  2:  702'. 

chionanthi,  2:  73S'. 

emarginata,  2:  703'. 

media,  2:  702'. 

purpuridorsum,  2:  702'. 

subtruncata,  2:  702^. 
Periclistis  futilis,  2:  715'. 

semipiceus,  2:  736'. 

sylvestris,  2:  736'. 
Peridroma    margaritosa  var.   sau- 

cia,  2:  704*. 
Perilampus,  2:4o6'-7'. 
periliti,  Otacustes,  i:  140'. 
Perimegatoma  variegatum,  i:  140'. 
Periodical     cicada,     I:  173',    231^- 

37*. 
Perissopterus    pulchellus,    i:  2gS', 

231-. 
perminimus,  Neuroterus,  2:  710*. 
permundanum,  Exartema,  2;  723^. 
permutana,  Alceris,   2.744^. 
perniciosa.  Phylloxera,  2:  71S'. 
perniciosus,  Aspidiotus,  i:S*,  12*, 

38',  173*,  2I6«-26^ 
Perothops  mucida,  2:  722'. 
perryi,  Kermes,  2:709^. 
persicoides,   Cecidomyia,     2:619', 

628'. 


Persimmon,   injurious   insects:    2: 
735'- 
borers: 

twig  borer,  red-shouldered,  2: 

442-'. 
twig  girdler,  1:273'*. 
leaf  feeders: 

Catocala  piatrix,  2:  719'. 
Cenopis    reticulatana,  2:  707*. 
Gonodontis     hypochraria,     2: 

732", 
Heterocampa  manteo,  2:705'. 
hickory  horned    devil,  1:305*. 
persius,  Thanaos,  2:742'. 
perspicua,  Datana,  2:  737^. 
petiolicola,  Andricus,  2:  618',  625', 
714'- 
Ceroptres,  2:  714'. 
petitii,  Neoforus,   2:  727^. 
petrophya,  Sandalus,  2:  701'. 
pettitana,  Cenopis,  2;  512',  579'. 
pettiti,  Kermes,  2:  709'. 
pezomachoides,   Acraspis,  2:  714'. 
Pezomachus  insolitus,  I:  140'. 
Phaeogenes  hebe,  i:  166-. 
Phalonia  dorsimaculana,  2:  744^ 

rutilana,  2:  755*. 
Phellopsis  obcordata,  2:496''. 
phellos,  Amphibolips,  2:712'. 
Phenacoccus  acericola,  1:49,  172*, 
i82'-86«. 
dearnessi,  2:  735-'. 
Plienolia  grossa,  2:496'. 
Pheocyma  lunifera,  2:  753'. 
Pheosia  dimidiata,  2:  747*. 
Phigalia  titea,  2:  728'. 
philadelphica,       Chrysomela,      2: 
752*. 
var.     spireae,      Chrysomela,     2: 
742'. 
Philonix  fulvicoUis,  2:711'. 
gillettei,  2:  711-. 
macrocarpae,  2:713'. 
nigricollis,  2:  7II-. 
villosus,  2:  713'. 
Philosamia  cynthia,  1:45';  2:727*. 
Phiprosopus      callitrichoides,      2: 

740'. 
Plilegethontius  rustica,  2:  737*. 
Phlepsius   fulvidorsum,  2:753*. 
irroratus,  2:  717'. 


Phloeophagus  apionides,  2:  733'. 

minor,  2:  722^,  742'. 
Phloeosinus  dentatus,  2:  336',  337', 

338',  39i'-93'- 
Phloeotribus      frontalis,      2:336*, 
725". 

liminaris,  2:  336*,  428',  452'. 
Phloeotrya  liturata,  2:493'. 

simulator,  2:  494'. 
phlogosaria,  Plagodis,  2:  733'. 
Phlyctaenia    helvalis,  2:  744'. 
I'hobetron  pithecium,  2:  528',  529^. 
I'hoebe,  i:  137". 
Pholus  achemon,  2:  739*. 

pandorus,  2:  739'. 
Phora  agarici,  i:  140'. 

cimbicis,  i:  158'. 

fasciata,  i:  140*. 

incisuralis,  i:  140'. 

minuta,  i:  158*. 

nigriceps,  i:  140'. 

setaeea,  i:  158*. 
Phorodon  humuli,  1:248'. 
Phyllaphis  fagi,  2:  6oi'-2'. 
Phyllechthrus  gentilis,  2:  730'. 
Phyllobaenus    dislocatus,    2:389*, 

449=,  5033. 
Phyllocnistis     ampelopsiella,     2: 
740'. 

liquidambarisella,  2:735*. 

liriodendronella,  2:  732'. 

populiella,  2:  747'. 

smilacissella,  2:  740'. 
Phyllodecta  vulgatissima.  2:742'. 
Phylloecus    flaviventris,  see  Janus 

integer. 
Phyllotreta  picta,  2:  716''. 
Phyllotrox  nubifer,  2:567*. 
Phylloxera      caryae-avellana,      2: 
7IS-'. 

caryaecaulis,  1:247',   259',   331'— 
32';  2:  619*. 

caryae-fallax,  2:  718"*. 

caryae-foliae,  2:  71S'. 

caryae-globuli,  2:718*. 

caryae-gummosa,  2:  7l8**. 

caryae-ren,  2;  718^. 

caryae-semen,  2:  718'. 

caryae-septum    7'ar,     perforans, 
2:  7iS3. 

carvaevenae,  2:  71S'. 


854 

Phylloxera  conica,  2:  71S-. 

deplanata,  2:  718'. 

depressa,  2:  718'. 

forcata,  2:  718'. 

foveata,  2:  629". 

foveola,  2:619",  629^  7l8\ 

globosum,  2:  718''. 

intermedia,  2:  718'. 

nyssae,  2:  735'. 

perniciosa,  2:  71S". 

picta,  2:  718'. 

pilosula,  2:  718'. 

popularia,  2:  748''. 

prolifera,  2:  748'. 

querceti,  2:  711^. 

rileyi,  2:  710'',  711^. 

rimosalis,  2:  718*. 

salicicola,  2:  745*. 

spinosa,  2:  718*. 

spinuloida,  2:  718*. 

subelliptica,  2:718*. 

symmetrica,  2:  718'. 
Phymatodera  bicolor,  2:  393'. 
Phymatodes  amoenus,  2:  502''. 

dimidiatus,  2:650^,  669'- 70''. 

variabilis,  2:426',  433'-34^. 

variiis,  2:  702'. 
phymatodis,  Brachistes,  2:463'. 
Physcus  varicornis,  1:208',  227'. 
Physocnemum      brevilineum,      2: 

42S*,  462'. 
Phytocoris  eximius,  2:651',  685*. 
Phytodecta  pallida,  2:  510*,  558'. 
Phyton  pallidum,  2:  715^. 
Phytonomus  punctatus,  i:  18'. 
phytophagica,  Hemichroa,  2:  703''. 
Phytoptus,  see  Eriophyes. 
piatrix,  Catocala,  2:  719'. 
Piazorhinus  pictus,  2:  703'. 

scutellaris,  2:  703'. 
piceae,  Cryphalus,  2:753'. 
piceaella,  Recurvaria,  2:  754''. 
piceaperda,    Dendroctonus,    1:6*, 

7':  2:338',  379^-85',  6938. 
piceus,  Ceruchus,  2:492',  701*. 
Picidae,  i:  30'. 
picipes,  Euderces,  see  E.  picipes. 

Rhabdopterus,  2:731*. 
picivorus,  Pachylobius,  2:751^. 
Picoides  americaniis.  1:28'. 

arcticus,  I:2S». 


NEW    VOKK    STATE    MUSEUM 

picta,  Centrodera,  2:  715'. 
Harmonia,  I:  231''. 
Mamestra,  2:  608*. 
Phyllotreta,  2:  716^. 
Phylloxera,  2:  718'. 
pictipes,  Sesia,  2:428',  453^-54\ 
pictus,  Cyllene,  1:256^  264'-66'. 

Piazorhinus,  2:703'. 
Picus  villosus,  2:454'. 
Pieris  rapae,  2:  6og'. 
Pigeon    tremex,   1:50',  54',  6l'-64, 

261^ 
piger,  Trichius,  2;  735'. 
pigra,  Neuroteriis,  2:713'. 
pileatus    abietorum,    Ceophloeus, 

1:29-. 
Pilophorus  crassipes,  2:651',  686'. 
pilosa,  Chariessa,  see  C.  pilosa. 
pilosula.  Phylloxera,  2:718'. 
pilosus,  Rhinomacer,  2:  667^. 
pilulae,  Cecidomyia,  2:  619',  627'', 

714'. 
pimelia,  Penthe,  2:493'. 
Pimpla,  1:21*. 

aiinulipes,  i:  13S',  139'. 
conquisitor,    i:  112*,    127',    138^, 

139';  2:  4i7»-i8'. 
hitticauda,  i:  139'. 
inquisitor,     i:  112',     127',     138', 

139',  140'. 
pedalis,  I:  112". 
pimplae,  Bathythrix,  i:  140^ 
Pine,  beneficial  insects: 

Hydnocera  subaenea,   2:606''. 
Hyj)eraspis  binotata,  2:605". 
injurious  insects,  2:339'. 
borers:  2:  75i'-52''. 
ants,  white,   i:  87'. 
apple  wood  stainer,  i:  290^. 
bark  beetle,  I:  7^ 
bark  borers,  2:  333'-36'. 
Batyle      suturalis,      2:649', 

663'. 
buprestis,     golden,    2: 64S', 

655". 
Callidium  aereum,  2:450^. 
Cardiophorus    gargates,    2: 

667'. 
cedar  tree  borer,  2:675'. 
Chrysobothris      scabripen- 
nis,  2:  753». 


Pine,  inj.  insects  {cont'd); 
borers: 

Clerus    quadriguttatus,     2: 

649',  666'. 
coarse  writing  bark  beetle, 

2:338',  345",  351*"- 
Criocephalus     agrestis,      2: 

64g--,  659'. 
Dicera   tuberculata,   2:648', 

656". 
Dryocoetes  autographus,  2: 

672'. 
eastern   pine  wood  stainer, 

2:339'. 
Hister  lecontei,  2:491'. 

parallelus,  2:  491''. 
Hylotrupes  bajulus,  2:  649', 

664-. 
Leptura  zebra,  2:451'. 
Melanophila     longipes,     2: 

753"- 
Melanotus      communis,     2: 

492". 
Nantucket    pine     moth,    2: 

340». 
Neoclytus  erythrocephalus, 

1:73'- 
pales  weevil,  2:649*,  664'. 
pine    bark     beetle,    2: 338**, 

35 r\  352', 
pine     borer,     blue,     2: 649*, 
6fjo-. 

larger  flat-headed,  2:  648'', 
653'- 

lesser,  2;  649',  661'. 

ribbed,  2:  339'',  366*. 
pine  Hylurgops,  2: 649',  665'. 
pine  tip  moth,  2:404''. 
pine   weevil,  white,   2: 339', 

397'- 
pitch     mass    borer,    2: 338', 

341'. 
pitch  midge,  2:340^. 
pitch  pine  Retinia,  2:340''. 
Pityobius  anguinus,  2:751". 
prionus,     broad-necked,    2: 
4S6'. 

Harris's,  2:649'',  659'. 

lesser,  2:  487*. 
Pytho   americanus,    2:  368'- 

6q'\ 


GENERAL    INDEX 


855 


Pine.  iiij.  insects  {cont'd): 
borers: 

Rhyncolus      brunneus, 

666". 
sawyer,  2:  360''. 
Scymnus  tenebrosus,  2:66 
spruce  bark  beetle,  2:  38 

minute,  2:  338',  359'. 
Tenebrioides    castanea,    2; 

492-. 
tickler,  2:  365-. 
Tomicus,   southern,  2:338", 

356'- 
Tomicus    caelatus,    2:338*, 

354'- 
turpentine    bark  beetle,    2: 

338»,  342'>. 
Urocerus,  white-horned,   2: 

66S\  . 
Urographis      (asciatus,      2; 

426*,  434*'. 
Xylotrechus    sagittatus,    2; 

649^,  663'. 
gall  insect: 

pine  needle  gall  fly,  2:340'. 
leaf  feeders:  2:752". 

Amorbia     humerosana,     2: 

737'. 
bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  I27'''. 
Brachys  ovata,  2:  514^. 
Cingilia  catenaria,  2:  706=. 
Cistela  sericea,  2:  51S'. 
Dichelonycha  albicollis,   2: 
694". 

elongata,  2:  716"'. 
Epagoge  suUureana,  2:  73o\ 
fir  sawfly,  2:  340'. 
Hydriomena    contracta,    2: 

75-1'- 
larch  lappet,  2:651',  680'. 
Melanolophia  canadaria,  2; 

753''- 
Oligia  versicolor,  2:754'. 
pine   hawk    moth,  Harris's, 

2:651'^  679'. 
pine      leaf     miner,      2:651', 

68 1-. 
pine    sawfly,    Abbott's,     2 

340'. 
pine       tufted      caterpillar 

white,  2:651^,  679*. 


Pine,  inj.  insects  {cont'd): 
leaf  feeders: 

pine  webworm,  2:651',  676'. 

false,  2:650',  676^ 
promethea  moth,  2:  557*. 
sawflv,    Le   Conte's,  2:  340', 

413^ 

Therina  athasiaria,  2:706^. 
root  feeder: 

Lachnosterna  fusca,  2:  753°- 
scale    or    sucking    insects:  2: 

753'- 
cicada,  dog  day,  1:238^. 
clastoptera,  pine,  2:  687'. 
Eutetti.v  strobi,  2:688*. 
hemlock  scale,  2:  652",  690^ 
Phlepsius     fulvidorsum,    2: 

753'. 
pine    bark     aphid,     1:172', 

192'. 
pine  leaf  scale,  i:  173',  229*. 
ring-legged     tree     bug,     2: 

588'- 
spittle  insects,  2:  652°,  686'', 
Pine,  hard,  insects  on: 
Coenus  delius,  2:697'. 
Corymbites      hieroglyphicus, 
2:692'. 
propola,  2:  692^. 
Ips  quadriguttatus,  2:692''. 
Notoxus  anchora,  2:696*. 

bifasciatus,  2:696'. 
Rhinomacer  pilosus,  2:667'. 
tree  cricket,  black-horned,  2; 
699'. 
four-spotted,  2:699'. 
beneficial  insects: 

Hydnocera      humeralis      var. 
cyanescens,  2:  693*. 
pallipennis,  2:693*. 
lace-winged  fly,  2:697*. 
lady    beetle,    fifteen-spotted, 
2:  604*. 
nine-spotted,  2:6gi'-. 
three-banded,  2:  691'. 
Lebia  grandis,  2:  690'. 
Micromus  montanus,  2:697'. 
pine  tree  cricket,  2:698'^ 
sucking  insects: 

.'\cholla      multispinosa,      2 
613'. 


Pine,  hard  {cont'd): 
beneficial  insects: 
sucking  insects: 

Camptobrochis    grandis,   2: 

614-. 
Euschistus  fissilis,  2:610'. 
politus,  2:612'. 
tristigmus,  2:612*. 
Podisus     placidus,     2:607', 
607*. 
injurious  insects: 
borers: 

Chrysobothris    dentipes,  2: 
64S',  657'. 
floricola,'2:649',  658*. 
pusilla,  2:  649',  658'. 
coarse  writing  bark  beetle, 

2:354". 
Limonius    confusus,  2:  667-. 
Magdalis  alutacea,  2:402'. 

perforata,  2:  402'. 
Nantucket     pine    moth,    2; 

405-'- 
Pales  w'eevil,  2:664*. 
pine      borer,      larger     flat- 
headed,  2:  654*. 
ribbed,  2:  366''. 
smaller      flat-headed,     2: 
648',  654'. 
pine  Hylurgops,  2:665'. 
pine  tip  moth,  2:340*,  403'. 
pitch  pine  retinia,  2:407*. 
pitch     twig     moth,     2:340*, 

407*. 
Pogonocherus      mixtus,     2: 

649°,  663". 
sawyer,    white    spotted,    2: 

364'. 
tickler,  2:  365'. 
Tomicus,   southern,   2:354", 

356*- 
Tomicus  caelatus.  2:354*. 
leaf  feeders: 

Abbott's  pine  sawfly,  2:  414'. 
Chrysomela     bigsbyana,    2: 

511*,  566-. 
Cryptocephalus  quadrimac- 
ulatus,  2:  695''. 
schreibersii,  2:  695". 
Ernobius  mollis,  2:694'. 
fir  sawfly,  2:415*. 


856 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Pine,  hard,  inj.  insects  (con/'it): 
leaf  feeders: 

grapevine  beetle,  light-lov- 
ing, 2:651',  682^ 
Metachroma  marginalis,  2 

651',  682». 
pine  chrysoniela,  2:  695*. 
rose  beetle,  2:  575". 
sucking  insects: 

bramble   flea   louse,   2:652'', 

688». 
Brochymena      quadripustu- 

lata,  2:  590*. 
clastoptera,  obtuse,   2:687". 
Dichrooscytus      rufipennis, 

2:  652',  687'. 
false    chinch    bug,    2:651', 

685S. 
Gypona  octolineata,  2:652'', 

688«. 
hemlock  scale,  2:6go^. 
Nabis     rufusculus,    2:652'', 

688'^ 
Oliarius  quinquelineatus,  2: 

652',  6863. 
Phytocoris  exiiiiius,  2:651', 

6859. 
Pilophorus      crassipes,      2: 

651',  6S6'. 
spittle    insect,    parallel,  2: 
686'. 
quadrangular,  2:686*. 
Stictocephala     inermis,     2: 
652^  687^ 
Pine,  pitch,  injurious  insects: 
borers: 

Dicerca    punctulata,     2:648", 
656^. 
pine  borer,  ribbed,  2:367'. 
pitch  midge,  2:410^ 
leaf  feeders: 

fir  sawfly,  2:415". 
pine     needle     gall     fly,     2: 
423". 
sucking  insect: 

pine   scale,   woolly,  2:652', 
68g'. 
Pine,    scrub,    Cecidomyia    inopis 

injuring,  2:  752'. 
Pine,  southern  yellow,  pine  scale, 
'woolly,  injuring,  2:652',  689'. 


Pine,  white,  beneficial  insects: 
American  bark  beetle  destroyer, 

2:  500'. 
Euschistus  variolarius,  2:6ii'^ 
injurious  insects: 
borers: 

Acanthosinus   obsoletus,   2: 

649'',  662'. 
balsam  bark  borer,  2:376^^. 
coarse  writing  bark  beetle, 

2:354*-  ■ 
Dicerca    tenebrosa,  2:648', 

657". 
Eustrophus     repandus,      2: 

667'. 
pine  bark  beetle,  2:354". 
pine  borer,  ribbed,  2:366'. 
pine  Hylurgops,  2:665'. 
pine  wood  stainer,  eastern, 

2:371''. 
Pissodes  afifinis,  2:402'. 
Pityogenes  j^.,  b,  2:  374". 
Pityophthorus  .</.,  2:372'. 
sawyer,    white    spotted,     2: 

364'. 
tickler,  2:  365'. 
Tomicus,  southern,  2:  357'. 
Tomicus  eaelatus,  2:354". 
leaf  feeders: 

Abbott's     pine     sawfly,    2: 

4I4'^ 
Eulecanium  pyri,  2:  717'. 
imperial  moth,  2:651^,677'. 
pine    tube   builder,   2:651', 
681'. 
Pine,  yellow,  tickler   injuring,   2: 

365'. 
Pine  bark  ap4iid,  I:  172',  ig2'-95". 
Pine  bark  beetle,  2: 334',  338^,  351^- 

54'. 
Pine  borer,  blue,  2:  649',  66o'-6i'. 
larger  flat-headed,  2:  648',  653"- 

54'- 
lesser,  2:  649'',  66l'-62'. 
ribbed,  2:339',  366'-68'. 
smaller  flat-headed,  2:  648',  654"- 
55'. 
Pine  Chrysomela,  2:  653'',  695'. 
Pine  clastoptera,  2:  686'. 
Pine  hawk  moth,  Harris's,  2:651', 
679". 


Pine  Hylurgops,   2:  649',  665'-66'. 
Pine  leaf  miner,  2:651'',  681'. 
Pine  leaf  scale,  1:173',  229'-3i'. 
Pine     moth,     Nantucket,     2:340''', 

405'''-7-'- 
Pine  needle   gall  fly,  2:  340",  423'- 

25',  621'. 
Pine  sawflv,  Abbott's,  2:  340',  414''- 

15'. 
Pine  sawyer,  2:334'. 
Pine    scale,    woolly,  2:  652',  689'- 

90'. 
Pine  tip  moth,  2:  340',  403''-5'-,  409'. 
Fine  tree  cricket,  2:698'. 
Pine  tube  builder,  2:  651',  68i"-82'. 
Pine   tufted  caterpillar,  white,  2: 

65 13,  679'-So'. 
Pine  twig  moth,  2:411'. 
Pine  webworm,  2:  651',  676'-77'. 

false,  2:  650',  676'. 
Pine   weevil,   white,  2:339',  397'~ 

401',  402',  402',  402'. 
Pine  wood  stainer,  eastern,  2:  339'" 

37i'-72'. 
pinetum,  Lophyrus,  2:  752'. 
pinguidorsum,  Pteronus,  2:  748'. 
pinguis,  Strongylogaster,  2:  748'. 
pini,  Cixius,  2:  753*. 
Clastoptera,  2:686'. 
Kuderces,  2:  751''. 
Mycetophagus,  2:752*. 
Oecanthus,  j'i'if  O.  pini. 
Parharmonia,  2:338". 
Tomicus,  st'e  T.  pini. 
pinicola,  Hypomolyx,  2:751'. 
Polygnotus,  2:412". 
Schizoneura,  2:  753'. 
pinicolana,  Epinotia,  2:753*. 
pinicolens,  Chaitophorus,   2:  753'. 
pinicorticis,  Chermes,  1: 172',  192'- 

95";  2:604'. 
pinifoliae,      Chionaspis,       1:173', 

229'-3l'. 
pinifoliella,     Paralechia,      2:651'', 

681'. 
Pinipestis     zimmermani,     2:340^, 

403'-5^  409*- 
piniphilus,  Cossonus,  2:  751'. 
pini-rigidae,    Cecidomyia,  2:340', 
423*-25',  621'. 
Lophyrus,  2:  752'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


«57 


pinivora,  Eupogonius,  2:  751'. 
Pinus  sylvestris,  2:  688'. 
piperoides,  Andricus,  2:712^. 
Pissodes  affiiiis,  2:340',  401',  402'. 

dubius,  2:340',  4oi\ 

strobi,    2:339',    397'-4oi".    402', 
402',  402'. 
pissodis,  Bracon,  2:401'. 
pisum,  Poiitania,  2:620',  637^. 
Pitch     mass    borer,    2;  338'-',    341'- 

42». 
Pitch  midge,  2:  340=,  4io-'-i3-. 
Pitch  pine  retinia,  2:  340^  407''. 
Pitch  twig  moth,   2:340*,  407*-lo'. 
pithecium,      Phobetron,       2:  528', 

529''. 
Pityobius  anguinus,  2:751'. 
Pityogenes,  2:337^  339^ 

sp.,  2:375-,  376«. 

sp.  a,  2:  374'. 

sp.  b,  2:374'-75'. 

consimilis,  2:482'. 

plagiatus,  2:  752''. 

sparsus,  2;  752''. 
pityophthori,      Caenophanes,      2: 

389'- 

Caudonia,  2:  393'. 
Pityophthorus,  2:  339'. 

sp.,  l:257»,  296';  2:372'-74«,49i^ 

annectens,  2:  751'. 

cariniceps,  2:650',  674'. 

confinis,  2:  751'. 

coniperda,  2:  751'. 

consimilis,  2:  503',  737'. 

cribripennis,  2:751'. 

fagi,  2:  702'. 

frontalis,   2:702*. 

hirticeps,  2:  751'. 

lautus,  2:  751'. 

minutissimus,  1:257',  295'. 

plagiatus,  2:  752'. 

puberulus,  2:  752'. 

pulchellus,  2:  752'. 

pulicarius,  2:  751'. 

puUus,  2:  751*. 

querciperda,  2:702'. 

sparsus,  2:  752'. 

tuberculatus,  2:  753'. 
placidus,      Podisus,    see     P.     pla- 

cidus. 
plagiata,  Olene,  2:  725'. 


plagiatus,  Laemosaccus,  2:  703'. 

Pityogenes,  2:  752'. 

Pityophthorus,  2:  752'. 
Plagionotus   speciobus,    1:49,   50'^, 

518-56';  2:443*. 
Plagodis  fervidaria,  2:  706°. 

phlogosaria,  2:  733'. 
planatus,  Silvanus,  2:731'. 
Plane  tree,  American,   resistance 

to  insect  attack,  1:47*. 
Plane  tree,  oriental,  resistance  to 

insect  attack,  1:47^. 
Plant  galls,  see  Gall  insects. 
Plant  lice,  i:  7',  12^,  35*,  36**,  172', 

24i'-52';    2:6i5'-i6',    616',  709^ 

717*,  748',  750«,  753",  754',  755*; 

parasites,  2:604',  697''. 
Platagrotis  condita,  2:752'. 
platalea,  Cossonus,  seeQ.  platalea. 
platanana,  Ancylis,  2:  719'. 
platanella,  Nepticula,  2:719'. 
platanicola,  Lachnus,  2:719'. 
platea,  Nepticula,  2:708^. 
Plates,    explanation     of,     I:a333- 

a434;    2: 757-800.     See  also    Fig- 
ures and  plates. 
Plathypena  scabra,  2:747*. 
Platycerus  depressus,  2:  722'. 

quercus,  2:  722',  727'. 
Platydema  americanum,  2:497*. 

ruficorne,  2:497',  497'. 

subcostatum,  2:497',  667*. 
Platynota  flavedana,   2:  581*,   728^. 

sentana,  2:  73S*. 
Platynus  puuctiformis,  I:  153'. 
Platypus  compositus,  2:720". 

quadridentatus,  2:720'. 
plebeia.  Sphinx,  2:  741'. 
Plectrodera  scalator,  2:746'. 
Plegaderus  transversus,  2:491'. 
Plemyria    hastata,    see   Rheumap- 

tera. 
plicata,  Chlamys,  2:  703'. 
Plocamus  hispidulus,  2;  721®. 
Plocetes  ulmi,  2:724'. 
Plochionus  timidus,  1:146'. 
Plum  curculio,  2:581'. 
Plumtree,  injurious  insects: 

borers: 

buprestid,       divaricated,       2: 
458'. 


Plumtree,  inj.  insects  {cont'd): 
borers: 

flat-headed     borer,     common, 

1:87^ 
fruit  tree  bark  beetle,  2;453'l 
hickory  borer,  banded,  i:  268'. 
Liopus  punctatus,  2:  432'. 
maple   and   oalc   twig  pruner, 

1:61'. 
peach  bark  beetle,  2:428-',  452-. 
.Sesia  pictipes,  2:428',  453''. 
leaf  feeders: 

Adoneta  spinuloides,  2:706'. 
Apatela  brumosa,  2:704*. 
bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  127'. 
Basilarchia  archippus,  2:704'. 

astyanax,  2:  704'. 
brown  tail  moth,  1:164'. 
Coscinoptera   dominicana,    2: 

737^ 
Deilephila  lineata,  2:  724'. 
forest  tent  caterpillar,  i:  107', 

no*, 
hag  moth   caterpillar, 2:  528*. 
Hemaris  thysbe,  2:  738'. 
larch  lappet,  2:680'. 
luna  moth,  2:  527'. 
Mineola  indigenella,  2:  733'. 
Paonias  excaecatus,  2:  724'. 
Papilio  glacus  var.  turnus,   2: 

704'. 
promethea  moth.  2:  557". 
rose  beetle,  2:  575'. 
Schizura  unicornis,  2:  705'. 
Sisyrosea  textula,  2:  721''. 
Smerinthus     jamaicensis,     2: 

724'. 
Strymon  titus,  2:  733''. 
Thecla  liparops,  2:  704'. 
tussock  moth,  white   marked, 

i:  136*. 
viceroy,  2;  559'. 
Xylina  antennata,  i:  131'. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 

Aspidiotus    juglans-regiae,  2: 

719". 
black-banded     scale,     1:201', 

201'. 
box  elder  plant  bug,    1:239''. 
Brochymena  quadripustulata, 

2:  590*. 


858 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Plumtree,  inj.  insects  (cont'd): 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 

Eulecanium  capreae,   2:744'. 
cerasifex,  2:  728'. 
cockerelli,  2:  725'. 
jiiglandis,  2:  719'. 
ring-legged     tree     bug,     2: 
590'. 
Plumtree,  sugar,  green  oak  cater- 
pillar injuring,  2:  521^. 
I'lumtree,  wild,  injurious  insects: 
leaf  feeders,  2:  732^. 

Calligrapha  scalaris,  2:  750'. 
Chlorippe  clyton,  2:  725'. 
Euclea  chloris,  2:  706^. 
Paonias  myops,  2:  733'*. 
Papilio  troilus,  2:  732°. 
tussock  moth,  white  marked, 
I:  136'. 
sucking  insects:  2:  732'. 
pnirsa,  Chrysomela,  2:  731'. 
pocularis,  Prionus,  2:751''. 
podagrae,  Andricus,   2:  623',  714'', 

714^ 
Podapion  gallicola,  2:751*. 
podisi,  Telenomus,  2:609''. 

Trissolcus,  2:609'^ 
Podisus  J-/.,  I:  24*. 

maculiventris,  2:6oS'''-9*. 

modestus,  2:  610'. 

placidus,  1:24',   113',  161',   309'; 

2:531',  551*.  6o7'-8''. 
serieventris,  i:  113*,  161',  166''. 
spinosus,    1:146',    153*;    2:5439, 
608'. 
}'odosesia  fraxina,  1:51',  92'. 

syringae,  I;  51',  104'. 
Poecilocapsus  goniphorus,  2:  728'. 
Poecilonota  cyanipes,  2:  746*. 
Poecilostoma  inferentia,  2:750''. 
Pogonocherus      mixtus,       2: 649*, 
663*. 
penicellatus,  2:737°. 
Poison  ivy,  see  Ivy,  poison, 
polita,  Dryophanta,  2:6ig',626'. 
politana,  Eulia,  2:651',  68i'-82*. 
politus,  Agrilus,  2:  729',  741''. 
Euschistus,  2:  6i2''-i3'''. 
Psoraus,  2:  726'. 
Xyloterus,  see  X.  politus. 
Polychrosis  botrana,  2:  732^ 


polygama,  Catocala,  2:705'. 

7uir.  crataegi,  Catocala,  2:  734'. 
Polygnotus  pinicola,  2:412'. 

salicicoia,  i:  301*. 
Polygonia     comma,     2:  509-',  545*- 
46'. 
faunus,  2:  742*. 

interrogationis,  2:  509',  544'-45''. 
progne,  2:509',  546'. 
polygraph!,  Cecidostiba,  2:390'. 

Decatomidea,  2:  390'. 
Polygraphus     rufipennis,     2:338', 

354*-  376\  3S6'-90'',  sos',  673'. 
polyphemus,  Telea,  2:507',  526'. 
pometaria,  Alsophila,  2:706-. 

Anisopteryx,  2:547'. 
pomonella,  Carpocapsa,  2:609'. 
pomum,    Pontania,    2: 620',    636'- 
37^- 
Salix,  2:  636',  637'. 
Pontania  borealis,  2:745'. 
consors,  2:  745'. 
desmodioides,  2:621',  638'. 
gracilis,  2:  745'. 
hyalina,  2:621',  638'. 
pallicornis,  2:  741'. 
pisum,  2:  620',  637''. 
pomum,  2:620®,  636''-37'*, 
populi,   2:  746'. 
robusta,  2;  746*. 
terminalis,  2:  745'. 
Poplar,  injurious  insects,  1:49. 
borers:  2:  746'. 

Acanthoderes     decipiens,    2: 

429S,  473'. 
Aegeria      apiformis,     2:429*, 
472". 
tibialis,  2:429',  472-. 
bronze  birch  borer,  i:  287'. 
buprestid,  banded,  2:459^. 
carpenter  worm,  1:80',  84'. 
clearwing,    three    banded,  2: 

471'. 
Cossonus      platalea,      2:428'', 

455^ 
Dorytomus       parvicollis,      2: 
430',  475''- 
vagenotatus,  2:430'-',  475'. 
Hyperplatys     maculatus,     2: 

433'- 
linden  borer,  I:  91*. 


Poplar,  inj.  insects  (cont'd): 
borers: 

Mecas  inornata,  2:  741''. 
Mycetochares      binotata,      2;, 

4S9'. 
Oberea  schaumii,  2:493". 
poplar  borer,  1:51',  98'. 
poplar    carpenter    worm,     2: 

43o\  476-. 
prionus,      broad-necked,      2: 

4S6'. 
Saperdaconcolor,  2:429*,  474'. 
Stenopsis  argenteomaculatus, 

2:721'. 
Stenoscelis  brevis,  2:494'. 
Tritoma  thoracica,  2:494'. 
willow  borer,  mottled,    1:51', 

100''. 
willow  shoot  sawfly,  1:302'. 
Xyloterus  J/>.,  1:257',  294'. 
gall  insects: 

Pemphigus      populi-transver- 

sus,  I:  247''. 
poplar  twig  gall,  2:  620',  634'. 
vagabond  gall,  2:620',  635'. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  746'-47'. 

American    dagger    moth,    2: 

525'- 
American  silk  worm,  2:  526'. 
Apatela  impleta,  2:  749'. 
apple  tent  caterpillar,  2:551'. 
bag  or  basket  worm,  1: 127'. 
Basilarchia  archippus,  2:  704'. 

arthemis,  2:  742'. 
Brachys  aerosa,  2:513''. 
Catocala  cara,  2:743'. 

parta,  2:  743'. 

relicta,  2:  743'. 
Cecropia  moth,  2:  539'. 
Cerura  scitiscripta,  2:  743'. 
Cleora      cribrataria,     2: 743', 

754-. 
Cotalpa  lanigera,  2:724'. 
Cottonwood    leaf    beetle,     I: 

258',  317^ 
Crepidodera  helxines,  2:  742'. 
dagger  moth,  smeared,  2:  511', 

560'^ 
Deilinia  erythremaria,  2:  743*. 
Ectropis      crepuscularia,      2: 

743'- 


GENERAL    INDEX 


859 


Poplar,  inj.  insects  (ionl'J): 
leaf  feeders: 

Elleschus  bipunctatus,  2:  742^ 
elm  caterpillar,  spiny,  I:  105*, 

15S'. 
elm  sawfly,  I:  105*,  155'. 
Euchlaena  pectinaria,  2:  706*. 
Eustroma  testata,  2:  743*. 
forest  tent  caterpillar,  i:  107*, 

no'. 
Harpyia  borealis,  2:  743°. 

cinerea,  2:510',  559'. 
io  caterpillar,  2:522'. 
leaf    roller,   oblique   banded, 

2:  5S0'. 
Maruraba  modesta.  2:  742'. 
Melasoma  tremulae,  2:  565'. 
Metachroma  pallida,  2:  703'. 
Metanema    quercivoraria,     2: 

7o6«. 
Metrocampa     praegrandaria, 

2:  749^ 
oak     tussock     caterpillar,     2: 

523'. 
Paonias  excaecatus,  2:  724'. 
Papilio  glaucus  var.  turnus,  2: 
704'. 

thoas,  2:  729'. 
Phlyctaenia  helvalis,  2:  744'. 
Phyllodecta    vulgatissima,   2: 

742«. 
poplar    leaf    beetle,     2: 510^ 

poplar  sawfly,  2:  511',  568-. 
poplar    tent     maker,     2:511*, 

560'. 
Proleucoptera  albella,  2:  744*. 
promethea  moth,  2:  557*. 
Pteronus      hudsonii,     2:511', 
569'. 

vertebratus,  2:511',  570'. 
Pyrophila    pyramidoides,     2: 

704'. 
Schizura     semirufescens,      2: 
743'- 

unicornis,  2:  705'. 
Serica  trociformis,  2:  514''. 
Smerinthus     jamaicensis,     2; 

724'. 
Thanaos  icelus,  2:  742". 

persius,  2:  742'. 


Poplar,  inj.  insects  (cont'd): 
leaf  feeders: 

tussock  moth,  white  marked, 

1 :  136'. 
viceroy,  2:  510',  559-. 
webworm,  fall,  i:  142'. 
willow    leaf    beetle,   spotted, 

2:565^ 
willow  slug,   yellow   spotted, 

1:258%  322=. 
Xanthonia  villosula,  2:  703'. 
Xylina  antennata,  1:129'. 
scale  or  sucking  insects:  2:  748'. 
Chionaspis  ortholobis,  2:  744% 

salicis-nigrae,  2:  744'. 
Eulecanium  capreae,  2:744'. 
Idiocerus  suturalis,  2:  597'. 
oyster  scale,  1:211"*. 
Pediopsis  basilis,  2:  597'. 
Poplar,  balsam,  Saperdapopulnea 

injuring,  2:429',  474'- 
Poplar,   lombardy,  Proleucoptera 

albella  injuring,  2:  747'. 
Poplar,   silver-leaved,  Proleucop- 
tera albella  injuring,  2:  747'- 
Poplar,      yellow,      apple      wood 

stainer  injuring,  1:290*. 
Poplar  borer,  1:51',  9S'-loo'. 
Poplar    carpenter    worm,    2:430*, 

476'-77'. 
Poplar  leaf  beetle,  2:  510*,  55S5. 
Poplar  leaf  stem  gall,  2:  620',  635*- 

36^ 
Poplar  sawfly,  2:511',  56S'-695. 
Poplar   tent   maker,  2:511*,   560'- 

61'. 
Poplar  twig  gall  fly,  2:620',  634'- 

35'. 
popularia.  Phylloxera,  2:  74S'. 
popularius.  Pemphigus,  2:  748*. 
populator,  Cenocoelius,  1:85*. 
populi,  Apatela,  2:  747'. 

Pontania,  2:  746*. 
populicaulis.   Pemphigus,    2:620', 

636',  748=. 
populicola,       Chaitophorus,        2: 

74S*. 
populiella,   LithocoUetes,   2:  747'. 

Phyllocnistis,  2:  747'. 
populifoliae,     Chaitophorus,     2: 

-4S*. 


populi-globuli.      Pemphigus,      2: 

74S-. 
populimonilis.  Pemphigus,  2;  748'. 
populiramulorum.   Pemphigus,  2: 

748*. 
populi-transversus.  Pemphigus,  i: 

247^;  2:  620',  635*-36'. 
populi-venae.   Pemphigus,  2:748'. 
populnea,    Saperda,    2:429',  474'- 

75^ 

Populus  candicans,  2:471*. 

porculus,  Hylastes,  2:  752'. 

Porthetria    dispar,    1: 8*,  28',  30', 
49,  105',  li6'-23',  254';  2:607'. 

posticatus,  Conotrachelus,  2:734^. 

Potato  beetle,  parasites,  2:690'. 

Potato  gall,  oak,  2;6iS',  624'. 

Potatoes,  false  chinch  bug    injur- 
ing, 2:  6S5*. 

Powder   post     beetle.   1:7*,    257*, 
I  296*-9S»;  2:483'. 

■      white  marked,  2:430',  483'. 

praeangusta,  Batrachedra,  2:  744*. 
I  praeatomata,  Macaria,   2:  73S'. 
I      far.  bisignata,  Macaria,  2:753*. 

praegrandaria,     Metrocampa,     2: 

pravella,  Meroptera,  2:744'. 
Praying  mantis.  1:146',  154*. 
I      European,  i:  154^. 

southern,  i:  24'. 
Predaceous  insects,  l:2o'-25*. 
Prickly  Leptostylus,    2:428*,  461*. 
primus,  Derostenus,  1:328*. 
prinoides,  Cynips,  2:619',  627'. 
Priocycla  armataria,  2:  749'. 
Prionidus    cristatus,    1:140*,   146^, 

324',  32S'. 
Prionomerus  calceatus,  2:  732'. 
Prionoxystus  macmurtrei,   2:427', 
439'.  .477'- 

robiniae,  1:45'.  49.  51*.  5i'.  79''- 
84';  2:439*,  All*- 
Prionus,      broad-necked,     2:430', 
4S6*-87'. 

Harris's,  2:649*,  ^59'. 

lesser,  2:430',  4S7'-88*. 
Prionus  imbricornis,  2:486'. 

laticollis,  2:430',  486*-S7'. 

pocularis,  2:  751*. 
Priophorus  irregularis,  2:741'. 


86o 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Pristiphora    sycophanta,     2:510', 
557"-58',  741"- 

tibialis,  2:748'. 
Privet,  injurious  insects: 

ash  sphinx,  wavy,  2:  509',   548*. 

Diaphania     quadristigmalis,    2: 
2:737'. 
proboscideus,   Balaninus,    2:  512^, 

5S5'-88». 
Proctotrypidae,  1:22". 
Prodenia  commelinae.  2:716'. 
profundus,  Anthonomus,  2:  719'. 
progne,  Polygonia,  2:  509',  546". 
Proleucoptera      albella,      2:744', 
747'. 

smilaciella,  2:  740*. 
prolifera.  Phylloxera,  2:748*. 
Prolimacodes  scapha,  2:  707'. 
prolongata,  Dicerca,  2:  746^. 
Promethea   moth,     1:45'';    2:510', 

557^ 
promethea,   Callosamia,    1:45';  2: 

510',  557'- 
propinquilinea,  Demas,  2:  749''. 
propola,  Corymbites,  2:652',  692'. 
Proteoteras      aesculana,     2: 540*, 

540',  7258. 
proteus,  Clastoptera.  2:598^. 
protumnusalis,    Zanclognatha,   2: 

705*. 
provancherl,    Xyphidria,    jtv     X. 

provancheri. 
proxima,  Leptura,  2:  727'. 
prudens,  Trypanisma,  2:  707**. 
pruinosa,  Ormenis,  2:598'. 
pruinosella,  Tischeria,  2:708'. 
pruinosum,  Eulecanium,  2:  719''. 
pruinosus,  Andricus,  2:711'. 
pruniella,  Coleophora,  2:  733'. 
prunifoliella,  Nepticula,   2:733'. 
pruniramiella,  Xylestia,  2:731'. 
prunivora,  Enarmonia,  2:  734'. 
prunivorus,  Schizocerus,  2:  734'. 
Prunus,  Putnam's  scale  injuring, 

I:  227'. 
prunus,      Amphibolips,       2:619', 

62S'. 
Psallus  juniperi,  2:  755'. 
Psaphidia  thaxterianus,  2:  704'. 
Psenocerus  supernotatus,  2:  736'. 
pseudacaciae,   Dasyneura,  2:730'. 


Pseudanthonomus       crataegi,      2 
733"- 
incipiens,  2:  739'. 
pseudoacaciella,       Gelechia,       2 

730'. 
pseudobyrsa,  Pemphigus,  2:748'. 
Pseudococcus    aceris,    .«v    Phena- 

coccus  acericola. 
Pseudophilippia     quaintancii,     2: 

652',  689'-9o'. 
Pseudothyatira  cymatophoroides, 

2:  706'. 
Psocus  rufus,  2:  744'. 
Psomus  politus,  2:726'. 
Psylla  annulata,  2:728'. 

carpini,  2:  723-. 
Psyllidae,  2:  617'. 
Psysostegania  pustularia,  2:  728'. 
pteliacella,  Nepticula,  2:  723^ 
Pteris  aquilina,  2:530'. 
Pterocolus  ovatus,  2:  703'. 
Pteromalus  sp.,  2:393'. 

euproideus,  1:  138',  139'. 

fuscipes,  I:  161', 

nematicida,  2:423'. 

puparum,  I:  161'. 

vanessae,  1:113-,  161';  2:555'. 
Pteronus  carpini,  2:  723'-'. 

corylus,  2:  750'. 

hudsonii,  2:  511',  569'- 70'',  746*. 

hyalinus,  2:  748'. 

integer,  2:651',  6f;3'^,  703'. 
?  lateralis,  2:  748*. 

latifasciatus,  2:511*,  572^,  748*. 

lombardae,  2:  746^. 

marlattii,  2:  750*^. 

niendicus,  2:511^,  56i''-62",  741'. 

odoratus,   2:511',  562'-63'',  741'. 

ostryae,  2:  722'. 

pinguidorsum,  2:748'. 

quercus,  2:  703'. 

ribesii,  2:  607'. 

thoracicus,  2:  5I0^  553'-54',  732'. 

trilineatus,  2:  730'. 

ventralis,     1:258',    322'-24';     2: 
746'- 

vertebratiis,  2:511',  570'. 
Ptilinus    ruficornis,   1:257',    298^- 

99';  2:488-'. 
Ptinidium  lineatum,  2:729''. 
Ptosima  gibbicollis,  2:730'. 


puberulus,    Pityophthorus,    set-    P. 

puberulus. 
pubescens,     Glyptoscelis,    2:653*, 
695'. 
Kermes,  2:  709'. 
Xyleborus,  2:396',  702',  720'. 
pudens,  Euthyatira,  2:736'. 
pudibunda,  Cecidomyia,  2:  722'. 
pugionata,  Dicerca,  2:  750'. 
pulchellus,  Andricus,  2:714'. 
Perissopterus,  1:208',  231'. 
Pityophthorus,  2:752'. 
pulcher,  Dermestes,   2:431',  489'- 

91-. 
pulchra,    .\ndrlcus,    2:619*,    627'— 
28'. 
Goes,  2:426',  43i*-32'. 
pulicarius,  Pityophthorus,  2:  751'. 
pullata,  Cacoplia,  2:702'. 
pullata,  Neomysia,  see  N.  pullata. 
pullus,  Pityophthorus,  2:751', 
pulveraria,  Anagoga,  2:  728'. 
pulverulentus.  Goes,  2:455'. 
Pulvinaria  acericola,  1:172',  179'- 
82';  2:  729'. 
innumerabilis,  1:8',  12',  49,  173', 

l96'-200''. 
niaclurae,  2:  737'. 
tiliae,  2:  731'. 
pulvinariae,  Aphycus,   1:199'. 
pumila,  Melinna,  2:  735'. 
punctata,  Synchroa,  2:  666'. 
punctatissimus,    Corthylus,  1:50', 

65'-67';  2:732'. 
punctatus,  Andricus,  2:  018',  623'- 
24'. 
Callipterus,  2:  709'. 
Dinoderus,  2:  701'. 
Liopus,  2:426',  432'. 
Mycetophagus,  2:495'. 
Paratenetus,  see  P.  punctatus. 
Phytonomus,  i:l8'. 
puncticollis,  Asclera,  2:494'. 
Nodonota,  2:  730',  735'. 
Saperda,  2:430^,  478'-7g',  479'. 
punctiformis,   Platynus,  i:  153'. 
punctistriga,  Artace,  2:  735'. 
punctulata,  Dicerca,  .fci'   D.  punc- 

tulata. 
Pupal  stage,  i:  iS'-ig'. 
puparum.  Pteromalus,  1:161'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


86 1 


purpureus,  Pachyscelus,  2:  715'. 
Purpuricenus  humeralis,  2:  702^. 
purpuridorsum,  Periclista,  2:  202'. 
purpuriella,  Chrysopeleia,  2:  730'. 
pusilla,      Chrysobothris,     2:649', 

658'- 
pusillus,  Anamorphus,  2:  721'. 

Dendroctonus,  2:  752'. 

Graphisurus,  2:753*. 
pustularia,  Cymatophora,    2:733', 
738'. 

Psysostegania,  2:  728'. 
pusulatoides,  Andrieus,   2:  712*. 
Putnam's  scale,  1:173',  226*-27''. 
pygmaea,  Paectes,  2:  724^. 
pygmaeus.  Cyrtinus,  2:  702^. 
pyramidoides,  Pyrophila,  2:  704'. 
Pyrausta  thestialis,  2:739''. 
pyri,  Eulecanium,  2:  717'. 

Sesia,  2:451'. 
pyrina,  Zeuzera,  sf,-  Z.  pyrina. 
Pyrochroa  fenioralis,  2:  727'. 
Pyrophila  pyramidoides,  2:  704'. 
Pyrrhia    umbra     var.    exprimens, 

2:  737'. 
Pytho     americanus,    2:335'',     339'- 
368«-695. 

niger.  2:  751*. 

Quadrangular   spittle  insect,  2: 

6S6*. 
quadrangularis,    Aphrophora,    2: 

686*. 
quadrata,  Odontota,  2:  731'. 
quadridentatus.   Platypus,  2:  720®. 
quadrigeminata,    Eburia,    2:428', 

4625-63'. 
quadrigibbus,     Acanthoderes,     2: 
702^  715'. 

Tachypterus,  2:734*. 
quadriguttata,  Ditoma,  2:489*. 
quadriguttatus,     Clerus,      JeV     C. 

quadriguttatus. 
quadriguttatus,  Ips,  st-e  I.  quadri- 
guttatus. 
quadrilineatus,     Grynocharis,     2: 

460'. 
quadrimaculatus,       Cryptocepha- 
lus,  st-tr  C.  quadrimaculatus. 

Heterachthes,  2:715'. 

Xylotrechus,  2:  722'. 


I  quadripes,       Eriophyes,       2: 620' 

630^-31'. 
I  quadripunctata,  Agallia,  2:  59S'. 
'  quadripunctatus,     Oecanthus,     2: 

699'- 700'. 
quadripunctella,  Ornix,  2:  734'. 
quadripustulata,   Brochymena,   2: 
58S'-S9',  590*. 

Winthemia,  1:132',  138'. 
quadrisignatus,  Clerus,  2:393'. 
quadrispinosus,    Scolytus,    j-tv    S. 

quadrispinosus. 
quadnstigmalis,     Diaphania,       2: 

737'. 
quadruplex,    Cryptocephalus,     2: 

724'. 
quaintancii,    Pseudophilippia,    2: 

652',  689'-9o'. 
Quedius  molochinus,  1:153''. 
quercata,  Anthaxia,  2:510^. 

Metachroma,  2:  703'. 
querceti.  Phylloxera,  2:711'. 
querci,  Eriophyes,  2:  713'. 

Lepturges,  2:427',  439''-4o'. 

Schizoneura,  2:  709'. 

Telamona,  2:596'. 
quercialbella,     Lithocolletes,     2; 

708'. 
quercicastanella,     Nepticula,     2: 

708'. 
quercicella,  Cryptolechia,  2:  708'. 
quercicellus,  Ypsolophus,  2:707*. 
quercicola,  Wollastonia,  2:  747'. 
querciella,  Coleophora,  2:708'. 

Telphusa,  2:  707'. 
quercifex,  Eulecanium,  2:  709*. 
quercifoliae,  Andrieus,  2:  714'. 

Aphis.  2:  709'. 

Lachnus,   2;  709'*. 
quercifoliana,     Tortrix,      2:508', 

532*. 
quercifolii,  Callipterus,  2:  709'. 
quercinigracella,     Telphusa,       2: 

707'. 
quercinus,  Limonius,  2:605*. 
querciperda,  Cossus,  2:477'. 

Pityophthorus,  2:  702'. 
quercipulchella,       Nepticula,     2: 

708'. 
Quercitron  bark  borer,  2:434'. 
quercitronis,  Eulecanium,  2:709''. 


quercivoraria,  Metanema,  2:706*. 
quercivorella,        Recurvaria,       2: 

707'. 
Quercus,  se^  Oak. 
quercus,  Balaninus,   2:585',  703'. 
Copturodes,  2:  702'. 
Eriococcus,  2:  709''. 
Kermes,  2:  709*. 
Lachnosterna,  2:703'. 
Platycerus,  2:  722',  727*. 
Pteronus,  2:  703'. 
Thysanoes,  2:  702'. 
quercusalbae,       Monostegia,       2: 

703*. 
quercuscoccineae,  Monostegia,  2: 

703''. 
quernaria,  Nacophora,  2:  734'. 
Quince,  injurious  insects: 
borers: 

maple  and    oak    twig   pruner, 

1:61'. 
twig  girdler,  i:  273'. 
leaf  feeders: 

apple    worm,    yellow-necked, 

2:535'. 
bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  127'. 
brown  tail  moth,  i;  164'. 
Mineola  indigenella,  2:  733*. 
Papilio    glaucus   var.    turnus, 

2:  704'. 
tussock  moth,  white  marked, 

I:  136'. 
Xylina  antennata,  i:  131'. 
scale  insects: 

San  Jose  scale,  i:  173*,  216'. 
scurfy  scale,  i:  173*,  214'. 
quinquelineata.  Onychia,  2:  715'. 
quinquelineatus,    Oliarius,  se-t-  O. 

quinquelineatus. 
quinqueseptum,  Andrieus,  2:  711*. 

Hachiospila  lixaiia,  2;  738'. 

radcliffei,  Apatela,  2:  733'. 

radicola,  Dryophanta,  2:  710'. 

radicum,  Rhodites,  2:621',  647', 
736'. 

Radishes,  chinch  bug,  false,  in- 
juring, 2:  6S5*. 

rapae,  Pieris,  2:609'. 

rapax,  Aspidiotus,  2:728'. 

Raphia  frater,  2:  747'. 


862 


NEW     YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Raspberry    bushes,    injurious    in- 
sects: 
flower  cricket,  white,  2:  603^ 
leaf  feeders: 

flannel  moth,  crinkled,  2:  530'. 
rose  leaf  folder,  2:  sSi''. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 
Euschistus  variolarius,  2:  611'. 
rose  scale,   i:  173*,  22S'. 
tree  crickets.  2:  603'. 
ratzeburgiana,  Epinotia,   2:  754"*. 
reclusa,  Ino,  2:730'. 
rectus,     Balaninus,     2:512",    585', 

5855-88". 
Recurvaria    apicitripunctella,    2: 
754*. 
juniperella,  2:  755'. 
obliquistrigella,  2:  754'. 
piceaella,  2:  754^. 
quercivorella,  2:707'. 
robiniella,  2:  730'. 
thujaella,  2:  755='. 
Red-banded    leaf    roller,    2:508', 

532'. 
Red    cedar    bark     beetle,    2:338', 

39i'-93'- 
Red-edged  saperda,  i:  270^-71';  2: 

427'.  445". 
Red  elm  leaf  gall,  2:620*,  633^. 
Red-footed    flea    beetle,     2:  510*, 

556'. 
Red  horned   borer,  small,  1:257', 

298'-qg'. 
Red-humped    oak     caterpillar,  2: 

Sof,  5i9'-2o'. 
Red-shouldered     twig    borer,      2: 

442^ 
Red  spider,  Californian,  i:  14*. 
Redbud,  injurious  insects:  2:  731'. 
borers: 

Dysphaga  tenuipes,  2:715'. 
Ecyrus  dasycerus,  2:715'. 
Elaphidion  unicolor,  2:  702°. 
Lepturges  querci,  2:440'. 

signatus,   2:  722'. 
Micracis  suturalis,  2:  715'. 
Phyton  pallidum,  2:715'. 
leaf  feeder: 

Ptosima  gihbicollis,  2:  730*. 
Reddish    elm    snout  beetle,  i:  51-, 
75'- 


Redstart,  I:27^   166'. 

American,  I:  lii*. 
reductella,  Tlascala,  2:  729^. 
Reduviidae,  I:  24'. 
regalis,Citheronia,  I:  258',  305'-6'', 
relicta,  Catocala,  2:743". 
religiosa.  Mantis,  1:25',  154'. 
Remedies  and  preventives  for: 

alder  blight  aphid,  i:  196'. 

alder  leaf  beetle,  2:544'. 

apple    borer,    round-headed,    i: 
85'-86'. 

bag  or  basket  worm,  I:  128'. 

birch  aphid,  2:6oi''. 

biting    and  sucking    insects,    I: 
348-46'. 

black-banded  scale,  I:  203''. 

borers,  I:  45*-46'. 

box  elder  plant  bug,  1:240*. 

bronze  birch  borer.  I:  2S7". 

brown  tail  moth,  i:  i66*. 

carpenter  worm,  1:45',  84'. 

Chaitophorus  ?  aceris,  I:  175'. 

chestnut    borer,    two-lined,     i: 
282'-83^ 

chestnut  weevil,  2:  588''. 

cicada,  periodical,  1:237^. 

coarse   writing   bark   beetle,   2: 
35o'-5i-- 

Cottonwood  leaf  beetle,  1:320'- 
21'. 

cynthia  moth,  1:45'*. 

elm  bark  aphid,  woolly,  1:192*. 

elm  bark  louse,  I:  207'. 

elm  borer,  i:  7o'-7i'. 

elm  leaf  aphid,  i:  177'. 

elm  leaf  beetle,  1:37',  43*,  154''- 
55'- 

elm  sawfly,  i:  158*. 

elm  snout  beetle,  black,  1:74". 

Euonymus  scale,  1:214''. 

European    elm    case   bearer,   i: 
168'. 

European  willow  gall  midge,  I: 
30i'-2-. 

fall  webworm,  i:  146''. 

flat-headed    borer,    common,    i: 
87'. 

forest    tent     caterpillar,    1:44', 
II3»-I5'. 

forest  tree  pests,  1:254". 


Remedies,  etc.  {cont'd): 

forester,  eight  spotted,  2:575''. 

gipsy  moth,  i:  i22'-23''. 

golden  oak  scale,  i:  331''. 

hickory  bark  borer,  i:  278^-79''. 

hickory  borer,   banded,    1:268''. 

larch  case  bearer,  1:  171'. 

larch  sawfly,  2:423'. 

leaf  feeders,  i:  37'. 

leopard  moth,  1:45',  78'-79^. 

linden  borer,  i:  92'. 

locust  borer,  i:  97'. 

locust  leaf  miner,  1:328^-29'. 

locust  twig  borer,  2:  478'. 

maple  and  oak  twig  pruner,  i: 

6i». 
maple  borer,  sugar,  I:  54'-56". 
maple  leaf  cutter,  2:541'. 
maple  leaf  scale,  i:  182''. 
maple  phenacoccus,  1:186^. 
maple     scale,    cottony,    1:199'- 

200'. 
maple  sesian,  i:  58'. 
maple  stalk  borer,  2:  54o'-4i'. 
maple  trumpet   skeletonizer,   i: 

169'. 
Nantucket  pine  moth,  2:407'. 
orange  dog,  2:555'. 
oyster  scale,  1:213'. 
peach  bark  beetle,  2:452'. 
pigeon  tremex,  1:63'. 
pine  bark  aphid,  i:  195*. 
pine  bark  beetle,  2:353'. 
plant  lice,  I:  35'. 
poplar  borer,  i:  100^. 
poplar  carpenter  worm,   2:477'. 
poplar  leaf  beetle,  2:  55S'. 
powder-post   beetle,  i:297'-98''. 

white  marked,  2:483'. 
Prionus,  broad-necked,    2:  486'- 

87'. 
promethea  moth,  1:45^. 
rose  beetle,  2:575*. 
rose  leaf  hopper,  1:192'. 
rose  scale,  I:  228'. 
rosebud  worm,  2:  577^. 
San  Jose  scale,  i:  38',  224'-26'. 
saperda,  hickory,  1:270'. 
sawyer,  2:  363'. 

white  spotted,  2:  364'. 
scale  insects,  l:  35*,  39',  39'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


863 


Remedies,  etc.  (cont'd): 

scurfy  scale,  i:  216^. 

spiny  elm   caterpillar,  I:  162'. 

spring  cankerworm,  2:547'. 

spruce     destroying     beetle,    2: 
385'^ 

spruce  gall  aphid,  i;  igi*. 

thorn  limb  borer,  i:  284^. 

tuliptree  scale,  I;2IO*. 

tussock  moth,  1:44'. 

white  marked,  i:  140^-42^: 

twig  girdler,  i;2-4'-. 

walking  stick,  2;  535°. 

willow  borer,  mottled,  i:  103*. 

willow   leaf  beetle,  spotted,    2: 
565*. 

willow  shoot  sawfly,  I:303^ 

willow  slug,  yellow  spotted,  i: 
324'. 

woolly  beech  leaf  aphis,  2:602-. 

Xylina  antennata,  1:132-. 
Remedies    and     preventives    for 
insect  depredations; 

arsenate  of  lead,  1:34',  37''. 

arsenical  poisons,  1:35'. 

birds,  I:  25^-34^. 

carbolic  soap  wash,  1:55'. 

carbon  bisulphid,  1:45'. 

contact  insecticides,  i:  35^,  38'- 
39». 

fumigation,  i:3g'-4r-. 

hand  collecting.  i:44'-45^. 

hydrocyanic  acid  gas,  1:40'. 

kerosene  emulsion,  1:35',  38''. 

lime-sulfur  wash,  1:39^. 

london  purple,   i;  34'-35',  37'. 

paris  green,  1:34',  37'. 

spraying,  1:41^-44*'. 

useless,  l:36'-37-. 

whale  oil  soap,  i:  35^,  38*. 
remota,  Tenthredo,  2:748". 
reniculella,     Dioryctria,     2:651', 

684'. 
repandus,  Eustrophus,  2:  667°. 
resinicola,     Cecidomyia,     2: 340', 

4io''-i3-,  424*. 
retardata,  Apatela,  2:727'. 
reticulatana,      Cenopsis,     2: 512', 

580',  707'. 
Retinia,  pitch  pine,  2:340'',  407''. 
Retinia  comstockiana,  s^e  Evetria. 


Retinia  frustrana,  see  Evetria. 

rigidana,  see  Evetria. 
retiniae,  Cremastus,  2:410'. 
retusus,  Gnathotrichus,   2:  751^ 
Rhabdophaga  batatas,  2:  745''. 

brassicoides,   2:563',   567^,745'', 
746^ 

gnaphaloides,  2:  745'. 

rhodoides,  2:  745^. 

rigidae,  2:  620^,  636^. 

salicis,  i:  258'',  299°-302-;  2:  620". 

siliqua,  2:  745'. 

strobiliscus,  2:  745*,  746'. 

strobiloides,   2:621-,   639',   746', 
746^  746^ 
Rhabdopterus  picipes,  2:  731°. 
Rhagium    lineatum,   2:335^   339', 

349\  3665-68\  665'. 
Rheumaptera  hastata,  2:  749*. 
Rhinomacer  pilosus,  2:667''. 
Rhinosimus  viridiaeneus,  2:  748'. 
Rhizophagus  dimidiatus,  2:721'. 
Rhodites  bicolor,  2:621',  647'. 

dichlocerus,  2:621^  648',  648*. 

globulus,  2:621',  647'-48'. 

ignota,  2:621',  647'. 

lenticularis,  2:  736''. 

multispinosa,  2:  736''. 

nebulosus,  2:  736^. 

radicum,  2:621',  647',  736'. 

rosae,  2:  621',  647'. 

verna,  2:  621*,  648-. 
rhoditiformis,  Synergus,  2:  714'. 
rhodoides,   Rhabdophaga,  2:745'. 
rhoifructella,  Anacampsis,  2:  747^. 
rhois,  Attelabus,  2:  511',  574'-75'. 

Blepharida,  2:  737'. 

Pemphigus,  i:  247';  2:621'^,  647^. 
Rhopalophora  longipes,  2:731'-. 
Rhopus  coccois,  i:  185'. 
Rhus  glabra,  2:647^. 

typhina,  2:  647''. 
Rhychagrotis  alternata,  2:  704'. 
Rhynchites  aeratus,  2:703*,  716°. 

bicolor,  2:  518*. 

cyanellus,  2:  567',  742'. 
Rhyncholophus  .t/.,  i:  140*. 
Rhyncolus  brunneus,  2:  666',  733^. 
Rhyssa  humida,  2:466'. 
Ribbed   pine  borer,    2:335^,   339°, 

366*-63'. 


ribesii,  Pteronus,  2:607". 

rigida,  Oeme,  2:  755'. 

rigidae,       Rhabdophaga,      2:620*, 

636'. 
rigidana,  Evetria,  2:  340'',  407''. 
rigidus,  Acamptus,  2:727'. 
rileyana,  Heteropacha,  2:  729'. 
rileyi,  Neuroterus,   2:  712'. 

Phylloxera,    2:710^711^. 

Schizoneura,  1:172',  192^. 
rimosalis,  Phylloxera,  2:  718*. 
Ring-legged  tree  bug,  2:  588'-9o'. 
Robber  fly,  I:  146-. 
robiniae,  Cecidomyia,  2:  730'. 

Cyllene,  1:49,  5i°.  93'-97'. 

Prionoxystus,  see  P.  robiniae. 

Spermophagus,  2:731' 
robiniella,  Depressaria,  2:  730'. 

LithocoUetes,  2:  730'. 

Recurvaria,  2:  730*. 
Robins,    1:32',     iii*,     iii',     iii*, 
122'-,  137', 166',  237',  309';  vorac- 
ity, 1:26';   daily  food,  1:26". 
robinsonii,  Catocala,  2:716'. 
robusta,  Chalcis,  2:555'. 

Pontania,  2:  746'. 
Roeselia  minuscula  var.  phylla,  2: 

706'. 
Romaleum      atomarium,       2:  426*, 
434-'. 

rufuium,  2:  702'. 

simplicicoUis,  2:  751''. 
Root  feeder,  2:  753'. 
rosaceana,    Archips,    2:  512^,  531', 

58o'-'8i--'. 
rosacella,  Coleophora,  2:  736^. 
rosae,  Aulacaspis,  1:  173*,  228'. 

Eulecanium,  2:  736''. 

Monostegia,  2;  735'. 

Rhodites,  2:  621',  647*. 

Typhlocyba,  i:  172*,  i9i'-92'. 
rosaefoliella,  Coleophora,  2:  736*. 

Nepticula,  2:736'-'. 
rosana,  Archips,  2:  512'',  581^. 
Rose  bedegar,  2:621',  647'. 
Rose  beetle,  2:  512',  575'. 
Rose  gall,    globular,   2:  621',  647'- 
48'. 

knotty,  2:621*,  6482. 

long,  2:  621*,  648'. 

mealy,  2:  621',  647'. 


864 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Rose  leaf  folder,  2:  jia-*,  581'. 
Rose  leaf  hopper,  1: 172',  I9i'-g2'. 
Rose  leaf  rollers,  2:  577",  579^  580'. 

58o^  581^ 
Rose  leaf  tier,  2;  512'',  577'-7g'-. 
Rose  root  gall,  2:621',  647". 
Rose  scale,  1:173',  228^;   2:  736\ 
rosea,  Oreta,  2:  749'. 
Rosebud  worm,  2:512*,  576'-77'. 
Rosebushes,  injurious  insects: 
borer: 

twig  girdler,  1:273'. 
gall  insects,  2:617',  736''. 

rose  bedegar,  2:621',  647*. 
leaf  feeders:   2:  735'*-36'. 

Alceris  perniutana,  2;  744^*. 

apple  tent  caterpillar,  2:  55:'. 

brown  tail  moth,  i:  164°. 

buck  moth,  1:311'. 

Calligraphus  lunata,  2:  575'. 

Cenopis      pettitana,      2:512^, 

579'- 

reticulatana,  2:  512",  5S0'. 
Deilephila  lineata,  2:724°. 
forest  tent  caterpillar,  i:  no', 
leaf    roller,   oblique   banded, 
2:  512'',  580''. 

red-banded,  2:  532^. 

v-marked,  2:  531'. 
maple    worm,   semilooper,   2: 

508',  538=. 
Platynota  flavedana,  2:728''. 
rose  beetle,   2;  512',   575'. 
rose  bud  worm,  2:512-,  576-. 
rose  leaf   folder,  2:512'',  581'. 
rose  leaf  tier,  2:512',  577'. 
Schizura  unicornis,  2:  705'. 
Tortrix     albicomana,    2:532'', 

707°. 
tussock   moth,  white  marked, 

1:136'. 
Xylina  antennata,  i:  130*. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 

rose  leaf  hopper,  1:172*,  igi'. 
rose  scale,  i:  173".  228';  2:  736'. 
Rosebushes,    wild,    injurious    in- 
sects: 
gall  insects: 

bullet  gall,  s])iny,  2:  621',  647'. 
rose    gall,     globular,    2:621'', 

647'. 


Rosebushes,   inj.   insects   (cotit'J): 

gall  insects: 

rose      gall,      knotty,     2:621', 
648^ 
long,  2:621',  648'. 
mealy,  2:  621'',  647'. 
rose  root  gall,  2:  621",  647'. 

leaf  feeder: 

rose  leaf  folder,   2:512',   581''. 
rostrum,  Apion,  2:  730*. 
Rosy  Hyparpax,  2:  506',  52o'-2i'. 
Rough  bullet  gall,  2:  618'',  624^^. 
Round-headed  apple  borer,  1:  51', 

84'-86'. 
rubicunda,   Anisota,  2:508',  537'- 

38^ 
rubidella,  Aristotelia,  2:  707',  709'. 
rubinus,  Biorhiza,  2;  711'-. 
rubricoma,  Apatela,  2:  726''. 
rubrifasciella,  i\crobasis,  2:  750''. 
rubristigma,  Sesia,  2:426',437'-38^. 
rubrum,  Obrium,  2:  428',  463^. 
Rubus,     Cryptocephalus     quadri- 

maculatus  injuring,  2:695'. 
rudis,  Micracis,   2:  725'. 
rufago,  Jodia,  2:  704'. 
ruficillata,  Mesoleuca,  2:  749^. 
ruficollis,  Oberea,  2:  732'. 
ruficorne,  Platydema,  2:497^,  497°. 
ruficornis,   Ptilinus,    1:257',  298^- 
99';  2:488^. 

Tharops,  2:  492^. 
rufimargo,   Panapoda,  2:  705^ 
rufipennis,  Dendroctonus,  2:  753'. 

Dichrooscytus,  2:652^,  687''-88'. 

Polygraphus,  see  P.  rufipennis. 
rufipes,  Buprestis,  2:  701'. 

Crepidodera,  2:510°,  556^. 

Orchestes,  2:  742''. 

Trichacis,  2:  5S5'-. 
rufosanguinea,      Galerucella,      2: 

733'- 
rufulum,  Romaleum,  2:  702'. 
rufus,   Catogenus,   1:261';  2:489'. 

Psocus,  2:  744'. 
rufusculus,    Nabis,    see  N.   rufus- 

culus. 
rugosa,  Cynips,  2:  713'. 
rugulosus,   Scolytns,    2:336',  453', 

503'. 
rumicis,  Aphis,  2:729'. 


ruricola,  Clytanthus,  2:715*. 
Rustic  borer,  1:256',  259'-6l'. 
rustica,  Phlegethontius,   2:737'. 
Rusty  tussock  moth,  2:  507'',  524', 

524*. 
rutila^a,  Phalonia,  2:  755'. 
rutulus,  Papilio,  2:  750°. 

Sabulodes  arcasaria,  2:  750". 

lorata.  2:  754''. 

transversata,  2:  509',  539'''. 
saccularius,  Andricus,  2:712°. 
Saddleback  caterpillar,  2:528'. 
saginella,  Nepticula,  2:708^ 
sagittatus,     Xylotrechus,     see     X. 

sagittatus. 
.Salebria  celtidella,  2:726''. 

contatella,  2:  730''. 
salicellis,  Lachnus,  2:  744'. 
saliciana,  Epinotia,  2:746*. 
salicicola.  Aphis,  2:744'. 

Eriophyes,  2:745'. 

Phylloxera,  2:745'. 

Polygnotus,  1:301'. 
salicicolana,  Epinotia,  2:746''. 
saliciella,  Coptodisca,  2:  744''. 
saLicifoliella,  Gracilaria,  2:  744''. 

Lithocolletes,  2:  744*. 
salicifungiella,  Aristotelia,  2:  746*. 
salici]')omonella,    Batrachedra,   2; 

746-'. 
salicis,  Cladobius,  2:744''. 

Magdalis,  2:  720'. 

Orchestes,  2:  742''. 

Rhabdophaga,  1:258'-,  299^-302'; 
2:  620'. 

Siphocoryne,  2:  744'. 

Tridymus,  I:  301'. 
salicis-nigrae,  Chionaspis,  2:  744'. 
salictella,  Marmara,  2:741*. 
salicti,  Cladobius,  2:744°. 
Salix  pomum,  2:  636',  637'. 
saltator,  Hormiscus,  2:  726'. 
Samia  cecropia,  2:  508',  539'. 

Columbia,  2:  755'. 

Cynthia,  see  Philosamia. 
San  Jose  scale,   1:8'',   8°,    12°,  38', 

173°,  2l6'-26'. 
Sandalus  petrophya,  2:701°. 
sanguineus,      Thaneroclerus,      2: 

370',  503'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


865 


sanj;uiiiolenta,      Cecidomyia.      2: 

-is'- 
saiiguinolentus,  Ips,  see  I.  saugui- 

iiolentus. 
Saiiuinoidea  exitiosa,  2:733'. 
Saperda,  hickory,  1:256',  269*— 70*. 

red-edged,     i:27o'-7i';     2:427', 
445^- 
Saperda   calcarata,    1:49,  S'S  9^'" 
100'. 

Candida,  1:51',  84'-86-. 

concolor,  2:  429',  469',  471^,  474', 
474'- 

cretata,  2:  734"^ 

discoidea,  1:256^,  26g'*-70*. 

fayi,  i:257-\  2833-84*. 

lateralis,  i:  270*-7i';  2:  427',  445*. 

inoesta,  2:471',  474',  746*. 

mutica,  2:429*,  469'. 

cibliqua,  2:430^,  48o'-8l-. 

pupulnea,  2:429',  474«-75^ 

puiicticollis,     2:430',     478^-79*, 

479'- 
tridentata,  i:  49,  50',  67'-7i*,  74*. 
tulari,  2:  474'. 
vestita,  1:49,  51*,  9i'-92-'. 
saperdoides,  Xylopinus,  2:  703^. 
saponatus,  Monaclius,  2;  750^. 
Sapsucker,  yellow-bellied,  i:  in*. 
Saratoga  spittle  insect,  2:686*. 
saratogensis,  Aphrophora,  2:  686*. 
Sarcophaga  j/. ,  1:140'''. 

cimbicis,  i:  15S*. 
Sassafras,  injurious  insects: 
borers:  2:  732'. 

maple   and   oak    twig  pruner, 

1:61'. 
Micracis  suturalis,  2:715'. 
sugar  maple  timber  beetle,  i: 
67'. 
leaf  feeders:   2:  732*. 

Abbotanaclementaria,  2:721'. 
Apatelodes  torrefacta,  2:  549''. 
Callosamia  angulifera,  2:  732'. 
Coscinoptera   dominicana,   2: 

737^. 
Graphiphora  alia,  2:  704'. 
hag  moth  caterpillar,  2:  528'. 
io  caterpillar,  2:  522*. 
Olethreutes    niveiguttana,    2: 
724'. 


Sassafras,  inj.  insects  {cont'ii): 

leaf  feeders: 

Papilio    glaucus    -'*/;.  turnus, 

2:  704'. 
Platynota  flavedana,  2:  728''. 
promethea  moth,  2:  557*. 

scale  insect: 

Eulecanium  lintneri,  2:732'. 
sassafrasella,  Gracilaria,  2:  732'. 
Sawflies,  1:10',    258';  2:607",  609^, 
702*-3*,  741'. 

.\bbott's  pine,  2:  340'. 

fir,  2:340*,  4l5'-l6''. 

larch,   1:10',  254';  2:340',   418'- 
23'. 

I,e  Conte's,  2:  340*. 
Sawyers,  2:  339',  339',  36o'-63'. 

marbled,  2:339'',  366'. 

white  spotted,  2:339",  364'. 
sayi,  Choragus,  2:722^. 

Elater,  2:  701". 

Oryssus,  2:  727-'. 
scabra,  Calitys,  see  C.  scabra. 

Osmoderma,  2:492'. 

Plathypena,  2:  747*. 
scabricollis,  Xyloterus,  2:  752". 
scabripennis,     Chrysobothris,     2: 

753*. 
scalaris,  Bellamira,  2:429*,  467'. 

Calligrapha,  2:  750*. 

Chrysomela,  2:  509',  542'-44'. 

Homalomyia,  I:  140'. 
scalator,  Plectrodera,  2:746'. 
Scale    insects,    1:7',   12'',  35',  172*; 

2:  709*,  717',  719',  729S,  732',  7345, 

73g',  744',  755';  remedies,  i:  39', 

39'- 
scandens,  Carneades,  2: 6og'-. 
scapha,  Eulimacodes,  2:  529^. 

Prolimacodes,  2:  707', 
scapularis,  Hylotoma,  2: 509",  542'. 
Scarlet  winged  clerid,  2:503'. 
schalleriana,  Alceris,  2:  744'. 
schaumii,  Oberea,  2:  493". 

Toxotus,  2:  722'. 
Schizocerus  prunivorus,   2;  734'. 
Schizoneura     americana,     i:  172', 
l77'-78'. 

caryae,  2:  717^. 

corni,  2:737'. 

crataegi,  2:  735-. 


Schizoneura  pinicola,  2:  753**. 

querci,  2:  709*. 

rileyi,  i:  172',  192''. 
Schizura  badia,   2:  738''. 

concinna,  2:  743'. 

ipomoeae,  2:705*,  729'. 

leptinoides,  2:  716'. 

mustelina,  2:  736'. 

semirufescens,  2:  743". 

unicornis,  2;  705'. 
schlaegeri,  Stenoma,  2:708'. 
Schreckensteinia    erythriella,     2: 

737'- 
schreibersii,    Cryptocephalus.    see 

C.  schreibersii, 
Sciagraphia   heliothidata,   2:730'. 
Sciapteriin    simulans,   see    Memy- 
thrus. 

tricincta,  see  Memythrus. 
Sciara  ocellaris,  .yci' Cecidomyia. 

tilicola    2:731*. 
scitiscripta,  Cerura,  2:  743'. 
scitula,  Andricus,  2:  713'. 

Chrysobothris,  2:  701'. 

Sesia,  2:428'-,  451^. 
Scolecocampa  liburna,  2:  705'. 
Scoliopteryx  libatrix,  2:743''. 
scolopendrina,  Harpyia,  2:  747'. 
scolyticida,    Lysitermus,  1:278*. 
Scolytidae,  i:  11',  I2'-I3'. 
Scolytids,    certain    structures  of, 

2:  336'^ -37'- 
scolytivorus,  Bracon,  1:278^. 
Scolytus  fagi,  2:722*. 

muticus,  2:  725*. 

quadrispinosus,  1:257',  275''-79'; 
2:  336",  446',  502',  504',  505'. 

rugulosus,  2:33';  2:453',  503*- 
.Scoparia  basalis,  2:754*. 
.Scopelosoma  devia,  2:  705'. 

moflatiana,  2:723'. 

morrisoni,  2:  705'. 

sidus,  2:  705-. 

tristigmata,  2:  705-. 

walkeri,  2:  705'''. 
Scotobates  calcaratus,  2:493''. 
scripta,  Melasoma,    1:258',  317*- 

22';  2:  564',  565'. 
scrutator,  Calosoma,   i:  113',  146'-', 

161'. 
sculpta.  .\mphiholips.  2:712''. 


866 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Scurfy  scale,  i:  173*,  207*-8\  214'- 

I6«. 
sciitellaris,  Neoclytus,  2:  715''. 

Piazorhinus,  2:703'. 
scutellatus,  Monohammus,  2:339', 

361',  362',  364'. 
Scymnus  J/. ,  1:231'. 

lophanthae,  1:223'. 

tenebrosus,  2:666'. 
Scythropus  elegans,  2:  752'. 
segnipes,  Apion,  2:  742**. 
Selandria  barda,  2:  609^. 
Selidosema  umbrosarium,    2:725'. 
semen,  Acarus,  2:  745'. 
semiclusaria,  Nepytia,  2:  753". 
seiniferana,  Archips,  2:  707^ 
semifuneralis,  Euzophera,  2;  733'. 
Semilooper  maple   worm,  2:  50S', 

538*-39'. 
seminator,  Andricus,  2:  618",  622', 

622'-23'. 

seminosus,  Andricus,  2:  709'. 
seminudus,  Eutettix,  2:749'. 
semipiceus,  Periclistis,  2:  736^. 
semirufescens,  Schizura,  2:  743'. 
senatoria,    Anisota,    1:258"',  306'- 

10';  2:  527',  607'. 
seniculus,Conotrachelus,   2:  512*, 

582'. 
sentana,  Plalynota,  2:  738°. 
septem-maculata,     Lestodiplosis, 

2:  745«. 
septendecim,      Tibicen,       1:173', 

23i''-37». 
septentrionalis,  Gluphisia,  2:  747'. 
sepulchralis,  Citheronia,  2:752'. 
Serena,  Catocala,  2:716'. 
Serica  sericea,  2:  553'. 

trociformis,  2:  506'',  514'. 
sericea,  Blastothrix,  1:203'. 

Serica,  2:  553'. 

Cistela,  2:518*. 

Enchodes,  g:  727^ 
sericeum,  Lymexylon,  2:  427',  449^ 
serieventris,  Podisus,  i:  113*,  161', 

166'. 
serotinae,  Acarus,  2:733*. 

Cecidomyia,  2:  733'. 
serotinaeella,  Nepticula,  2:  733'. 
serrata.  Euchlaena,  2:  728'. 
Serropalpusbarbatus,  2:650',  671'. 


serrulatae,  Dasyneura,  2:  750'. 
servus,  Euschistus,  i:  146'. 
.Sesiaacerni,  1:49,  50',  56'-58'. 

albicornis,   2:  429',  469*-7o''. 

bolteri,  2:  429',  470'. 

corni,  2:428',  456'-57°. 

pictipes,   2:42s',  453^-54*- 

pyri,  2:451^ 

rubristigma,  2:426',  437^-38'. 

scitula,  2:  428'^,  451'. 
Sesiidae,  1: 12'. 
setacea,  Phora,  1:  15S'. 
setulosum,  Dorcatoma,   2:748'. 
sexfasciatus,      Dryobius,     2: 702', 

722'. 
sexguttatus,  Leptostylus,  2:751'. 
sexsignata,  Chrysobothris,  2:  721'. 
Shadbush,  injurious  insects: 

borers: 

Agrilus  vittaticollis,  2:  720'. 
apple    borer,    round-headed, 

1:51',  84*. 
Molorchus     bimaculatus,     2: 

715'- 
Sesia  pictipes,  2:  453'. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  734'. 

apple  tent  caterpillar,  2:  551'. 
Odontota  quadrata,  2:  731'. 
Pteronus    thoracicus,    2:  510*, 

scale  insects; 

Flulecanium      kansasense,     2: 

734'- 
scurfy  scale,  1:215'. 
Shade  tree  pests,  more  important, 

i:5o'-24o';  annual  losses  caused 

by,  i:7*-8'. 
Shellbark,  hickory  onion  gall  in- 
juring, 2:  628'. 
shurtleffii,     Heterogenea,    2: 529', 

707'. 
Sibine  stimulea,  2:  528',  529''. 
sidus,  Scopelosoma,  2:  705'^ 
signata,    Hyperaspis,   see  H.   sig- 

nata. 
signatana,  Hedya,  i:l6g*. 

Thiodia,   1:106',  i68''-6g'. 
signatus,  Lepturges,  2:  722'. 
significa,  Coptocycla,  2:  730'. 
siliqua,  Rhabdophaga,  2:  745'. 
Silkworm,  i:  18'. 


Silvanus  bidentatus,  2:  721'. 

imbellis,  2:489'. 

planatus,  2:  731'. 

surinamensis,   1:295'. 
Silverfish,  1:  15'. 
similana,  Eucosma,  2;  749'. 
similis,  Amauronematus,  2:741'. 

Catocala,  2:  705'. 

Chilocorus,  1:  223''. 
simillimus,  Spathius,  1:282*. 
similis,  Andricus,  2:713". 
simplex,  Bracon,  1:22';  2:384^. 

Dendroctonus,  2:  752'. 

Melanobracon,  1:70'',  261'. 
simplicicollis,  Romaleum,  2:751*. 
simulans,  Memythrus,  2:  427',  43S". 
simulator,  Phloeotrya,  2:494'. 
singularis,  Andricus,  2:618'',  625'. 
Sinoxylon    basilare,    2:427',    442'', 

502''. 
sinuatus,  Agrilus,  2:  504*. 
Siobla  excavata,  2:  719''. 
Siphocoryne  salicis,  2:  744". 
Sisyrosea  inornata,  2:  728'. 

textula,  2:  529*,  721*. 
Slender     birch     horntail,     2:429-, 

466'. 
Slug  cater^jillars,  2:507',  527"-29'; 

bibliography,  2:  529'. 
Smeared     dagger     moth,     2:511'-, 

560'.     ■ 
Smerinthus  jamaicensis,  2:  724'. 
Smicra  microgaster,  1:74'. 

odontotae,  .u-t-Spilochalcis  (Smi- 
cra) odontotae. 
smilaciella,  Proleucoptera,  2:  740". 
smilacis,  Chrysomphalus,    2:  740". 

Eachnus,  5:  740'. 
smilacisella,  Phyllocnistis,  2:  740''. 
Smilax,  injurious  insects: 

leaf  feeders:    2:  740". 

sucking  insects:  2:  740'*. 
Smodicum      cucujiforme,     2:701', 

741'- 
Snow  fleas,  i:  15^. 
Snowberry,  injurious  insects: 

leaf  feeder: 

Hemaris  thysbe,  2:  738'. 
Snowy  tree  cricket,  2:699'',  699*. 
Soja  beans,  locust   leaf  miner  in- 
juring, I:  327'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


S67 


Soldier  bug,  i;  166',  309';    2;  O07'- 
I3»,  676»,  677". 
spilled,  i:  146'. 
solicitana,  Eucosma,  2:  749*. 
solidaginis,  Macrocentrus,  2;  531°. 

553''- 
surdidata,  Hydriomena,  2:  743*. 
Sour    gum,    injurious    insects:    2: 
735"- 
borer: 

Acanthoderes       morrisii,      2: 

732'- 
leaf  feeders: 

Adoncta  spinuloides,  2:  706". 
Ampeluphaga     choerilus,     2: 

-38^ 

Euclea  delphinii,  2:  529',  706". 

forest  tent  caterpillar,  i;  no". 

sour  gum  case  cutter,  2:510', 

555*-56-'. 

Sour    gum     case     cutter,     2;  510^, 

555«-56'- 
Southern  praying  mantis,  1:24'. 
Southern    Tomicus,   2:  338^,    356*'— 

59"- 
Spanwornis,     2:  706',      720*,     721', 

727',   728',   730',   73I«,  733',  733», 

734\  738',   743',   743»,   747',  749«, 

749'.  750'.   753'.  753*,   753",   754\ 

754'.  755*. 
Sparrow,  1;  237'. 

chipping,  i:  in',  iii\  in*,  122*. 

English,   1:111',  III"*,  137*,  166', 
237'-;    effect    on    local    fauna, 
i:  133'. 
Sparrow  family,  1:31'. 
sparsus,  Pityogenes,  2:  752^. 
Spathius  brachyrurus,  2:401". 

canadensis,  2:  359',  393^. 

claripennis,  2:389'. 

pallidus,  2:  359^ 

simillimus,  i:  282'. 

tomici,  2;  379'. 

trifasciata,  i:  278°. 

unifasciatus,  I:  278''. 
speciosus,  riagionotus,  1:49,    50", 
518-56';  2:443*. 

Sphecius,  2:  6o3*-4*. 
sperata,  Apatela,  2:  747^. 
Spermophagus  robiniae,  2:731'. 
Sphaerococcus  sylvestris,  2:  709*. 


S|)haerostilba    coccophila,  1:224*. 
.Sphecius  speciosus,  2:  6o3'-4''. 
Sphecodina  abbotii,  2:  739'. 
Sphinx,  ash,  2;  509*,  548'. 

four-lined,  2:  509'',  546'. 

wavy  ash,  2:  509',  548'-49*. 
Sphinx  chersis,  2:727'. 

drupiferarum,  2:726'. 

gordius,  2:  727'. 

kalmiae,  2:  509',  548-. 

luscitiosa,  2:  742*. 

plebeia,  2:  741'^. 
Sphyrapicus  varius,  1:28'. 
Spicebush,  injurious  insects: 

Amorbia  humerosana,   2:  737''. 

Papilio  troilus,  2:  732'. 

Tetracis  crocallata,  2:  721*. 
Spilochalcis  debilis,  I:  140''. 

(Smicra)  odontotae,  1:328'. 
Spined  soldier  bug,  1 :  146' ;  2:  608-'- 

9*. 
spinosa.  Phylloxera,  2:718". 
spinosus,  Chaitophorus,  2:  709*. 

Hamamelistes,    i:  246'-47',  251'; 
2:6i6«,  62T»,  643-'-46'. 

Podisus,    1:146'.     153*;     2:543', 
608'. 
spinuloida.  Phylloxera,  2:  718*. 
spinuloides,       Adoneta,       2;  529\ 

706'. 
Spiny  bullet  gall,  2:621',  647*. 
Spiny  elm  caterpillar,  1:18',  48^ 

105',  i58«-62',  253-';  2:607*. 
Spiny  oak  gall,  2:619',  627". 
Spiny  oak  worm,  2:  507*,  527'. 
Spiny    witch-hazel     gall,     2:621', 

643M6'. 
Spittle  insects,  2:652^  686*-87l 
splendidum,   Callichroma,  2:  735'. 
splendoriferella,     Coptodisca,     2: 

734*- 

Spotted  buprestid,  2: 339^  390*- 
91''. 

Spotted  Leptostylus,  2:430',  482'. 

Spotted  willow  leaf  beetle,  2: 
511',  564"-65«. 

Spraying,  proper  apparatus,  i: 
43'-44';  cost  of,  i:  418-43'';  direc- 
tions for,  I:  41-. 

Spring  cankerworm,  2:  509', 
547*- 


Spruce,  beneficial  insects: 

American     bark     beetle     de- 
stroyer, 2:  501'. 
cloudy  bark  beetle  destroyer, 
2:  653*,  693'. 
injurious  insects:  2:  339'. 
borers:  2:  753'. 

apple  wood  stainer,  1:257'',. 

289^ 
balsam   bark    borer,  2:  376-. 
bark  borers,  1:6^. 
blazed    tree    borer,    2: 650* 

671'. 
buprestid,    spotted,   2;  339', 

390'- 
buprestis,     golden,    2:648', 

655'. 
cedar  tree  borer,  2:  675'. 
Chrysobothris  trinervia,   2: 

751'. 
Cossonus   corticola,  2:751'. 
Criocephalus     agrestis,     2: 

660'. 
Cryphalus      striatulus.      2: 

650=,  673I 
Dendroctonus    pusillus,    2: 

752'. 
Dicerca  tenebrosa,  2:  657*. 
Dorcaschema     nigrum,      2: 

445'- 
Dryocoetes  j/.,  2:  673'. 

affaber,  2:  752'. 

autographus,  2:650'',  672*. 
flat-headed  borer,  common, 

i:  87'-'. 
Hister  parallelus,  2:491*. 
horntail,      banded,     2:649', 
668'. 

blue,  2:  649',  669'. 
Hylotrupes  bajulus,  2:664'. 
Leptura,  Canadian,   2:650', 

670'. 
Mordella    borealis,    2:650*, 

672'. 
Phymatodes   dimidiatus,  2: 

650',  66g'. 
pine  bark  beetle.  2:  351'. 
pine  borer,  lesser,  2:662°. 
pine  wood  stainer,  eastern, 

2:371'. 
Pissodes  dubius,  2:  401'. 


868 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Spruce,  inj.  insects  {iniit'tl): 
borers: 

Pityoiithorus   piilchellus,  2: 

752'. 
sawyer,  2:  3t)o\ 
spruce  bark  beetle,    2:338', 
354»,  yW. 
minute,  2:  338'',  359'. 
spruce  destroying  beetle,  2: 

338',  379"- 
Tetropium  cinnamopterum, 

2:  650',  66g''. 
Tomicus  caelatus,  2:  354'. 
Urocerus,  white-horned,   2: 

649',  667'. 
Xylotrechus    unrlulatus,    2: 

650',  671'. 
gall  insects; 

spruce   gall    aphid,    i:  172*, 

lSq». 
leaf  feeders:   2:754'. 

Alceris  hastiana,  2:744^. 
bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  127'. 
Feralia  jocosa,  2;  754'. 
fir  savvfly,  2.  340*,  415'^. 
Melanolophia  canadaria,  2: 

753"- 
Nepytia     seniiclusaria,      2: 

753'- 
I'araphia     subatomaria,     2: 

753'- 
pine  chrysomela,  2:695'*, 
Plagodis  fervidaria,  2*706*. 
Scythropus  elegans,  21752^. 
spruce    bud    worm,    2;  340", 

416'. 
spruce    cone  worm,   2:/'i5i^, 

684'. 
spruce  sawlly,  2:651*,  6S3*'. 
tussock  moth,  white   mark- 
ed,  I*  136'. 
sucking  insects:  2:754*. 
Spruce,  black,    Phyllobaenus  dis- 
locatus  beneficial  to,  2:  503'. 
injurious  insects; 
borers: 

Crypturgus     alutaceus,     2- 

753*- 
IJryocoetes    granicollis,     2: 

753'. 
Pytho  nigei .  2:  751''. 


Spruce,  black,  inj.  insects  {cont'd): 
borers: 

spruce     tiraber     beetle,      2: 

369'. 
spruce    wood    engraver,   2: 

650^  674'. 
Xestobium     squalidum,      2: 

753'- 
Xyloterus  politus,  1:292". 
leaf  feeder: 

Recurvaria      piceaella,      2: 

754''- 
Spruce,  Norway, injurious  insects: 

Crypturgus  alutaceus,  2"  753'. 

pine  weevil,  white,  2:397'. 

turpentine  bark   beetle,  2   343'. 
.Spruce,  red,  spruce  wood  engraver 

injuring,  31650',  674'-'. 
Spruce  bark   beetle,  ice';  2.338*, 
386'-90*;  birds  feeding  on,   i: 
28=. 

minute,  2"  338',  359^-60'. 
Spruce  bark  borer,  2:673'''. 
Spruce  bud  worm,  2-  340',  4i6*-i8^. 
Spruce  cone  worm,  2:651',  684'. 
Spruce  destroying  beetle,  2:338'', 

379'-85',  693'- 
Spruce  gall  aphid,  i:  172',  iSg'-gi'. 
Spruce  sawHy,  2:651',  683°. 
Spruce  timber  beetle,  a;  339',  369'- 

70'. 
Spruce    wf)od     engraver.     2. 650*, 

674'. 
spuria,  Gossyparia,    i;S',   48',  49, 

173^,  203^-7'. 
squalidum,  Xestobium,  2:753'. 
squamosus,  Dorytomus,  2;  742''. 
Squaw-huckleberry,  Datana    pal- 

mii  injuring,  2.  739'. 
stabulans,  Cyrtoneura,  1:153'. 
Stagmoniantis      Carolina,      i»24', 

146',  154'- 
Stalk  borer,  2:  429'',  46S'. 
Steganoptycha    claypoleana,     see 

Epinotia. 
Stenoma  schlaegeri,  2:  708'. 
.Stenomesius  sp.,  2:410'. 
Stenopsis    argenteomaculatus,    2: 

721'. 
Stenoscelis  brevis,  2:455',  494'*- 
Stcnosphenus  notatus,  2:493',  715*. 


Stephanoderus   dissimilis,  2:  702'. 
Stethobaris  tubulatus,  2:  734". 
Stictocephala      inermis,      2:652', 

687'. 
stigma,  .\nisota,  2:507',  527^. 
stigmata,  Eucoila,  2:  714'. 
stigmatella,      Gracilaria,     2.744*, 

747*. 
stigmaterus,   Hemerobius,  2:  653', 

697'. 
stimulea,  Sibine,  2:  528',  529''. 
stragula,  Ilyperaeschra,  2:747*. 
Strawberry    bushes,  injurious  in- 
sects: 

Euschistus  variolarius,  2:612'. 

filament  bearer,  2:  530'^. 

Typophorus  canellus,  2:537'. 
striata,  Buprestis,  2:  648',  655'-56'. 

Melandrya,   2:493'. 
striatulus,  Cryphalus,  see  C.  stri- 

atulus. 
strigosa,  Melalopha,  2.  747'. 
Striped  Cottonwood  beetle,  2:  564'. 
Striped    hickory    caterpillar,     2: 

5o8«,  535'. 
strobi,  Eutettix,  2:688'. 

Laehnus,  2:  753'. 

Pissodes,  2:  339',  397'-40i',  402', 
402',  402'. 
strobilana,  Cynips,  2:618',  625'. 
strobiliscus,       Rhabdophaga,      2; 

745',  746'. 
strobilobius,       Chermes,      ii  172'', 

i87'-889. 
strobiloides,     Rhabdophaga,       2: 

621'-'.  639',  746',  746',  746''. 
Strongylium  terminatum,   2:703'. 
.Strongylogaster  pinguis,  2: 748'. 
.Strophosomus  coryli,  2:  749'. 
Strymon  titus,  2:733''. 
subaenea,  Hydnocera,  2;  606*. 
subarmatus,   Eupogonius,  2:  724*. 
subatomaria,  Paraphia,  2:  753'. 

var,     unipuncta,     Paraphia,     2: 
706''. 
subcompressa,   Anacharis,  2:  714'. 
subcostatum,    Platydema,  2:497', 

667*. 
subcroceata,  Nemoria,  2:706'. 
subcyaneus.    Ichneumon,     1:138', 

324'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


869 


subcyaneus,   Mastogenius,  2:701'. 
subelliptica,  Phylloxera,  2:718'. 
subgregarium,  Isodyctium,  2:  703'. 
subhamata,  1-eptura,   1:650',  675'. 
subnata,  Catocala,  2:  720'. 
subpubescens,  Elaphidion.  2:  702*. 
subrotata,  Heterocampa,   2:716'. 
subsignarius,  Ennomos,  2:  725'. 
Mibspinosus,     Macrodactylus,     2: 

5I2\  575'. 
subtruncata,  Periclista,  2:702'-'. 
subvittata,  Dichelonycha,  2:  723^ 
Sugar  maple  borer,  1:50*,  51^-56'; 

2:443*. 
Sugar  maple  timber  beetle,  1;  50*, 

65'-67«. 
sulcicollis,  Buprestis,  2:751'. 

Corymbites,  2:492'. 
sulfureana,  Epagoge,  2:730'. 
Sumac,    Phyllobaenus    dislocatus 
beneficial  to,  2:  503*. 

injurious  insects: 
borers;  2:  737". 

Gaurotes     cyanipennis,     2: 

454'. 
Hyperplatys   maci>latus,   2: 

433'- 
leptostylus,  spotted.  2: 482'. 
Liopus  alpha,    2:430^48I''- 

82*. 
maple  and  oak  twig  pruner, 

I.6i3. 
Oberea  ocellata,  2:493'*. 

ruficoUis,  2;  732'. 
Pityogenes  similis,  2:482'. 
woodbine      borer,      2;  430-', 

478«. 
flower  cricket,    white,  2:603'. 
gall  insects; 

Pemphigus  rhois,  i:  247". 
sumac   tomato  gall,  2:  62I'', 

647^ 
leaf  feeders,  2:  737'. 

Anacampsis     rhoifructella, 

2:  747'. 
apple  worm,  yellow-necked, 

2;  535*. 
Attelabus  analis,  2:  720'. 

rhois,  2:  511',  574'. 
Copturus  binotatub,  2:730''. 
Episimus  argutanus,  2:725', 


Sumac,  inj.  insects  (tont'J): 
leaf  feeders: 

hickory    horned    devil,     i: 

305*- 
hickory     tussock    moth,     i: 

3I4». 
leaf  roller,  oblique  banded, 

2:  580'. 
Lepturges  signatus,  2:  722'. 
Nodonota    puncticollis,    2; 

730'. 
Pachybrachys     tridens,     2: 

742'. 
Tetracis  crocallata,  2:721''. 
sucking  insects:  2:  737'. 
Sumac  tomato  gall,  2:621',  647'. 
Sunflower,    poplar    twig  gall    fly 

injuring,  2:635^ 
superans,  Apatela,  2:  749'. 
superatalis,  Epipaschia,  2:740". 
supernotatus,  Psenocerus,  2:736'. 
Supple   jack,  powder   post  beetle 

injuring,  i:  296'. 
surinamensis,  Silvanus,  1:295". 
suturalis,  Acoptus,  2;  715*. 
Anthonomus,  2:715*. 
Batyle,  2.64g\  663^. 
Idiocerus,  2;  597'. 
Micracis,  2;  7I5*- 
Sweet  fern,  sc-e  Fern,  sweet. 
Sweet  gale,  injurious  insects: 
Melanolophia  canadaria,  2:753^. 
Rheumaptera  hastata,  2;  749*. 
Sweet  gum,  injurious  insects: 
borers: 

Leptostylus,  prickly,  2:461*. 
leaf  feeders: 

forest     tent      caterpillar,     i: 

1 10'. 
Gluphisia    septentrionalis,  2' 

747'- 
luna  moth,  2:  526'. 
Phyllocnistis       liquidambari- 

sella,  2   735'. 
Prolimacodes    scapha,  2:707'. 
Sycamore,  injurious  insects, 
borers; 

Chalcophora    campestris,     2 

^2■2.■. 

flat-headed  borer,  common,  i 
87'. 


Sycamore,  inj,  insects  (cont'd): 
borers: 

leptostylus,  prickly,  2:  461*. 
pigeon  tremex,  1:63'. 
powder  post  beetle,  1:297'. 
leaf  feeders:   2:  719'. 

.\merican     dagger     moth,    2: 

525^ 
bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  127'. 
Chlamys  plicata,  2:  703', 
Eugnamptus     angustatus,     2: 

703*. 
Tortricidia  pallida,  2:707*. 
tussock  moth,  white  marked, 

i:  136'. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 
black-banded  scale,  I:  201'. 
ciliated  tingis,  2:600'. 
sycophanta,        Anthonomus,       2: 

742'. 
Pristiphora,     2:  510",      557'-58'. 
74i«. 
sylvestris,  Periclistis,  2:736'. 

Sphaerococcus,  2:709". 
Symmerista       albifrons,      2:506', 

5i9'-20-. 
symmetrica,  Cecidomyia,  2:710*. 

Phylloxera,  2:  718'. 
symmetricus,  Lepturges,  2:493". 
Sympiezus  uroplatae,  1:328'. 
Synchita  obscura,  2:  701*. 
Synchroa  punctata,  2-666'. 
Synelys  enucleata,  2:  733'. 
Synergus  albipes,  2:  714*. 
campanula,  2:  7I4''. 
dimorphus,  2:714''. 
laeviventris,  2:714^. 
lignicolor,  2,714'. 
mendax,  2   714'. 
oneratus,  2:  714^. 
rhoditiformis,  2:714'. 
Syneta  ferruginea,  2:748'. 
Syntasis  diplosidis,  2:412'. 
Syntomosphyrum  esurus,  i:  140* 
syringae,  Podosesia,  i,  51',  104'. 
Syrphidae,  i;  24^ 
Syrphus  flies,  i:  175'- 
Syssaurainfensata  z/ar.  biclaria,  »: 

755'. 
Systena  marginalis,  2:  506*,  515'. 
taeniata,  21703'. 


870 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Tacbina  fly,  red-tailed,  i:  132'. 
Tachina  mella.    i:ii3\   138*,  1 39°. 
Tachinidae,  i;  22'. 
Tachygonus  lecontei,  2:752*. 
Tachypterus       quadrigibbus,       2: 

734'- 
taeniata,  Systena,  2:703'. 
taeniatus,    Aphrastus,  j*'^  A.   tae- 

niatus. 
Tamarack,  see  Larch. 
Tan  bark,  variable  oak  borer   in- 
juring, 2:  426',  433". 
Tanager.s.    1:31',  33';  voracity,  i: 
26^. 

scarlet,  1:27-'.  iii',  166'^. 
Tanagridae,.i;3i". 
tarquinius,  Feniseca,  I:  196'. 
tarsale,  Euleeanium,  2:  736'. 
tarsatorius,  Foenus,  2:  500'. 
tarsatus,  Harpiphorus,  2:  736'. 
Taxonus  multicolor,  2:  748'. 
Telamona  ampelopsidis,  2;  740''. 

fasciata,  2:  717''. 

monticola,  2:  596'. 

querci,  2:  596'. 
telarius,  Tetranychus,  2:  755'. 
Telea  polyphemus,   2:  507'',  526'. 
Telenomus  bifidus,  1:145''. 

graptae,  i:  161'. 

orgyiae,  1: 138'. 

podisi,  2:  609". 
Telphusa  belangerella,  2;  750'. 

querciella,  2:  707'. 

quercinigracella,  2:  707^. 
Temelucha  fusiformis,  2:  482*. 
tenebricosus,    Chrysomphalus,   2; 

728». 
Tenebrio  tenebrioides,  2:493'. 
Tenebrioides  americana,  2:  731°. 

castanea,  2:492°. 

corticalis,  2:492',  721'. 
tenebrioides,  Tenebrio,  2:  493°. 
Tenebrionidae,  i:  23^-24'. 
ttnebrosa,  Dicerca,  2:648^,  657'. 
{enebrosus,  Scymnus,  2:666'. 
Tent  caterpillar,  1:14',  19'. 
Tenthredinidae,     1:10';      2:616', 

617'. 
Tenthredo  atroviolacea,  2:  737'. 

cressonii,  2:  748'. 

remota,  2:  748'. 


tentoriferella,  Machimia,  2:708". 
tenuicornis,  Ernobius,  2:752'. 
tenuidactylus,  Oxyptilus,  2:754'. 
tenuipes,  Dysphaga,  2:  715'. 
tenuis,  Hylastes,  2:  752'. 
Tephroclystis  luteata,  2:754'. 

miserulata,  2:  706'. 
Teras  hastiana,  ji'^Alceris. 
terebrans,   Dendroctonus,  see    D. 

terebrans. 
Termes  flavipes,  1:51*,  87^-90'. 
terminalis,  Oryssus,  2:727''. 

Pontania,  2:  745'. 
terminatum,  Strongylium,  2:  703*. 
terminatus,    Elasmocerus,   see    E. 

terminatus. 
tessellaris,       Halisidota,     2:507', 

523I-242. 
tessellata,  Goes,  2:  702'. 
tessellatus,  Anthonomus,  2:  742''. 

Pemphigus,  i:  173',  i95*-g6^. 
testacea,  Tortricidia,  2:  529*,  707*. 
testaceus,  Laemophloeus,   2:490*. 
testata,  Eustroma,  2:  743^ 
Tetracis  crocallata,  2:  721''. 
Tetranychus  mytilaspidis,  1:14*. 

telarius,  2:  755'. 
tetraspilotus,  Litargus,  2:  741'. 
Tetratoma  truncorum,  2:731''. 
Tetropium      cinnamopterum,     2: 

650',  669''. 
Tetrops  canescens,  2:  750^. 
Tetyra  bipunctata,  2:  753'. 
textor,  Hyphantria,  seeYi,  textor. 
textrinaria,  Metanema,  2;  706^. 
textula,  Sisyrosea,  2:529'',  721*. 
Thalessa,  i:  21*. 

lunator,  1:63',  64,  261'. 
Thanaos  brizo,  2:  704^. 

icelus,  2:  742''. 

juvenalis,  2:  704*. 

persius,  2:  742''. 
Thanasimus  dubius,   2:  345',  389', 
500'-:'. 

nubilus,  2:  384',  653'^  693". 

trifasciatus,  2:  389'. 
Thaneroclerus  sanguineus,  2:  370', 

503'. 
Tharops  ruficornis,  2:492'. 
thaxterianus,  Psaphidia,  2:  704'. 
Thecla  acadica,  2:  742'. 


Thecla  calanus,  2:  704*. 
edwardsii,  2:704'. 
liparops,  2:  704'. 
Thelia  acuminata,  2:  595'-96'. 
godingi,  2:  596'. 
univittata,  2:  709'. 
Therina  athasiaria,  2:706'. 
endropiaria,  2:  706^. 
fervidaria,  2:  754'. 
pellucidaria,  2:  753'. 
Theronia    fulvescens,    I:ii2'-I3', 

I38«. 
thestialis,  Pyrausta,  2:  739'. 
Thiodia    signatana,    i:io6'-,    168*^ 

69'. 
thoas,    Papili<j,    2;  510'',    554^-55', 

729". 
thoracica,  Tritoma,  2:494*. 
thoracicus,  Hypophloeus,    2:389'. 
Pteronus,   2:  5lO^  553'-54',  732'- 
Thorn,  injurious  insects: 
borers: 

Agrilus  vittalicollis,  2:720'. 
leaf  feeders: 

Anthonomus     profundus,     2: 

7I9«. 
apple  tent  caterpillar,  2:  551'. 
Basilarchia  astyanax,  2:  704'. 
black    walnut    caterpillar,    i: 

305''. 
Catocala  polygama,  2:  705'. 
Crepidodera  helxines,  2:  742*. 
Hemaris  thysbe,  2:738". 
Lithocolletes  blancardella,  2; 

7oS«. 
Paonias  myops,   2:  733^. 
Papilio  glaucus    var.    turnus, 

2:704'. 
Schizura  unicornis,  2:  705'. 
Sphecodina  abbotii,  2:739'. 
Thecla  calanus,  2:  704'. 
liparops,  2:  704'. 
scale  or  sucking  insects: 
black-banded  scale,  1:201'. 
hawthorn  tingis,  2:  598'. 
Thorn,    black,     Episimus      argu- 

tanus  injuring,  2:725'. 
Thorn,  wild,  injurious  insects: 
borer:  2:  734'. 

thorn  limb  borer,  1:257'. 
fruit  insects,  2:  734*. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


871 


Thorn,  wild,  iiij.    insects  (cont'd): 
gall  insect: 

Cecidomyia  bedeguar,  2:  734'. 
leaf  feeder:  2:  734^. 

Pseudanthononius  crataegi,  2: 

733^ 

sucking  insects:  2:735'. 
Thorn    limb    borer,    I:257^   283'- 

84«. 
Thornapple,  round-headed    apple 

borer  injuring,  1:51',  84'. 
Thrasher,  brown,  1:31*. 
Thrushes,  I:32^  237^. 

mocking,  I:  31^. 

wood,  1:111*. 
thuiella,  Bucculatrix,  2:755°. 
thujae,  Eriophyes,  2:  755'. 
thujaella,  Recurvaria,  2:755''. 
Thunderbolt  beetle,  2:427',  444'. 
thyridopterigis,    Allocota,  1:138'. 

Habrocytus,  1:140^. 

Hemiteles,  i:  127*. 
Thyridopteryx  ephemeraeformis, 

1 :  49,  ids'",  i23''-28'. 
Thysanocnemus  fraxini,  2:  726'. 
Ttupanoes  fimbricornis,  2:  716'. 

quercus,  2:  702'. 
Thysanura,  i:  15^. 
thysbe,  Hemaris,  2:  738*. 
tibialis,  Aegeria,  2:429',  472'. 

Pristiphora,  2:  748'. 
Tibicen  cassinii,  1:234'. 

septendecim,  1:173',  23i°-37''. 

tibicen,  i:  174',  237''-38'. 
Tickler,  2:  339^,  365'. 
Tiger  beetles,  i:  320'. 
'i'iger  hickory  borer,  I:  256*,  26S*- 

ligrina,  (iocs,  1:256',  26S'-6g'. 
tiliacella,  Lithocolletes,  2:  731''. 
tiliae,  Drepanosiphum,  2:  731'. 

(largaphia,  2:  731'. 

.Monophadnus,  2:  731°. 

I'nlvinaria,  2:  731'. 
tiliaefoliella,  Coleophora,   2:  731'. 
tiliaria,  Erannis,  2:731". 
tilicola,  Sciara,  2:731*. 
Tillomorpha  geminata,  2:715^. 
Timber,  losses  caused   by  insects, 

1:7'. 
Timber  beetles,  i:  7^. 


Timber  ash,  i:257\  288«-89^ 

hickory,  2:427',  446'^-48'. 

spruce,  2:  339',  369'-7o'. 

sugar  maple,  i:  50',  65'-67'. 
Timber  worms,  1:7''. 

chestnut,  2:427',  449". 
timidus,  Plochionus,  i:  146'. 
tinctoriella,  Tischeria,   2:  721'. 
tineana,  Ancylis,  2:747'. 
Tingis,  ciliated,  2:5gg'-6oo*. 

hawthorn,  2:  sgS'-gg'. 
Tischeria  acerifoliella,  see  Incur- 
varia. 

badiiella,  2:  708'. 

castaneaeella,.2:  721'. 

citrinipennella,  2:708*. 

fuscomarginella,  2:  708'. 

malifoliella,  2:734'. 

pruinosella,  2:  708'. 

tinctoriella,  2:  721'. 
titea,  Phigalia,  2:  728^. 
titillator,     Monohammus,   2:339^, 

365'. 
Titmice,  i:  32'-. 
Tits,  i;  191^. 

blue,  I:  213',  331'. 

long  tailed,  1:213^,  331^ 
titus,  Strymon,  2:  733''. 
tityrus,  Epargyreus,    2:510*,  556'- 

5/. 
Tlascala  reductella,  2:  729'. 
Tmetocera  ocellana,  2:707^. 
Tobacco  plants,  Euschistus  vario- 

larius  injuring.  2:612-. 
Tolype  laricis,  2:  651'',  680". 

velleda,  2:  727'. 
Tomatoes,  Euschistus  variolarius 

injuring,  2:612'. 
tomentosus,    Eupogonius,   2:751°. 
tomici,  Spathius,  2:379'. 
Tomicus,  i:  23';  2:336'. 

avulsus,  2:  752°. 

balsameus,  2:  33£«,  354',  374', 
375',  375'-79'.  386',  389'.  673'- 

cacographus,  2:  334',  338',  342', 
354',  356'-5q',  374». 

caelatus,  2: 338°,  354^-56',  374', 
376'. 

calligraphus,  2:334',  338^.  342", 
345'-5i*.  35i*>  354*.  356',  358\ 
75'- 


Tomicus,  pini,   2:  334',  338'',  351*- 
54',  354*,  359',  376'. 
xylographus,  2:  355'. 
Tomicus,    southern,   2:338',  356'- 

59*- 
Tomoxia     bidentata,     ::26l';    2: 
427^  441'.  442'. 
lineella,  2:427'',  441*,  44i'-42''. 
torrefacta,     Apatelodes,      2:  509*, 

549'- 
Tortricidia  fasciola,  2:  529^. 

flexuosa,  2:  717-. 

pallida,  2:  529',  707^. 

testacea,  2:  529',  707''. 
tortriciformella,  Menesta,  2:723'. 
Tortrix  albicomana,  2:  532'',  707'. 

f  umiferana,  2:  340',  4l6''-i8^. 

packardiana,,2:  754''. 

pallorana,  2:  733'. 

politana,  see  Eulia. 

quercifoliana,  2:  508^  532'. 
Towhee,  1:27',  31',  iii'. 
townsendi,  Hemiteles,  1:140'. 
Toxotus  schaumii,,2:  722'. 
Tragidion  coquus  iw;-.  fulvipenne, 

2:702'. 
Tragosoma  depsarium,  2:659'. 

harrisii,  2:  649',  659'. 
Transformations  of  insects,  i:  13'- 

20'. 
transmissana,  Eucosma,  2:  749'. 
transversata,    Sabulodes,    2:  509', 

539'. 
transversus,  Plegaderus,  2:491'. 
Tree  creeper,  i:  213'. 
Tree  crickets,  2:603',  653'. 

black-horned,  2:699'. 

four-spotted,  2:  6g9'-700*. 

snowy,  2:699'',  699'. 
Tree  hopper,  2:  709',  740^. 

Buffalo,  2:  59l''-93'. 

two-marked,  2:  594'-95'. 
Tree  of  Heaven,  resistance  to  in- 
sect attack,  i:  47'. 

.\tteva  aurea  injuring,  2:735*. 
Trees,   selection  and  planting,   i: 

46''-4g;  resistance  of   certain   to 

insect  injury,  1:46';  massing  of, 

i:47'-48=. 
Trefoil,  two-marked  tree   hoppe: 

injuring,  2:  595'^- 


872 

Tremex  o/.,  ^;499'- 

columba,  l:  50',  54',  6i'-64,  261*. 
tremulae,  Melasoma.  2:  565'. 
Triacaus  atomus,  2:  738'. 
triangulifer,    Urographis,    2:435', 

725*- 
Trichacis  rufipes,  2:  585'. 
Trichiocaniinis   virainalis,  2:511', 

568I-69'. 
Trichius  piger,  2:  735'. 
Trichodesma  gibbosa,  2:724''. 

klagesi,  2:  715'. 
Trichogramma  odontotae,   1:328'. 
tricincta,  Typhlocyba,  2:  725''. 
tricinctus,      Memythrus,       2:429', 

47I'. 
tricolor,  Tymnes,  2:  506*,  515'. 
tridens,     Pachybrachys,      2:740', 

742*. 
tridentata,     Saperda,      1:49,     5"'. 

67'-7i',  74". 
Tridymus  metallicus,  1:301". 

salicis,  1:301''. 
trifasciata,       Coccinella,     2:652', 
691''. 

Hoplia,  2:  742''. 

Spatliina,  i:  278'. 
trifasciatus,  Thaiiasimus,  2:389'. 
trifasciella,  Kucculatrix,  2:  721'. 
triferana,  Eulia,  2:508",  532'. 
triguttaria,  Heterophleps,  2:  727'. 
trilineatus,  Pteronus,  2:  730'. 
triniaculata,  Pediopsis,  2:  732'^. 
trinervia,  Chrysobothris,   2:751'. 
triiiotellus,  Ypsolophus,  2:723'. 
Trionymus  americanus,   2:  727*. 
Trioza    tripunctata,  2:652'',    688'- 

89'. 
Triphyllus  humeralis,  2:495*. 
Triptogon  lugubris,  2:  740'. 
tripunctata,  Trioza,    2:652',  688'— 
8qS. 

I'ar.  inandarina,  Oberea,  2:  746', 
triquelrana,  Celama,  2:724'. 
Irisignata,  liarrisimerana,  2:737'. 
Trissolcus  podisi,  2:609'. 
tristigmata,   Scopelosoma,  2:  705'. 
tristigmus,  Euschistus,  serY,.  tris- 

tigmus. 
tristis,  Cryptorhynchus,  2:  702'. 

Nodonota.  2:730',  742'. 


NEW    VUKK    STATE    MUSEUM 

tristrigella,  Anacampsis,  2:  723'. 
trisyllaba,  Macrophya,  2:737'. 
tritaeniella,  Lithocolletes,  2:  722'. 
tritici,  Diplosis,  1:6'. 
triticoides,  Cecidomyia,  2:  745*. 
Tritoma  thoracica,  2:494'. 
trivittatus,       Leptocoris,     i:  174', 

239'-4o'. 
Trochilium  apiformae,  see  Aegeria 
apiformis. 
tibiale,  see  Aegeria  tibialis, 
trociformis,  Serica,  2:  506',  514', 
Troglodytidae,  1:32'. 
troilus,  Papilio,  2:  732". 
Trombidium  .f/.,   i:  113'. 
Tropaea  luna,  2:  507',  526*-27'. 
Trurripet  vine,  Sphinx  plebeia  in- 
juring, 2:  741'. 
truncata,  Mesoleuca,  2:  750". 
truncatella,  Epuraea,  2:  389'. 
truncatus,  Colastus,  2:491*. 
truncorum,  Tetratoma,  2:  731'. 
Trypanisma  prudens,  2:707'. 
Trypetidae,  2:617'. 
tuber,  Andricus,  2:  710*. 
tuberculata,  Dicerca,  2:648',  656'. 

Galerucella,  2:742*. 
tuberculatus,     Pityophthorus,    2: 

753'- 
tubicola,  Andricus,  2:711". 
Cecidomyia,  2:  619',  62S'. 
tubiferella,  I.ithocollete-i,  2:708'. 
tubulatus,  .Stethobaris,  2:  734'. 
tulari,  Saperda,   2:474'.  . 
Tulip  ajjhid,  2:  732*. 
Tuliptree,    resistance     to     insect 
attack,  i:  47'. 
injurious  insects: 
aphid: 

Nectarophora     liriodendri, 
2:  732*. 
borers:  2:  732'. 

apple  wood  stainer,   1:290". 
Chalcophora  cainpestris,  2: 

722'. 
Fk-yrus  dasycerus,  2:715". 
leptostylus,  prickly,  2:461'. 
Neoclytus  erythrocephalus, 

1:72'- 
Tylonotus   bimaculatus,   2: 
726". 


Tuliptree,  inj.  insects  (coiil'il): 
leaf  feeders:  2:  732'. 

Papilio  glaucus  7'a>'.  turnus, 

2:  704'. 
promethe^  moth,  2:  557". 
scale  insects: 

Chionaspis  salicis-nigrae,  2: 

744'- 
tuliptree  scale,  i:  173*,  208'. 
tulipiferae,  Cecidomyia,  2:732' 
Eulecanium,  1:173'',  2o8'-io*. 
Tuliptree  scale,  1: 173*,  2o8'-lo'. 
tumifica,  Callirhytis,  2:713'. 
Turdidae,  i;  32''. 

Turnips,  false   chinch    bug  injur- 
ing, 2:  685'. 
Turpentine    bark    beetle,   2:338', 

342'-45'. 
Tussock    caterpillar,   oak,  2:  507', 
523'. 
pale,  2:  507',  523'-24'. 
Tussock  moth,   dark,  2:  507*,  524*. 
definite-marked,    2:507',    522*- 

23-. 
hickory,  1:258',  3I4'-I5'. 
rusty,  2:  507^  524',  524'.        t 
white    marked,    i:  12',    I4'I"lg*, 
20',  44',    47»,    105',  I32'-42°;   2: 
522'\  524'',  607',  609'. 
Twig    borers,     1:35';    2: 339'-4o', 
719'. 
hickory,  2:  427',  448'-49''. 
locust,  2:430',  478'. 
red-shouldered,  2;  427*,  442'. 
Twig  galls.  2:745'. 
Twig  girdler,  1:256",  27i''-74*, 
Tylonotus  bimaculatus,  2:  726'. 
Tymnes  metasternalis,  2:734". 
tricolor,  2:506',  515'''. 
violaceus,  2:  716'. 
Typhlocyba rosae,  i:  172',  I9i'-i)3'. 

tricincta,   2:725''. 
Typocerus  velutinus,  2:426',  43I1'. 

zebratus,  2:  702''. 
Typophorus  canellus,  2:  50S',  537'. 
Tyrannidae,  1:30'. 
I'yroglyphus  mains,  i:  213'. 

Ugly    nest    cherry    worm,  2: 510', 

522'. 
uhlerella,  Lithocolletes,  4:730*. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


873 


Uliuta  dubius,  2:4(;o'. 
ulniella,  Lithocolletes,  2:725'. 
ulmi,  Aspidiotus,  2:725'. 

Eriophyes,  2:  725'. 

Kaliosysphinga,     i:  105',    162*- 
63'. 

Lachnus,  2:  725^ 

Lepidosaphes,   1:49,  173',  211'- 

I3^ 

Plocetes,  2:  724^^. 
ulmiarrosorella,  Canarsia,  2:  725*. 
ulmicola,    Colopha,    1:172*,   186'- 

87'',  247';  2:620'. 
ulmifolii,       Callipterus,       1:172'', 

i76«-77'. 
ulmifusus,    Pemphigus,  1:247';  2: 

620',  633*. 
ultramarina,  Buprestis,  2:751*. 
ultronia,  Catocala,  2:705'. 
uinbilicatus,    Neuroterus,   2:619", 

627'. 
umbra    va)\    exprimens,    Pyrrhia, 

2:737'. 
umbrata,  Heterocampa,  2:705'. 
iimbrosarium,       .Selidosema,       2: 

725^- 
uiidata,  Distenia,  2:720'. 
iindulata,  Hydria,  2:  510',  551*. 
undulatella,  Hulstea,  2:725*. 
undulatus,  Madarellus,  see  M.  un- 

(lulatus. 
undulatus,  Xylotrechus,  see  X.  un- 
dulatus. 
undulosa,  Ceratomia,  2:  509',  548'- 

49'. 
unicolor,  Elaphidion,  2:  702'. 

Macrobasis,  2:  730^. 

Misogada,  2:  719*. 

Nematus,  2:  511'',  57i'-72'. 
tmicornis,  Schizura,  2:  705'. 
unifasciata,  Hydnocera,  2:  721^ 
unifasciatus,  Spathina,   1:278''. 
uniformis,  Balaninus,  2:  584'',  585', 

703'. 
unijuga,  Catocala,  2:  74"''. 
unipuncta,  Heliophila,  i:  22',  132'. 
unipunctatus,       Lyctus,       1:257*, 

296''-98';  2:4833,483'. 
univittata,  Thelia,  2:709'. 
Upis  ceramboides,  2:497'. 
Uranotes  melinns,  2:734'. 


Urocerus,    white-horned,     2:649', 

667'-68'. 
Urocerus     abdominalis,       2:649*, 
668«. 

albicornis,  2:  649',  667«-68',  668». 

flavicornis,  2;  751'. 
Urogaster  canarsiae,  2:532'. 

forbesi,  2:  635'. 
Urographis  f  asciatus,  2: 426',  434'- 
36",  667'. 

triangulifer,  2:  435',   725'. 
uroplatae,  Sympiezus,   1:328'. 
Urosigalphus  armatus,  2:588'. 
ursaria,  Lycia,  2:747'. 
Utetheisa  bella,  2:  724'. 
utriculus,  Andricus,  2:  710'. 
uvae,  Aspidiotus,  2:717'. 

V-marked  leaf  roller,  2:  508'^  531'. 
vacciniana,  Eudemis,  2:738'. 
Vaccinium,  black-banded  scale  in- 
juring, I:  201-. 
Vagabond  gall,  2:  620',  635'. 
vagabundus.    Pemphigus,    2:  620", 

635'- 
vagans,  Leptura,  see  L.  vagans. 
vagenotatus,   Dorytomus,    2:430', 

475'- 
valida,  Limneria,  1:138°. 
Vanessa  antiopa,  see  Euvanessa. 
vanessae,       Pteromalus,       1:113', 

161';  2:555'. 
variabilis,  Bythoscopus,  2:754'. 

Phymatodes,  2:  426',  433'-34'. 
variana,  Alceris,  2:  754'. 
varians,  Nothus,  2:734'. 

Zeugophora,  2:  746*. 
varicornis,  Physcus,  1:208',  227'. 
variegatum,      Perimegatoma,      i: 

140'. 
variegatus,  Liopus,  2:  720',  730'. 
variolaria,  Deilinia,  2:  743*^. 
variolarius,  Euschistus,  sec  E.  va- 

riolarius. 
variolosum,     Asterolecanium,     I: 

258',  329'-3i'. 
varius,  Phymatodes,  2:  702'. 
vasaliata,  Mesoleuca,  2:754'. 
vau,  Cyrtolobus,  2:  717'. 
velleda,  Tolype,  2:  727'. 
velutinana,  Eulia,  2:707'. 


velutinus,  Typocerus,  2:  426',  436*. 
ventilator,  Marasmalus,  2:  737*. 
ventralis,    Pteronus,    1:258',  322'- 

24';  2:746". 
ventricosus,  Andricus,  2:713'. 
Venusia  cambrica,  2:  733'. 

comptaria,  2:  722'. 
venusta,  Pachypsylla,  2:726'. 
verna,  Amphibolips,  2:713'. 

Rhodites,  2:621*,  648'. 
vernalis,  Corymbites,  2:  752'. 

Livia,  2:  753'. 
vernata,  Paleacrita,  2:  509',  547'. 
vernella,  Gelechia,  2:708'. 
vernus,  Neuroterus,  2:713''. 
verruca,  Cecidomyia,  2:745'. 
verrucarum,  Neuroterus,  2:  711'. 
verrucicola,    Cecidomyia,    2:620', 

631'. 
verrucosus,   Cyrtophorus.    2:722'. 
versicolor,  Ampelophaga,    2:  719', 

Harpiphorus,  2:  736'. 

Oligia,  2:754'. 
versicoloranum,       Exartema,      2: 

717'. 
vertebratus,      Pteronus,      2:  511', 

570'. 
verticalis,  Hydnocera,  2:6o5*'-6*. 
vesicula,  Cynips,  2:  710'. 
vestaliata,  Orthofidonia,  2:706*. 
vestita,  Saperda,  1:49,  5''.  9i'-92'. 
vestitus,  Eupogonius,  2:715'. 
vetusta,  Hemerocampa,   1:134'. 
viburniella,  Coleophora,  2:  738'. 
Viburnum,  injurious  insects: 

Apatelodes  torrefacta,    2:  549''. 

Cyaniris  ladon,  2:  727', 

Heterocampa  guttivitta,  2:  727'. 

leaf  feeders:  2:  738''. 
Viburnum    lantanoides,    (hionas- 

pis  lintneri  injuring,  1:227'. 
Viceroy,  2:510',   559'. 
vidua,  Catocala,  2:  705'. 
villosula,  Xanthonia,  2:  703'. 
villosum,    Elajihidion,    1:49,     50', 

59'-6i'. 
villosus.  Philonix.  2:713'. 
viminalis,  Chaitophorus,  2:744'. 

Trichiocampus,  2:  511',  568'-69*. 
vinnula.  Apatela,  2:  724'. 
violaceus.  Tymnes,  2:716*. 


874 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Violet  tip,  2:  509'.  544«-45^. 
Vireonidae,  i:  31''. 
Vireos,  1:26',  ;}i*,  iii-',  in',  in', 
122'. 
red-eyed,  1:2/,  27',  27',  166'. 
yellow-throated,  l.lbt^. 
virescens,  Chloridea,  2:  736*. 
vir^inaria,  Epimecis,  2:747''. 
Virginia    creeper,     injurious     in- 
sects: 
borers: 

Madarellus  undulatus,  2:430'', 

479'- 
woodbine  borer,  2:478'. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  739'-4o'. 

forester,       eight-spotted.      2: 
512',  575-'. 
sucking  insects: 

box  elder  plant  l>ur,  1:  240'. 
Telamona  mouticola,    2:596*. 
tree  hopper: 

Telamona     anipelopsidis,     2: 
740'. 
virginica,  Diacrisia,  2:  720'. 

Xylocopa,  2:  430',  484'. 
■virginiella,  Nepticula.  2:722'. 
virginiensis,  Anisota,  2:704''. 
Chalcophora,    2:  648'.     653^-54'', 
f'54".  655'.  655''. 
viridiaeneus,  Rhinosimus,  2:  748'. 
viridicornis,  Anthaxia,  2:  724''. 
viridifrons,  Anthaxia,  2:715'. 
viridis,  Pediopsis,  2:744*. 
vittaticoUis,  Agrilus,  2:  720'. 
vulgatissima.  Phyllodecta.  2:742'-. 

•walkeri,  Scopelosonia,2;  yos'-'. 
Walking   stick,    2:508',     533''-35», 

608', 
Walnut,  injurious  insects: 
borers: 

Dysphaga  tenuipes,  2;  715'. 
Eupogonius  vestitus,    2:715'. 
Hetoeinis  cinerea,  2:726'. 
hickory     borer,     painted,     i: 
264'. 
tiger,  I:  268'. 
leopard  moth,  I:  78'. 
leptostylus,  spotted,  2:482'. 
iMolorchus     bimaculatus,      2: 
715'- 


Walnut,  inj.  insects  (cont'd): 
borers: 

oak  borer,  dusty,  2:426',  434*. 
priOnus,  lesser,  2:  487'. 
saperda,  hickory,  i;  269'. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  719'. 

Apatela  impleta,  2:  749*. 
apple   worm,    yellow-necked, 

2:535'- 
black    walnut    caterpillar,   1: 

305''- 
Catocala  habilis,  2:  716*. 

lacrymosa,  2:  705*. 
Conotrachelus     anaglypticus, 

2:  544'. 
Demas  propinquilinca,  2:  749'. 
Eulia  juglandana,  2:  717'^. 
forest  tent  caterpillar,  1:110'. 
Heterocampa  manteo,  2:  705'. 
hickory    caterpillar,    striped, 

2:5o8^535''. 
hickory  tussock  moth,  i:  314^^. 
I.achnus  caryae,  2:717'. 
luna  moth,  2:  526'. 
Pyrophila    pyramidoides,     2: 

704'. 
Thecla  calanus,  2:704". 
nut  pests: 

walnut  curculio,  2:512',   581'. 
scale  or  sucking  insects:  2:719'. 
Aspidotus  rapax,  2:  728'. 
Eulecanium       cockerelli,      2: 

725*- 
Walnut,  black,   injurious  insects: 
2:719'. 
borers: 

hickory     borer,      painted,     I: 

264'. 
Micracis  suturalis,  2:  715'. 
lylonotus      bimaculatus,     2: 

726^ 

gall  insects:  2:  720'. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  720'. 

American  silk  worm,  2:  526". 
black    walnut    caterpillar,   1: 

258'\  303'. 
Callipterus  caryae,  2:  717*. 
Catocala  innubens,  2:  729°. 

lacrymosa,  2:  705*. 

palaeogama,  2:  716'. 

vidua,  2:  705'. 


Walnut,  black,  inj.  insects  (cont'd): 
leaf  feeders: 

Heterocampa      umbrata,      2: 

705". 
hickory  horned  devil,   1:305'. 
Lithocolletes     caryaefoliella, 

2:717''. 
Olgia  versicolor,  2:  754'. 
Schizoneura  caryae,  2:  717^. 
Schizura  leptinoides,  2:  716'. 
tussock  moth,  white  marked, 

i:  136*. 
walnut  sphinx,  2:506*,  518''. 
scale  insect: 

scurfy  scale,  I:  215'. 
W'alnut,  white,  Cossonus  platalea 

injuring,  2:455', 
Walnut  curculio,  2:512',   58i''-82'. 
Walnut  sphinx,  2:506',  5i8"-i9'. 
walshii,  Apion,  2:  749'. 
Warblers,  i:  26*,  31*,  33'\ 

black  and  white,  i:  in',  166-''. 
chestnut-sided,  1:166'. 
Nashville,  i:  27'. 
yellow,   i:  27'^,  in'. 
Warty  oak   leaf  gall,  2:619",  627''. 
Wasps,  1:23'. 
Water  beech,  sugar  maple  timber 

beetle  injuring,  1:67*. 
Wavy  ash  sphinx,  2:  509',  548'-4g'. 
Waxwing,  cedar,  i:iii'. 
websteri,  Eulecanium,  2:  750'. 
Webworm,  2:609-. 

fall,   i:i2-,    105*,   131',   i42'-46', 

253''. 
pine,  2:651',  676'-77'. 
Weevils,  i:ii*;  2:720'. 
Whale  oil  soap,  i:  35',  38'. 
Wheat    midge,   losses  caused  by, 

1 : 6-. 
Wheel     bug,     i:  140",    146'',     324', 

328=. 
Whip-poor-wills,  i:  137*. 
White-blotch    oak    leaf   miner,    2: 

508*,  532'-33'. 
White    flower    crickets,    1:24*;   2: 

602^-3'. 
White-horned     maple    borer,     2: 

428',  459^-60'. 
White-horned    Urocerus,     2:649', 
667'-6S'. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


875 


White  marked   powder   post   bee- 
tle, 2:430',  483'. 
White    marked    tussock    moth,   I: 

12^  14',    19',   20*,   44»,   47'.   105°. 

i32'-42'';   2:  522*,  524'',  607*,  609'. 
White  pine  tufted  caterpillar,  2: 

651',  679'-8o'. 
White    pine    weevil,    1:7*;  2:339', 

397'-40i',  402',  402^,  402'. 
White    spotted    sawyer,     2:  339', 

364'- 
■wilcoxi,  Calosoma,  i:  113'. 
•H  ildii,  Dorcaschema,  2:  726'. 
Willow,  injurious  insects:  1:49. 

borers;  2:  74t'*- 

Aegeria      apiformis,     2:429', 

472»- 

tibialis,  2:429'',  472'. 
Agrilus  politus,  2:  729'. 
Anthaxia  viridicornis,  2:724'. 
bronze    birch    borer,    1:285', 

287^ 
carpenter  worm,  i:  84'. 
Ceruchus  piceus,  2:492'. 
clearwing,    three    banded,    2: 

429',  47 1'^-  . 
Lucanus  dama,  2:  701°. 
Micracis  suturalis,   2:715'. 
riectrodera  scalator,  2:  746'. 
I'ngonncherus  mixtus,    2:  649*, 

663S. 
Saperda    mutica,  2:429-',  469''. 
Sesia  albicornis,  2:429*,  469*. 

bolteri,  2:429',  470'. 
Stenopsis  argenteomaculatus, 

2:  721". 
Stenoscelis  brevis,  2:  494'. 
Tenebrio      tenebrioides,       2: 

493'. 
Tenebrioides      corticalis,     2: 

492". 
willow  borer,  mottled,    l;  51', 

100^. 
wiNow    shoot    sawfly,    1:258'', 

302'. 
flower  cricket,  white,  2:603". 
gall  insects,  2:617',  745'-46<. 
European  willow  gall  midge, 

1:258',  299\ 
Pontania      desmodloides,     2: 

621',  638'. 


Willow,  inj.  insects  {cont'd): 
gall  insects: 

Pontania  hyalina,  2:  621',  638'. 

pisum,  2:620',  637*. 
willow     apple     gall,     2:620*, 

636*. 
willow  club  gall,  2:  620**,  636^. 
willow  cone  gall,  2:  621',  639'. 
willow  gall  midge,  European, 

2:  620'. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  74i°-44^. 

Abbotana      clementaria,       2: 

721''. 
Adoneta  spinuloides,  2:  706'. 
Alceris  hastiana,  2:  744'. 
alder  leaf  beetle,  2:  509^,  542'. 
American  silk  worm,  2:  526*. 
Anagoga  pulveraria,  2:  728^. 
Anaspis  flavipennis,  2:  567'. 
Apatela  brumosa,   2:  704'^. 

distans,  2:  747". 

grisea,  2:  724*. 
Apatelodes  torrefacta,  2:  549''. 
apple  tent  caterpillar,  2:  551°. 
bag  or  basket  worm,  i:  27''. 
Basilarchia  archippus,  2:704''. 
black    walnut    caterpillar,    I: 

305*. 
buck  moth,  I:  311'. 
Catocala  vidua,  2:705*. 
Cecropia  moth,  2:  539^ 
cherry  scallop  shell  moth,  2: 

551". 
Chrysomela      bigsbyana.      2: 
511*,  566^ 

philadelphica,  2:  752^. 
Corythuca  ciliata,  2:719-'. 
Cottonwood    leaf    beetle,      I: 

258',  317'. 
dagger  moth,  smeared,  2:  511', 

560'. 
Dichelonycha      elongata,     2: 

716^ 
Elleschus      ephippiatus,       2: 

511',  567^ 
elm  caterpillar,  spiny,  i:  105', 

158'. 
elm  sawfly,  i:  105*,  155". 
Epagoge  suUureana,  2:  730'. 
forest     tent     caterpillar,      i; 

110'. 


Willow,  inj.  insects  (cont'd): 
leaf  feeders: 

Gluphisia    septentrionalis,  2: 

747'- 
Gracilariastigmatella,  2:  747'. 
Harpyia  cinerea,  2:510',  559*. 
Heterocampa      biundata,     2: 

727S. 
Hyperaeschra       stragula,      2: 

747". 
luna  moth,  2:  527'. 
Lycia  cognataria,   2:  728'. 
maple  worm,    semilooper,  2: 

508',  538\ 
Melalopha  albosigma,  2:  747''. 

apicalis,  2:  747'. 
Melasoma  tremulae,  2:  565*. 
Metanema    qnercivoraria,     2: 

706". 
Metrocampa      praegrandaria, 

2:  749'. 
Morrisonia  confusa,  2:  727'. 
oak    tussock    caterpillar,     2: 

5233. 
Orchestes  ephippiatus,  2:  567'-'. 

niger,   2:  567'. 
Paonias  excaecatus,  2:  724'. 
Pheosia  dimidiata,  2:  747'. 
poplar    leaf    beetle,     2:510", 

558'- 
poplar  sawfiy,  2;  569'. 
poplar    tent     maker,     2;  5ii-, 

560". 

Pristiphora      sycophanta,     2: 
5108,  55,9^ 

tibialis,  2:  748". 
Pteronus     mendicus,     2:511', 
561^. 

odoratus,  2:5x1'',  562^. 
Pyrophila     pyramidoides,      2; 

704'. 
Raphia  frater,  2:  747'. 
Rhynchites  cyanellus,  2;  567'. 
Schizura  unicornis,  2:705'. 
Smerinthiis     jamaicensis,     2: 

724'. 
Thecla  liparops,  2:  704*^. 
tussock   moth,  white  marked, 

i:  136'. 
viceroy,  2:510',  559'-. 
webworm,  fall,  i:  142'. 


876 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Willow,  inj.  insects  (coiit'i/): 
leaf  feeders: 

willow     flea     beetle,     2:511', 

563'. 
willow  leaf    beetle,    dull   red, 
2:  511*,  566*. 
spotted,  2:  511',  5&4''. 
willow   slug,  yellow   spotted, 
I:  258*,  322'. 
Psocus  rufus,  2:744*. 
scale    or    sucking     insects:     2: 
744'- 
Aspidiotus  rapax,  2:  728'. 
Brochyinena  arborea.    2:591^. 

quadripustulala.   2:  590*, 
Buffalo  tree  hopper,  2:  592'. 
Chionaspis  lintneri,  1:227'. 
Eulecanium  caryae,   2:  725'. 
Melinna  pumila,  2:  735'. 
oyster  scale,  1:212*. 
Putnam's  scale,  i:  227"*. 
Willow,     European,     cottonwood 

leaf  beetle  injuring,  i:  318'. 
Willow  apple    gall,    2:620',   636'- 

37'. 
Willow   borer,   mottled,  1:8",   51'', 

ioo*-3';  2:  469'. 
Willow  club  gall,  2:620*,  636'. 
Willow  cone  gall,  2:621',  639'. 
Willow    flea  beetle,  2:511',   563''- 

64'. 
Willow  gall  midge,  European,   i: 

258',  299*-302';  2:  620'. 
Willow  galls,  2:  745'-46\ 
Willow    leaf   beetle,    dull    red,   2: 
511',  566'. 
spotted,  2:511',  564"-65'. 
Willow  shoot  sawfly,  1:25s'-,  302-- 

3'- 
Willow    slug,    yellow    spotted,    K 

258*,   322--24'. 

Winterberry,  injurious  insects: 

leaf  feeder: 

Schizura  unicornis,  2:  705'. 
Winthemia     4-pustulata,      1:132', 

138'. 
Wisteria,  two-marked  tree  hopper 

injuring,  2:  595'. 
Witch-hazel,  injurious  insects: 

borer:  2:  723*. 

leptostylus,  spotted,  2:482'. 


Witch-hazel,  inj.    insects  (coiit'il): 
gall  insects: 

witch-hazel  cone  gall,  2:621', 

639'. 
witch-hazel    gall,     spiny,     2: 
621',  643*. 
leaf  feeders:  2:  723'-24''. 

Adoneta  spinuloides,  2:706'. 
American  silk  worm,  2:  526". 
Apatela  brumosa,  2:  704^. 
apple  tent  caterpillar,  2:  551'. 
Datana  drexelii,  2:  739*. 
Episimus  argutanus,  2:  725'. 
hag  moth  caterpillar,  2:528*. 
Heterocampa      biundata,     2: 
727*. 
subrotata,  2:  716'. 
Prolimacodes  scapha,  2:707'. 
Schizura  ipomoeae,  2:  705'. 
Tortricidia  pallida,  2:707''. 
Witch-hazel    cone     gall,     2:621', 

639«-43^ 
Witch-hazel    gall,     spiny,  2:  621', 

643''-46». 
WoUastonia  quercicola,  2:  747'. 
Wood  borers,  i:7\   11',  35',  256'- 
57';   2:339'. 
long-horned,  i:  7^. 
smaller,  2:339'. 
Woodbine,  injurious  insects: 
Eustroma  diversilineata,  2:  706'. 
woodbine  borer,  2:430',  478*. 
Woodbine  borer,  2:430',  478*-79''. 
Woodpeckers,  1:28*,    30'',  54*,  58'', 
85«,    284'\    287^    2:3848,    453', 
480';  activity,   1:29';  common 
and  scientific  names,  1:28''. 
downy,  i:  61'. 
hairy,  2:454'. 
Wool  sower,  2:618',  622',  622'. 
Woolly  beech  leaf  aphis,  2:6oi*-2'\ 
Woolly   elm   bark    aphid,    i:  172', 

192''. 
Woolly    elm    leaf    aphid,    1:172'', 

I77''-7S'. 
Woolly  larch    aphid,  1:172'',  187'- 

88«. 
Woolly  maple  leaf  aphid,  2:600'. 
Woolly  oak  gall,   2:6i8«,  622»-232. 
Woolly    pine   scale,  .2:652',   68g'- 
90'. 


Wren,  I:  32'. 

golden-crested,  1:191*. 
house,  1:26*. 

xanthomelaena,     Disonycha.  3- 

564'. 
Xanthonia  decemnotata,  2:  703'. 

villosula,   2:703'. 
Xenorhipis  brendeli,  2:  701'. 
Xestobium  squalidum,  2:  753*. 
xiphydriae,  J'ammegischia,  2: 466*. 
Xyleborus.  2:  337''. 

biographus,  2:447'. 

celsus,  2:  427*,  446--48',  504'. 

dispar,  2:  446*. 

fuscatus,  2:  752'-'. 

obesus,  2:  722*. 

pubescens,  2:  396',  702',  720'. 
Xylestia  pruniramiella,  2:731'. 
Xyletinus  lugubris,  2:731*. 
Xylina      antennata,      1:49,     i"5*r 
I29'-32''. 

bethunei,  2:  731'. 

grotei,    I:  130',    130*.    131',   131'; 
2:728'. 

laticinerea,    1:130',    130',     131', 
131'. 
xyliniformis,  .\patela,  2:749*. 
Xylocleptes,  2:336'. 

sp.,  2:428'',  460'. 

decipiens,  2:  715'. 
Xylocopa  virginica,  2:430',  4S4'. 
xylographus,  Tomicus,  2:355'. 
Xylonomns  albopictus,  2:  500'. 
Xylopinus  saperdoides.  2:  703". 
Xyloterus,  2:  337'. 

sf.,  1:257',  293'-94». 

bivittatus,     2:  335',     339'.     369'- 
70». 

politus,  1:257',  292^-93*. 

scabricollis,  2:  752'. 
Xylotrechus  colonus,  i:  256',  259'— 
61';  2:671=. 

convergens,  2:734''. 

(juadrimaculatus,  2:  722'. 

sagittatus,  2:649',  663'- 

undulatus,  2:650',  671'. 
Xyphidria  albicornis,  2:  42S',  459'- 
60',  466*. 

provancheri,   2:429',  459',  465'— 
66«. 


GENERAL    INDEX 


877 


y-inversa,  Apoda,  2:  529'. 

Cochlidion,  2:  717'. 
yellow  bird,  i:  iii*. 
Yellow-necked     apple    \vc 

5o8«,  535^  535'-36'-- 
Yellow-spotted     willow    > 

258",   322'-24'. 
Yellow    striped    oak 

i:  258',  306^-10^. 
Yellowthroat,     Maryland 

27^ 


U. 


raterpillar, 
l;26S 


Vpsolophu 
7I7". 
ligulellus,  2:  707'. 
quercicellus,  2:  707' 
trinotelliis,   2:  723'. 


ryaefoliellus 


,ali 


Zanclognatha  protum 

705«. 
zebra,  Leptura,  S(^tf  I,,  zebra. 
Zebra  caterpillar,  2;  6o8^ 
zebratus,  Typocerus,  2:  702^. 


zelleri,  Epipaschia,  2:740''. 
Zelleria  celastrusella,  2:  74r'. 
zellerianum,  Exartema,  2:  749'. 
zelleriella,  Coptotriche,         2 

708«. 
Zeugophora  varians,  2:  746'. 
Zeuzera   pyrina,   i:  8*,  45',  49,  51*. 

zimmermani,    Pinipe^tis,    2:  340', 

403^-5*,  409'. 
Zygomicros  minutus,  2:  702'. 


ERRATA 

Page     74,  line  12  from  bottom,  tor   E  n  t  e  1  u  s,  read  E  u  t  el  u  s. 

Page  105,  line  3  from  bottom,  for  K  a  1  i  o  s  y  p  h  i  n  ga,  read  K  a  1  i  «  s  y- 
s  p  h  i  n  g  a. 

Page  162,  line  15,  ior  Ka/iosyphinga,  read  Kaliosyspkinga. 

Page  1 63,  legend,  figure  23,  for  K  a  1  i  o  s  y  p  h  i  n  g  a,  read  K  a  1  i  o  s  y- 
s  p  h  i  n  g  a. 

Page  163,  line  7  from  bottom,  for  257,  read  237. 

Page  214  and  229;  for  Comstock,  J.  A.,  read  Comstock,  J.  H. 

Page  233,  line  4  from  bottom,  for  Emily  G.,  read  Emily  L. 

Page  239,  line  3,  for  Leptocoriis,  read  Leptocoris. 

Page  278,  line  1 1,  for   S  p  a  t  h  i  n  a,  read    S  p  a  t  h  i  u  s. 

Page   301,   line  6    from   bottom,    for    Polygonotus,    read    Polyg- 


^/p^lTctuf 


